Serum calprotectin levels in dogs with diarrhea

Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin(Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups.Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed inGroup 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli orSalmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infectedby one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectaland conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples werecollected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtainedvia routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet Sekin outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV,CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysisof stool samples was used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection...

Serum calprotectin levels in dogs with diarrhea

Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin(Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups.Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed inGroup 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli orSalmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infectedby one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectaland conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples werecollected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtainedvia routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet Sekin outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV,CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysisof stool samples was used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection...(AU)

Haw's syndrome associated with giardiasis in a cat

Background: Haw's syndrome results in bilateral projection of the third eyelid, which is caused by a dysfunction of the sympathetic innervation in the region, not accompanied by other ocular changes. It has been mostly seen in cats, under 2-year-old and, it usually shows an acute presentation. It is believed that the disorder may be self-limiting, but several infectious etiologies have been proposed, together with diarrhea. The aim of the study was to report a case of a 2-year-old mixed breed male feline, castrated and diagnosed with Haw's syndrome, associated with an infectious condition given the presence of Giardia sp. Case: A 2-year-old male, mixed-breed cat and orchiectomized, was admitted and treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí. In the anamnesis, the owner complained that the cat had had pasty brown diarrhea for 4 days and a projection of the third eyelid. He emphasized that the animal used to have some episodes of diarrhea sporadically and the last deworming was carried out 3 months ago from that day. He reported contact with other random street and outdoor cats. On the physical examination, bilateral projection of the third eyelid was observed without any other visible alteration. The third eyelid projection was responsive to the mydriatic and adrenergic [phenylephrine 10%] eye drops instillation test. Complete blood count and serum biochemical evaluation of creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were performed. In addition, abdominal ultrasound and parasitological examination of feces were requested. Complete blood count showed eosinophilia and serum biochemical evaluations were within reference values. The coproparasitological examination detected Giardia sp. On the ultrasound, no significant changes were observed. The recommended treatment was anthelmintic [fenbendazole 50 mg/kg, SID, for 5 days]. However, one week later, the coproparasitological examination still showed Giardia sp. Given this scenario, the chosen treatment was the use of nitazoxanide [25 mg/kg, BID, for 7 days]. Therefore, the patient presented emesis and the treatment with nitazoxanide had to be suspended. Thus, metronidazole [25 mg/kg, BID, for 7 days] was prescribed, in addition to the environmental disinfection and daily litter box cleaning, all performed with quaternary ammonia. After 1 week of treatment with metronidazole, the patient's clinical improvement and reversal of the third eyelid projection were observed. Discussion: This case proved to be consistent with the data found in the literature, in which cats younger than 2-year-old are affected by Haw's syndrome and may present concomitant diarrhea. On the physical examination, the parameters evaluated were within normal reference for the cat species and the bilateral projection of the third eyelid was the only alteration found in the patient. The prognosis for the patient with Haw's syndrome and concomitant giardiasis is favorable, as long as the intestinal infection is treated briefly, in order to prevent the chronicity of the enteroparasitosis. The need of more studies is evident in order to explain the Haw's syndrome pathology and so, clarify the real cause of this disease. Since the syndrome is mostly, a self-limiting disease, interventions with topical ocular drugs are not necessary. However, in the event of a concomitant disease, infection or underlying cause, it must be treated correctly. Attention is drawn to the need of feces examination through coproparasitological evaluation in cases of diarrhea.

Influence of early use of antimicrobial on the health and performance of Holstein calves in the first month of life / Influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade de bezerras holandesas no primeiro mês de vida

The early use of antimicrobial therapy has been introduced in many farms to prevent diarrhea and respiratory disease in young calves; however, there is controversy about whether this practice has a beneficial effect on the health of these animals. This study evaluated the influence of the early use of antimicrobials on the health and performance of neonatal Holstein calves. Twenty-six Holstein calves were screened and divided into two groups, according to the administration (ATB+), or not (ATB-) of tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg, subcutaneously) within the first 12 hours of life. Calves were evaluated by general clinical examination, fecal score, respiratory score, and external palpation of the umbilical region, besides fecal output of dry matter. Anemia was determined by using an automatic system and, also, using a commercial kit for iron dosage. Diarrhea was diagnosed by a centrifuge-flotation technique using a sugar solution (Cryptosporidium) and multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavirus/coronavirus). The performance of the calves was estimated by Daily Weight Gain (DWG). The young dairy calves were evaluated within 12 hours of birth (≤12h) and at 3-5th (D3-5), 7-9th (D7-9), 13-15th (D13-15), 20-23rd (D20-23), and 27-30th (D27-30) days of life. No difference was noted between the ATB+ and ATB- groups concerning heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature. Erythrogram showed a higher frequency of anemia in ATB- group (P=0.016) at the D3-5 check-up; lower values of serum iron were also observed simultaneously (P=0.051). Thirteen cases of respiratory disease were detected during this study; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. The frequency of diarrhea (fecal score 2-3) was high in both groups, peaking at D13-D15. No differences were noted between the groups regarding the frequency of diarrhea when considering the dry fecal matter. The predominant etiological agent for diarrhea was Cryptosporidium spp.. The DWG was similar between groups, with maximum weight reduction on D13-15. The administration of tulathromycin in prophylactic dose (2.5mg/kg) at birth decreased the frequency of anemia but did not influence weight gain or the prevalence of diarrhea.(AU)

