Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective

Yellow fever was transported during the slave trade in the 15th and 16th centuries from Africa to the Americas where the virus encountered favorable ecological conditions that allowed creation of a sustainable sylvatic cycle. Despite effective vector control and immunization programs for nearly a century, yellow fever epidemics reemerged in many Latin American countries, particularly Brazil. The emergence or reemergence of vector-borne diseases encompasses many intricate factors. Yellow fever outbreaks occur if at least three conditions are fulfilled: the introduction of the virus into a non-immune human community, presence of competent and anthropophilic vectors and insufficiency of prevention and/or adequate management of the growing outbreak. On the other hand, two weapons are available to constrain yellow fever: vector control and immunization. In contrast, yellow fever is absent from Asia and the Pacific despite the presence of the vector and the susceptibility of human populations to the virus. Based on a review of the global history of yellow fever and its epidemiology, the authors deliver some recommendations for improving the prevention of epidemics.(AU)

Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective

Yellow fever was transported during the slave trade in the 15th and 16th centuries from Africa to the Americas where the virus encountered favorable ecological conditions that allowed creation of a sustainable sylvatic cycle. Despite effective vector control and immunization programs for nearly a century, yellow fever epidemics reemerged in many Latin American countries, particularly Brazil. The emergence or reemergence of vector-borne diseases encompasses many intricate factors. Yellow fever outbreaks occur if at least three conditions are fulfilled: the introduction of the virus into a non-immune human community, presence of competent and anthropophilic vectors and insufficiency of prevention and/or adequate management of the growing outbreak. On the other hand, two weapons are available to constrain yellow fever: vector control and immunization. In contrast, yellow fever is absent from Asia and the Pacific despite the presence of the vector and the susceptibility of human populations to the virus. Based on a review of the global history of yellow fever and its epidemiology, the authors deliver some recommendations for improving the prevention of epidemics.

Alternativas no controle químico do Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus: estudo preliminar sobre a eficácia de parasiticidas de uso externo contra larvas de culicídeos / Alternatives in the chemical control of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus: preliminary study on the effectiveness of parasiticides of external use against larvae of culicidae

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de produtos parasiticidas no controle de larvas de Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus. Os produtos Fluazuron 2,5g, Cipermetrina 150g, Flumetrina 1g, Propoxur 1g, Deltametrina 25g, Clorpirifós 30g, Cipermetrina 15g, Fenthion 15g, Diazinon técnico estabilizado 40g, Fipronil 2,5%, Triclorfone 97g, Coumafós 3g, Propoxur 2g, Fentione 15g, Amitraz 12,5% foram preparados conforme recomendações do fabricante, sendo aplicados em recipientes contendo larvas de A. aegypti e C. quinquefasciatus em ambiente controlado. A inspeção da viabilidade larval foi verificada durante 24 horas. Estes mesmos produtos foram aplicados nos locais de coleta das larvas, sendo os criadouros dos mosquitos vistoriados diariamente durante 30 dias. Foi observado que 100% das larvas morreram em até 15 minutos, tanto nos recipientes em laboratório quanto no meio ambiente. Nas áreas onde ocorreu a pulverização não se observou presença de mosquitos adultos ou larvas por um período de até 24 dias, dependendo do produto utilizado, da incidência solar e da precipitação local. Nos locais ao abrigo da chuva e luz solar intensa, a ausência de larvas dos mosquitos ocorreu por 30 dias. Podemos concluir com esses resultados que diferentes produtos utilizados em animais como parasiticidas externos foram eficazes contra larvas de culicideos, constituindo-se numa importante ferramenta para controle desses vetores.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of parasiticides products in the control of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The products Fluazuron 2,5g, Cipermetrina 150g, Flumetrina 1g, Propoxur 1g, Deltametrina 25g, Clorpirifós 30g, Cipermetrina 15g, Fenthion 15g, Diazinon técnico estabilizado 40g, Fipronil 2,5%, Triclorfone 97g, Coumafós 3g, Propoxur 2g, Fentione 15g, Amitraz 12,5% were prepared according to manufacturer's recommendations, being applied in containers containing larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus in a controlled environment. Inspection of the larval viability was assessed 24 hours. These same products have been applied in the collection sites of the larvae, and the breeding of mosquitoes inspected daily for 30 days. Was observed that 100% of the larvae died within 15 minutes, so the containers in the laboratory and into the environment. In areas where spraying was not observed the presence of mosquito adults or larvae for a period of up to 24 days depending on the product used, the location of sunlight and precipitation. In protected sites of rain and strong sunlight, the absence of mosquito larvae occurred for 30 days. We can conclude from these results that different products used in animals as external parasiticides were effective against culicides larvae, constituting an important tool in the control of these vectors.

