Agricultural insurance preferences of apricot farmers: the case of Malatya / Avaliação das preferências de seguro agrícola dos agricultores de damasco: o caso de Malatya

Malatya is an important production centre of apricots in Turkey, and the world. However, a major problem causing product loss, is late spring frosts. Cold damages the flowers and thus, fruit set and yield decrease. As a result, the farmer's income fluctuates from year to year. This study, stated apricot farmers demographics, and technical features of 52 interviewed apricot farms, in Malatya. Also, conjoint analysis (CA) is used to identify the farmers' preferences for agricultural insurance attributes. This method investigated the joint effect of a set of independent variables, on an ordinal scale of a measurement-dependent variable. Of the farmers, 76.9% have done agricultural insurance last year.

Malatya é um importante centro de produção de damascos na Turquia e no mundo. No entanto, um grande problema que causa a perda de produto são as geadas do final da primavera. O frio prejudica as flores e, com isso, a frutificação e a produção diminuem. Como resultado, a renda do agricultor varia de ano para ano. No estudo, objetiva-se constatar a demografia dos produtores de damasco e características técnicas de 52 fazendas de damasco entrevistadas, em Malatya. Além disso, a análise conjunta é usada para identificar as preferências dos agricultores por atributos de seguro agrícola. Este método investiga o efeito conjunto de um conjunto de variáveis independentes, em uma escala ordinal de uma variável dependente de medição. 76,9% dos agricultores fizeram seguro agrícola no ano passado.

Blood serum triiodothyronine in Karagouniko and Chios rams as affected by season in a temperate environment

The current research investigated triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams in a temperate climate zone, considering the periods January-June and July-November, characterized by a gradual increase and decrease of daylight length, respectively. The animals raised in the farm of the Artificial Insemination Center of Karditsa (39021΄18΄΄N, 21054΄19΄΄E), Greece, and the meteorological variables air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine, as well as photoperiod, were considered for a more detailed analysis. T-tests were used to detect possible changes in the concentration of triiodothyronine in both sheep breeds and in the abovementioned meteorological variables. January-June coincided with significantly higher (P < 0.05) triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams (0.82 ng/ml and 0.77 ng/ml, respectively) compared to July-November (0.72 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 0.67 ng/ml in Chios rams). Air temperature and sunshine followed the opposite pattern (P < 0.05). Karagouniko rams showed higher triiodothyronine concentrations than Chios rams, irrespective of the season. Our findings shed light on an important aspect of the thyroid gland function in Karagouniko and Chios sheep under temperate environmental conditions.

Impact of water stress on adaptation and performance of sheep and goat in dryland regions under climate change scenarios: a systematic review

Climate change is shifting rainfall patterns, air temperature, river flows, and sea levels globally, resulting in changes in ground and surface water quality due to salinization, especially in arid and semiarid regions. During dry periods, the main water quality issue is a high quantity of salt in the water. Whilst water with fewer than 3,000 mg/L total salts is beneficial to all livestock species, tolerances vary greatly based on conditions and circumstances. Understanding the normal salt tolerance of animals without harming their production and health is important for sustainable livestock production, especially in dry areas. Understanding the normal salt tolerance of animals without harming their production and health is important for sustainable livestock production, especially in dry areas. Thus, this review examined the physiological, behavioral, hematological, and biochemical responses of sheep and goats in dryland areas under climate change scenarios. Despite changes in physiological, blood, biochemical, feed and water intake, sheep and goats adapt to salinity levels to drinking water in arid environments. Adaptable and native breeds are known to be more tolerant of saline water than selected exotic breeds. Small ruminants experience a decrease in food intake and weight, a decrease in breathing rate, and an increase in blood metabolite concentration when the salt in their drinking water increases. The concept that native and adapted small ruminant breeds can withstand high water salinity is gaining popularity in scientific research worldwide. More research is needed to investigate the water tolerance capabilities of adapted breeds, especially in dry and water-saline regions affected by climate change.

