Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect generated by citronellal monoterpene isomers / Avaliação do efeito antinociceptivo gerado por isômeros do monoterpeno citronelal

Due to the complex nature of pain and the participation of physical, cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects, pain management has several approaches. The use of medicinal plants in developing countries is quite expressive. Seeking new options for the treatment of emerging or debilitating diseases. Therefore, the present study seeks to elucidate the effects of the monoterpene, citronellal, differentiating its activity by isomers (R)-(+) and (S)-(-) citronellal. The study used several methods to evaluate the effects of citronellal isomers on motor coordination, nociceptive response, and the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, and transient receptor pathways. The methods included rota-rod, hot-plate, and formalin tests, as well as the use of specific inhibitors and agonists. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics with a 95% confidence level. Both isomers did not significantly affect the motor coordination of the studied animals. The isomer (S)-(-) citronellal showed better results in relation to its structural counterpart, managing to have an antinociceptive effect in the formalin and hot plate tests with a lower concentration (100 mg/kg) and presenting fewer side effects, however, the this study was not able to elucidate the mechanism of action of this isomer despite having activity in studies with substances that act on specific targets such as glutamate and capsaicin, its activity was not reversed with the use of antagonists for pathways related to nociception. While the (R)-(+) citronellal isomer, despite showing total activity only at a concentration of 150 mg/kg, was able to determine its mechanism of action related to the opioid pathway by reversing its activity by the antagonist naloxone, being this is a pathway already correlated with nociception control treatments, however, it is also related to some unwanted side effects. In this way, new studies are sought to elucidate the mechanism related to the isomer (S)-(-) citronellal and a possibility of use in other areas related to the treatment of pain or inflammation.

Devido à natureza complexa da dor e a sua participação de aspectos físicos, cognitivos, psicológicos e comportamentais, o manejo da dor possui diversas abordagens. O uso de plantas medicinais em países em desenvolvimento é bastante expressivo. Buscando novas opções para o tratamento de denças emergentes ou debilitantes. Portanto, o presente estudo busca elucidar os efeitos do monoterpeno, citronelal, diferenciando sua atividade pelos isômeros (R)-(+) e (S)-(-) citronelal. O estudo utilizou diversos métodos para avaliar os efeitos dos isômeros de citronelal na coordenação motora, resposta nociceptiva e o envolvimento de vias opioides, glutamatérgicas e de receptores transitórios. Os métodos incluíram testes de rota-rod, placa quente e formalina, além do uso de inibidores e agonistas específicos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Ambos os isomeros não afetaram significativamente a coordenação motora dos animais em estudo. O isômero (S)-(-) citronelal apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao seu homólogo estrutural, conseguindo ter um efeito antinociceptivo nos testes de formalina e placa quente com menor concentração (100 mg/kg) e apresentando menos efeitos colaterais, entretanto, o presente estudo não foi capaz de elucidar o mecanismo de ação deste isomero apesar de ter atividadade em estudos com substancias que agem em alvos específicos como glutamato e capsaicina, sua atividade não foi revertida com a utilização de antagonistas para as vias relacionadas à nocicepção. Enquanto o isômero (R)-(+) citronelal, apesar de apresentar de apresentar total atividade somente na concentração de 150 mg/kg, foi capaz de determinar seu mecanismo de ação relacionado à via opióide pela reversão da sua atividade pelo antagonista naloxona, sendo esta uma via já correlacionada com os tratamentos de controle da a nocicepção, no entanto, também está relacionada a alguns efeitos colaterais indesejados. Desta forma busca-se novos estudos para elucidação do mecanismo relacionados ao isomero (S)-(-) citronellal e uma possibilidade de utilização em outras areas relacionadas ao tratamento da dor ou inflamação.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) for dogs with clinical signs of osteoarthritis and preliminary evidence of its clinical utility / Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Breve Inventário de Dor Canina (BIDC) em cães com sinais clínicos de osteoartrite e evidências preliminares da sua utilização clínica

This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties and clinical use of the Brazilian version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) in dogs with hip dysplasia (HD). Forty-three dogs with HD and 16 clinically normal dogs were enrolled. The HD dogs were treated daily with 4.4mg/kg carprofen (GT = 21) or placebo (GP = 19), for four weeks. Owners completed the CBPI at two weeks (W-2) and immediately before the start of the treatment (W0), two (W2) and four (W4) weeks during treatment, and two weeks (W6) after the end of treatment. The internal structure was accessed, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.97, indicating the high internal consistency of the instrument. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggested the retention of one component, which accounted for 78% of the variability. The ROC curve analysis concluded that the score 3 has an excellent performance to discriminate between normal and possible HD dogs (AUC of 0.973). There was no difference between dogs treated with carprofen versus placebo. The instrument in Portuguese showed construct and criterion validity and reliability to be used in dogs with HD.