O uso precoce de antimicrobianos tem sido adotado em muitas fazendas para profilaxia das diarreias e doença respiratória em bezerras, no entanto existem controvérsias sobre os beneficios desta prática na saúde desses animais. Esta pesquisa avaliou a influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade e desempenho de bezerras holandesas recém-nascidas. Para tanto foram selecionadas 26 bezerras Holandesas distribuídas de acordo com a aplicação (ATB+) ou não (ATB-) de tulatromicina (2,5mg/Kg) por via subcutânea até 12h de vida. As bezerras foram examinadas por meio de exame clínico geral, escore fecal, escore respiratório e palpação externa da região umbilical, além da matéria seca fecal. A presença de anemias foi determinada pelo eritrograma utilizando sistema automático e além da dosagem de ferro utilizando kit comercial. O diagnóstico etiológico das diarreias foi investigado por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sacarose (Cryptosporidium) e multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavírus/coronavírus). O desempenho das bezerras foi estimado pelo ganho de peso. As bezerras foram avaliadas até doze horas após o nascimento (≤12h); 3-5º (D3-5); 7-9º (D7-9); 13-15º (D13-15); 20-23º (D20-23); e 27-30º dias de vida (D27-30). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos ATB+ e ATB- em relação à frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. O eritrograma revelou maior frequência de anemias no grupo ATB- (P=0,016) no D3-5. Neste momento também foram observados menores valores de ferro sérico (P=0,051). Foram detectados treze casos de doença respiratória durante o estudo, no entanto não foi possível detectar diferença entre os grupos. A frequência de diarreias (escore fecal 2 e 3) foi alta em ambos os grupos, observando-se pico no D13-15 (ATB+=92,3%; ATB-=92,3%). Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos em relação a frequência de diarreia considerando-se a matéria seca fecal. O agente etiológico predominante nas diarreias foi o Cryptosporidium. O ganho de peso diário foi igual entre grupos, com intensa redução no GPD no D13-15. A administração de tulatromicina na dose profilática (2,5mg/Kg) ao nascimento diminuiu a frequência de anemias e não influenciou no ganho de peso e prevalência de diarreias.(AU)

Influence of early use of antimicrobial on the health and performance of Holstein calves in the first month of life / Influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade de bezerras holandesas no primeiro mês de vida

The early use of antimicrobial therapy has been introduced in many farms to prevent diarrhea and respiratory disease in young calves; however, there is controversy about whether this practice has a beneficial effect on the health of these animals. This study evaluated the influence of the early use of antimicrobials on the health and performance of neonatal Holstein calves. Twenty-six Holstein calves were screened and divided into two groups, according to the administration (ATB+), or not (ATB-) of tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg, subcutaneously) within the first 12 hours of life. Calves were evaluated by general clinical examination, fecal score, respiratory score, and external palpation of the umbilical region, besides fecal output of dry matter. Anemia was determined by using an automatic system and, also, using a commercial kit for iron dosage. Diarrhea was diagnosed by a centrifuge-flotation technique using a sugar solution (Cryptosporidium) and multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavirus/coronavirus). The performance of the calves was estimated by Daily Weight Gain (DWG). The young dairy calves were evaluated within 12 hours of birth (≤12h) and at 3-5th (D3-5), 7-9th (D7-9), 13-15th (D13-15), 20-23rd (D20-23), and 27-30th (D27-30) days of life. No difference was noted between the ATB+ and ATB- groups concerning heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature. Erythrogram showed a higher frequency of anemia in ATB- group (P=0.016) at the D3-5 check-up; lower values of serum iron were also observed simultaneously (P=0.051). Thirteen cases of respiratory disease were detected during this study; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. The frequency of diarrhea (fecal score 2-3) was high in both groups, peaking at D13-D15. No differences were noted between the groups regarding the frequency of diarrhea when considering the dry fecal matter. The predominant etiological agent for diarrhea was Cryptosporidium spp.. The DWG was similar between groups, with maximum weight reduction on D13-15. The administration of tulathromycin in prophylactic dose (2.5mg/kg) at birth decreased the frequency of anemia but did not influence weight gain or the prevalence of diarrhea.(AU)

O uso precoce de antimicrobianos tem sido adotado em muitas fazendas para profilaxia das diarreias e doença respiratória em bezerras, no entanto existem controvérsias sobre os beneficios desta prática na saúde desses animais. Esta pesquisa avaliou a influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade e desempenho de bezerras holandesas recém-nascidas. Para tanto foram selecionadas 26 bezerras Holandesas distribuídas de acordo com a aplicação (ATB+) ou não (ATB-) de tulatromicina (2,5mg/Kg) por via subcutânea até 12h de vida. As bezerras foram examinadas por meio de exame clínico geral, escore fecal, escore respiratório e palpação externa da região umbilical, além da matéria seca fecal. A presença de anemias foi determinada pelo eritrograma utilizando sistema automático e além da dosagem de ferro utilizando kit comercial. O diagnóstico etiológico das diarreias foi investigado por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sacarose (Cryptosporidium) e multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavírus/coronavírus). O desempenho das bezerras foi estimado pelo ganho de peso. As bezerras foram avaliadas até doze horas após o nascimento (≤12h); 3-5º (D3-5); 7-9º (D7-9); 13-15º (D13-15); 20-23º (D20-23); e 27-30º dias de vida (D27-30). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos ATB+ e ATB- em relação à frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. O eritrograma revelou maior frequência de anemias no grupo ATB- (P=0,016) no D3-5. Neste momento também foram observados menores valores de ferro sérico (P=0,051). Foram detectados treze casos de doença respiratória durante o estudo, no entanto não foi possível detectar diferença entre os grupos. A frequência de diarreias (escore fecal 2 e 3) foi alta em ambos os grupos, observando-se pico no D13-15 (ATB+=92,3%; ATB-=92,3%). Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos em relação a frequência de diarreia considerando-se a matéria seca fecal. O agente etiológico predominante nas diarreias foi o Cryptosporidium. O ganho de peso diário foi igual entre grupos, com intensa redução no GPD no D13-15. A administração de tulatromicina na dose profilática (2,5mg/Kg) ao nascimento diminuiu a frequência de anemias e não influenciou no ganho de peso e prevalência de diarreias.(AU)

Detection of virulence genes and the phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolated from dogs in Brazil / Detecção de genes de virulência e grupos filogenéticos de amostras Escherichia coli isoladas de cães no Brasil

This study identified the virulence genes, pathovars, and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli strains obtained from the feces of dogs with and without diarrhea. Virulence genes and phylogenetic group identification were studied using polymerase chain reaction. Thirty-seven E. coli isolates were positive for at least one virulence factor gene. Twenty-one (57.8%) of the positive isolates were isolated from diarrheal feces and sixteen (43.2%) were from the feces of non-diarrheic dogs. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were the most frequently (62.2%) detected pathovar in dog feces and were mainly from phylogroup B1 and E. Necrotoxigenic E. coli were detected in 16.2% of the virulence-positive isolates and these contained the cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) gene and were classified into phylogroups B2 and D. All E. coli strains were negative for the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterotoxin genes, but four strains were positive for ETEC-related fimbriae 987P and F18. Two isolates were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains and contained the toxin genesStx2 or Stx2e, both from phylogroup B1. Our data showed that EPEC was the most frequent pathovar and B1 and E were the most common phylogroups detected in E. coli isolated from the feces of diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs.(AU)