Characterization of new late-spring-frost-tolerant apricot hybrids: physical and biochemical fruit quality attributes, volatile aroma compounds / Caracterização de novos híbridos de damasco tolerantes a geadas tardias: atributos físicos e bioquímicos de qualidade do fruto, compostos aromáticos voláteis

Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds.Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 µg.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 µg.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot.

As geadas do final da primavera são um dos fatores de estresse abiótico restritivos mais importantes do cultivo de damasco em todo o mundo. Neste estudo, algumas características físicas e bioquímicas de qualidade da fruta e compostos aromáticos voláteis foram determinados em amostras de frutas frescas de 13 híbridos de damasco tolerantes à geada da primavera, recentemente obtidos do programa de melhoramento de damasco turco. Uma grande variação foi encontrada entre os genótipos de damasco em todas as características físicas e bioquímicas dos frutos avaliados e também nos compostos aromáticos voláteis. O tamanho dos frutos variou entre 27.2 e 60.5 g, sólidos solúveis entre 13.6 e 17.4 %, caroteno total 26.6 e 42.8 (mg.100 g-1) e teor de fenólicos totais 354.2 e 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). Um total de 42 componentes aromatizantes pertencentes a vários grupos de compostos aromatizantes foram identificados. Os principais grupos de compostos aromáticos voláteis detectados nos genótipos de damasco avaliados foram: aldeídos, cetonas, ésteres, álcoois, terpenos, ácidos e outros compostos. Os compostos: Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol e Limoneno foram os mais abundantes em termos de concentração. O hexanal variou entre 55.8 e 528.5 µg.kg-1, e o 2-Hexen-1-ol variou entre 25.7 e 297.9 µg.kg-1 demassa fresca . A análise de correlação revelou correlações significativas entre alguns compostos aromáticos e características bioquímicas de qualidade do fruto. Correlações significativas foram encontradas para ésteres com acidez titulável (r=0.79) e caroteno total (r=-0.61) e aldeídos foram encontrados como altamente correlacionados com sólidos solúveis totais (r=-0.69). Os resultados do estudo serão benéficos em termos de análise de alimentos, cultivo e estudos de melhoramento de damasco.

Environmental conditions and bee foraging on watermelon crops in Panama

Watermelon is a crop highly dependent on bees for pollination, and environmental conditions are some of the most important factors affecting bee foraging. In this study, we analyze the effect of environmental conditions on the behavior of the most common bees visiting flowers of watermelon crops in Panama. We recorded the number of visits, visit duration, and the corresponding environmental conditions during the visits. Environmental conditions affected the observed groups of bees differently: honey bee visit proportion was remarkably higher at low temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed, and high relative humidity, early in the morning when they made about 90% of their flower visits. The other observed bees showed a more homogenous behavior during the day, with peaks representing about 25-35% of the daily visits. Visit number showed a correlation with temperature for all the most common bees except Augochloropsis spp., with solar radiation for A. mellifera and Lasioglossum spp., with humidity for all except Lasioglossum spp., and with wind speed for all of the analyzed bees. Visit durations were remarkably longer in N. perilampoides early on the day. At the same time, the rest of the bees showed less pronounced duration peaks, reaching their maximum at intermediate values of environmental conditions. Visit duration on honeybees did not correlate with environmental factors, but it did for most other bees. Environmental conditions showed a strong effect on the bee foraging behavior, with each group of bees concentrating their activities in favorable conditions depending on their biology, establishing their daily foraging patterns.

Climate impacts on reproductive performance of Romanov sheep in the moderate climate

This study aimed to investigate the climatological impacts of air temperature, sunshine duration, and rain precipitation, in a moderate climate, on the reproductive performance of Romanov sheep in the continental part of Croatia, during two consecutive years (2019-2020). Our study included 549 matings with 520 successful conceptions at 5 Romanov sheep farms, and the fertility rate was 94.72%. The percentage of lambs delivered in winter was 53.27% (n = 277), in spring 20.19% (n = 105), in summer 14.23% (n = 74) and 12.31% in autumn (n = 64). According to percentile ranks and classification ratings, thermal conditions have been described as very warm (during 2019-2020), while precipitation conditions, expressed in percentiles, were wet (during 2019) but dry (during 2020) for this region. The peak of sexual activity was from mid-August until October in 2019 and from the end of August to November in 2020 for Romanov sheep in northwestern (NW) Croatia. A Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in the number of pregnant ewes during the different mating seasons in the year (p < 0.001). Therefore, we can assume that air temperature, precipitation volume, and sunshine duration during the different seasons could impact the reproductive performance of Romanov sheep in a moderate climate.(AU)

Assessing climate change effects on gladiola in Southern Brazil

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls’ Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mother’s Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mother’s Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.

