Achados post mortem em cães intoxicados por picadas de abelhas / Post mortem findings in dogs intoxicated by bee stings

As intoxicações por picadas de abelhas possuem grande relevância na medicina humana e veterinária. Os componentes da toxina apresentam ações lesivas aos tecidos, principalmente aos rins, e podem culminar com a morte, mesmo quando a dose inoculada é pequena. A identificação precoce desse tipo de intoxicação permite a implementação de medidas terapêuticas adequadas e a melhoria do prognóstico. Desta forma, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de relatar os achados anatomopatológicos observados em dois cães, sem raça definida, os quais foram vítimas fatais de picadas de abelhas. Os animais eram irmãos de ninhada, um macho e uma fêmea, com três anos de idade e com cerca de 30kg. Os cães foram encontrados mortos no período da noite, já em rigor mortis, o que conduziu à suspeita de que a morte havia ocorrido há, no máximo, cinco horas. As principais lesões macroscópicas observadas foram: petéquias cutâneas, algumas associadas à presença de ferrões; congestão generalizada; hemorragia; necrose e edema; assim como insetos com morfologia compatível com Apis mellifera dispersos no trato gastrointestinal. Microscopicamente, degeneração, necrose e hemorragias renais constituíram os achados de maior importância, além de acentuado edema pulmonar, ao qual foi atribuída a causa mortis. Assim, as alterações mais importantes neste tipo de intoxicação são necrose, hemorragia, edema e congestão. Além disso, o óbito pode ocorrer de forma rápida, mesmo com baixas doses da toxina.

Bee sting poisonings have great relevance for both human and veterinary medicine. The toxin components present harmful actions on tissues, especially on kidneys, and can lead to death, even when the inoculated dose is small. The early identification of this type of intoxication allows the implementation of appropriate therapeutic measures and improvement of the prognosis. Thus, the present study aimed to report the anatomopathological findings of two mixed-breed dogs, which were fatal victims of bee stings. The animals were litter brothers, one male and one female, with three years old and weighing about 30kg. The dogs were found dead at night, already in rigor mortis, which led to the suspicion that the death had occurred no more than five hours ago. The main macroscopic lesions were: cutaneous petechiae, some of them associated with bee stingers, generalized congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis, and oedema, as well as insects with morphology compatible with Apis mellifera dispersed in the gastrointestinal tract. Microscopically, degeneration, necrosis, and renal haemorrhages were the most relevant findings, in addition to marked pulmonary oedema, which was considered the causa mortis. Thus, the most important alterations in this type of intoxication are necrosis, haemorrhage, oedema, and congestion. Moreover, death can occur quickly, even with low doses of the toxin.

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...(AU)

Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible disease that is rarely reported in veterinary clinicalroutine, with this case as the second reported in Brazil. This study aimed to describe a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisin a domestic cat.Case: A 10-year-old female cat with a history of respiratory distress was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the StateUniversity of Santa Cruz (HV-UESC). The first signs were observed three months before clinical care, characterized mainlyby dyspnea that was more pronounced during nighttime. There was no history of previous illnesses or prior drug use. Thecat lived with two other domiciled cats, did not have access to the street, and had restricted access to the terrace of thebuilding, from where other animals could have possibly entered. Physical examination showed a poor body condition witha temperature of 37°C and dehydration estimated at 9%.The animal was observed to remain in an orthopedic position, withtachypnea (109 mvm), wheezing through the mouth, and severe expiratory dyspnea. Pulmonary auscultation detected finediscontinuous adventitious noises. There were no changes in the cardiac function in terms of rhythm, frequency, or auscultation. Oxygen therapy and slow administration of 0.9% NaCl solution were performed; moreover, blood was collectedfor complete blood count, in which no abnormalities were observed. Thoracic radiography was performed on the cat, andthe results showed a mixed pulmonary pattern characterized by bronchiectasis, thickening of the bronchiolar wall, and anunstructured interstitial pattern throughout the pulmonary area. Shortly after the beginning of the clinical care, the animaldied due to respiratory arrest and was necropsied. The main macroscopic finding was pulmonary edema. Lung sampleswere subjected to microscopic evaluation, which revealed extensive multifocal areas of alveolar...

Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible disease that is rarely reported in veterinary clinicalroutine, with this case as the second reported in Brazil. This study aimed to describe a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisin a domestic cat.Case: A 10-year-old female cat with a history of respiratory distress was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the StateUniversity of Santa Cruz (HV-UESC). The first signs were observed three months before clinical care, characterized mainlyby dyspnea that was more pronounced during nighttime. There was no history of previous illnesses or prior drug use. Thecat lived with two other domiciled cats, did not have access to the street, and had restricted access to the terrace of thebuilding, from where other animals could have possibly entered. Physical examination showed a poor body condition witha temperature of 37°C and dehydration estimated at 9%.The animal was observed to remain in an orthopedic position, withtachypnea (109 mvm), wheezing through the mouth, and severe expiratory dyspnea. Pulmonary auscultation detected finediscontinuous adventitious noises. There were no changes in the cardiac function in terms of rhythm, frequency, or auscultation. Oxygen therapy and slow administration of 0.9% NaCl solution were performed; moreover, blood was collectedfor complete blood count, in which no abnormalities were observed. Thoracic radiography was performed on the cat, andthe results showed a mixed pulmonary pattern characterized by bronchiectasis, thickening of the bronchiolar wall, and anunstructured interstitial pattern throughout the pulmonary area. Shortly after the beginning of the clinical care, the animaldied due to respiratory arrest and was necropsied. The main macroscopic finding was pulmonary edema. Lung sampleswere subjected to microscopic evaluation, which revealed extensive multifocal areas of alveolar...(AU)