Objetivou-se determinar as propriedades psicométricas e a utilidade clínica do Breve Inventário de Dor Canina na língua portuguesa, em cães com displasia coxofemoral (DCF). O inventário foi preenchido por tutores de 43 animais com DCF e por 16 tutores de cães saudáveis. Os animais com DCF foram tratados com carprofeno 4,4mg/kg (GT = 21) ou placebo (GP =19), administrados uma vez ao dia durante quatro semanas. As avaliações foram realizadas duas semanas e imediatamente antes do tratamento, duas e quatro semanas durante o tratamento e após duas semanas do término do tratamento. A estrutura interna calculada pelo alfa de Cronbach = 0,97 indicou alta consistência dos dados. A análise dos componentes principais identificou a retenção de apenas um componente responsável por 78% da variabilidade dos dados. A análise da curva ROC indicou que o escore 3 discrimina cães saudáveis de cães com possível DCF (ASC de 0,973). Não houve diferença entre os cães tratados com carprofeno daqueles que receberam placebo. O questionário apresentou validade de constructo e critério e confiabilidade e pode-se empregá-lo para avaliar a dor crônica em cães com osteoartrite em países de língua portuguesa.

O uso de opioides em ruminantes / Use of opioids in ruminants

Os ruminantes, como todos os animais, têm capacidade de sentir dor, a qual pode ser causada por doenças ou procedimentos frequentemente praticados, como a descorna e a orquiectomia. Todavia, nesses animais, o uso de analgésicos ainda é menos comum do que o ideal, sendo necessária uma maior conscientização, além de estudos com fármacos e protocolos, capazes de aliviar a dor de maneira eficaz nessas espécies. Neste contexto, destacam-se os opioides, potentes fármacos analgésicos, sendo ótima opção para o controle da dor; entretanto, seu uso ainda é pouco frequente em ruminantes, os estudos são limitados e encontram resultados variáveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os benefícios do controle da dor em ruminantes, através do uso de opioides, elucidando as possibilidades analgésicas com diferentes fármacos desta classe e vias de administração, a fim de incentivar o uso pelos médicos veterinários de ruminantes, com base na literatura já publicada sobre este assunto; uma vez que, mesmo com alguns resultados variáveis, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial antinociceptivo dos opioides em ruminantes, além dos efeitos sedativos, destacando o potencial analgésico principalmente por vias de administração alternativas, como o fentanil transdérmico e a via epidural para diversos opioides, os quais tornam-se opções importantes a serem consideradas nos protocolos analgésicos para ruminantes.

Ruminants, as all other animals, feel pain, which can be caused by diseases or frequently practiced procedures, such as dehorning and orchiectomy. However, in these animals the use of analgesics is still less common than ideal, requiring greater awareness, in addition to studies with drugs and protocols capable of effectively relieving pain in these species. In this context, opioids, potent analgesic drugs, are highlighted as a great option for pain control. Nevertheless, their use is still infrequent in ruminants, where studies are limited and show varied results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the benefits of pain control in ruminants through opioids, elucidating the analgesic possibilities with different drugs of this class and administration routes to encourage the use by veterinarians of ruminants, based on the literature already published on this subject. Even with some variable results, several studies have demonstrated the antinociceptive potential of opioids in ruminants, in addition to the sedative effects, highlighting the analgesic potential mainly through alternative routes of administration, such as transdermal fentanyl and the epidural route for various opioids, which become important options to be considered in analgesic protocols for ruminants.

