Looking for consensual protection categories to reduce conservation conflicts in protected áreas / Procurando categorias de proteção consensuais para reduzir conflitos em áreas protegidas

Decision-making in protected areas is often difficult due to an unclear definition of management objectives and indicators for their monitoring. This is frequently related to the coexistence of systems of protected areas at national and regional levels for which management objectives are ambiguous or that are not directly related to protected areas classification standards. In this study, we proposed a participative model based on PROMETHEE II to find consensual protected areas categories based on IUCN framework. This model involved the stakeholder’s assessments of management objectives in a protected area and their aggregation based on distance comparisons with objectives of international protected areas standards. The model was tested in the Albufera de Valencia Natural Park, a strongly human-modified wetland located in Eastern Spain and it allowed the identification of consensual management priorities and the IUCN category V as the equivalent international protected area category for this regional protected area.

A tomada de decisão em áreas protegidas é frequentemente um processo difícil pelo facto de não se encontrarem claramente definidos os objetivos de gestão e os indicadores para o seu monitoramento. Tal está habitualmente relacionado com a coexistência de sistemas de áreas protegidas a nível nacional e regional para os quais os objetivos de conservação são ambíguos, ou não se encontram diretamente enquadrados em normas formais de classificação de áreas protegidas. Neste estudo propomos um modelo participativo baseado em “PROMETHEE II” para definir categorias de áreas protegidas consensuais baseadas na estrutura da UICN. Este modelo considera a avaliação dos objetivos de gestão por parte de atores em áreas protegidas, e a sua agregação baseada na comparação de distâncias com os objetivos de normas internacionais destas áreas. O modelo foi testado no Albufera de Valencia Natural Park, uma zona úmida fortemente antropizada localizada no Leste de Espanha, o que permitiu a identificação de prioridades consensuais de gestão e a categoria V da UICN como a categoria internacional de área protegida equivalente para esta área protegida regional.

Looking for consensual protection categories to reduce conservation conflicts in protected áreas / Procurando categorias de proteção consensuais para reduzir conflitos em áreas protegidas

Decision-making in protected areas is often difficult due to an unclear definition of management objectives and indicators for their monitoring. This is frequently related to the coexistence of systems of protected areas at national and regional levels for which management objectives are ambiguous or that are not directly related to protected areas classification standards. In this study, we proposed a participative model based on PROMETHEE II to find consensual protected areas categories based on IUCN framework. This model involved the stakeholders assessments of management objectives in a protected area and their aggregation based on distance comparisons with objectives of international protected areas standards. The model was tested in the Albufera de Valencia Natural Park, a strongly human-modified wetland located in Eastern Spain and it allowed the identification of consensual management priorities and the IUCN category V as the equivalent international protected area category for this regional protected area.(AU)

A tomada de decisão em áreas protegidas é frequentemente um processo difícil pelo facto de não se encontrarem claramente definidos os objetivos de gestão e os indicadores para o seu monitoramento. Tal está habitualmente relacionado com a coexistência de sistemas de áreas protegidas a nível nacional e regional para os quais os objetivos de conservação são ambíguos, ou não se encontram diretamente enquadrados em normas formais de classificação de áreas protegidas. Neste estudo propomos um modelo participativo baseado em “PROMETHEE II” para definir categorias de áreas protegidas consensuais baseadas na estrutura da UICN. Este modelo considera a avaliação dos objetivos de gestão por parte de atores em áreas protegidas, e a sua agregação baseada na comparação de distâncias com os objetivos de normas internacionais destas áreas. O modelo foi testado no Albufera de Valencia Natural Park, uma zona úmida fortemente antropizada localizada no Leste de Espanha, o que permitiu a identificação de prioridades consensuais de gestão e a categoria V da UICN como a categoria internacional de área protegida equivalente para esta área protegida regional.(AU)

Qualidade e suscetibilidade de pêssegos e nectarinas aos danos causados pelo frio / Quality and susceptibility of peaches and nectarines to cold damage