New determinants for casual peripheral mechanism of neurogenic lung edema in subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ischemic degeneration of vagal nerve, kidney and lung circuitry. Experimental study

Purpose:To evaluate whether there is a relationship between renal artery vasospasm related low glomerular density or degeneration and neurogenic lung edema (NLE) following subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods:This study was conducted on 26 rabbits. A control group was formed of five animals, a SHAM group of 5 to which saline and a study group (n=16) injected with homologous blood into the sylvian cisterna. Numbers of degenerated axons of renal branches of vagal nerves, atrophic glomerulus numbers and NLE scores were recorded.Results:Important vagal degeneration, severe renal artery vasospasm, intrarenal hemorrhage and glomerular atrophy observed in high score NLE detected animals. The mean degenerated axon density of vagal nerves (n/mm2), atrophic glomerulus density (n/mm3) and NLE scores of control, SHAM and study groups were estimated as 2.40±1.82, 2.20±1.30, 1.80±1.10, 8.00±2.24, 8.80±2.39, 4.40±1.14 and 154.38±13.61, 34.69±2.68 and 12.19±1.97 consecutively. Degenerated vagal axon, atrophic glomerulus and NLE scores are higher in study group than other groups and the differences are statistically meaningful (p<0.001).Conclusion:Vagal complex degeneration based glomerular atrophy have important roles on NLE following SAH which has not been extensively mentioned in the literature.(AU)

Acute and chronic bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema in Uruguay / Edema e enfisema pulmonar agudo e crônico em bovinos do Uruguai

An outbreak of pulmonary edema and emphysema with acute and chronic cases is reported in a farm in Uruguay. In a herd of 40 Hereford steers, 20 died. The deaths began four days after a change of paddock, from an old pasture of Avena sativa to a lush growing pasture of the same grass. Acutely affected animals showed severe dyspnea, sialorrhea, cough, and subcutaneous edema, and died within 72 hours. Chronically affected steers showed dyspnea, respiratory noises, weight loss, and intolerance to exercise. The deaths began four days after the change of paddock. Ten days after the first death, the steers were withdrawn from the pasture, but continued dying throughout the following 40 days. Twenty animals died and six were necropsied. Grossly, the lungs were diffusely armed and glistening, with reddish and crepitant cut surface, and presented alveolar septae sharply distended by edema and emphysema. There was subpleural emphysema with air blebs distributed across the pleural surface. Presence of Dictyocaulus viviparus was observed in three steers. In some animals, the trachea was diffusely reddish with presence of pink foam; in some others, there was bloody liquid in the tracheal lumen. Histologic examination showed severe diffuse alveolar and interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes adhered to the alveolar wall, thickening of the interlobular septae with proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and moderate-to-severe multifocal histiocytic, neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrate. In the trachea, there was submucosal hemorrhage and moderate multifocal eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate. The steers with chronic signs presented similar lung lesions, but multifocal pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac dilatation were also observed. The diagnosis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPE) was based on the occurrence of the disease after introduction of the herd in a lush green pasture, on the characteristic gross and histologic lesions, and on the absence of other toxic or infectious agents causing similar lesions. Cattle raisers should be alert to the risks of occurrence of this disease after the introduction of the herds into paddocks with green and lush pastures.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de edema e enfisema pulmonar com casos agudos e crônicos em bovinos em uma criação semi-intensiva no Uruguai. De um lote de 40 novilhos da raça Hereford morreram 20. As mortes começaram quatro dias após uma mudança de alimentação, de uma pastagem mais velha de Avena sativa, para uma pastagem recentemente plantada de aveia que estava em brotação. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos agudos de dispneia, sialorreia, tosse e alguns desenvolveram edema subcutâneo, morrendo em até 72 horas. Outros novilhos mais cronicamente afetados apresentaram dispneia, ruídos respiratórios, perda de peso e intolerância ao exercício. As mortes começaram quatro dias após a mudança de pastagens. Dez dias após a primeira morte, os novilhos foram retirados do pasto, mas morreram ainda durante 40 dias mais. Ao total, morreram vinte animais e seis foram necropsiados. Nas necropsias dos animais mortos na fase aguda os pulmões estavam difusamente armados e brilhosos e ao corte de coloração avermelhada e crepitante, com os septos alveolares acentuadamente distendidos por edema e enfisema. Havia enfisema subpleural caracterizado por bolhas de ar distribuídas pela superfície pleural. Em três bovinos havia ainda presença de Dictyocaulus viviparus. Alguns animais apresentaram a traqueia difusamente avermelhada com espuma de coloração rósea ou liquido sanguinolento livre na luz traqueal. Histologicamente havia edema e enfisema alveolar e intersticial difuso severo, membranas hialinas espessas aderidas à parede alveolar, espessamento dos septos interlobulares com proliferação de pneumócitos tipo II e infiltrado inflamatório histiocítico, neutrofílico e eosinofílico multifocal moderado a severo. Na traqueia havia hemorragias na submucosa e infiltrado eosinofílico e linfocítico multifocal. Os novilhos com sinais crônicos apresentaram lesões pulmonares semelhantes, entretanto, foram observadas também, fibrose pulmonar multifocal e dilatação cardíaca. O diagnóstico de EEPAB baseou-se na ocorrência da doença após a introdução do rebanho em uma pastagem viçosa em brotação, nas características macroscópicas e histológicas e na ausência de outros agentes tóxicos ou infecciosos que causam lesões semelhantes. Se alerta para os riscos da ocorrência desta enfermidade, quando houver mudanças de pastagens.(AU)