Pain-related toxins in scorpion and spider venoms: a face to face with ion channels

Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and physiopathological role of ion channels, as they modulate their activity. In particular, toxins that induce pain relief effects can serve as a molecular basis for the development of future analgesics in humans. This review provides a summary of the different scorpion and spider toxins that directly interact with pain-related ion channels, with inhibitory or stimulatory effects. Some of these toxins were shown to affect pain modalities in different animal models providing information on the role played by these channels in the pain process. The close interaction of certain gating-modifier toxins with membrane phospholipids close to ion channels is examined along with molecular approaches to improve selectivity, affinity or bioavailability in vivo for therapeutic purposes.(AU)

Analgesic effects of Phα1ß toxin: a review of mechanisms of action involving pain pathways

Phα1ß is a neurotoxin purified from spider venom that acts as a high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel blocker. This spider peptide has shown a high selectivity for N-type HVA calcium channels (NVACC) and an analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Its activity was associated with a reduction in calcium transients, glutamate release, and reactive oxygen species production from the spinal cord tissue and dorsal ganglia root (DRG) in rats and mice. It has been reported that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of Phα1ß to treat chronic pain reverted opioid tolerance with a safer profile than ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a highly selective NVACC blocker. Following a recent development of recombinant Phα1ß (CTK 01512-2), a new molecular target, TRPA1, the structural arrangement of disulphide bridges, and an effect on glial plasticity have been identified. CTK 01512-2 reproduced the antinociceptive effects of the native toxin not only after the intrathecal but also after the intravenous administration. Herein, we review the Phα1ß antinociceptive activity in the most relevant pain models and its mechanisms of action, highlighting the impact of CTK 01512-2 synthesis and its potential for multimodal analgesia.

Analgesic effects of Phalfa1 beta toxin: a review of mechanisms of action involving pain pathways

Phα1ß is a neurotoxin purified from spider venom that acts as a high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel blocker. This spider peptide has shown a high selectivity for N-type HVA calcium channels (NVACC) and an analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Its activity was associated with a reduction in calcium transients, glutamate release, and reactive oxygen species production from the spinal cord tissue and dorsal ganglia root (DRG) in rats and mice. It has been reported that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of Phα1ß to treat chronic pain reverted opioid tolerance with a safer profile than ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a highly selective NVACC blocker. Following a recent development of recombinant Phα1ß (CTK 01512-2), a new molecular target, TRPA1, the structural arrangement of disulphide bridges, and an effect on glial plasticity have been identified. CTK 01512-2 reproduced the antinociceptive effects of the native toxin not only after the intrathecal but also after the intravenous administration. Herein, we review the Phα1ß antinociceptive activity in the most relevant pain models and its mechanisms of action, highlighting the impact of CTK 01512-2 synthesis and its potential for multimodal analgesia.

Fractions of Selaginella convoluta (Arn) Spring (Selaginellaceae) attenuate the nociceptive behavior events in mice / Frações de Selaginella convoluta (Ar) Spring (Selaginellaceae) atenuam a resposta nociceptiva em camundongos

Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring is a species popularly known as "jericó", and used in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to investigate in mice the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane (Sc-Hex) and chloroform (Sc-CHCl3) fractions (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) obtained by partition of crude ethanol extract from S. convoluta. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the fractions was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The rota-rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the Sc-Hex and the Sc-CHCl3 were positive for the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinones, triterpenes and steroids. Inhibition of writhing was observed for fractions tested. The Sc-Hex at all doses tested was effective in reducing the nociceptive behavior produced by formalin only in the second phase. However, the Sc-CHCl3 decreased the paw licking time in the first and second phases. In the hot plate no significant effect was observed for any fraction. In the rota-rod test, treated mice did not demonstrate any significant motor performance changes. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduced cell migration to the pleural cavity. These results reveal the antinociceptive properties of S. convoluta , which support, in part, its traditional use, since the fractions did not presented significant activity in the inflammatory response profile. We further verify that this antinociceptive effect could be by activation of nociceptive peripheral pathway.(AU)

Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como "jericó", e usada na medicina popular como analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das frações hexânica (Sc-Hex) e clorofórmica (Sc-CHCl3) (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) obtidas por partição do extrato etanólico bruto de S. convoluta . A análise fitoquímica preliminar das frações foi realizada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada usando pleurisia induzida por carragenina. O teste do rota-rod foi utilizado para avaliar a coordenação motora. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar mostrou que Sc-Hex e Sc-CHCl3 apresentaram reação positiva para a presença de flavonoides, derivados antracênicos, quinonas, triterpenos e esteroides. A inibição das contorções foi observada para as frações testadas. Sc-Hex em todas as doses testadas foi efetivo na redução do comportamento nociceptivo produzido pela formalina somente na segunda fase. No entanto, Sc-CHCl3 diminuiu o tempo de lambida da pata na primeira e segunda fases. Na placa quente, nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para qualquer fração. No teste do rota-rod os camundongos tratados não demonstraram mudanças significativas na coordenação motora. Na pleurisia induzida por carragenina, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduziu a migração celular para a cavidade pleural. Estes resultados revelam a propriedade antinociceptiva de S. convoluta, justificando, em parte, seu uso tradicional, uma vez que os extratos não apresentaram atividade significativa no perfil de resposta inflamatória. Verificamos ainda que esse efeito antinociceptivo mostrou-se ligado à ativação da via periférica nociceptiva.(AU)

Frequency and intensity of pain symptoms detected during classic massage sessions of selected body parts in purebred Arabian racing horses

We analysed the frequency of symptoms and degree of muscle pain in selected body parts of racing horses assessed during classic massage sessions. The influence of horse's sex on obtained results was considered. The potential for the early determination of pain in horses by analysing their behaviour and cardiac parameters during a massage session was also evaluated. The study was conducted on 20 three-year-old purebred Arabian horses during one racing season. In the racing season, cyclic classic massage sessions were performed, during which the frequency of symptoms and the degree of pain in the neck, back, croup, front limbs, and hind limbs were analysed. A behavioural assessment of the horses was conducted, and cardiac parameters were analysed. During massage, the frequency of pain symptoms in front limbs amounted to 26, while in croup, it did not exceed 6. The studied horses were most susceptible to pain in the front limbs and in the back, with greater severity in stallions than in mares. An assessment of the frequency and severity of pain symptoms should not be based on changes in behaviour of horses or on cardiac parameters (HR and LF:HF ratio) during massage sessions. However, these methods can be applied after pain reactions intensify. Meanwhile, qualified masseurs can diagnose slight muscle pain during massage sessions.(AU)

Neurological modulation of facial expressions in pigs and implications for production

The facial expressions of animals constitute a means of manifesting emotions, fulfilling functions related to social interactions in several species. Interest has come to use facialexpressions as a tool for predicting intentions; in the case of aggression, for example, impeding attacks between individuals prevents negative economic and emotional impacts. Recent research has sought to associate facial expressions with painful events as tail-cropping and castration on the assumption thatobjective evaluations of the presence or absence of grimaces in pigs' snouts may allow us to determine the intensity of the pain they perceive. Furthermore, to continue developing scales that will complement the existing piglet grimace scale (PGS), which is not yet fully-validated in terms of reliability. Another area of research is interpreting expressions of fear during traumatic events like pre-slaughter handling. Also, the phenomenon of emotional contagion in groups of animals suggests the need to focus on their emotions, since recognizing them could allow us to prevent alterations of meat quality.These approaches reveal the need for a detailed compilation of the facial expressions of pigs based on current scientific literature regarding emotions, alimentation, and pain-related behavioral responses in pigs.(AU)

Neurological modulation of facial expressions in pigs and implications for production

The facial expressions of animals constitute a means of manifesting emotions, fulfilling functions related to social interactions in several species. Interest has come to use facialexpressions as a tool for predicting intentions; in the case of aggression, for example, impeding attacks between individuals prevents negative economic and emotional impacts. Recent research has sought to associate facial expressions with painful events as tail-cropping and castration on the assumption thatobjective evaluations of the presence or absence of grimaces in pigs' snouts may allow us to determine the intensity of the pain they perceive. Furthermore, to continue developing scales that will complement the existing piglet grimace scale (PGS), which is not yet fully-validated in terms of reliability. Another area of research is interpreting expressions of fear during traumatic events like pre-slaughter handling. Also, the phenomenon of emotional contagion in groups of animals suggests the need to focus on their emotions, since recognizing them could allow us to prevent alterations of meat quality.These approaches reveal the need for a detailed compilation of the facial expressions of pigs based on current scientific literature regarding emotions, alimentation, and pain-related behavioral responses in pigs.