Este estudo pesquisou genes de virulência, patovares e grupos filogenéticos de amostras de E. coli isoladas de fezes de cães com e sem diarreia. Os genes de virulência e a identificação de grupos filogenéticos foram estudados pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). 37 isolados de E. coli foram positivos para pelo menos um fator de virulência na análise de PCR. Destes, 21 (57,8%) foram isolados de fezes de cães com diarreia e 16 (43,2%) de fezes de cães não diarreicos. E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) (23/37, 62,2%) foi o patovar mais frequente detectado em fezes de cães e foram classificados principalmente como filogrupos B1 e E. E. coli necrotoxigênica (NTEC) positivos para CNF1 foram detectados (6/37, 16,2%) e classificados como B2 e D. Todas as amostras de E. coli foram negativas quanto à presença de genes de enterotoxinas de E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), mas quatro amostras foram positivas para fimbrias relacionadas ao ETEC, 987P (2) e F18 (2). As amostras de E. coli (STEC) produtora de toxina Shiga foram positivas para a toxina Stx2 (1/37) e Stx2e (1/37), ambas do filogrupo B1. Nossos resultados indicaram que EPEC foi o patovar mais frequente e B1 e E foram os filogrupos mais comuns detectados em amostras E. coli isoladas de fezes de cães diarreicos e não diarreicos.(AU)

Hibridização in situ fluorescente para diagnóstico de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli ­em suínos / Fluorescence in situ hybridization for diagnosis of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli in swine

Disenteria Suína e Colite Espiroquetal são duas enfermidades importantes em suínos causados pela Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e Brachyspira pilosicoli, respectivamente. O diagnóstico eficaz dessas espécies é extremamente importante para a adoção de estratégias adequadas para o controle. Propõe-se avaliar a técnica de hibridização in situ de fluorescência (FISH) para detecção de B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli em fragmentos histopatológicos de intestino de suínos e compará-la ao PCR duplex. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes e intestinos de suínos de terminação com histórico de diarreia pelas técnicas de reação em cadeia da polimerase duplex (dPCR), hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) para diagnóstico dessas bactérias. Foram utilizadas 34 amostras de intestino de suínos de campo positivos para alguma das duas espécies de Brachyspira sp. nos testes de FISH ou PCR. Das 34 amostras analisadas, foram detectadas 28 (82,35%) positivas na PCR e no FISH. Dentre as 29 amostras positivas para B. hyodysenteriae, 23 (79,3%) foram positivas à PCR e 21 (72,4%) no FISH. Os resultados de FISH e PCR não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Baseado no fato dessa técnica poder ser realizada em tecidos formolizados, ser prática, rápida e associar a marcação especifica do agente com lesões histológicas, o FISH demonstrou ser mais uma alternativa no diagnóstico de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli.(AU)

Growing and finishing pigs are affected by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira sp., which cause a significant economic impact due to direct and indirect losses. Thus, efficient diagnosis of these species enables better technical intervention to prevent or treat diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the diagnosis of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in histopathologic fragments of pig's intestine and compare it to the duplex PCR. Thirty-four samples collected from pigs positive for these species in at least one of the tests were used in the study. Out of the 34 analyzed intestine samples, 28 (82.35%) were positive by PCR and FISH. Among the 29 B. hyodysenteriae positive samples, 23 (79.3%) were positive by PCR and 21 (72.4%) by FISH. There was no statistical difference among the detection rate of the used tests. Based on the fact this technique can be performed in formalin fixed tissue samples, it is practical, fast and allows the association of labeling a specific agent with histological lesions, FISH has become an alternative diagnostic method for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli.(AU)

Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains / Concentração inibitória mínima de cepas Brachyspira hyodysenteriae brasileiras

The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8µg/ml for doxycycline, >4µg/ml for valnemulin, 8µg/ml for tiamulin, 32µg/ml for tylvalosin, >64µg/ml for lincomycin and >128µg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização de isolados de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e avaliar os padrões de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados obtidos a partir de suínos no Brasil com base no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). A MIC foi realizada em 22 isolados de B. hyodysenteriae obtidos entre 2011 a 2013 usando os seguintes antimicrobianos: tilosina, tiamulina, valnemulina, doxiciclina, lincomicina e tilvalosina. Surtos de disenteria suína foram diagnosticados com base na apresentação clínica, isolamento bacteriano, lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, PCR duplex para B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli e sequenciamento do gene nox. Todos os valores de MIC obtidos foram consistentemente mais elevados ou igual ao ponto de corte microbiológica descrito na literatura. Os valores de MIC 90 para os fármacos testados foram de 8 µg / mL para a doxiciclina, > 4 µg/ml de valnemulina, 8 µg / mL para a tiamulina, 32 µg / ml para tilvalosina, > 64 µg / ml para a lincomicina e > 128 µg / ml de tilosina. Estes resultados corroboram em grande parte com os relatados na literatura. Tiamulina, doxiciclina e tilvalosina apresentaram os menores resultados de MIC. Todas as amostras submetidas à análise filogenética com base na sequência do gene nox exibiram resultados semelhantes, indicando 100% de identidade com B. hyodysenteriae. Este é o primeiro estudo que descreve o padrão MIC de B. hyodysenteriae isoladas no Brasil.(AU)

Natural infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in the beef cattle from the Eastern Amazon Region / Infecção natural pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) em bovinos de corte no Estado do Pará

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen that causes great economic losses in dairy and beef herds. The main disturbances caused by this virus are related to abortion, fetal malformation and mummification, and the birth of weak calves. In addition, this disease may result in persistently infected animals, as well as individual immune tolerance to the virus. However, the symptoms are nonspecific and variable, and dependent on the age of affected animal. The objective of the present study was to report three cases with clinical signs of BVDV infection, with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR). Cases: In a beef production farm located at the state of Para, Brazil, three animals presented severe diarrhea; the feces were liquefied and greenish-yellow in color; crusted lesions were visible and scattered over various parts of the animals bodies, including the muzzle, nostrils, periauricular region, and hooves; the tongue mucosa was undergoing an intense desquamation process. One of the affected animals, a 6-month-old calf, was euthanized following the recommendations of the Brazilian guide to good practices for animal euthanasia of the Ethics, Bioethics and Animal Welfare Committee / Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine. After euthanasia, this calf was necropsied and some of its organs [...]