Highly complex respiratory changes in calf / Alterações respiratórias de alta complexidade em bezerro

The bronchopneumonia of calves represents a risk to national supply chain because it is an ecopathy and weakens the more intensive production systems. It is characterized by inflammatory changes in the bronchi, bronchioles, lung parenchyma, and pleura. It is a disease of multifactorial traits called Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). The association of infectious agents with host defense and management to which the animal is subjected leads to the emergence of major clinical manifestations of the disease. The clinical evolution of BRD can also have serious secondary changes such as pulmonary edema, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension, or even be consequent to the involvement of other structures, such as in cases of myocarditis leading to congestive heart failure. Although this report refers to a non-experimental framework, the circumstances that caused the calf to be subjected to a protocol-specific respiratory assessment involving non-routine reviews has made it possible to associate circulatory and respiratory conditions, rarely considered in ruminant clinic. The focus of this report was pulmonary edema. Modern clinical vision requires of the veterinarian work with cost-benefit relation, so that the more accurate and the earlier the clinical diagnosis the less expensive the treatment.(AU)

A broncopneumonia dos bezerros representa um risco à cadeia produtiva nacional por ser uma ecopatia e fragilizar os sistemas mais intensivos de produção. É caracterizada por alterações inflamatórias de brônquios, bronquíolos, parênquima pulmonar e pleura. Por ser uma doença de características multifatoriais é denominada Complexo Doença Respiratória de Bovinos (CDRB). A interação dos agentes infecciosos, a defesa do hospedeiro e o manejo ao qual o animal é submetido determinam as principais manifestações clínicas da doença. A evolução clínica do CDRB também pode apresentar alterações secundárias graves como o edema pulmonar, septicemia e a hipertensão pulmonar, ou mesmo ser consequente ao acometimento de outras estruturas, como nos casos de miocardite que levam à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Apesar deste relato referir-se a um quadro não experimental, as circunstâncias de submissão a um protocolo de avaliação respiratória específico, envolvendo avaliações não rotineiras, permitiu a o estabelecimento da associação entre as interações circulatórias e o quadro respiratório, pouco consideradas na clínica de ruminantes. A referência do presente relato foi o edema pulmonar. A visão clínica moderna obriga o médico veterinário a trabalhar a relação custo-benefício e, quanto mais acurado e precoce é o diagnóstico clínico, menos dispendioso é o tratamento.(AU)

Acute and chronic bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema in Uruguay / Edema e enfisema pulmonar agudo e crônico em bovinos do Uruguai

An outbreak of pulmonary edema and emphysema with acute and chronic cases is reported in a farm in Uruguay. In a herd of 40 Hereford steers, 20 died. The deaths began four days after a change of paddock, from an old pasture of Avena sativa to a lush growing pasture of the same grass. Acutely affected animals showed severe dyspnea, sialorrhea, cough, and subcutaneous edema, and died within 72 hours. Chronically affected steers showed dyspnea, respiratory noises, weight loss, and intolerance to exercise. The deaths began four days after the change of paddock. Ten days after the first death, the steers were withdrawn from the pasture, but continued dying throughout the following 40 days. Twenty animals died and six were necropsied. Grossly, the lungs were diffusely armed and glistening, with reddish and crepitant cut surface, and presented alveolar septae sharply distended by edema and emphysema. There was subpleural emphysema with air blebs distributed across the pleural surface. Presence of Dictyocaulus viviparus was observed in three steers. In some animals, the trachea was diffusely reddish with presence of pink foam; in some others, there was bloody liquid in the tracheal lumen. Histologic examination showed severe diffuse alveolar and interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes adhered to the alveolar wall, thickening of the interlobular septae with proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and moderate-to-severe multifocal histiocytic, neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrate. In the trachea, there was submucosal hemorrhage and moderate multifocal eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate. The steers with chronic signs presented similar lung lesions, but multifocal pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac dilatation were also observed. The diagnosis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPE) was based on the occurrence of the disease after introduction of the herd in a lush green pasture, on the characteristic gross and histologic lesions, and on the absence of other toxic or infectious agents causing similar lesions. Cattle raisers should be alert to the risks of occurrence of this disease after the introduction of the herds into paddocks with green and lush pastures.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de edema e enfisema pulmonar com casos agudos e crônicos em bovinos em uma criação semi-intensiva no Uruguai. De um lote de 40 novilhos da raça Hereford morreram 20. As mortes começaram quatro dias após uma mudança de alimentação, de uma pastagem mais velha de Avena sativa, para uma pastagem recentemente plantada de aveia que estava em brotação. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos agudos de dispneia, sialorreia, tosse e alguns desenvolveram edema subcutâneo, morrendo em até 72 horas. Outros novilhos mais cronicamente afetados apresentaram dispneia, ruídos respiratórios, perda de peso e intolerância ao exercício. As mortes começaram quatro dias após a mudança de pastagens. Dez dias após a primeira morte, os novilhos foram retirados do pasto, mas morreram ainda durante 40 dias mais. Ao total, morreram vinte animais e seis foram necropsiados. Nas necropsias dos animais mortos na fase aguda os pulmões estavam difusamente armados e brilhosos e ao corte de coloração avermelhada e crepitante, com os septos alveolares acentuadamente distendidos por edema e enfisema. Havia enfisema subpleural caracterizado por bolhas de ar distribuídas pela superfície pleural. Em três bovinos havia ainda presença de Dictyocaulus viviparus. Alguns animais apresentaram a traqueia difusamente avermelhada com espuma de coloração rósea ou liquido sanguinolento livre na luz traqueal. Histologicamente havia edema e enfisema alveolar e intersticial difuso severo, membranas hialinas espessas aderidas à parede alveolar, espessamento dos septos interlobulares com proliferação de pneumócitos tipo II e infiltrado inflamatório histiocítico, neutrofílico e eosinofílico multifocal moderado a severo. Na traqueia havia hemorragias na submucosa e infiltrado eosinofílico e linfocítico multifocal. Os novilhos com sinais crônicos apresentaram lesões pulmonares semelhantes, entretanto, foram observadas também, fibrose pulmonar multifocal e dilatação cardíaca. O diagnóstico de EEPAB baseou-se na ocorrência da doença após a introdução do rebanho em uma pastagem viçosa em brotação, nas características macroscópicas e histológicas e na ausência de outros agentes tóxicos ou infecciosos que causam lesões semelhantes. Se alerta para os riscos da ocorrência desta enfermidade, quando houver mudanças de pastagens.(AU)