Dexmedetomidine attenuates P2X4 and NLRP3 expression in the spine of rats with diabetic neuropathic pain

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of Dexmedetomidine (Dex) on spinal pathology and inflammatory factor in a rat model of Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). Methods: The rats were divided into 3 groups (eight in each group): normal group (N group), diabetic neuropathic pain model group (DNP group), and DNP model with dexmedetomidine (Dex group). The rat model of diabetes was established with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injections. Nerve cell ultrastructure was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) tests documented that DNP rat model was characterized by a decreased pain threshold and nerve conduction velocity. Results: Dex restored the phenotype of neurocytes, reduced the extent of demyelination and improved MWT and MNCV of DNP-treated rats (P=0.01, P=0.038, respectively). The expression of three pain-and inflammation-associated factors (P2X4, NLRP3, and IL-IP) was significantly upregulated at the protein level in DNP rats, and this change was reversed by Dex administration (P=0.0022, P=0.0092, P=0.0028, respectively). Conclusion: The P2X4/NLRP3 signaling pathway is implicated in the development and presence of DNP in vivo, and Dex protects from this disorder.(AU)

Effects of omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 nutraceuticals on pain and fertility in peritoneal endometriosis in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the nutraceuticals omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 on endometriosis-associated infertility and pain. Methods: Controlled experimental study, with each group composed of eight female rats. Fertility groups: sham-operated control (0.9% saline solution); control with endometriosis (0.9% saline); omega-6/3 (1.2 g/kg/day); omega-9/6 (1.2 g/kg/day); and meloxicam (0.8 mg/kg/day). Pain groups: sham-operated control (0.9% saline); control with endometriosis (0.9% saline); omega-6/3 (1.2 g/kg/day); omega-9/6 (1.2 g/kg/day); medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 mg/kg/every 3 days); and meloxicam (0.8 mg/kg/day). Peritoneal endometriosis was surgically induced. Pain was evaluated with the writhing test. Fertility was evaluated by counting the number of embryos in the left hemi-uterus. Results: The mean number of writhings was as follows: sham-operated, 11.1 ± 2.9; control with endometriosis, 49.3 ± 4.4; omega-6/3, 31.5 ± 2.7; omega-9/6, 34.1 ± 4.5; medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.1 ± 0.8; meloxicam, 1 ± 0.3. There was a significant difference between both controls and all drugs used for treatment. Regarding fertility, the mean values were as follows: sham-operated, 6.8 ± 0.6; control with endometriosis, 4.2 ± 0.7; omega-6/3, 4.7 ± 1; omega-9/6, 3.8 ± 0.9; and meloxicam, 1.8 ± 0.9. Conclusions: The omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 nutraceuticals decreased pain compared to the controls. There was no improvement in fertility in any of the tested groups.(AU)

South Brazilian farmer's perceptions concerning sheep tail docking / Percepção dos ovinocultores do sul do Brasil com relação à caudectomia em ovinos

The objective of this study was to better understand farmers perceptions regarding sheep welfare and procedures concerning the tail docking of sheep in the state of Parana, Southern Brazil. The study was carried out via telephone interviews or personally with 146 sheep farmers. Twenty-eight farmers (19.2%) did not tail dock; the main reasons given were because they raised short-hair sheep breeds. One hundred and eighteen farmers docked their sheep tails (80.8%). The main reasons given were hygiene (61.0%), facilitated mating (42.4%), breed standards (29.7%), and esthetics (26.3%). Rubber ring was the main method used for tail docking. Although farmers in Parana recognized that sheep are sentient animals and that tail docking causes pain, anesthesia was used by only six (5.1%) farmers during the procedure of tail docking. Our results showed that farmers opinions on sheep tail docking are divergent. Farmers who perform tail docking must be encouraged to use anesthesia and analgesia, and to ponder on the real need for the practice. This statement seems especially relevant considering the fact that some farmers reported the viability of maintaining wool sheep with undocked tails and that they recognized the suffering involved in this procedure.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender melhor a percepção de ovinocultores em relação ao bem-estar de ovinos e aos procedimentos envolvendo a caudectomia desses animais no Paraná, sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado por meio de entrevistas telefônicas ou pessoalmente com 146 ovinocultores. Vinte e oito ovinocultores (19,2%) não realizavam caudectomia; a principal razão citada foi porque os produtores criavam ovelhas deslanadas (pelo curto). Cento e dezoito ovinocultores realizavam a caudectomia (80,8%) e as principais razões citadas foram: higiene (61,0%), monta facilitada (42,4%), padrão racial (29,7%) e estética (26,3%). O principal método utilizado para realizar a caudectomia foi o anel de borracha. Apesar dos ovinocultores no Paraná reconhecerem que ovinos são animais sencientes e que a caudectomia causa dor, somente seis (5,1%) aplicavam anestesia durante o procedimento. Nossos resultados demonstram que a opinião dos ovinocultores com relação à caudectomia é divergente. Ovinocultores que realizam a caudectomia devem ser encorajados a usar anestesia e analgesia, além de ponderar a real necessidade para essa prática. Essa afirmação se mostra relevante ao considerar o fato de que alguns produtores relataram a viabilidade de manter ovinos lanados com cauda inteira e o reconhecimento por parte deles do sofrimento causado aos animais durante a remoção da cauda.(AU)