Hibridização in situ fluorescente para diagnóstico de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli ­em suínos / Fluorescence in situ hybridization for diagnosis of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli in swine

Disenteria Suína e Colite Espiroquetal são duas enfermidades importantes em suínos causados pela Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e Brachyspira pilosicoli, respectivamente. O diagnóstico eficaz dessas espécies é extremamente importante para a adoção de estratégias adequadas para o controle. Propõe-se avaliar a técnica de hibridização in situ de fluorescência (FISH) para detecção de B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli em fragmentos histopatológicos de intestino de suínos e compará-la ao PCR duplex. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes e intestinos de suínos de terminação com histórico de diarreia pelas técnicas de reação em cadeia da polimerase duplex (dPCR), hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) para diagnóstico dessas bactérias. Foram utilizadas 34 amostras de intestino de suínos de campo positivos para alguma das duas espécies de Brachyspira sp. nos testes de FISH ou PCR. Das 34 amostras analisadas, foram detectadas 28 (82,35%) positivas na PCR e no FISH. Dentre as 29 amostras positivas para B. hyodysenteriae, 23 (79,3%) foram positivas à PCR e 21 (72,4%) no FISH. Os resultados de FISH e PCR não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Baseado no fato dessa técnica poder ser realizada em tecidos formolizados, ser prática, rápida e associar a marcação especifica do agente com lesões histológicas, o FISH demonstrou ser mais uma alternativa no diagnóstico de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli.(AU)

Growing and finishing pigs are affected by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira sp., which cause a significant economic impact due to direct and indirect losses. Thus, efficient diagnosis of these species enables better technical intervention to prevent or treat diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the diagnosis of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in histopathologic fragments of pig's intestine and compare it to the duplex PCR. Thirty-four samples collected from pigs positive for these species in at least one of the tests were used in the study. Out of the 34 analyzed intestine samples, 28 (82.35%) were positive by PCR and FISH. Among the 29 B. hyodysenteriae positive samples, 23 (79.3%) were positive by PCR and 21 (72.4%) by FISH. There was no statistical difference among the detection rate of the used tests. Based on the fact this technique can be performed in formalin fixed tissue samples, it is practical, fast and allows the association of labeling a specific agent with histological lesions, FISH has become an alternative diagnostic method for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli.(AU)

Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains / Concentração inibitória mínima de cepas Brachyspira hyodysenteriae brasileiras

The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8µg/ml for doxycycline, >4µg/ml for valnemulin, 8µg/ml for tiamulin, 32µg/ml for tylvalosin, >64µg/ml for lincomycin and >128µg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização de isolados de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e avaliar os padrões de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados obtidos a partir de suínos no Brasil com base no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). A MIC foi realizada em 22 isolados de B. hyodysenteriae obtidos entre 2011 a 2013 usando os seguintes antimicrobianos: tilosina, tiamulina, valnemulina, doxiciclina, lincomicina e tilvalosina. Surtos de disenteria suína foram diagnosticados com base na apresentação clínica, isolamento bacteriano, lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, PCR duplex para B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli e sequenciamento do gene nox. Todos os valores de MIC obtidos foram consistentemente mais elevados ou igual ao ponto de corte microbiológica descrito na literatura. Os valores de MIC 90 para os fármacos testados foram de 8 µg / mL para a doxiciclina, > 4 µg/ml de valnemulina, 8 µg / mL para a tiamulina, 32 µg / ml para tilvalosina, > 64 µg / ml para a lincomicina e > 128 µg / ml de tilosina. Estes resultados corroboram em grande parte com os relatados na literatura. Tiamulina, doxiciclina e tilvalosina apresentaram os menores resultados de MIC. Todas as amostras submetidas à análise filogenética com base na sequência do gene nox exibiram resultados semelhantes, indicando 100% de identidade com B. hyodysenteriae. Este é o primeiro estudo que descreve o padrão MIC de B. hyodysenteriae isoladas no Brasil.(AU)

Natural infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in the beef cattle from the Eastern Amazon Region / Infecção natural pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) em bovinos de corte no Estado do Pará

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen that causes great economic losses in dairy and beef herds. The main disturbances caused by this virus are related to abortion, fetal malformation and mummification, and the birth of weak calves. In addition, this disease may result in persistently infected animals, as well as individual immune tolerance to the virus. However, the symptoms are nonspecific and variable, and dependent on the age of affected animal. The objective of the present study was to report three cases with clinical signs of BVDV infection, with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR). Cases: In a beef production farm located at the state of Para, Brazil, three animals presented severe diarrhea; the feces were liquefied and greenish-yellow in color; crusted lesions were visible and scattered over various parts of the animals bodies, including the muzzle, nostrils, periauricular region, and hooves; the tongue mucosa was undergoing an intense desquamation process. One of the affected animals, a 6-month-old calf, was euthanized following the recommendations of the Brazilian guide to good practices for animal euthanasia of the Ethics, Bioethics and Animal Welfare Committee / Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine. After euthanasia, this calf was necropsied and some of its organs [...](AU)

Administração seriada de salina hipertônica 7, 5% na terapia para sepse grave decorrente da síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda em cães / Serial administration of 7. 5% hypertonic saline solution in the therapy of severe sepsis due to acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in dogs