Highly complex respiratory changes in calf / Alterações respiratórias de alta complexidade em bezerro

The bronchopneumonia of calves represents a risk to national supply chain because it is an ecopathy and weakens the more intensive production systems. It is characterized by inflammatory changes in the bronchi, bronchioles, lung parenchyma, and pleura. It is a disease of multifactorial traits called Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). The association of infectious agents with host defense and management to which the animal is subjected leads to the emergence of major clinical manifestations of the disease. The clinical evolution of BRD can also have serious secondary changes such as pulmonary edema, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension, or even be consequent to the involvement of other structures, such as in cases of myocarditis leading to congestive heart failure. Although this report refers to a non-experimental framework, the circumstances that caused the calf to be subjected to a protocol-specific respiratory assessment involving non-routine reviews has made it possible to associate circulatory and respiratory conditions, rarely considered in ruminant clinic. The focus of this report was pulmonary edema. Modern clinical vision requires of the veterinarian work with cost-benefit relation, so that the more accurate and the earlier the clinical diagnosis the less expensive the treatment.(AU)

A broncopneumonia dos bezerros representa um risco à cadeia produtiva nacional por ser uma ecopatia e fragilizar os sistemas mais intensivos de produção. É caracterizada por alterações inflamatórias de brônquios, bronquíolos, parênquima pulmonar e pleura. Por ser uma doença de características multifatoriais é denominada Complexo Doença Respiratória de Bovinos (CDRB). A interação dos agentes infecciosos, a defesa do hospedeiro e o manejo ao qual o animal é submetido determinam as principais manifestações clínicas da doença. A evolução clínica do CDRB também pode apresentar alterações secundárias graves como o edema pulmonar, septicemia e a hipertensão pulmonar, ou mesmo ser consequente ao acometimento de outras estruturas, como nos casos de miocardite que levam à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Apesar deste relato referir-se a um quadro não experimental, as circunstâncias de submissão a um protocolo de avaliação respiratória específico, envolvendo avaliações não rotineiras, permitiu a o estabelecimento da associação entre as interações circulatórias e o quadro respiratório, pouco consideradas na clínica de ruminantes. A referência do presente relato foi o edema pulmonar. A visão clínica moderna obriga o médico veterinário a trabalhar a relação custo-benefício e, quanto mais acurado e precoce é o diagnóstico clínico, menos dispendioso é o tratamento.(AU)

Causes of death of domestic cats in a veterinary hospital of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state: a retrospective study / Causas de óbito em gatos domésticos em um hospital veterinário de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais: estudo retrospectivo

Cats play an important role as pets in the present society. Thus, the knowledge about their main diseases and causes of death is fundamental to prevent various pathologies. However, when dealing with domestic cats there are very few researches in Veterinary Medicine. The aim of this study is to identify the causes of death of cats through a retrospective study of necropsies in the Animal Pathology Laboratory in the Federal University of Uberlândia (Brazil), in a period of 36 years, in which 350 cat necropsies were conducted. The most frequent causes of death of these animals were digestive system diseases (48 cats ­ 13.71%), and among them, feline hepatic lipidosis was the most frequent etiology (18.75%). The second most affected system was the respiratory (10.86%) and acute pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and diaphragmatic hernia were the main diseases to cause death of cats with some kind of disorder in this system. Other decease causes were rabies, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrous osteodystrophy, fractures and traumatism, hypovolemic shock, and feline lower urinary tract disease. This type of analysis can provide basic information about the most common diseases in felines, contributing with veterinarians as they adopt control and prevention actions against diseases.(AU)