Pêssegos e nectarinas são susceptíveis ao armazenamento refrigerado perdendo qualidade, assim a utilização de caracteres agronômicos correlacionados é importante em programas de melhoramento genético que visam frutos de qualidade e maior oferta da fruta no mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar correlações entre os parâmetros de qualidade e de suscetibilidade aos danos por frio de pêssegos e nectarinas.O estudo foi conduzido na EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Espanha, durante o ciclo produtivo 2013/2014. Um total de 40 acessos de pessegueiro e nectarineira foram avaliados quanto às características de qualidade [firmeza de polpa (FP), teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável (AT), pH, índice de maturação (IM), coloração do mesocarpo (CM)] e susceptibilidade aos danos por frio após armazenamento em duas temperaturas (0 e 5°C) e em dois períodos (14 e 28 dias). Dois dias após retirados das baixas temperaturas, foram observados diferentes sintomas de frio, como presença de polpa farinhenta (PF), granulosa (PG), coriácea (PC), alterações de coloração do mesocarpo, escurecimento (EI), avermelhamento interno (AI) e ausência de sabor (AS). Os dados foram submetidos ao estudo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre os parâmetros de qualidade inicial e os frutos armazenados após duas e quatro semanas em 0 e 5°C. As variáveis IM, SST, FP e AT apresentaram correlações significativas entre si e, com PG e EI, indicando que frutos com maior amadurecimento tendem a desenvolver tais sintomas de danos. Os distúrbios EI, PF, PG e AS foram correlacionados significativamente, corroborando que esses sintomas são os principais distúrbios causados pelo armazenamento refrigerado. As variáveis de CM correlacionaram-se significativamente com EI e AIe,outros sintomas correlatos a estes, confirmando as alterações de cor. Palavras chave: Prunus pérsica L.; melhoramento genético; armazenamento refrigerado.

Peaches and nectarines are susceptible cold storage already it lost quality. Then, the use of related agronomic traits is important in breeding programs aimed to obtain fruit quality and higher fruit supply in the market. The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlations between quality and susceptibility to chilling injury of peaches and nectarines. The study was carried out in EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Spain, during 2013/2014 cycle. A total of 40 peaches and nectarines genotypes from germplasm collection were evaluated. The quality characteristics as flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, rippining index and flesh color parameters and the susceptibility chilling injury after storage in two temperatures (0 e 5 °C) and two times period (14 e 28 days) were evaluated. After two days that the fruits were removal these low temperatures, the presence of symptoms, such as wooliness through mealiness, flesh grainy, leatheriness and flesh color changes, through browning, bleeding and off flavor were evaluated. The data were submitted to study the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the initial fruit quality variables and the fruits stored after two and four weeks at 0 and 5 °C. The quality parameters as rippining index, soluble solids, firmness and titratable acidity presented correlation among them. These, also it had correlation with woolines and bowning, what it indicated that fruits with more ripening can have the symptoms more easily. The browning, mealiness, flesh grainy and off flavor variables were correlationed with the time period and temperatures, what it confirms that these symptoms are the main disorders caused by cold storage. The flesh color variables presented significant correlations with browning and bleeding, and other symptoms related to, confirming color changes.

Qualidade e suscetibilidade de pêssegos e nectarinas aos danos causados pelo frio / Quality and susceptibility of peaches and nectarines to cold damage

Pêssegos e nectarinas são susceptíveis ao armazenamento refrigerado perdendo qualidade, assim a utilização de caracteres agronômicos correlacionados é importante em programas de melhoramento genético que visam frutos de qualidade e maior oferta da fruta no mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar correlações entre os parâmetros de qualidade e de suscetibilidade aos danos por frio de pêssegos e nectarinas.O estudo foi conduzido na EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Espanha, durante o ciclo produtivo 2013/2014. Um total de 40 acessos de pessegueiro e nectarineira foram avaliados quanto às características de qualidade [firmeza de polpa (FP), teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável (AT), pH, índice de maturação (IM), coloração do mesocarpo (CM)] e susceptibilidade aos danos por frio após armazenamento em duas temperaturas (0 e 5°C) e em dois períodos (14 e 28 dias). Dois dias após retirados das baixas temperaturas, foram observados diferentes sintomas de frio, como presença de polpa farinhenta (PF), granulosa (PG), coriácea (PC), alterações de coloração do mesocarpo, escurecimento (EI), avermelhamento interno (AI) e ausência de sabor (AS). Os dados foram submetidos ao estudo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre os parâmetros de qualidade inicial e os frutos armazenados após duas e quatro semanas em 0 e 5°C. As variáveis IM, SST, FP e AT apresentaram correlações significativas entre si e, com PG e EI, indicando que frutos com maior amadurecimento tendem a desenvolver tais sintomas de danos. Os distúrbios EI, PF, PG e AS foram correlacionados significativamente, corroborando que esses sintomas são os principais distúrbios causados pelo armazenamento refrigerado. As variáveis de CM correlacionaram-se significativamente com EI e AIe,outros sintomas correlatos a estes, confirmando as alterações de cor. Palavras chave: Prunus pérsica L.; melhoramento genético; armazenamento refrigerado.(AU)