Na clínica de animais de companhia é frequente cães com síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda associada a quadros de sepse, o que acarreta alta mortalidade. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, em um ensaio clínico controlado aleatorizado de centro único, estudar os efeitos tardios da solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% em aplicações seriadas, sobre variáveis hemodinâmicas, clínicas e laboratoriais em cães com quadro de sepse grave decorrente desta síndrome. Para tal, 12 cães foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos de igual número, sendo um controle (CON) e o outro, solução salina hipertônica 7,5% (SSH). Variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram avaliadas imediatamente após a admissão do paciente (T0), 24 (T24), 48 (T48) e 72 (T72) horas após a admissão. O grupo SSH recebeu Ringer com lactato, antibioticoterapia, analgésico e SSH 7,5% em bolus (5mL kg-1 em 4 minutos) no T24 e no T48. O grupo CON recebeu a mesma terapia acima, porém ao invés da utilização de SSH a 7,5%, administrou-se bolus de solução de Ringer lactato na mesma dose e tempos utilizado. As avaliações em cada tempo foram realizadas anteriormente à administração dos bolus, nos dois grupos. Avaliaram-se hemograma completo e as variáveis clínicas (escala AVDN, grau de desidratação, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal), frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS). Os dados paramétricos foram avaliados pelos testes Student Newman Keuls e teste t de Student, e os não paramétricos pelo teste de Friedman e Mann Whitney, com nível de significância de P≥0,05. Nas variáveis clínicas estudadas não se observou diferença entre os grupos e entre os momentos avaliados. Observou-se diferença significativa no grupo SSH no T72, com elevação da PAS e redução da FC, fato não observado no grupo CON, onde esses parâmetros não se alteraram. O hematócrito e a concentração de hemoglobina diminuíram em ambos os grupos com o tempo. As contagens dos leucócitos totais e dos monócitos apresentaram uma elevação significativa no grupo SSH, estando os leucócitos dentro da faixa de normalidade no T72. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação aos neutrófilos segmentados, porém no grupo SSH verificou-se aumento de 9,5 vezes no T72 comparado com o T24 (P=0,09), enquanto que este aumento foi de apenas 2,5 vezes no grupo CON (P=0,30). Observou-se ainda redução nas contagens de plaquetas e na concentração de globulinas no grupo COM, enquanto essas variáveis se mantiveram estáveis no grupo SSH. Conclui-se que a administração seriada de SSH 7,5% se mostrou promissora no tratamento de cães com síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda, pois auxilia na estabilização dos leucócitos, plaquetas e globulinas de cães com sepse grave decorrente da síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda.(AU)

The association between acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome and sepsis is frequent in dogs and causes high mortality. In this context we investigated in a randomized single-center controlled trial the late effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution in serial applications on hemodynamic, clinical and laboratory variables in dogs with severe sepsis due to the syndrome. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two groups of equal numbers, control (CON) and 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (SSH). Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated immediately after admission of patients (T0), 24 (T24), 48 (T48) and 72 (T72) hours after the admission. The SSH group received Ringer with lactate, antibiotic therapy, analgesic and 5mL/kg-1 bolus of 7.5% SSH over 4 minutes on T24 and T48. The CON group received the same therapy, but instead of 7.5% SSH, Ringer with lactate bolus was given at the same dosis and times. All evaluations were performed prior to the administration of the bolus in both groups. Data collection included complete blood count and clinical variables (AVDN scale, degree of dehydration, respiratory rate and rectal temperature), heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Parametric data were evaluated by the Student Newman Keuls and Student t tests, and the nonparametric ones by the Friedman and Mann Whitney test, with a significance level of 0.05. There were no significant differences between the groups and moments in clinical variables. Nevertheless, the SSH group presented a significant elevation of SBP and HR reduction at T72. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration decreased in both groups over time. Total leukocyte and monocyte counts showed a significant elevation in the SSH group, however the leukocytes were within the normal range at T72. There were no significant differences in the segmental neutrophils, but a 9.5-fold increase in T72 compared to T24 (P=0.09) in the SSH group was observed, whereas this increase was only 2.5-fold in the CON group (P=0.30). A decrease in platelet counts and globulin concentration was observed in the CON group, while these variables remained stable in the SSH group. In conclusion, serial administration of 7.5% SSH is promising in the therapy of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, since it assists in the stabilization of leukocytes, platelets and globulins in dogs with severe sepsis due to this syndrome.(AU)

Administração seriada de salina hipertônica 7, 5% na terapia para sepse grave decorrente da síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda em cães / Serial administration of 7. 5% hypertonic saline solution in the therapy of severe sepsis due to acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in dogs

Na clínica de animais de companhia é frequente cães com síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda associada a quadros de sepse, o que acarreta alta mortalidade. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, em um ensaio clínico controlado aleatorizado de centro único, estudar os efeitos tardios da solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% em aplicações seriadas, sobre variáveis hemodinâmicas, clínicas e laboratoriais em cães com quadro de sepse grave decorrente desta síndrome. Para tal, 12 cães foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos de igual número, sendo um controle (CON) e o outro, solução salina hipertônica 7,5% (SSH). Variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram avaliadas imediatamente após a admissão do paciente (T0), 24 (T24), 48 (T48) e 72 (T72) horas após a admissão. O grupo SSH recebeu Ringer com lactato, antibioticoterapia, analgésico e SSH 7,5% em bolus (5mL kg-1 em 4 minutos) no T24 e no T48. O grupo CON recebeu a mesma terapia acima, porém ao invés da utilização de SSH a 7,5%, administrou-se bolus de solução de Ringer lactato na mesma dose e tempos utilizado. As avaliações em cada tempo foram realizadas anteriormente à administração dos bolus, nos dois grupos. Avaliaram-se hemograma completo e as variáveis clínicas (escala AVDN, grau de desidratação, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal), frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS). Os dados paramétricos foram avaliados pelos testes Student Newman Keuls e teste t de Student, e os não paramétricos pelo teste de Friedman e Mann Whitney, com nível de significância de P≥0,05. Nas variáveis clínicas estudadas não se observou diferença entre os grupos e entre os momentos avaliados. Observou-se diferença significativa no grupo SSH no T72, com elevação da PAS e redução da FC, fato não observado no grupo CON, onde esses parâmetros não se alteraram. O hematócrito e a concentração de hemoglobina diminuíram em ambos os grupos com o tempo. As contagens dos leucócitos totais e dos monócitos apresentaram uma elevação significativa no grupo SSH, estando os leucócitos dentro da faixa de normalidade no T72. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação aos neutrófilos segmentados, porém no grupo SSH verificou-se aumento de 9,5 vezes no T72 comparado com o T24 (P=0,09), enquanto que este aumento foi de apenas 2,5 vezes no grupo CON (P=0,30). Observou-se ainda redução nas contagens de plaquetas e na concentração de globulinas no grupo COM, enquanto essas variáveis se mantiveram estáveis no grupo SSH. Conclui-se que a administração seriada de SSH 7,5% se mostrou promissora no tratamento de cães com síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda, pois auxilia na estabilização dos leucócitos, plaquetas e globulinas de cães com sepse grave decorrente da síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda.(AU)