Os gatos apresentam papel relevante como animal de estimação na sociedade atual. Neste sentido, o conhecimento das principais enfermidades e causas de morte desses animais é fundamental para prevenção de várias patologias. No entanto, quanto ao gato doméstico, essas pesquisas ainda são escassas na medicina veterinária. Assim, este trabalho realizou um estudo retrospectivo das causas de morte de gatos registradas das necropsias efetuadas pelo Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, em um período de 36 anos, no qual 350 gatos foram necropsiados. As doenças do sistema digestivo foram as mais frequentes (48 gatos ­ 13,71%) e destas, a lipidose hepática foi a etiologia de maior ocorrência (18,75%). O sistema respiratório foi o segundo mais afetado (10,86%), sendo pneumonia aguda, edema pulmonar e hérnia diafragmática as principais doenças deste sistema responsáveis pela morte de gatos. Outras causas de óbito importantes foram raiva, carcinoma de células escamosas, osteodistrofia fibrosa, fraturas e traumatismos, choque hipovolêmico e síndrome urológica felina. Este tipo de análise pode fornecer informações básicas sobre as enfermidades que mais acometem os felinos de uma determinada região, contribuindo para que os profissionais médicos veterinários passem a adotar as respectivas ações de prevenção e controle.(AU)

Causes of death of domestic cats in a veterinary hospital of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state: a retrospective study / Causas de óbito em gatos domésticos em um hospital veterinário de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais: estudo retrospectivo

Cats play an important role as pets in the present society. Thus, the knowledge about their main diseases and causes of death is fundamental to prevent various pathologies. However, when dealing with domestic cats there are very few researches in Veterinary Medicine. The aim of this study is to identify the causes of death of cats through a retrospective study of necropsies in the Animal Pathology Laboratory in the Federal University of Uberlândia (Brazil), in a period of 36 years, in which 350 cat necropsies were conducted. The most frequent causes of death of these animals were digestive system diseases (48 cats ­ 13.71%), and among them, feline hepatic lipidosis was the most frequent etiology (18.75%). The second most affected system was the respiratory (10.86%) and acute pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and diaphragmatic hernia were the main diseases to cause death of cats with some kind of disorder in this system. Other decease causes were rabies, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrous osteodystrophy, fractures and traumatism, hypovolemic shock, and feline lower urinary tract disease. This type of analysis can provide basic information about the most common diseases in felines, contributing with veterinarians as they adopt control and prevention actions against diseases.(AU)

Os gatos apresentam papel relevante como animal de estimação na sociedade atual. Neste sentido, o conhecimento das principais enfermidades e causas de morte desses animais é fundamental para prevenção de várias patologias. No entanto, quanto ao gato doméstico, essas pesquisas ainda são escassas na medicina veterinária. Assim, este trabalho realizou um estudo retrospectivo das causas de morte de gatos registradas das necropsias efetuadas pelo Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, em um período de 36 anos, no qual 350 gatos foram necropsiados. As doenças do sistema digestivo foram as mais frequentes (48 gatos ­ 13,71%) e destas, a lipidose hepática foi a etiologia de maior ocorrência (18,75%). O sistema respiratório foi o segundo mais afetado (10,86%), sendo pneumonia aguda, edema pulmonar e hérnia diafragmática as principais doenças deste sistema responsáveis pela morte de gatos. Outras causas de óbito importantes foram raiva, carcinoma de células escamosas, osteodistrofia fibrosa, fraturas e traumatismos, choque hipovolêmico e síndrome urológica felina. Este tipo de análise pode fornecer informações básicas sobre as enfermidades que mais acometem os felinos de uma determinada região, contribuindo para que os profissionais médicos veterinários passem a adotar as respectivas ações de prevenção e controle.(AU)

Alterações radiográficas de 131 cães com cardiopatia congestiva / Radiographic alterations of 131 dogs with congestive heart disease

The objective of this study was to describe the radiographic alterations of 131 cardiopatic dogs treated at the Small Animals Medical Clinic, Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande. From January 2007 to December 2012, all clinical records of dogs attended in the routine were selected, by means of selecting animals that had a history, and clinical signs compatible with heart disease. From these, the radiographic examinations were evaluated, describing the alterations found. Cough, fatigue and apathy were the most frequent clinical complaints. Each animal had more than one radiographic alteration, with pulmonary edema (48,1%), HSV greater than 10.5 (42,5%), tracheal dorsal displacement (34,3%), greater contact with the external bone (34,3%) and rounded silhouette (32,8%) the most frequent findings. An extensive knowledge of the radiographic changes related to the cardiological patient should be recognized, in order to aid in the rapid identification of the patients with heart disease.