Administração de Metilprednisolona via epidural como tratamento alternativo para controle da dor na síndrome da cauda equina em cadela com instabilidade lombossacra: relato de caso / Epidural application of Methylprednisolone as an alternative pain control therapy for cauda equina syndrome in dogs with lumbosacral instability: case report

Este trabalho refere-se à síndrome da cauda equina em cães, com ênfase no tratamento clínico, não invasivo para controle da dor. A cauda equina é uma coleção de raízes de nervos que descende do canal vertebral ao final da medula espinhal, acometendo principal-mente cães de grande porte. O tratamento conservativo associado é uma opção frente ao tratamento cirúrgico. Assim, este relato mostra o efeito do uso de aplicações peridurais de metilprednisolona em três aplicações com intervalo de 21 dias.(AU)

This is a report on cauda equina syndrome in dogs with an emphasis on clinical noninvasive treatment for pain control. Cauda equina is a bundle of nerve roots on the vertebral canal beginning at the end of the spinal cord, mainly affecting large dogs. Conservative treatment is an option over surgical treatment. This report thus shows the effects of the use of epidural applications of methylprednisolone in three applications with interval of 21 days.(AU)

Administração de Metilprednisolona via epidural como tratamento alternativo para controle da dor na síndrome da cauda equina em cadela com instabilidade lombossacra: relato de caso / Epidural application of Methylprednisolone as an alternative pain control therapy for cauda equina syndrome in dogs with lumbosacral instability: case report

Este trabalho refere-se à síndrome da cauda equina em cães, com ênfase no tratamento clínico, não invasivo para controle da dor. A cauda equina é uma coleção de raízes de nervos que descende do canal vertebral ao final da medula espinhal, acometendo principal-mente cães de grande porte. O tratamento conservativo associado é uma opção frente ao tratamento cirúrgico. Assim, este relato mostra o efeito do uso de aplicações peridurais de metilprednisolona em três aplicações com intervalo de 21 dias.

This is a report on cauda equina syndrome in dogs with an emphasis on clinical noninvasive treatment for pain control. Cauda equina is a bundle of nerve roots on the vertebral canal beginning at the end of the spinal cord, mainly affecting large dogs. Conservative treatment is an option over surgical treatment. This report thus shows the effects of the use of epidural applications of methylprednisolone in three applications with interval of 21 days.

Identificação de dor após orquiectomia em garrotes: desenvolvimento de escala análogo visual em comparação a parâmetros fisiológicos, padrões comportamentais e expressão facial / Pain identification after orchiectomy in young bulls: development of the visual analogue scale compared with physiological parameters, behavioral patterns and facial expression