The association between acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome and sepsis is frequent in dogs and causes high mortality. In this context we investigated in a randomized single-center controlled trial the late effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution in serial applications on hemodynamic, clinical and laboratory variables in dogs with severe sepsis due to the syndrome. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two groups of equal numbers, control (CON) and 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (SSH). Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated immediately after admission of patients (T0), 24 (T24), 48 (T48) and 72 (T72) hours after the admission. The SSH group received Ringer with lactate, antibiotic therapy, analgesic and 5mL/kg-1 bolus of 7.5% SSH over 4 minutes on T24 and T48. The CON group received the same therapy, but instead of 7.5% SSH, Ringer with lactate bolus was given at the same dosis and times. All evaluations were performed prior to the administration of the bolus in both groups. Data collection included complete blood count and clinical variables (AVDN scale, degree of dehydration, respiratory rate and rectal temperature), heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Parametric data were evaluated by the Student Newman Keuls and Student t tests, and the nonparametric ones by the Friedman and Mann Whitney test, with a significance level of 0.05. There were no significant differences between the groups and moments in clinical variables. Nevertheless, the SSH group presented a significant elevation of SBP and HR reduction at T72. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration decreased in both groups over time. Total leukocyte and monocyte counts showed a significant elevation in the SSH group, however the leukocytes were within the normal range at T72. There were no significant differences in the segmental neutrophils, but a 9.5-fold increase in T72 compared to T24 (P=0.09) in the SSH group was observed, whereas this increase was only 2.5-fold in the CON group (P=0.30). A decrease in platelet counts and globulin concentration was observed in the CON group, while these variables remained stable in the SSH group. In conclusion, serial administration of 7.5% SSH is promising in the therapy of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, since it assists in the stabilization of leukocytes, platelets and globulins in dogs with severe sepsis due to this syndrome.(AU)

Distribuição espacial-temporal das internações por doenças infecciosas intestinais no Estado de São Paulo, para a faixa etária de 5 a 14 anos, entre 2001 e 2010 / Spatial-temporal distribution of hospitalizations for infectious intestinal diseases in the State of São Paulo, for the age group of 5 to 14 years, between 2001 and 2010

As doenças infecciosas intestinais têm um peso importante na morbimortalidade infantil no Brasil: na primeira década do século XXI, foram responsáveis por 22.610 óbitos de crianças entre 0 e 14 anos de idade - conforme dados do Ministério da Saúde -, equivalendo a 42,6% do total de mortes registradas, do Capítulo I da CID-10, para esta faixa etária. Objetivo: Estudar a distribuição espacial e a variação temporal das internações por doenças infecciosas intestinais em crianças na faixa etária de 5 a 14 anos, no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2001 e 2010. Método: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, utilizando dados de internações de crianças. Cálculo da morbidade hospitalar proporcional anual por Diarreias e Gastroenterites (CID A00-A09), segundo local de residência e idade. Resultados: A análise espacial auxilia na identificação dos territórios com as maiores taxas de internação, localizadas no Noroeste (2001) e no Oeste (2010) do Estado de São Paulo. O padrão da distribuição das internações, representados pela taxa de incidência nos anos estudados, mostra predomínio da doença em algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Em um espaço de dez anos, as maiores taxas ocorreram nas mesmas regiões, o que denota uma provável falta de atenção nas ações de saúde. Conclusão: Os dados encontrados demonstram que, a despeito do investimento em saneamento ambiental, existiam ainda áreas endêmicas para as diarreias e gastroenterites, na faixa etária e no período, que deveriam ter sido alvos de ações de atenção básica em saúde e de políticas públicas em saneamento e educação ambiental, para minorar estes impactos.

Intestinal infectious diseases play an important role in infant morbidity and mortality in Brazil: in the first decade of the 21st century, 22,610 deaths were attributed to children between 0 and 14 years of age, according to the Ministry of Health, 6% of the total number of deaths recorded in Chapter I of ICD-10 for this age group. Objective: To study the spatial distribution and temporal variation of hospitalizations for intestinal infectious diseases in children between the ages of 5 and 14 years, in the State of São Paulo, between 2001 and 2010. Method: Ecological study of time series using hospitalization data of children. Calculation of annual proportional hospital morbidity due to Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis (CID A00-A09), second place of residence and age. Results: Spatial analysis assists in the identification of the territories with the highest hospitalization rates, located in the Northwest (2001) and West (2010) of the State of Sao Paulo. The pattern of hospitalization distribution, represented by the incidence rate in the years studied, shows a predominance of the disease in some regions of the State of Sao Paulo. Within ten years, the highest rates occurred in the same regions, which indicates a probable lack of attention in health actions. Conclusion: The data show that, despite the investment in environmental sanitation, there were still areas endemic for diarrhea and gastroenteritis, in the age group and in the period, which should have been targets of basic health care actions and public policies in sanitation and environmental education, to mitigate these impacts.