Assessing climate change effects on gladiola in Southern Brazil

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mothers Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mothers Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.(AU)

Effects of climate, seasonality, and parasitoid abundance on Liriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) populations on important crops in Northeastern Brazil

Agromyzidae (Insecta: Diptera) is a cosmopolitan family of acalyptrate flies, with almost 3,000 species worldwide distributed. Most species are leaf miners on a large number of plants. Among them, Liriomyza Mik, 1894 is a large genus of leaf-miner species that can cause significant damage to economically important crops and is considered agricultural pests, such as Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, 1938 and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926), which are herein investigated. The present study deals with the impact of climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and precipitation), seasonality, and parasitoid abundance on leaf-miner infestation during one year in five cultivated crops in Northeastern Brazil. Climatic factors for instance had different effects on L. sativae populations in melon and watermelon crops. Larval abundances were greater during the dry season for both species, L. sativae and L. huidobrensis, and abundance of adult parasitoids followed the increase of mining larvae.(AU)

Effects of climate, seasonality, and parasitoid abundance on Liriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) populations on important crops in Northeastern Brazil

Agromyzidae (Insecta: Diptera) is a cosmopolitan family of acalyptrate flies, with almost 3,000 species worldwide distributed. Most species are leaf miners on a large number of plants. Among them, Liriomyza Mik, 1894 is a large genus of leaf-miner species that can cause significant damage to economically important crops and is considered agricultural pests, such as Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, 1938 and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926), which are herein investigated. The present study deals with the impact of climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and precipitation), seasonality, and parasitoid abundance on leaf-miner infestation during one year in five cultivated crops in Northeastern Brazil. Climatic factors for instance had different effects on L. sativae populations in melon and watermelon crops. Larval abundances were greater during the dry season for both species, L. sativae and L. huidobrensis, and abundance of adult parasitoids followed the increase of mining larvae.

Impact of climatic variability on growth performance of Fogera cattle in Northwestern Ethiopia

This study aimed to assess the impact of climatic variability on the growth performance of the Fogera cattle at Metekel cattle breeding and multiplication ranch. About 15-years of meteorological data were collected from National Meteorological Agency. Then, the heat stress (HS) condition of the ranch location was calculated by the temperature humidity index (THI). Moreover, all animals born and calves that were weaned from 2005 to 2019 were included in this study. Seasons and years of birth were fitted as predictors, while growth parameters were fitted as response variables. Data were analyzed by least-squares means analysis of variance using R software version 3.5.2 program. Moreover, a multiple linear regression model was also used. The trends in birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) of calves were significantly decreasing along the study period. The result also indicated that the relative humidity and ambient temperature regression coefficient was negative for BW and WW. The Pearson correlation coefficient also indicated there was a negative relationship between growth parameters and climatic variables. When THI increases from 67 to 72, the BW and WW of the calves were decreased by 3.5 and 25 kg, respectively. However, the optimum THI for higher BW and WW was less than or equal to 67. The lower BW and WW of calves observed in this study is due to the cumulative effect of the climate conditions of the study area and herd management practices. Therefore, in any improvement to be made in the ranch, environmental factors should be considered along with necessary amelioration activities.