Alternativas no controle químico do Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus: estudo preliminar sobre a eficácia de parasiticidas de uso externo contra larvas de culicídeos / Alternatives in the chemical control of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus: preliminary study on the effectiveness of parasiticides of external use against larvae of culicidae

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de produtos parasiticidas no controle de larvas de Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus. Os produtos Fluazuron 2,5g, Cipermetrina 150g, Flumetrina 1g, Propoxur 1g, Deltametrina 25g, Clorpirifós 30g, Cipermetrina 15g, Fenthion 15g, Diazinon técnico estabilizado 40g, Fipronil 2,5%, Triclorfone 97g, Coumafós 3g, Propoxur 2g, Fentione 15g, Amitraz 12,5% foram preparados conforme recomendações do fabricante, sendo aplicados em recipientes contendo larvas de A. aegypti e C. quinquefasciatus em ambiente controlado. A inspeção da viabilidade larval foi verificada durante 24 horas. Estes mesmos produtos foram aplicados nos locais de coleta das larvas, sendo os criadouros dos mosquitos vistoriados diariamente durante 30 dias. Foi observado que 100% das larvas morreram em até 15 minutos, tanto nos recipientes em laboratório quanto no meio ambiente. Nas áreas onde ocorreu a pulverização não se observou presença de mosquitos adultos ou larvas por um período de até 24 dias, dependendo do produto utilizado, da incidência solar e da precipitação local. Nos locais ao abrigo da chuva e luz solar intensa, a ausência de larvas dos mosquitos ocorreu por 30 dias. Podemos concluir com esses resultados que diferentes produtos utilizados em animais como parasiticidas externos foram eficazes contra larvas de culicideos, constituindo-se numa importante ferramenta para controle desses vetores.(AU)

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of parasiticides products in the control of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The products Fluazuron 2,5g, Cipermetrina 150g, Flumetrina 1g, Propoxur 1g, Deltametrina 25g, Clorpirifós 30g, Cipermetrina 15g, Fenthion 15g, Diazinon técnico estabilizado 40g, Fipronil 2,5%, Triclorfone 97g, Coumafós 3g, Propoxur 2g, Fentione 15g, Amitraz 12,5% were prepared according to manufacturer's recommendations, being applied in containers containing larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus in a controlled environment. Inspection of the larval viability was assessed 24 hours. These same products have been applied in the collection sites of the larvae, and the breeding of mosquitoes inspected daily for 30 days. Was observed that 100% of the larvae died within 15 minutes, so the containers in the laboratory and into the environment. In areas where spraying was not observed the presence of mosquito adults or larvae for a period of up to 24 days depending on the product used, the location of sunlight and precipitation. In protected sites of rain and strong sunlight, the absence of mosquito larvae occurred for 30 days. We can conclude from these results that different products used in animals as external parasiticides were effective against culicides larvae, constituting an important tool in the control of these vectors.(AU)

Validation of PCR method for mycoplasma detection in the Yellow Fever-vaccine quality control / Validação de método de PCR para detecção de micoplasmas no controle de qualidade da vacina de Febre Amarela

Among the vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, a major centre for manufacturing the immunobiological products in Latin America, stands out the yellow fever (YF) vaccine. To guarantee the excellence and safety of the YF vaccine, the quality control tests has to be performed throughout its production. The World Health Organization (WHO) demands the producers to guarantee the absence of Mycoplasma orale, M. pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in the biological products. Mycoplasma is a fastidious microorganism, requiring about 35 days for attaining the conclusive culturing test. In this study PCR methods were selected for amplifying 16S rRNA gene fragments for detecting mycoplasma in the intermediate products of YF vaccine. This standardized methodology was specific and sensitive to detect the low concentrations of mycoplasma in spiked intermediary vaccine products; and the absence of unspecific amplification was also demonstrated. The detection rates ranged from 3.1 to 12.5 colony forming units and showed 100 % of sensitivity and specificity in the tested samples. The PCR protocol for detecting mycoplasmal DNA in YF vaccine was validated by analysing 286 samples. Bio-Manguinhos produces annually 10,000,000 YF vaccine doses, and this method has been successfully employed, complementing the traditional approach in the mycoplasma detection since 2008.