Distribuição espacial-temporal das internações por doenças infecciosas intestinais no Estado de São Paulo, para a faixa etária de 5 a 14 anos, entre 2001 e 2010 / Spatial-temporal distribution of hospitalizations for infectious intestinal diseases in the State of São Paulo, for the age group of 5 to 14 years, between 2001 and 2010

As doenças infecciosas intestinais têm um peso importante na morbimortalidade infantil no Brasil: na primeira década do século XXI, foram responsáveis por 22.610 óbitos de crianças entre 0 e 14 anos de idade - conforme dados do Ministério da Saúde -, equivalendo a 42,6% do total de mortes registradas, do Capítulo I da CID-10, para esta faixa etária. Objetivo: Estudar a distribuição espacial e a variação temporal das internações por doenças infecciosas intestinais em crianças na faixa etária de 5 a 14 anos, no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2001 e 2010. Método: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, utilizando dados de internações de crianças. Cálculo da morbidade hospitalar proporcional anual por Diarreias e Gastroenterites (CID A00-A09), segundo local de residência e idade. Resultados: A análise espacial auxilia na identificação dos territórios com as maiores taxas de internação, localizadas no Noroeste (2001) e no Oeste (2010) do Estado de São Paulo. O padrão da distribuição das internações, representados pela taxa de incidência nos anos estudados, mostra predomínio da doença em algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Em um espaço de dez anos, as maiores taxas ocorreram nas mesmas regiões, o que denota uma provável falta de atenção nas ações de saúde. Conclusão: Os dados encontrados demonstram que, a despeito do investimento em saneamento ambiental, existiam ainda áreas endêmicas para as diarreias e gastroenterites, na faixa etária e no período, que deveriam ter sido alvos de ações de atenção básica em saúde e de políticas públicas em saneamento e educação ambiental, para minorar estes impactos.(AU)

Intestinal infectious diseases play an important role in infant morbidity and mortality in Brazil: in the first decade of the 21st century, 22,610 deaths were attributed to children between 0 and 14 years of age, according to the Ministry of Health, 6% of the total number of deaths recorded in Chapter I of ICD-10 for this age group. Objective: To study the spatial distribution and temporal variation of hospitalizations for intestinal infectious diseases in children between the ages of 5 and 14 years, in the State of São Paulo, between 2001 and 2010. Method: Ecological study of time series using hospitalization data of children. Calculation of annual proportional hospital morbidity due to Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis (CID A00-A09), second place of residence and age. Results: Spatial analysis assists in the identification of the territories with the highest hospitalization rates, located in the Northwest (2001) and West (2010) of the State of Sao Paulo. The pattern of hospitalization distribution, represented by the incidence rate in the years studied, shows a predominance of the disease in some regions of the State of Sao Paulo. Within ten years, the highest rates occurred in the same regions, which indicates a probable lack of attention in health actions. Conclusion: The data show that, despite the investment in environmental sanitation, there were still areas endemic for diarrhea and gastroenteritis, in the age group and in the period, which should have been targets of basic health care actions and public policies in sanitation and environmental education, to mitigate these impacts.(AU)

The role of human adenoviruses type 41 in acute diarrheal disease in Minas Gerais after rotavirus vaccination

Human adenovirus species F (HAdV-F) type 40 and 41 are commonly associated with acute diarrheal disease (ADD) across the world. Despite being the largest state in southeastern Brazil and having the second largest number of inhabitants, there is no information in the State of Minas Gerais regarding the role of HAdV-F in the etiology of ADD. This study was performed to determine the prevalence, to verify the epidemiological aspects of infection, and to characterize the strains of human adenoviruses (HAdV) detected. A total of 377 diarrheal fecal samples were obtained between January 2007 and August 2011 from inpatient and outpatient children of age ranging from 0 to 12 years. All samples were previously tested for rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus, and 314 of 377 were negative. The viral DNA was extracted, amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and the HAdV-positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test (p 0.05), considering two conditions: the total of samples tested (377) and the total of negative samples for the remaining viruses tested (314). The overall prevalence of HAdV was 12.47% (47/377); and in 76.60% (36/47) of the positive samples, this virus was the only infectious agent detected. The phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of 32 positive samples revealed that they all clustered with the HAdV-F type 41. The statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the onset of the HAdV infection and the origin of the samples (inpatients or outpatients) in the two conditions tested: the total of samples tested (p = 0.598) and the total of negative samples for the remaining viruses tested (p = 0.614). There was a significant association in the occurrence of infection in children aged 012 months for the condition 1 (p = 0.030) as well as condition 2 (p = 0.019). The occurrence of infections due to HAdV did not coincide with a pattern of seasonal distribution. These data indicate the significant involvement of HAdV-F type 41 in the etiology of ADD in Minas Gerais, which demonstrates the importance of other viral agents in the development of the disease after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine immunization. (AU)

Occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolates in dogs, cats and children / Ocorrência e caracterização de isolados de Campylobacter spp. em cães, gatos e crianças

To improve the understanding of implications of Campylobacter spp. infections in pets and children of different environments were analysed 160 faecal samples from children and 120 from pets (103 dogs and 17 cats). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 6.87% of the children and in 18.3% of the dogs and cats. From 33 stool samples positive for Campylobacter spp., 57.6% were identified as C. jejuni, and 33.4% were identified as C. coli. More than 50% of the isolates in pets were resistant to ceftiofur, sulphazotrim, norfloxacin and tetracycline. In humans, most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, erythromycin and norfloxacin. From 19 isolates of C. jejuni, 11 isolates from children and 5 from dogs contained two to four of the virulence genes flaA, pldA, cadF or ciaB. We found an association between the presence of virulence genes and diarrhoea. Furthermore, an association was observed between the presence of Campylobacter spp. and diarrhoea in dewormed pets with blood picture suggestive of bacterial infection, and the therapeutic use of antibiotics was associated with more positive detection of Campylobacter spp. in the faeces of pets. Our data indicate that virulent strains of Campylobacter spp. can be risk factor to diarrhoea in animals, and that high resistance to antimicrobial agents is common in pets.(AU)

Com o objetivo de melhorar o entendimento das infecções por Campylobacter spp. em cães, gatos e crianças no Brasil, foram avaliadas 160 amostras fecais de crianças e 120 swabs retais de pets (103 cães e 17 gatos). Do total das amostras das crianças, 6,87% foram positivas para Campylobacter spp. e em cães e gatos a positividade foi de 18,3%. Das 33 amostras positivas para Campylobacter spp., 57,6% foram identificadas como C. jejuni e 33,4% foram identificadas como C. coli. Mais de 50% das amostras isoladas de pets foram resistentes a ceftiofur, sulphazotrim, norfloxacina e tetraciclina. Em crianças, a maioria das amostras foi resistente a amoxilina, cefazolina, ceftiofur, eritromicina e norfloxacina. De 19 isolados de C. jejuni, 11 isolados de crianças e cinco (5) de cães tinham dois (2) dos quatro (4) genes de virulência flaA, pldA, cadF or ciaB. Associação positiva entre a presença de Campylobacter spp. e diarreia em cães e gatos foi observada em animais desverminados e com hemograma sugestivo de infecção bacteriana. Também houve associação positiva entre a presença dos genes de virulência e a ocorrência de diarreia, e entre o uso de antibióticos e a positividade para Campylobacter spp. em suabes fecais de pets. Os dados desse trabalho indicam que cepas virulentas de Campylobacter spp. são fatores de risco para diarreia em cães e a resistência antimicrobiana é comum em isolados de cães(AU)