Alterações radiográficas de 131 cães com cardiopatia congestiva / Radiographic alterations of 131 dogs with congestive heart disease

The objective of this study was to describe the radiographic alterations of 131 cardiopatic dogs treated at the Small Animals Medical Clinic, Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande. From January 2007 to December 2012, all clinical records of dogs attended in the routine were selected, by means of selecting animals that had a history, and clinical signs compatible with heart disease. From these, the radiographic examinations were evaluated, describing the alterations found. Cough, fatigue and apathy were the most frequent clinical complaints. Each animal had more than one radiographic alteration, with pulmonary edema (48,1%), HSV greater than 10.5 (42,5%), tracheal dorsal displacement (34,3%), greater contact with the external bone (34,3%) and rounded silhouette (32,8%) the most frequent findings. An extensive knowledge of the radiographic changes related to the cardiological patient should be recognized, in order to aid in the rapid identification of the patients with heart disease.(AU)

Intoxicação experimental por folhas de Crotalaria pallida (mucronata) em ovinos / Experimental poisoning by Crotalaria pallida (mucronata) in sheep

Descrevem-se o quadro clínico, patológico e o potencial tóxico das folhas verdes de Crotalaria pallida em ovinos. Para o experimento folhas verdes de C. pallida foram coletadas no município de São João do Sul em Santa Catarina e administradas por via oral para seis ovinos adultos, em doses únicas de 40, 20, 10, 5, 2,5 e 2,5g/kg, e para dois ovinos, em doses diárias de 0,63 e 1,25g/kg durante 30 dias. Reproduziu-se a intoxicação com doses letais a partir de 2,5g/kg. Um dos ovinos que recebeu a dose única de 2,5g/kg e os que receberam as doses diárias, não adoeceram. Todos os ovinos que apresentaram sinais clínicos morreram entre 13 e 22 horas após a administração das folhas. Sinais clínicos leves como fezes pastosas, inquietação e aumento das frequências cardíaca e respiratória tiveram início cerca em 11 horas após a ingestão da planta. Minutos antes da morte observaram-se dispneia intensa com respiração abdominal pronunciada. As principais lesões macroscópicas foram restritas à cavidade torácica, como hidrotórax e edema pulmonar acentuado. O exame microscópico revelou no pulmão, edema acentuado e difuso na superfície pleural, nos espaços interlobulares e ao redor das artérias peribronquiais e peribronquiolares. Edema multifocal foi observado no interior de alvéolos e ao redor de brônquios e bronquíolos, além de leve infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal. O quadro clínico-patológico da intoxicação experimental foi similar ao observado na intoxicação espontânea e caracterizou-se por edema iulmonar acentuado e morte logo após o início dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

This paper describes the toxic potential of the green leaves of Crotalaria pallida and the clinical signs in experimentally poisoned sheep. Green leaves of C. pallida were collected in São João do Sul, Santa Catarina, and administered orally to six adult sheep, as single dose of 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 2.5g/kg, and for two sheep at doses of 0.63 and 1.25g/kg during 30 days. The poisoning was reproduced at lethal doses of 2.5g/kg. One of the sheep that received a single dose of 2.5g/kg and another that received daily doses did become ill. All sheep wich developed clinical signs died between 13 and 22 hours after administration of the plant. Slight signs started in about 11 hours after ingestion of the plant, and clinical signs included loose stool, restlessness and increased heart and respiratory rates. A few minutes preceding death, pronounced abdominal breathing and severe dyspnea was observed. The main gross lesions were restricted to the thoracic cavity, as severe pulmonary edema and hydrothorax. Lung microscopy showed marked edema in the diffuse pleural surface, the interlobular spaces and around the peribronchial arteries. Multifocal edema was observed within alveoli and around the bronchi and bronchioles, and mild multifocal infiltration of neutrophils. The clinical and pathological alerations of the experimental poisoning was similar to that observed in the spontaneous poisoning, characterized by marked pulmonary edema and death shortly after the onset of clinical signs.(AU)

Intoxicação experimental por folhas de Crotalaria pallida (mucronata) em ovinos / Experimental poisoning by Crotalaria pallida (mucronata) in sheep

This paper describes the toxic potential of the green leaves of Crotalaria pallida and the clinical signs in experimentally poisoned sheep. Green leaves of C. pallida were collected in São João do Sul, Santa Catarina, and administered orally to six adult sheep, as single dose of 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 2.5g/kg, and for two sheep at doses of 0.63 and 1.25g/kg during 30 days. The poisoning was reproduced at lethal doses of 2.5g/kg. One of the sheep that received a single dose of 2.5g/kg and another that received daily doses did become ill. All sheep wich developed clinical signs died between 13 and 22 hours after administration of the plant. Slight signs started in about 11 hours after ingestion of the plant, and clinical signs included loose stool, restlessness and increased heart and respiratory rates. A few minutes preceding death, pronounced abdominal breathing and severe dyspnea was observed. The main gross lesions were restricted to the thoracic cavity, as severe pulmonary edema and hydrothorax. Lung microscopy showed marked edema in the diffuse pleural surface, the interlobular spaces and around the peribronchial arteries. Multifocal edema was observed within alveoli and around the bronchi and bronchioles, and mild multifocal infiltration of neutrophils. The clinical and pathological alerations of the experimental poisoning was similar to that observed in the spontaneous poisoning, characterized by marked pulmonary edema and death shortly after the onset of clinical signs.(AU)