Climatic signal in a radial growth of Canadian and Maximovich poplars in south-western Poland

The main goal set by researchers in this article was to gather knowledge on the structure of the basic biometric features of tree-rings of two species of poplars, belonging to different sections of Aegeiros Populus xcanadensis and Tacamahaca Populus maximowiczii, and to define and understand the correlation between weather and annual increment. A supplementary objective of the article was to determine pointer years of species found in individual populations. Our research used the standard methodology applied in dendroclimatology. In the analysis of correlation of the tree species studied, stronger statistically significant relationships were obtained in terms of precipitation-increment compared to temperature-increment. The annual increment in the Canadian poplar was enhanced by wet autumns and winters, especially by the rainfall in Oct and Dec in the previous year, as well as in Apr of this year. The tested Maximovich's poplars tested preferred rainfall during spring going into summer, especially in June of this year. Seven specific pointer years were determined for the Canadian poplar, comprising 4 positive (1987, 2008, 2010, 2012) and 3 negative years (2000, 2011, 2014). For P. maximowiczii, 11 pointer years were determined, i.e. 5 positive years (1987, 1991, 1999, 2009, 2012) and 6 negative (1984, 2000, 2002, 2010, 2013, 2015). In the pointer years, monthly sums of atmospheric precipitation and the average monthly air temperatures differed from the multi-year period. In the process of forming the secondary growth of the wood of the studied poplar species, the predominant role was played by atmospheric precipitation.

Climatic signal in a radial growth of Canadian and Maximovich poplars in south-western Poland

The main goal set by researchers in this article was to gather knowledge on the structure of the basic biometric features of tree-rings of two species of poplars, belonging to different sections of Aegeiros Populus xcanadensis and Tacamahaca Populus maximowiczii, and to define and understand the correlation between weather and annual increment. A supplementary objective of the article was to determine pointer years of species found in individual populations. Our research used the standard methodology applied in dendroclimatology. In the analysis of correlation of the tree species studied, stronger statistically significant relationships were obtained in terms of precipitation-increment compared to temperature-increment. The annual increment in the Canadian poplar was enhanced by wet autumns and winters, especially by the rainfall in Oct and Dec in the previous year, as well as in Apr of this year. The tested Maximovich's poplars tested preferred rainfall during spring going into summer, especially in June of this year. Seven specific pointer years were determined for the Canadian poplar, comprising 4 positive (1987, 2008, 2010, 2012) and 3 negative years (2000, 2011, 2014). For P. maximowiczii, 11 pointer years were determined, i.e. 5 positive years (1987, 1991, 1999, 2009, 2012) and 6 negative (1984, 2000, 2002, 2010, 2013, 2015). In the pointer years, monthly sums of atmospheric precipitation and the average monthly air temperatures differed from the multi-year period. In the process of forming the secondary growth of the wood of the studied poplar species, the predominant role was played by atmospheric precipitation.(AU)

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de Zea mays matricondicionadas em diferentes temperaturas / Physiological performance of Zea mays seeds matriconditioned at different temperatures

O uso de sementes de alta qualidade reflete diretamente sobre o resultado final do plantio, estabelecimento da cultura e produtividade. A velocidade de entrada de água nas sementes e a temperatura são fatores cruciais no processo germinativo. Por isso, objetivou-se quantificar o ganho de água de sementes de milho submetidas a matricondicionamento sob quatro temperaturas (10; 15; 20 e 25 °C), bem como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica destas sementes em função da pré-hidratação controlada. Foram usadas sementes C1, sem tratamento químico, de dois lotes do híbrido de milho 30F53YH. A curva do teor de água foi determinada a partir de oito repetições de duzentas sementes via análise de regressão da porcentagem de teor de água em função dos intervalos de tempo de, 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18 e; 24 horas de embebição. Em sequência, vários testes foram realizados para identificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Ao final das 24 horas de avaliação, ambos os lotes apresentaram maior porcentagem de umidade quando matricondicionadas à temperatura de 25°C. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho foi afetada pela hidratação controlada e que as maiores temperaturas de embebição proporcionam a expressão de maior vigor nas plântulas e inferindo que a técnica de matricondicionamento se mostrou eficaz para realizar o condicionamento osmótico de sementes...

