Identificação das classes metabólicas secundárias em extratos etanólicos foliares de Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum, Curatella americana e Qualea grandiflora / Identification of secondary metabolites classes in leaf ethanolic extracts of Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum, Curatella americana and Qualea grandiflora

O Cerrado representa um banco fitoquímico de grande importância para a humanidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar através da prospecção fitoquímica, os principais compostos químicos presentes nos extratos foliares de Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum, Curatella americana e Qualea grandiflora. Neste estudo, foram coletadas folhas das espécies em área de preservação permanente (APP) no município de Rio Verde, GO. Os extratos foliares etanólicos foram avaliados quanto à presença ou não dos principais fitocompostos: ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores, alcalóides, antraquinonas, catequinas, cumarinas, depsídeos, depsidonas, ligações olefínicas, fenóis, flavonóides, glicosídeos cardiotônicos, polissacarídeos, purinas, saponinas e taninos. Exceto para grupos olefínicos, polissacarídicos e purínicos, foram observados resultados positivos para a maioria das classes metabólicas secundárias. A pesquisa preliminar dos extratos foliares etanólicos destas quatro espécies, possibilita uma prévia avaliação sobre suas características fitoquímicas devendo ainda ser avaliadas quanto aos seus teores e compostos majoritários para que se possam ser utilizadas como medicamentos fitoterápicos ou sintetização industrial.

The Cerrado represents a phytochemical bank of great importance for humanity. The objective of this study was to identify through phytochemical prospecting, the main chemical compounds present in the leaf extracts of Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum ,Curatella americana and Qualea grandiflora. In this study, leaves of the species were collected in a permanent preservation area (APP) in the city of Rio Verde, State of Goiás. Ethanolic foliar extracts for the presence or absence of the main phytocomponents: organic acids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, depsidones, olefinic bonds, phenols, flavonoids, cardiotonic glycosides, polysaccharides, purines, saponins and tannins were evaluated. Except for olefin, polysaccharide and purine groups, positive results were observed for most of the secondary metabolic classes. Preliminary research on the ethanolic foliar extracts of these four species makes possible a preliminary evaluation about their phytochemical characteristics and should be evaluated for their contents and major compounds so that they can be used as herbal medicines or industrial synthesis.

Identificação das classes metabólicas secundárias em extratos etanólicos foliares de Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum, Curatella americana e Qualea grandiflora / Identification of secondary metabolites classes in leaf ethanolic extracts of Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum, Curatella americana and Qualea grandiflora

O Cerrado representa um banco fitoquímico de grande importância para a humanidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar através da prospecção fitoquímica, os principais compostos químicos presentes nos extratos foliares de Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum, Curatella americana e Qualea grandiflora. Neste estudo, foram coletadas folhas das espécies em área de preservação permanente (APP) no município de Rio Verde, GO. Os extratos foliares etanólicos foram avaliados quanto à presença ou não dos principais fitocompostos: ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores, alcalóides, antraquinonas, catequinas, cumarinas, depsídeos, depsidonas, ligações olefínicas, fenóis, flavonóides, glicosídeos cardiotônicos, polissacarídeos, purinas, saponinas e taninos. Exceto para grupos olefínicos, polissacarídicos e purínicos, foram observados resultados positivos para a maioria das classes metabólicas secundárias. A pesquisa preliminar dos extratos foliares etanólicos destas quatro espécies, possibilita uma prévia avaliação sobre suas características fitoquímicas devendo ainda ser avaliadas quanto aos seus teores e compostos majoritários para que se possam ser utilizadas como medicamentos fitoterápicos ou sintetização industrial.(AU)

The Cerrado represents a phytochemical bank of great importance for humanity. The objective of this study was to identify through phytochemical prospecting, the main chemical compounds present in the leaf extracts of Byrsonima verbascifolia, Cardiopetalum calophyllum ,Curatella americana and Qualea grandiflora. In this study, leaves of the species were collected in a permanent preservation area (APP) in the city of Rio Verde, State of Goiás. Ethanolic foliar extracts for the presence or absence of the main phytocomponents: organic acids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, depsidones, olefinic bonds, phenols, flavonoids, cardiotonic glycosides, polysaccharides, purines, saponins and tannins were evaluated. Except for olefin, polysaccharide and purine groups, positive results were observed for most of the secondary metabolic classes. Preliminary research on the ethanolic foliar extracts of these four species makes possible a preliminary evaluation about their phytochemical characteristics and should be evaluated for their contents and major compounds so that they can be used as herbal medicines or industrial synthesis.(AU)