A identificação de dor em bovinos e seu alivio, são essenciais para o bem estar animal, todavia ainda não há um teste ideal para esta avaliação. Alguns pesquisadores têm utilizados cortisol sérico e frequências cardíaca e respiratória para esta avaliação, enquanto outros utilizam escalas baseadas em comportamento ou expressões faciais, não existindo uma escala que leve em consideração a união destes identificadores para bovinos. Além disso, a maioria dos pesquisadores manipulam os animais para identificar a dor, o que poderia mascarar os resultados. Desta maneira o presente trabalho propôs elaborar e validar uma escala análogo visual para identificação de dor em bovinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Para tanto 8 bovinos holandeses de 200 dias de vida e 250 kg de peso vivo foram submetidos a orquiectomia com previa anestesia local e uso de analgésicos. A identificação de dor foi baseada em analises fisiológica (cortisol sérico e frequência respiratória), comportamental, de expressão facial e análogo visual nos momentos -30 (30 minutos antes do procedimento) e 1, 3, 6 12, 24, 72 e 420 horas após o procedimento; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as analises foram realizadas sem a interferência do avaliador com o animal, por meio de filmagens de vídeos. Notou-se que todas as metodologias propostas foram capazes de identificar dor pós orquiectomia em bovinos, no entanto a graduação de maior dor foi em momentos pós-cirúrgicos distintos conforme o parâmetro avaliado. Assim houve fraca correlação entre os modelos propostos, pois se encontrou limitações para a maioria das metodologias avaliadas, concluindo-se que a associação entre os vários parâmetros de dor, tal qual o utilizado na escala análogo visual, aumenta a acurácia em identificar a dor após orquiectomia em bovinos.(AU)

The identification of pain in cattle and your relief, are essential for animal welfare, however there is still no ideal test for this evaluation. Some researchers have used serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rates for this assessment, while others use scales based on behavior or facial expressions. However, doesn't exist but a scale that takes into account the union of these identifiers for cattle. Furthermore, most researchers manipulate the animals to identify pain, which could mask the result. In this way, this paper proposed design and validate a visual analog scale for pain identification in cattle undergoing orchiectomy. For this, 8 Holstein calves with 200 days old and 250kg live weight were submitted to orchiectomy with local anesthesia and analgesics. The identification of pain was based on physiological analysis (serum cortisol and respiratory rate), behavioral, and facial expression in the visual-analogue -30 (30 minutes before surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 420 hours after the procedure; and with the exception of cortisol, all analyzes were performed without the interference of the appraiser with the animal, by videos. It was noted that all the methods proposed were able to identify post orchiectomy pain in cattle, however the degree of pain were higher in different post-surgical times. There was poor correlation between the proposed models, because it was found limitations for most assessed methodologies. We concluded an association between various parameters of pain, as visual analogue scale, can increase the accuracy to identify pain orchiectomy in bulls.(AU)

Identificação de dor após orquiectomia em garrotes: desenvolvimento de escala análogo visual em comparação a parâmetros fisiológicos, padrões comportamentais e expressão facial / Pain identification after orchiectomy in young bulls: development of the visual analogue scale compared with physiological parameters, behavioral patterns and facial expression

A identificação de dor em bovinos e seu alivio, são essenciais para o bem estar animal, todavia ainda não há um teste ideal para esta avaliação. Alguns pesquisadores têm utilizados cortisol sérico e frequências cardíaca e respiratória para esta avaliação, enquanto outros utilizam escalas baseadas em comportamento ou expressões faciais, não existindo uma escala que leve em consideração a união destes identificadores para bovinos. Além disso, a maioria dos pesquisadores manipulam os animais para identificar a dor, o que poderia mascarar os resultados. Desta maneira o presente trabalho propôs elaborar e validar uma escala análogo visual para identificação de dor em bovinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Para tanto 8 bovinos holandeses de 200 dias de vida e 250 kg de peso vivo foram submetidos a orquiectomia com previa anestesia local e uso de analgésicos. A identificação de dor foi baseada em analises fisiológica (cortisol sérico e frequência respiratória), comportamental, de expressão facial e análogo visual nos momentos -30 (30 minutos antes do procedimento) e 1, 3, 6 12, 24, 72 e 420 horas após o procedimento; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as analises foram realizadas sem a interferência do avaliador com o animal, por meio de filmagens de vídeos. Notou-se que todas as metodologias propostas foram capazes de identificar dor pós orquiectomia em bovinos, no entanto a graduação de maior dor foi em momentos pós-cirúrgicos distintos conforme o parâmetro avaliado. Assim houve fraca correlação entre os modelos propostos, pois se encontrou limitações para a maioria das metodologias avaliadas, concluindo-se que a associação entre os vários parâmetros de dor, tal qual o utilizado na escala análogo visual, aumenta a acurácia em identificar a dor após orquiectomia em bovinos.(AU)