The use of high quality seeds reflects directly on crop establishment and productivity. The speed of seed water intake, as well as, temperature during this process is the main factor to have success during germination. The objective of this study was quantifying water uptake from corn seeds during matriconditioning under four temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and seeds without treatment (control) also evaluate physiological quality of those. C1 seed, without chemical treatment, from two different lots of 30F53YH hybrid corn was used. The water content curve was determined from eight replication, of two hundred seeds each, by weighing in intervals of 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18; and 24 hours of soaking. In sequence various tests aiming identify physiological seeds quality was developed. With 24-hour evaluation, both group of seeds had higher moisture content when matriconditioned at 25°C. The results allowed concluding that the physiological quality of corn seeds was affected by matriconditioning and the higher imbibition temperatures provided the expression of greater vigor in corn seedlings, being useful for this specie.

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de Zea mays matricondicionadas em diferentes temperaturas / Physiological performance of Zea mays seeds matriconditioned at different temperatures

O uso de sementes de alta qualidade reflete diretamente sobre o resultado final do plantio, estabelecimento da cultura e produtividade. A velocidade de entrada de água nas sementes e a temperatura são fatores cruciais no processo germinativo. Por isso, objetivou-se quantificar o ganho de água de sementes de milho submetidas a matricondicionamento sob quatro temperaturas (10; 15; 20 e 25 °C), bem como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica destas sementes em função da pré-hidratação controlada. Foram usadas sementes C1, sem tratamento químico, de dois lotes do híbrido de milho 30F53YH. A curva do teor de água foi determinada a partir de oito repetições de duzentas sementes via análise de regressão da porcentagem de teor de água em função dos intervalos de tempo de, 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18 e; 24 horas de embebição. Em sequência, vários testes foram realizados para identificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Ao final das 24 horas de avaliação, ambos os lotes apresentaram maior porcentagem de umidade quando matricondicionadas à temperatura de 25°C. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho foi afetada pela hidratação controlada e que as maiores temperaturas de embebição proporcionam a expressão de maior vigor nas plântulas e inferindo que a técnica de matricondicionamento se mostrou eficaz para realizar o condicionamento osmótico de sementes...(AU)

The use of high quality seeds reflects directly on crop establishment and productivity. The speed of seed water intake, as well as, temperature during this process is the main factor to have success during germination. The objective of this study was quantifying water uptake from corn seeds during matriconditioning under four temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and seeds without treatment (control) also evaluate physiological quality of those. C1 seed, without chemical treatment, from two different lots of 30F53YH hybrid corn was used. The water content curve was determined from eight replication, of two hundred seeds each, by weighing in intervals of 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18; and 24 hours of soaking. In sequence various tests aiming identify physiological seeds quality was developed. With 24-hour evaluation, both group of seeds had higher moisture content when matriconditioned at 25°C. The results allowed concluding that the physiological quality of corn seeds was affected by matriconditioning and the higher imbibition temperatures provided the expression of greater vigor in corn seedlings, being useful for this specie.(AU)

Nonlinear models for describing lettuce growth in autumn-winter / Modelos não lineares para descrição do crescimento de cultivares de alface em condições de outono-inverno

The objectives of this study were to fit the Gompertz and Logistic models for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots of three lettuce cultivars and indicate the best model to describe their growth in autumn-winter. The lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde, and Stella were evaluated in the autumn-winter of 2016 and 2017, in soilless in a protected environment. After transplantation, the fresh and dry matter of leaves and shoots were weighed every seven days. These dependent variables were fit using the accumulated thermal sum. The parameters of the Gompertz and Logistic models were estimated, the assumptions of the models were verified, the indicators of fit quality and critical points were calculated and the parametric and intrinsic curvature measures quantified. The Logistic and Gompertz models presented a satisfactory adjustment for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots, for the lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde and Stella, in autumn-winter. The Logistic model best describes the growth of the lettuce cultivars.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram ajustar os modelos Gompertz e Logístico para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas, e as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea de três cultivares de alface e indicar o modelo que melhor descreve o crescimento no outono-inverno. As cultivares de alface Gloriosa, Pira Verde e Stella, foram avaliadas no outono-inverno de 2016 e outono-inverno de 2017, em cultivo sem solo em ambiente protegido. Após o transplante, a cada sete dias, foram pesadas as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas e as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea. Essas variáveis dependentes foram ajustadas em função da soma térmica acumulada. Foram estimados os parâmetros dos modelos Gompertz e Logístico, verificados os pressupostos dos modelos, calculados os indicadores de qualidade do ajuste e os pontos críticos e quantificadas as medidas de curvatura intrínseca e de parametrização. Os modelos Logístico e Gompertz apresentam ajuste satisfatório para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas e para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea, para as cultivares de alface Gloriosa, Pira Verde e Stella, no outono-inverno. O modelo Logístico é o que melhor descreve o crescimento das cultivares de alface.(AU)