The first assessment of the stress inducible defense of Leucaena leucocephala with acaricidal potential effect against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) / Primeira avaliação de extratos proteicos de Leucaena leucocephala induzidos por injúria mecânica com atividade carrapaticida sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Plants respond to wounding caused by mechanical stress or herbivory by synthesizing defense proteins. There are no studies reporting the action of induced plant proteins against ticks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanically wounded Leucaena leucocephala leaves against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Initially, we carried out time course experiments to evaluate the impact of mechanical wounding on the protein content and the peroxidase, catalase and protease inhibitor activities in L. leucocephala. We then evaluated the acaricidal activity on R. (B.) microplus from protein extract collected from L. leucocephala after mechanical wounding. L. leucocephala leaves were artificially wounded, and after 6, 12, 24 and 48h, the leaves were collected for protein extraction. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the proteins were performed. The protein content and peroxidase and protease activities increased 12h after wounding, and the acaricidal activity of this protein extract was evaluated using engorged R. (B.) microplus females. The protein extract obtained after wounding reduced egg production (8.5%) compared to those without wounding. Furthermore, the extract reduced egg hatching by 47.7% and showed an overall efficacy of 56.3% at 0.1 mgP/mL of the protein. We demonstrated that L. leucocephala defensive proteins could be effective against R. (B.) microplus.(AU)

As plantas respondem a injúria causada por estresse mecânico ou por ataque de herbívoros através da síntese de proteínas de defesa. Não há estudos de proteínas induzidas de plantas contra carrapatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a atividade acaricida de extratos protéicos de folhas Leucaena leucocephala após injúria mecânica, sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Inicialmente foram conduzidos experimentos em diferentes intervalos de tempo para avaliar o impacto da injúria mecânica no conteúdo de proteína, atividade de peroxidase, catalase e inibidor de protease de L. leucocephala. Em seguida foi avaliada a atividade acaricida sobre R. (B.) microplus de um extrato protéico após injúria mecânica. Folhas de L. leucocephala foram artificialmente feridas e após 6, 12, 24 e 48h, as folhas foram coletadas para extração de proteínas. Análises quantitativas e qualitativas das proteínas foram realizadas. A quantidade de proteína e atividades de peroxidase e protease aumentaram 12h após a injúria. O extrato proteico obtido após injúria (12h) reduziu a produção de ovos (8,5%) em comparação com extratos de plantas sem injúria. O extrato reduziu 47,7% a eclosão de ovos e apresentou eficácia geral de 56,3% a 0,1 miligrama de proteína por mL (mgP/mL). Apresentamos que proteínas de defesa de L. leucocephala podem ter atividade sobre R. (B.) microplus.(AU)

The effect of Cichorium intybus l. ethanol extraction on the pathological and biomedical indexes of the liver and kidney of broilers reared under heat stress

The use of compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of phelanoeid compounds is highly recommendable in the poultry industry. Therefore, the effect of Cichorium intybus L. herb on pathobiochemical indexes of chicken under heat stress was studied. After exposure to heat stress (from day 21 to day 42 of growth), hydroalcoholic extraction was provided to 270 broiler chicks randomly divided into six groups and placed in two distinct poultry houses (heat stress and normal conditions). The three groups were recipient group of Cichorium intybus L. (1); recipient group of vitamin C (2) and control group (3). The birds in one of the houses were exposed to heat stress conditions (35 °C for 8 hours) for a time period between 22 to 42 days and the birds in the other house were reared under normal conditions (20-22°C) for the same time period. Blood samples collected from the birds showed that Cichorium intybus L. herb caused significant decrease in uric acid, Triglyceride, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total body clearance factors (CL- factors) and right ventricular failure index (RVF) and significant increase in K+ under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). Vitamin C caused significant decrease in uric acid, ALT, CL- factors and RVF index and significant increase in K+ and Na+ under heat stress condition (p 0.05). A significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L was observed compared to the recipient group of vitamin C under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). In a pathologic examination normal observations were in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L and recipient group of vitamin C compared to the control group. According to this study, use of Cichorium intybus L extract and vitamin C in chicken under heat stress induced improvement in liver, kidney activity and fat metabolism.

The effect of Cichorium intybus l. ethanol extraction on the pathological and biomedical indexes of the liver and kidney of broilers reared under heat stress

The use of compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of phelanoeid compounds is highly recommendable in the poultry industry. Therefore, the effect of Cichorium intybus L. herb on pathobiochemical indexes of chicken under heat stress was studied. After exposure to heat stress (from day 21 to day 42 of growth), hydroalcoholic extraction was provided to 270 broiler chicks randomly divided into six groups and placed in two distinct poultry houses (heat stress and normal conditions). The three groups were recipient group of Cichorium intybus L. (1); recipient group of vitamin C (2) and control group (3). The birds in one of the houses were exposed to heat stress conditions (35 °C for 8 hours) for a time period between 22 to 42 days and the birds in the other house were reared under normal conditions (20-22°C) for the same time period. Blood samples collected from the birds showed that Cichorium intybus L. herb caused significant decrease in uric acid, Triglyceride, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total body clearance factors (CL- factors) and right ventricular failure index (RVF) and significant increase in K+ under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). Vitamin C caused significant decrease in uric acid, ALT, CL- factors and RVF index and significant increase in K+ and Na+ under heat stress condition (p 0.05). A significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L was observed compared to the recipient group of vitamin C under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). In a pathologic examination normal observations were in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L and recipient group of vitamin C compared to the control group. According to this study, use of Cichorium intybus L extract and vitamin C in chicken under heat stress induced improvement in liver, kidney activity and fat metabolism.(AU)