Patotipos de Escherichia coli causadores de diarreia em bezerros: uma atualização / Escherichia coli pathotypes associated with diarrhea in calves: an update

A diarreia é uma das doenças mais frequentes de bezerros com até 30 dias de idade e é uma importante causa de perdas econômicas. Sua etiologia é complexa e envolve a interação de diversos fatores infecciosos, nutricionais, imunológicos, gerenciais e ambientais. Os principais sinais clínicos são a diarreia, desidratação progressiva, acidose metabólica, desequilíbrio de eletrólitos e balanço energético negativo com ou sem hipoglicemia, que se não tratados, levam à morte do animal. Escherichia coli se destaca como um importante enteropatógeno envolvido na síndrome diarreica. Cepas de E. coli patogênicas são classificadas em grupos ou patotipos, de acordo com a produção de fatores de virulência e mecanismos pelos quais causam doença. Já foram identificados cinco patotipos de E. coli associados à diarreia em bezerros: E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), E. coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e E. coli necrotoxigênica (NTEC). Nesse artigo apresentamos as principais características e os atuais conhecimentos sobre os patotipos de E. coli causadores de diarreia em bezerros.(AU)

Diarrhea is one of the most frequent diseases in calves up to 30 days of age and is a major cause of economic losses. Its etiology is complex and involves the interaction of various infectious, nutritional, immunological, environmental and managerial factors. The main clinical signs are diarrhea, progressive dehydration, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance and negative energy balance with or without hypoglycemia, which if left untreated, results in death of the animal. Escherichia coli stands as an important enteropathogen involved in diarrheal syndrome. Pathogenic E. coli strains are classified into groups or pathotypes based on the production of virulence factors and on the mechanisms by which they cause diarrhea. There are five E. coli pathotypes associated with diarrhea in calves: enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Shiga toxin - producing E. coli (STEC) and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC). In this article, we present the main characteristics and an update on E. coli pathotypes causing calf diarrhea.(AU)

Estudo longitudinal da infecção por enteropatógenos em bezerros neonatos, com diarreia, sob diferentes estratégias de aleitamento / Longitudinal study of infection by enteropathogens in newborn calves with diarrhea under different feeding strategies

Foram utilizados 17 bezerros, recém nascidos, da raça Holandesa, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do volume de sucedâneo nos principais patógenos causadores de diarreia neonatal. [...] Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos bezerros com cinco dias de idade para dosagem da proteína total. A média da proteína total foi 6,33 e 6,21g/dL nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. O grupo 2 apresentou tendência (p<0,1) de maior consumo de sucedâneo no período avaliado. A quantidade de sucedâneo oferecida aos animais não influenciou a incidência de diarreia e sua etiologia, ou seja, não foi observada diferença (p>0,05) na frequência das amostras positivas para cada agente entre os grupos. A frequência dos enteropatógenos nas amostras foi de 100 e 75 por cento para Cryptosporidium spp.; 28,5 e 43,7 por cento para Salmonella spp.; 28,5 e 15,6 por cento para patotipos de E. coli; 3,5 e 6,2 por cento para Rotavírus e 10,7 e 9,4 por cento para Giardia sp. nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. Foram encontrados os sorotipos de Salmonella infantis e muenster. Os patotipos de E. coli isolados foram classificados como E. coli enterohemorrágica, enteropatogênica, enterotoxigênica e produtoras de toxinas Shiga 1 e 2. Foi observada associação entre o Cryptosporidium spp. e os patotipos de E. coli em 30 por cento das amostras do grupo 1 e Cryptosporidium spp. e Salmonella spp. em 45,5 por cento no grupo 2. Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstraram que o fornecimento de diferentes volumes de sucedâneo não apresentou influência sobre a incidência e etiologia da diarreia neonatal. A avaliação longitudinal dos enteropatógenos durante o período de patência da diarreia demonstrou que a associação entre eles ocorre a partir do primeiro dia da doença e destacou a importância da infecção pelo Cryptosporidium spp. agente encontrado em todos os momentos e animais.(AU)

Seventeen Holstein newborn calves were used with the objective of evaluating the influence of milk replacer volume in the pattern of pathogens causing neonatal diarrhea. […] Were collected blood samples from calves with five days of age for determination of total protein. The average total protein was 6.33 and 6.21g/dL in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The group 2 tended (p<0.1) higher consumption of milk replacer during the study period. The volume of milk replacer did not influenced the incidence of diarrhea and the frequency of positive samples for each etiologic agent between the two groups (p>0.05). Also, there was no difference (p>0.05) on the pattern of the frequency of positive samples for evaluated pathogens. The frequency of pathogens in the samples was 100 and 75 percent for Cryptosporidium, 28.5 and 43.7 percent for Salmonella spp., 28.5 and 15.6 percent for E. coli pathotypes, 3.5 and 6.2 percent for Rotavirus and 10.7 and 9.4 percent for Giardia in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Serotypes of Salmonella infantis and muenster were found. The isolated pathotypes of E. coli isolates were classified as Escherichia coli enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic and Shiga-toxin-producing 1 and 2. Associations between Cryptosporidium spp. and E. coli pathotypes, and between Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. were found in 30 percent of the samples in group 1 and in 45.5 percent in group 2, respectively. Our results showed that the different volumes of milk replacer did not influence the incidence and etiology of neonatal diahrrea. Longitudinal evaluation of enteropathogens during patency demonstrated that the association between the etiologic agents starts from the first day of disease. This result highlighted the great importance of the infection by Cryptosporidium spp. which was present in every moments and animals evaluated.(AU)