Estacionalidade e a produção de oócitos e embriões in vitro em vacas Gir leiteiro na região sudeste do Brasil / Seasonality and the production of oocytes and in vitro embryos in Gir dairy cows in the southeast region of Brazil

A eficiência reprodutiva de doadoras de embriões Bos taurus é afetada pelas estações devido ao estresse calórico em países de clima tropical e temperado. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito das condições climáticas de verão e inverno na produção de oócitos e embriões in vitro na raça Gir Leiteiro (Bos indicus) em fazendas da região Sudeste do Brasil. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: total de oócitos recuperados (OT), oócitos viáveis (OV) e percentual de oócitos viáveis sobre o total (POV); embriões produzidos (EP) e percentual de embriões produzidos (PEP) sobre o total de estruturas recuperadas pela aspiração folicular guiada por ultrassonografia (OPU). Os oócitos foram obtidos de 153 doadoras pluríparas de diferentes idades e ordens de parição de 10 rebanhos. As médias obtidas em 380 aspirações foliculares (OPU) nos meses de verão foram: OT=14,8; OV=12,6; EP= 3,4; PEP=22,3%, e no inverno de OT=13,4; OV=10,8; EP=3,5; PEP=26,1%, apresentando coeficiente de variação de até 84%, porém sem diferença estatísticas (p<0,05) entre estes períodos, utilizando-se o teste de Kruscal Wallis s (p<0,05). Apenas a percentagem de oócitos viáveis foi maior (p<0,05) no período de verão (POV=84,4 vs. 80,0%), contudo, o total de embriões PIVE foi semelhante nos dois períodos. Conclui-se que a produção de embriões da raça Gir Leiteiro, criadas na região Sudeste do Brasil, não foi afetada pela sazonalidade climática.

The reproductive performance of B.taurus embryo donors is affected in many tropical and temperate countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the climatic conditions of summer and winter climatic conditions on the production of oocytes and in vitro embryos in dairy cows of the breed Gir Leiteiro (Bos indicus) at farms in Southeast of the Brazil. The variable answers evaluated were the total oocytes recovered (TO) and percentage of viable oocytes over the total (PVO); embryo production (EP) and percentage of embryos in viable oocytes (PE) over the total of structures recovered by follicular aspiration guided by ultrasonography (OPU). The oocytes analyzed were obtained from 10 herds and 153 pubertal donors of different ages and orders of parturition. The average from 380 ovum pick up (OPU) during summer were: TO=14.8; PVO=12.6; EP=3.4; PE=22.3%, and TO=13.4; PVO=10.8; EP=3.5; PE=26.1%, with variation coefficient of up to 84%, and no differences evaluated through the Kruscal Wallis (p<0.05). Only the percentage of viable oocytes was higher (p<0.05) in the summer period (PVO=84.4 vs. 80.0%). However, the embryo production (IVEP) was similar in both seasons (summer and winter). Therefore, we could conclude that the embryo production of Dairy Gir cows in Southeast of the Brazil was not affected by weather seasonality.

Yield and technological performance of sugarcane cultivars grown under Af climate conditions / Desempenho produtivo e características tecnológicas de cana-de-açúcar plantadas em condições climáticas Af