Peaches and nectarines are susceptible cold storage already it lost quality. Then, the use of related agronomic traits is important in breeding programs aimed to obtain fruit quality and higher fruit supply in the market. The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlations between quality and susceptibility to chilling injury of peaches and nectarines. The study was carried out in EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Spain, during 2013/2014 cycle. A total of 40 peaches and nectarines genotypes from germplasm collection were evaluated. The quality characteristics as flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, rippining index and flesh color parameters and the susceptibility chilling injury after storage in two temperatures (0 e 5 °C) and two times period (14 e 28 days) were evaluated. After two days that the fruits were removal these low temperatures, the presence of symptoms, such as wooliness through mealiness, flesh grainy, leatheriness and flesh color changes, through browning, bleeding and off flavor were evaluated. The data were submitted to study the Pearsons correlation coefficient between the initial fruit quality variables and the fruits stored after two and four weeks at 0 and 5 °C. The quality parameters as rippining index, soluble solids, firmness and titratable acidity presented correlation among them. These, also it had correlation with woolines and bowning, what it indicated that fruits with more ripening can have the symptoms more easily. The browning, mealiness, flesh grainy and off flavor variables were correlationed with the time period and temperatures, what it confirms that these symptoms are the main disorders caused by cold storage. The flesh color variables presented significant correlations with browning and bleeding, and other symptoms related to, confirming color changes.(AU)

Study on the major welfare problems of dairy cows from the Galicia region (NW Spain)

The aim of the present paper wasto evaluate the dairy cattle welfare in a population from the Galicia region (NW Spain) according to the Welfare Quality®protocol guidelines. For this purpose, 37 dairy farms were randomly selected. The on-farm welfare was evaluated according to Welfare Quality®guidelines. At principle level, the categorical classification indicated that regarding “good feeding” 5.4% (0%-13.1%) of the farms were classified as “excellent”, 29.7% (14.3%-45.3%) “enhanced”, 48.6% (31.7%-65.5%) “acceptable” and 16.2% (3.8%-28.7%) “not classified”. As regards “good housing”, 5.4% (0%-13.1%) were classified as “excellent”, 64.9% (48.7%-81.0%) “enhanced” and 29.7% (14.3%-45.2%) “acceptable”. 100% (100%-100%) were considered “acceptable” for the “good health” principle. Finally, for “appropriate behaviour” 2.7% (0-8.2%) was classified as “enhanced”, 13.5% (1.9%-25.1%) “acceptable” and 83.8% (71.3%-96.2%) “not classified”. Overall, according to the Welfare Quality®protocol 94.6% (86.5%-100%) farms were classified as “acceptable”, 2.7% (0-8.2%) as “enhanced” and 2.7% (0-8.2%) “not classified”. In conclusion, farms from Galicia could only be considered as “acceptable” in terms of animal welfare, presenting many areas for improvement. The principle scored at its lowest has been “appropriate behaviour”, presenting it as an issue not properly taken into the farmer consideration. Another warning aspect is the management of disease, marked on a bad score for “good health”: As it seems, farmers should include new health-control plans providing better prevention of disease, and include anaesthetic and analgesic plans for dehorning.(AU)

Study on the major welfare problems of dairy cows from the Galicia region (NW Spain)