Descrevem-se o quadro clínico, patológico e o potencial tóxico das folhas verdes de Crotalaria pallida em ovinos. Para o experimento folhas verdes de C. pallida foram coletadas no município de São João do Sul em Santa Catarina e administradas por via oral para seis ovinos adultos, em doses únicas de 40, 20, 10, 5, 2,5 e 2,5g/kg, e para dois ovinos, em doses diárias de 0,63 e 1,25g/kg durante 30 dias. Reproduziu-se a intoxicação com doses letais a partir de 2,5g/kg. Um dos ovinos que recebeu a dose única de 2,5g/kg e os que receberam as doses diárias, não adoeceram. Todos os ovinos que apresentaram sinais clínicos morreram entre 13 e 22 horas após a administração das folhas. Sinais clínicos leves como fezes pastosas, inquietação e aumento das frequências cardíaca e respiratória tiveram início cerca em 11 horas após a ingestão da planta. Minutos antes da morte observaram-se dispneia intensa com respiração abdominal pronunciada. As principais lesões macroscópicas foram restritas à cavidade torácica, como hidrotórax e edema pulmonar acentuado. O exame microscópico revelou no pulmão, edema acentuado e difuso na superfície pleural, nos espaços interlobulares e ao redor das artérias peribronquiais e peribronquiolares. Edema multifocal foi observado no interior de alvéolos e ao redor de brônquios e bronquíolos, além de leve infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal. O quadro clínico-patológico da intoxicação experimental foi similar ao observado na intoxicação espontânea e caracterizou-se por edema iulmonar acentuado e morte logo após o início dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Epidemiologia e distribuição de lesões extrarrenais de uremia em 161 cães / Epidemiology and distribution of extrarenal lesions of uremia in 161 dogs

Com o objetivo de determinar a epidemiologia e as características morfológicas, incluindo a localização anatômica, das lesões extrarrenais de uremia, bem como determinar as principais lesões do sistema urinário associadas à ocorrência de uremia, foram revisados os protocolos de necropsias de cães realizadas no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2012 (17 anos). Nesse período foram necropsiados 4.201 cães, sendo que 161 (3,8%) apresentaram lesões extrarrenais de uremia. Em 134 cães (83,2%) foram descritos sinais clínicos associados à uremia. As lesões extrarrenais mais frequentes, em ordem decrescente, foram: gastrite ulcerativa e hemorrágica (56,5%), mineralização de tecidos moles (55,9%), edema pulmonar (47,2%), estomatite e/ou glossite ulcerativa (30,4%), endocardite/trombose atrial e aórtica (28,6%), hiperplasia das paratireoides (9,3%), osteodistrofia fibrosa (8,1%), anemia (6,2%), laringite ulcerativa (5%), enterite ulcerativa/hemorrágica (3,7%), esofagite fibrinonecrótica (1,9%) e pericardite fibrinosa (1.9%). Na maioria dos casos as lesões extrarrenais de uremia foram decorrentes de azotemia prolongada por lesões renais graves, sendo as mais prevalentes a nefrite intersticial e a glomerulonefrite.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology and the morphological characteristics (including the anatomic localization) of the extrarenal uremic lesions, as well as to describe the main lesions of the urinary system associated with the occurrence of uremia, through analysis of the protocols of necropsies performed in dogs from January 1996 to December 2012 (17 years) at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A total of 4,201 dogs were necropsied and 161 (3.8%) had extrarenal uremic lesions. In 134 dogs (83.2%) clinical signs associated with uremia were reported. The extrarenal lesions more often observed, in descending order of prevalence, were ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastritis (56.5%), soft-tissue mineralization (55.9%), pulmonary edema (47.2%), ulcerative stomatitis and/or glossitis (30.4%), endocarditis/atrial and aortic thrombosis (28.6%), parathyroid hyperplasia (9.3%), fibrous osteodystrophy (8.1%), anemia (6.2%), ulcerative laryngitis (5%), ulcerative and hemorrhagic enteritis (3.7%), fibrinonecrotic esophagitis (1.9%), and fibrinous pericarditis (1.9%). In most of the cases, the extrarenal lesions of uremia were due to prolonged azotemia secondary to severe renal lesions, such as interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis (the most prevalent ones).(AU)

Intoxicação por Metternichia princeps (Solanaceae) em caprinos no Estado da Bahia / Poisoning by Metternichia princeps (Solanaceae) in goats in the State of Bahia, Brazil

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por Metternichia princepsem caprinos no Estado da Bahia. De oito caprinos, três morreram, dos quais dois foram necropsiados; cinco não adoeceram. Os principais sinais clínicos caracterizaram-se por secreção nasal mucosa, emagrecimento, diarreia, apatia, debilidade leve, andar cambaleante, flexão dos membros torácicos e pélvicos, decúbito esterno-abdominal e decúbito lateral, seguidos de morte após aproximadamente dois dias de evolução clínica. Na necropsia foi observado edema pulmonar, hidrotórax, hidropericárdio, ascite, rins pálidos, edema perirrenal e hemorragias no tecido subcutâneo. Microscopicamente nos rins havia acentuada necrose de coagulação do epitélio tubular e túbulos com regeneração do epitélio. No pulmão havia acentuada congestão associada a edema interalveolar e interseptal. Na bioquímica sanguínea observou-se aumento na ureia, creatinina e creatinina fosfoquinase.(AU)