Sugarcane crops are grown in almost all regions of Brazil, in various types of soil and under the influence of different climate conditions, which results in diverse production environments as climate factors directly influence the yield and technological quality of a sugarcane crop. The present study evaluated the agronomic and technological characteristics of sugarcane cultivars grown in Af climate conditions. The agronomic traits (natural matter production and the number, length, and diameter of stalks) and technological attributes (Brix, purity, Pol, reducing sugars, total reducing sugars, moisture, and fiber content) of three sugarcane cultivars, IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011, were determined in a three-year experiment with a randomized block design using four blocks and two repetitions per block. The cultivars IACSP93-6006 and SP79-1011 exhibited superior agronomic traits compared to RB83-5486, showing better adaptation to the soil and climate conditions of the study area. However, the technological attributes, which were below the minimum standard levels required by the sugar and ethanol industry, were not statistically different among the studied cultivars. The abundant rainfall and high temperatures, characteristics of an Af climate, were not favorable for sucrose accumulation in the IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011 cultivars. Therefore, despite the high yield, sugarcane intended for industrial purposes should not be grown under Af climate conditions, owing to the insufficient technological parameters.

A cana-de-açúcar é cultivada em quase todas as regiões do Brasil, em vários tipos de solo e sob a influência de diferentes condições climáticas, resultando em diversos ambientes de produção, sendo que fatores climáticos influenciam diretamente na produtividade e na qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar. Objetivou-se avaliar as características agronômicas e tecnológicas de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em condições climáticas tipo Af. Foram utilizadas três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar: IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486 e SP79-1011. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e duas repetições por bloco. Na avaliação agronômica foram determinados a produção de matéria natural, número de colmos, comprimento do colmo e o diâmetro do colmo. Quanto aos atributos tecnológicos foram determinados Brix, pureza, Pol, açúcares redutores, açúcares redutores totais, umidade e fibra. Houve diferença para as características agronômicas, produção de matéria natural, número de colmos, comprimento do colmo e diâmetro do colmo, com destaque para as cultivares IACSP93-6006 e SP79-1011, que demonstraram adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas da região. Não houve diferença para os atributos tecnológicos, Pol, Brix, açúcares redutores, pureza, açúcares redutores totais, fibra e umidade, cujos valores ficaram abaixo do padrão mínimo exigido pela indústria de produção de açúcar e álcool, evidenciando que as condições climáticas não foram favoráveis ao acúmulo de sacarose, pois no clima tipo Af a precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura são elevadas. As cultivares apresentaram altas produções por hectare, no entanto, os parâmetros tecnológicos foram insuficientes para serem usados na indústria sucroalcooleira.

Body growth description of male and female from three broilers strains in the hot climate / Descrição do crescimento corporal de machos e fêmeas de três linhagens de frangos de corte em clima quente

To evaluate the growth of males and females from three broiler strains (Cobb 500, Ross 308, and Hubbard Flex) we used a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement (3 strains and 2 sexes) and six replicates of 60 birds each, 2160 chicks of both sexes in total followed for 56 days. Once a week, the birds from each pen were weighed to estimate the average weight. The sample birds were fasted for 24 hours, re-weighed, slaughtered, eviscerated, and dissected to obtain the breast, thigh and drumstick cuts. The fitted Gompertz equations were used for each strain, and sex, for the fasted weight, and the weight of breasts, thighs, and drumsticks. To verify the effect of strain on the Gompertz curve parameters we assessed the weight at maturity (Wm), rate of maturing (b), and the time at which maximum growth rate was attained (t*) for both sexes and verified the equivalence of parameters and identity of non-linear models. For the fasted weight the rate of maturing was very similar for all strains and sexes, but the Hubbard strain showed the highest Wm and t*. The Wm parameter was common for most cuts among the strains, and the Hubbard was the dominant strain with the highest b parameter. All three parameters were similar for the male breast weight, and only one equation required adjustment to describe the breast weight growth for the three strains. Individually adjusted equations were necessary to describe the weight of drumsticks because females showed no similarity in any of the parameters for any strain.