The aim of the present paper wasto evaluate the dairy cattle welfare in a population from the Galicia region (NW Spain) according to the Welfare Quality®protocol guidelines. For this purpose, 37 dairy farms were randomly selected. The on-farm welfare was evaluated according to Welfare Quality®guidelines. At principle level, the categorical classification indicated that regarding “good feeding” 5.4% (0%-13.1%) of the farms were classified as “excellent”, 29.7% (14.3%-45.3%) “enhanced”, 48.6% (31.7%-65.5%) “acceptable” and 16.2% (3.8%-28.7%) “not classified”. As regards “good housing”, 5.4% (0%-13.1%) were classified as “excellent”, 64.9% (48.7%-81.0%) “enhanced” and 29.7% (14.3%-45.2%) “acceptable”. 100% (100%-100%) were considered “acceptable” for the “good health” principle. Finally, for “appropriate behaviour” 2.7% (0-8.2%) was classified as “enhanced”, 13.5% (1.9%-25.1%) “acceptable” and 83.8% (71.3%-96.2%) “not classified”. Overall, according to the Welfare Quality®protocol 94.6% (86.5%-100%) farms were classified as “acceptable”, 2.7% (0-8.2%) as “enhanced” and 2.7% (0-8.2%) “not classified”. In conclusion, farms from Galicia could only be considered as “acceptable” in terms of animal welfare, presenting many areas for improvement. The principle scored at its lowest has been “appropriate behaviour”, presenting it as an issue not properly taken into the farmer consideration. Another warning aspect is the management of disease, marked on a bad score for “good health”: As it seems, farmers should include new health-control plans providing better prevention of disease, and include anaesthetic and analgesic plans for dehorning.

Earthworms and Fusarium oxysporum: effect on strawberry plant growth and production / Minhocas e Fusarium oxysporum: efeito no crescimento e produção do morangueiro

Earthworms are soil invertebrates that play an important environmental role and are often referred to as “ecosystem engineers”. These invertebrates can influence several organisms, from microscopic life forms to plants. Although many works had reported positive effects of earthworms on plant growth, studies combining these invertebrates and soil pathogens showed numerous positive interactions. Fusarium wilt is a global disease that can cause severe damage to strawberry fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae) in strawberry plants. This greenhouse experiment was carried out in the University of Seville School of Agricultural Engineering, Utrera City, Spain. Strawberries (Rooted cuttings) were planted in plastic pots and administered the following treatments: Control (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and earthworms), T1 (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, two L. terrestris per pot), T2 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, absence of L. terrestris), and T3 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and two L. terrestris). Weekly fruit production was measured for seven months. After this period the shoot fresh weight and the leaf nutrient content was measured. The results obtained showed no interaction between L. terrestris and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae on strawberry production. T1 treatment resulted in fruit production superior to other treatments, including the control. An absence of differences in dry shoot matter was observed with earthworm treatment, and small differences were found in the leaf nutrient content. The earthworm inoculation was unable to suppress the negative effects of Fusarium wilt in strawberry production. However, positive effects such as a reduction in the disease severity were found in the earthworm treated plants...(AU)

Minhocas são invertebrados do solo que participam de importantes funções ambientais e são consideradas “engenheiros do ecossistema”. Estes animais podem influenciar diversos organismos, desde formas microscópicas até mesmo plantas. Embora muitos trabalhos citem efeitos positivos da atividade de minhocas no crescimento das plantas, estudos combinando estes invertebrados e patógenos de solo têm demonstrado inúmeras interações. A murcha-de-fusarium é uma doença mundialmente difundida capaz de causar grandes danos ao morangueiro, e seu controle geralmente é ineficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação de minhocas (Lumbricus terrestris) e murcha de fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae) em plantas de morango. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na Escola de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade de Sevilha, Utrera - Espanha. Plantas de morango (estacas enraizadas) foram plantadas em vasos plásticos e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: Controle (ausência de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae e minhocas), T1 (ausência de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, duas L. terrestris por vaso), T2 (inóculo de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, ausência de L. terrestris) e T3 (inóculo de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae e duas L. terrestris). A produção de frutos foi semanalmente mensurada durante sete meses. Após este período, foram avaliadas a matéria seca da parte aérea e o conteúdo de nutrientes das folhas. Os resultados obtidos não demonstraram entre L. terrestris e F. oxysporum f. sp. fragarie na produção de frutos. Mas, o tratamento T1 apresentou produção superior a todos os outros tratamentos, incluindo o controle. Foram observadas pequenas diferenças no conteúdo de nutrientes das folhas e não se verificou efeito das minhocas na massa seca da parte aérea. A inoculação de minhocas não foi capaz de reduzir os efeitos negativos da murcha de fusarium na produção do morangueiro...(AU)