The identification of pain in cattle and your relief, are essential for animal welfare, however there is still no ideal test for this evaluation. Some researchers have used serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rates for this assessment, while others use scales based on behavior or facial expressions. However, doesn't exist but a scale that takes into account the union of these identifiers for cattle. Furthermore, most researchers manipulate the animals to identify pain, which could mask the result. In this way, this paper proposed design and validate a visual analog scale for pain identification in cattle undergoing orchiectomy. For this, 8 Holstein calves with 200 days old and 250kg live weight were submitted to orchiectomy with local anesthesia and analgesics. The identification of pain was based on physiological analysis (serum cortisol and respiratory rate), behavioral, and facial expression in the visual-analogue -30 (30 minutes before surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 420 hours after the procedure; and with the exception of cortisol, all analyzes were performed without the interference of the appraiser with the animal, by videos. It was noted that all the methods proposed were able to identify post orchiectomy pain in cattle, however the degree of pain were higher in different post-surgical times. There was poor correlation between the proposed models, because it was found limitations for most assessed methodologies. We concluded an association between various parameters of pain, as visual analogue scale, can increase the accuracy to identify pain orchiectomy in bulls.(AU)

Controle da dor crônica agudizada em cão submetido à exérese de mastocitoma / Control of acute chronic pain in a dog submitted to mastocytoma excision

Pain is characterized as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage resulting from a noxious stimulus that can lead to protein catabolism, stress, immunosuppression, delayed wound healing and acceleration of pathological processes. A dog with recurrent mastocytoma diagnosis was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Ceará, and the lesions were widely located in the right thoracic dorsolateral region. The patient was submitted to the surgical procedure of tumor excision and the anesthetic protocol used had as main objective the control of the intraoperative and chronic oncologic pain that would be exacerbated by the surgery. The protocol used yielded good postoperative results and this reaffirms the importance of knowing the classification and pathophysiology of pain so that the veterinarian can take the most appropriate behavior, providing greater comfort and survival to the patient.

Controle da dor crônica agudizada em cão submetido à exérese de mastocitoma / Control of acute chronic pain in a dog submitted to mastocytoma excision

Pain is characterized as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage resulting from a noxious stimulus that can lead to protein catabolism, stress, immunosuppression, delayed wound healing and acceleration of pathological processes. A dog with recurrent mastocytoma diagnosis was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Ceará, and the lesions were widely located in the right thoracic dorsolateral region. The patient was submitted to the surgical procedure of tumor excision and the anesthetic protocol used had as main objective the control of the intraoperative and chronic oncologic pain that would be exacerbated by the surgery. The protocol used yielded good postoperative results and this reaffirms the importance of knowing the classification and pathophysiology of pain so that the veterinarian can take the most appropriate behavior, providing greater comfort and survival to the patient.(AU)

Dor em animais de companhia

Pet animals has been considered as family members and as such the feelings developed by these animals are intensely perceived by their guardians, who have just bringing familiar discomfort conditions. The disease developed in these animals, mostly present as a symptom pain that needs to be identified and treated. However this requires that professionals have knowledge about the behavior of the species as well as on the therapeutic protocols according the type of pain. We must consider that as professional veterinarios, we are ethicists, welfare, are responsible for the relief of animal suffering and their guardians, so the recognition of pain and its various forms of treatment is a moral duty, as well as men, they feel fear, loneliness, monotony and pain the animals feel well and often have difficulty expressing those feelings.

Os animais de companhia tem sido considerado como membros das famílias e como tal os sentimentos desenvolvidos por esses animais são intensamente percebidos pelos seus guardiões, que acabam trazendo condições de desconforto familiar. As doenças desenvolvidas nestes animais, em sua maioria, apresentam como sintoma a dor, que precisa ser identificada e tratada. No entanto para isso é necessário que os profissionais tenham conhecimentos sobre o comportamento das espécies e ainda sobre os protocolos terapêuticos de acordo o tipo de dor. Devemos considerar que como profissionais Médicos Veterinários, somos promotores da ética, do bem-estar, somos responsáveis pelo alivio do sofrimento dos animais e de seus guardiões, desta forma o reconhecimento da dor e de suas diversas formas de tratamento é um dever moral, pois assim como os homens, sentem medo, solidão, monotonia e dor, os animais também sentem e muitas vezes, apresentam dificuldade de expressar essas sensações.