Para descrever o crescimento corporal de machos e fêmeas das linhagens de frango de corte Cobb 500, Ross 308 e Hubbard Flex, foram usados 2160 pintos de ambos os sexos, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (3 linhagens e 2 sexos) com seis repetições de 60 aves cada. Uma vez por semana as aves foram pesadas para estimar o peso médio. As aves selecionadas foram mantidas em jejum por 24h, pesadas novamente, abatidas, evisceradas e dissecadas para obtenção dos cortes de peito, coxas e sobrecoxas. Foram ajustadas as equações de Gompertz para cada linhagem, em cada sexo, para o peso em jejum, peso de peito, coxas e sobrecoxas. Para verificar o efeito de linhagem nos parâmetros das curvas de Gompertz, peso na maturidade (Wm), taxa de maturação (b) e tempo em que a taxa máxima de crescimento é atingida (t*), de cada característica avaliada dentro do sexo, testes foram conduzidos para verificar a igualdade de parâmetros e identidade de modelos não lineares. Para o peso em jejum, independentemente do sexo, o parâmetro b foi comum entre essas as linhagens, sendo que Hubbard machos e fêmeas apresentou os maiores Wm e t *. Para a maioria dos cortes o parâmetro Wm era comum entre as linhagens, sendo o Hubbard a linhagem precoce devido ao seu maior b, sobre as aves Ross e Cobb. Para o peso de peito em machos, o modelo mais apropriado foi o que todos os parâmetros eram semelhantes, exigindo o ajuste de apenas uma equação para descrever o crescimento das três linhagens. Para peso de sobrecoxas, as fêmeas Cobb, Ross e Hubbard não mostraram semelhança em nenhum dos parâmetros, sendo ajustadas equações individuais para cada linhagem.

Yield and technological performance of sugarcane cultivars grown under Af climate conditions / Desempenho produtivo e características tecnológicas de cana-de-açúcar plantadas em condições climáticas Af

Sugarcane crops are grown in almost all regions of Brazil, in various types of soil and under the influence of different climate conditions, which results in diverse production environments as climate factors directly influence the yield and technological quality of a sugarcane crop. The present study evaluated the agronomic and technological characteristics of sugarcane cultivars grown in Af climate conditions. The agronomic traits (natural matter production and the number, length, and diameter of stalks) and technological attributes (Brix, purity, Pol, reducing sugars, total reducing sugars, moisture, and fiber content) of three sugarcane cultivars, IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011, were determined in a three-year experiment with a randomized block design using four blocks and two repetitions per block. The cultivars IACSP93-6006 and SP79-1011 exhibited superior agronomic traits compared to RB83-5486, showing better adaptation to the soil and climate conditions of the study area. However, the technological attributes, which were below the minimum standard levels required by the sugar and ethanol industry, were not statistically different among the studied cultivars. The abundant rainfall and high temperatures, characteristics of an Af climate, were not favorable for sucrose accumulation in the IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011 cultivars. Therefore, despite the high yield, sugarcane intended for industrial purposes should not be grown under Af climate conditions, owing to the insufficient technological parameters.(AU)

A cana-de-açúcar é cultivada em quase todas as regiões do Brasil, em vários tipos de solo e sob a influência de diferentes condições climáticas, resultando em diversos ambientes de produção, sendo que fatores climáticos influenciam diretamente na produtividade e na qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar. Objetivou-se avaliar as características agronômicas e tecnológicas de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em condições climáticas tipo Af. Foram utilizadas três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar: IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486 e SP79-1011. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e duas repetições por bloco. Na avaliação agronômica foram determinados a produção de matéria natural, número de colmos, comprimento do colmo e o diâmetro do colmo. Quanto aos atributos tecnológicos foram determinados Brix, pureza, Pol, açúcares redutores, açúcares redutores totais, umidade e fibra. Houve diferença para as características agronômicas, produção de matéria natural, número de colmos, comprimento do colmo e diâmetro do colmo, com destaque para as cultivares IACSP93-6006 e SP79-1011, que demonstraram adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas da região. Não houve diferença para os atributos tecnológicos, Pol, Brix, açúcares redutores, pureza, açúcares redutores totais, fibra e umidade, cujos valores ficaram abaixo do padrão mínimo exigido pela indústria de produção de açúcar e álcool, evidenciando que as condições climáticas não foram favoráveis ao acúmulo de sacarose, pois no clima tipo Af a precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura são elevadas. As cultivares apresentaram altas produções por hectare, no entanto, os parâmetros tecnológicos foram insuficientes para serem usados na indústria sucroalcooleira.(AU)