An outbreak of poisoning by Metternichia princepsis reported in goats from the State of Bahia. Out of eight goats three showed symptoms of poisoning and died; on two of them post-mortem examinations were performed. The main clinical signs were nasal mucous secretion, weight loss, diarrhea, lethargy, mild weakness, staggering gait, flexion of the fore and hind limbs, sternal recumbence, and lateral recumbence followed by death after approximately two days of clinical manifestations. The serum concentration of urea and creatinine and the serum activities of creatine phosphokinase were increased. At necropsy pulmonary edema, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, pale kidneys, perirenal edema and hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue were observed. Microscopically the kidneys showed accentuated coagulation necrosis of the tubular epithelium and tubules and epithelial regeneration. In the lungs there was accentuated congestion associated with interalveolar and interseptal edema.(AU)

Ganho de peso, consumo de ração e histologia de órgãos de leitões alimentados com rações contendo baixos níveis de fumonisina B1 / Weight gain, feed consumption and histology of organs from piglets fed rations containing low levels of fumonisin B1

A fumonisina B1 (FB1) é um metabólito secundário produzido principalmente por Fusarium verticilioides em diversos tipos de alimentos, principalmente o milho, o qual constitui a base para composição de rações para várias espécies de animais domésticos. A FB1é particularmente tóxica para suínos, cujas manifestações clínicas são evidentes em animais expostos a altas concentrações de FB1 na ração (em geral, acima de 30mg/kg). No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da FB1em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixas concentrações de fumonisinas, as quais são mais prováveis de serem encontradas em condições de campo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição de leitões a baixos níveis de FB1 na ração, durante 28 dias, sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, peso relativo de órgãos e aspectos histológicos do baço, fígado, pulmões, rins e coração. Vinte e quatro leitões foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais e alimentados com rações contendo 0mg (controle), 3,0mg, 6,0mg ou 9,0mg FB1/kg de ração. As diferentes dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso e nem o peso relativo dos órgãos analisados. Não foram constatadas lesões macroscópicas ou histopatológicas no baço, fígado, rins e coração. No entanto, foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos pulmões de todos os suínos alimentados com rações contaminadas com fumonisinas, indicando que nenhum dos níveis de FB1 usados no experimento poderia ser considerado como seguro para suínos. São necessários novos estudos sobre os mecanismos de ação tóxica da FB1 em suínos, sobretudo em condições de exposição prolongada a baixos níveis de contaminação na ração.(AU)

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in several types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for composition of feed for several domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to pigs, being the clinical manifestations evident in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 on pigs fed rations containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are most probably found under field conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 28-day exposure of piglets to low levels of FB1 in the feed on the weight gain, feed consumption, organ weights and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. Twenty-four pigs were assigned into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0mg (control), 3.0mg, 6.0mg or 9.0mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P>0.05) the weight gain or the weight of organs examined. There were no macroscopic or histological lesions in the spleen, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histological lesions were found in the lungs from all animals fed rations containing fumonisin, hence indicating that none of the FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for piglets. Further studies on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs are needed, particularly under conditions of prolonged exposure to low contamination levels in the diet.(AU)

Edema e enfisema pulmonar agudo em bovinos no Sul do Brasil: doença espontânea e reprodução experimental / Acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle in Southern Brazil: spontaneous disease and experimental reproduction

The paper reports the epidemiological data, clinical signs and lesions of four outbreaks of acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle (ABPE) which occurred in the states of Parana and Santa Catarina, as well as its experimental reproduction. The spontaneous disease occurred after the cattle was transferred from a mature and dry pasture to another luxurious sprouting one. All affected animals were adult dairy cows of Holstein and Brown Swiss breed. The main clinical signs were dyspnea of laborious abdominal breathing with extended neck and open mouth.The sick animals also presented subcutaneous emphysema, decreased milk production, slow recovery or death. Postmortem findings were restricted to a dark red not collapsed lung, which was shiny and hyper sizzling more than usual and with marked interlobular emphysema. Histological lesions in the lung consisted of alveolar and interlobular emphysema, areas with congestion and edema, hyaline degeneration of the alveolus wall and moderate diffuse infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils. The experimental reproduction of the disease was performed in a cow by orally administration of 0.7mg/kg /LW of L-Tryptophan single dose. The animal died on the seventh day of the experiment. The clinical signs and lesions were similar to those observed in the naturally occurring disease.(AU)

Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos, os sinais clínicos e as lesões de quatro surtos da doença do edema e enfisema pulmonar agudo em bovinos (EEPAB) nos estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná e sua reprodução experimental. A doença espontânea ocorreu após transferência de bovinos de pastagem madura e seca para outra jovem e viçosa. Todos os bovinos afetados eram vacas das raças holandês e pardo suíço. Os principais sinais clínicos foram dispneia e respiração abdominal dificultosa com o pescoço estendido e a boca aberta. Apresentaram, também, enfisema subcutâneo, queda na produção de leite e recuperação lenta ou morte. Os achados de necropsia foram restritos ao pulmão o qual tinha coloração vermelho escuro, não colabado, de aspecto brilhante e hipercriptante com enfisema interlobular acentuado. As lesões histológicas no pulmão consistiam principalmente de enfisema alveolar e interlobular intercalado por áreas de congestão e edema, degeneração hialina da parede dos alvéolos e infiltrado de macrófagos e eosinófilos, moderado, difuso. A reprodução experimental da doença foi realizada em um bovino, com administração de 0,7mg/kg de peso corporal de L-triptofano por via oral em dose única. O animal morreu no sétimo dia de experimento. Os sinais clínicos e lesões foram idênticos aos observados na doença espontânea.(AU)