Histopathological pattern recognition of cresty neck in horses in Spain

The aim of this study was to describe patterns of histopathological recognition of the cresty neck in Horses in Spain. A total of 250 horses were studied in Andalusia and Extremadura, Spain. Seventy-six percent of horses present cresty neck. The damage of the cresty neck in horses was categorized as Grade 0 - Muscle fibers are observed, no fat vacuoles are observed (24% of the horses). Grade 1 - Scarce adipose deposit was observed. An unaltered muscle tissue is observed (21% of the horses). Grade 2 - fat vacuoles are evident in muscle tissue intermyofibrillar space and prone to coalescence (23% of the horses). Grade 3 - Abundant fat vacuoles in the intermyofibrillar space, with tendency to coalesce, and low fat infiltration in muscle tissue (moderate lipomatosis) (16% of the horses). Grade 4 - Abundant fat vacuoles in the intermyofibrillar space, with tendency to coalesce, and fatty infiltration in muscle tissue (marked lipomatosis) (8% of the horses). Grade 5 - Only fat vacuoles are observed, without muscle tissue (severe lipomatosis) (8% of the horses). The results for desmin antibody (1: 100 dilution) was positive (++) in grades 0-2, and negative (-) in grades 3-5. These results suggest that as fat/lipomatosis infiltration increases (progresses in grades 3, 4 and 5), the intercellular space (intermyofibrillar) increases and therefore the cell cytoskeleton is lost, with loss of the bands Z, so the negative response to this antibody. Inconclusion, we describe histopathological pattern recognition of cresty neck in horses in Spain.

Histopathological pattern recognition of cresty neck in horses in Spain

The aim of this study was to describe patterns of histopathological recognition of the cresty neck in Horses in Spain. A total of 250 horses were studied in Andalusia and Extremadura, Spain. Seventy-six percent of horses present cresty neck. The damage of the cresty neck in horses was categorized as Grade 0 - Muscle fibers are observed, no fat vacuoles are observed (24% of the horses). Grade 1 - Scarce adipose deposit was observed. An unaltered muscle tissue is observed (21% of the horses). Grade 2 - fat vacuoles are evident in muscle tissue intermyofibrillar space and prone to coalescence (23% of the horses). Grade 3 - Abundant fat vacuoles in the intermyofibrillar space, with tendency to coalesce, and low fat infiltration in muscle tissue (moderate lipomatosis) (16% of the horses). Grade 4 - Abundant fat vacuoles in the intermyofibrillar space, with tendency to coalesce, and fatty infiltration in muscle tissue (marked lipomatosis) (8% of the horses). Grade 5 - Only fat vacuoles are observed, without muscle tissue (severe lipomatosis) (8% of the horses). The results for desmin antibody (1: 100 dilution) was positive (++) in grades 0-2, and negative (-) in grades 3-5. These results suggest that as fat/lipomatosis infiltration increases (progresses in grades 3, 4 and 5), the intercellular space (intermyofibrillar) increases and therefore the cell cytoskeleton is lost, with loss of the bands Z, so the negative response to this antibody. Inconclusion, we describe histopathological pattern recognition of cresty neck in horses in Spain.(AU)

Climate zone influences the effect of temperature on the day of artificial insemination on fertility in two Iberian sheep breeds

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the day of artificial insemination (AI) on fertility, and to study how climate zone of the farm may modify this effect, in two breeds of sheep that are reared on the Iberian Peninsula on four farms located within one of three climate zones, based on the Köppen Climate Classification. A total number of 1,931 AI were studied from Spanish farms of the Rasa Aragonesa (RA) (July) and Churra (CH) (June) breeds. Farms were categorized as Köppen BSk (Farm BSkRA; n=229), and Köppen Cfb (Cfb-RA; n=372), Köppen Csb (Csb-CH; n=908), and Köppen Cfb (Cfb-CH; n=422). Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures (°C) were recorded, and thermal amplitude (maximum-minimum temperatures) calculated. Each set of temperature data was distributed between percentile-groups (≤50% and >50%), below or above the median. Temperatures at AI were higher (P50 percentile groups indicated that inseminations performed when temperatures were within the >50 percentile had a higher proportion (P1 for one or more of the meteorological variables under study; meanwhile, in the other two climates, OR were <1 (P>0.05). In conclusion, the effects of temperature on fertility after AI differed depending on the climate zone in which the flocks were reared. The results have implications for the scheduling of insemination dates to achieve the maximal performances.(AU)

Climate zone influences the effect of temperature on the day of artificial insemination on fertility in two Iberian sheep breeds

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the day of artificial insemination (AI) on fertility, and to study how climate zone of the farm may modify this effect, in two breeds of sheep that are reared on the Iberian Peninsula on four farms located within one of three climate zones, based on the Köppen Climate Classification. A total number of 1,931 AI were studied from Spanish farms of the Rasa Aragonesa (RA) (July) and Churra (CH) (June) breeds. Farms were categorized as Köppen BSk (Farm BSkRA; n=229), and Köppen Cfb (Cfb-RA; n=372), Köppen Csb (Csb-CH; n=908), and Köppen Cfb (Cfb-CH; n=422). Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures (°C) were recorded, and thermal amplitude (maximum-minimum temperatures) calculated. Each set of temperature data was distributed between percentile-groups (≤50% and >50%), below or above the median. Temperatures at AI were higher (P50 percentile groups indicated that inseminations performed when temperatures were within the >50 percentile had a higher proportion (P1 for one or more of the meteorological variables under study; meanwhile, in the other two climates, OR were 0.05). In conclusion, the effects of temperature on fertility after AI differed depending on the climate zone in which the flocks were reared. The results have implications for the scheduling of insemination dates to achieve the maximal performances.

In vitro efficacy of several disinfectants against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli strains from poultry / Eficácia de vários desinfetantes in vitro contra cepas de Salmonella entérica serovar Enteritidis e Escherichia coli aviária

The efficacy of 28 individual or blended disinfectants against avian Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli strains was determined. An in vitro test in the presence and absence of serum as source of organic material was conducted. Povidone-iodine (releasing 1% available iodine), 1% potassium permanganate, 70% ethanol, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and three commercial formulations based on quaternary ammonium compounds + formaldehyde or cresol derivates were the most effective against all strains tested and reduced bacterial counts by more than 106 times (6-log10) regardless of the presence of organic matter. These commercial compounds as well as ethanol and chlorhexidine among the individual substances tested might be helpful in the adoption of environmental control measures against these two enterobacteria in poultry industry.(AU)

A eficácia de 28 desinfetantes individuais ou combinados sobre cepas de Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis e Escherichia coli foi determinada. Um teste in vitro em presença e ausência de soro como fonte de matéria orgânica foi realizado. Iodopovidona (contendo 1% de iodo ativo), permanganato de potássio a 1%, etanol a 70%, digliconato de clorexidina e três formulações comerciais, baseadas em compostos de amônia quaternária + formaldeído ou em derivados de cresóis, foram mais eficazes contra as cepas bacterianas testadas, reduzindo em mais 106 vezes (6-log) a contagem bacteriana, independente da presença de matéria orgânica. Esses compostos comerciais, bem como o etanol e a clorexidina entre as substâncias químicas individuais avaliadas, podem ser úteis para a implementação de medidas de controle ambiental contra estas duas enterobacterias de importância para a indústria aviária.(AU)

Main viruses in sweet cherry plantations of Central-Western Spain

Sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) are susceptible to a range of diseases, but there have been no studies to date about the viral infection of sweet cherry trees in Spain. To determine the phytosanitary status of Spanish sweet cherry plantations, the incidence and leaf symptoms induced by Prune dwarf (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot (ACLSV) viruses were investigated during 2009. Young leaf samples were taken from 350 sweet cherry trees, corresponding to 17 cultivars, and were analysed by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). To associate the leaf symptoms with the virus, 50 mature leaves from each infected tree were visually inspected during the summer. The ELISA results revealed that 72 % of sweet cherry trees were infected by at least one of the viruses. PDV occurred in all sampled cultivars and presented the highest infection rate, followed by ACLSV and PNRSV. A high number of trees showed asymptomatic, in both single and mixed infections. The leaf symptoms associated with the viruses involved generalized chlorosis around the midvein (PDV), chlorotic and dark brown necrotic ringspots on both secondary veins and intervein regions (PNRSV), chlorotic and reddish necrotic ringspots (ACLSV) and generalized interveinal chlorosis (PDV-PNRSV).

Main viruses in sweet cherry plantations of Central-Western Spain

Sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) are susceptible to a range of diseases, but there have been no studies to date about the viral infection of sweet cherry trees in Spain. To determine the phytosanitary status of Spanish sweet cherry plantations, the incidence and leaf symptoms induced by Prune dwarf (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot (ACLSV) viruses were investigated during 2009. Young leaf samples were taken from 350 sweet cherry trees, corresponding to 17 cultivars, and were analysed by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). To associate the leaf symptoms with the virus, 50 mature leaves from each infected tree were visually inspected during the summer. The ELISA results revealed that 72 % of sweet cherry trees were infected by at least one of the viruses. PDV occurred in all sampled cultivars and presented the highest infection rate, followed by ACLSV and PNRSV. A high number of trees showed asymptomatic, in both single and mixed infections. The leaf symptoms associated with the viruses involved generalized chlorosis around the midvein (PDV), chlorotic and dark brown necrotic ringspots on both secondary veins and intervein regions (PNRSV), chlorotic and reddish necrotic ringspots (ACLSV) and generalized interveinal chlorosis (PDV-PNRSV).(AU)

Traditional Eastern Spanish varieties of tomato

Despite the importance of traditional varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as sources of variation in breeding programs and varieties targeted to high-price quality markets that value their exceptional organoleptic quality, little is known regarding the structure of these materials at the morphological level. In this study, a collection of 166 populations (137 of them during two years) of traditional varieties of tomato from the east coast of Spain has been characterized using 41 descriptors. The characterization revealed a considerable variation. The segregation observed in several populations (28 %) suggests that apart from the configuration as population varieties, the high variation present in these landraces may be partially due to possible seed mixing and spontaneous cross-pollination. Only nine fruit descriptors were required to represent the variation present in the collection analyzed. It seems that after spontaneous cross-pollinations, farmers applied strong selection to a small number of traits, though even in these traits a high level of variation is maintained. The variation observed may hinder clear recognition by the consumer, an attribute required for the consolidation of quality markets. Additionally, a registry of these materials as conservation varieties would be complicated considering the actual levels of variation. Therefore, a varietal depuration would be interesting in order to promotein situ conservation of these resources. Finally, the high levels of variation in the intra-varietal scale may justify the collection and maintenance of more populations of the same variety as the risk of conserving duplicates would not be so high.

Traditional Eastern Spanish varieties of tomato

Despite the importance of traditional varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as sources of variation in breeding programs and varieties targeted to high-price quality markets that value their exceptional organoleptic quality, little is known regarding the structure of these materials at the morphological level. In this study, a collection of 166 populations (137 of them during two years) of traditional varieties of tomato from the east coast of Spain has been characterized using 41 descriptors. The characterization revealed a considerable variation. The segregation observed in several populations (28 %) suggests that apart from the configuration as population varieties, the high variation present in these landraces may be partially due to possible seed mixing and spontaneous cross-pollination. Only nine fruit descriptors were required to represent the variation present in the collection analyzed. It seems that after spontaneous cross-pollinations, farmers applied strong selection to a small number of traits, though even in these traits a high level of variation is maintained. The variation observed may hinder clear recognition by the consumer, an attribute required for the consolidation of quality markets. Additionally, a registry of these materials as conservation varieties would be complicated considering the actual levels of variation. Therefore, a varietal depuration would be interesting in order to promotein situ conservation of these resources. Finally, the high levels of variation in the intra-varietal scale may justify the collection and maintenance of more populations of the same variety as the risk of conserving duplicates would not be so high.(AU)

Terapia com cães: o projeto "tan amigos"

Conviver com animais de estimação traz benefícios importantes para as pessoas em muitos níveis e os veterinários, nas suas consultas, podem ver diariamente a profunda interação entre as pessoas e os animais.

Terapia com cães: o projeto "tan amigos"

Conviver com animais de estimação traz benefícios importantes para as pessoas em muitos níveis e os veterinários, nas suas consultas, podem ver diariamente a profunda interação entre as pessoas e os animais.(AU)

Exportación de carne: lista marco: un análisis empírico / Export of meat: list frame: um empirical analysis

Se analizan los resultados de auditoria de un conjunto de empresas cárniças en España, con distintas actividades, que se han sometido a un proceso de evaluación previa al protocolo de lista marco. Dicho protocolo está recogido en el Real Decreto 265/2008 de España, por el que se establece la Lista Marco de empresas registradas para la exportación de carne y productos cárnicos.(AU)

In this article are analyzed the auditing results on a set of meatcompanies in Spain, with different activities. They have been submittedto a process of evaluation according to the protocol of "mark list". Theabove mentioned protocol is gathered in the Royal Decree 265/2008 ofSpain, by which the "Mark List" is established to register the firmsdealing with exports of meat and meat products. (AU)

Earthworms and Fusarium oxysporum: effect on strawberry plant growth and production / Minhocas e Fusarium oxysporum: efeito no crescimento e produção do morangueiro

Earthworms are soil invertebrates that play an important environmental role and are often referred to as “ecosystem engineers”. These invertebrates can influence several organisms, from microscopic life forms to plants. Although many works had reported positive effects of earthworms on plant growth, studies combining these invertebrates and soil pathogens showed numerous positive interactions. Fusarium wilt is a global disease that can cause severe damage to strawberry fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae) in strawberry plants. This greenhouse experiment was carried out in the University of Seville School of Agricultural Engineering, Utrera City, Spain. Strawberries (Rooted cuttings) were planted in plastic pots and administered the following treatments: Control (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and earthworms), T1 (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, two L. terrestris per pot), T2 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, absence of L. terrestris), and T3 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and two L. terrestris). Weekly fruit production was measured for seven months. After this period the shoot fresh weight and the leaf nutrient content was measured. The results obtained showed no interaction between L. terrestris and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae on strawberry production. T1 treatment resulted in fruit production superior to other treatments, including the control. An absence of differences in dry shoot matter was observed with earthworm treatment, and small differences were found in the leaf nutrient content. The earthworm inoculation was unable to suppress the negative effects of Fusarium wilt in strawberry production. However, positive effects such as a reduction in the disease severity were found in the earthworm treated plants...

Minhocas são invertebrados do solo que participam de importantes funções ambientais e são consideradas “engenheiros do ecossistema”. Estes animais podem influenciar diversos organismos, desde formas microscópicas até mesmo plantas. Embora muitos trabalhos citem efeitos positivos da atividade de minhocas no crescimento das plantas, estudos combinando estes invertebrados e patógenos de solo têm demonstrado inúmeras interações. A murcha-de-fusarium é uma doença mundialmente difundida capaz de causar grandes danos ao morangueiro, e seu controle geralmente é ineficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação de minhocas (Lumbricus terrestris) e murcha de fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae) em plantas de morango. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na Escola de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade de Sevilha, Utrera - Espanha. Plantas de morango (estacas enraizadas) foram plantadas em vasos plásticos e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: Controle (ausência de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae e minhocas), T1 (ausência de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, duas L. terrestris por vaso), T2 (inóculo de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, ausência de L. terrestris) e T3 (inóculo de F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae e duas L. terrestris). A produção de frutos foi semanalmente mensurada durante sete meses. Após este período, foram avaliadas a matéria seca da parte aérea e o conteúdo de nutrientes das folhas. Os resultados obtidos não demonstraram entre L. terrestris e F. oxysporum f. sp. fragarie na produção de frutos. Mas, o tratamento T1 apresentou produção superior a todos os outros tratamentos, incluindo o controle. Foram observadas pequenas diferenças no conteúdo de nutrientes das folhas e não se verificou efeito das minhocas na massa seca da parte aérea. A inoculação de minhocas não foi capaz de reduzir os efeitos negativos da murcha de fusarium na produção do morangueiro...