Dentre as vacinas produzidas por Bio-Manguinhos, um importante centro de produção de imunobiológicos da América Latina, destaca-se a vacina de febre amarela (FA) que é produzida em ovos embrionados. Para garantir a excelência e a segurança da vacina, testes de controle de qualidade são realizados durante a produção. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) exige dos produtores a ausência de Mycoplasma orale, M. pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum e M. synoviae em produtos biológicos. Micoplasmas são micro-organismos fastidiosos, sendo necessários 35 dias para que os testes de cultura sejam conclusivos. Neste estudo foram selecionados métodos de amplificação de fragmentos do gene 16S rRNA para detecção de micoplasmas em produtos intermediários da vacina de FA. Esta metodologia padronizada foi capaz de detectar baixas concentrações de micoplasmas nos produtos intermediários e a ausência de amplificação inespecífica foi demonstrada. O limite de detecção variou entre 3,1 e 12,5 unidades formadoras de colônia; e nas amostras testadas a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 100 %. O protocolo de PCR para detecção de micoplasmas na vacina foi validado pela análise de 286 amostras. Bio-Manguinhos produz 10.000.000 doses de vacina de febre amarela por ano e, desde 2008, este método tem sido empregado com sucesso, complementando-se a abordagem tradicional.

Validation of PCR method for mycoplasma detection in the Yellow Fever-vaccine quality control / Validação de método de PCR para detecção de micoplasmas no controle de qualidade da vacina de Febre Amarela

Among the vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, a major centre for manufacturing the immunobiological products in Latin America, stands out the yellow fever (YF) vaccine. To guarantee the excellence and safety of the YF vaccine, the quality control tests has to be performed throughout its production. The World Health Organization (WHO) demands the producers to guarantee the absence of Mycoplasma orale, M. pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in the biological products. Mycoplasma is a fastidious microorganism, requiring about 35 days for attaining the conclusive culturing test. In this study PCR methods were selected for amplifying 16S rRNA gene fragments for detecting mycoplasma in the intermediate products of YF vaccine. This standardized methodology was specific and sensitive to detect the low concentrations of mycoplasma in spiked intermediary vaccine products; and the absence of unspecific amplification was also demonstrated. The detection rates ranged from 3.1 to 12.5 colony forming units and showed 100 % of sensitivity and specificity in the tested samples. The PCR protocol for detecting mycoplasmal DNA in YF vaccine was validated by analysing 286 samples. Bio-Manguinhos produces annually 10,000,000 YF vaccine doses, and this method has been successfully employed, complementing the traditional approach in the mycoplasma detection since 2008.(AU)

Dentre as vacinas produzidas por Bio-Manguinhos, um importante centro de produção de imunobiológicos da América Latina, destaca-se a vacina de febre amarela (FA) que é produzida em ovos embrionados. Para garantir a excelência e a segurança da vacina, testes de controle de qualidade são realizados durante a produção. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) exige dos produtores a ausência de Mycoplasma orale, M. pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum e M. synoviae em produtos biológicos. Micoplasmas são micro-organismos fastidiosos, sendo necessários 35 dias para que os testes de cultura sejam conclusivos. Neste estudo foram selecionados métodos de amplificação de fragmentos do gene 16S rRNA para detecção de micoplasmas em produtos intermediários da vacina de FA. Esta metodologia padronizada foi capaz de detectar baixas concentrações de micoplasmas nos produtos intermediários e a ausência de amplificação inespecífica foi demonstrada. O limite de detecção variou entre 3,1 e 12,5 unidades formadoras de colônia; e nas amostras testadas a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 100 %. O protocolo de PCR para detecção de micoplasmas na vacina foi validado pela análise de 286 amostras. Bio-Manguinhos produz 10.000.000 doses de vacina de febre amarela por ano e, desde 2008, este método tem sido empregado com sucesso, complementando-se a abordagem tradicional.(AU)

Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by using the Total Error Concept, the Accuracy Profiles and the Accuracy Index as alternatives to the traditional ICH approach / Validação de ensaio imunoenzimático utilizando-se o Conceito do Erro Total, os Perfis de Exatidão e o Índice de Exatidão como alternativa à abordagem clássica do ICH

The use of Total Error Concept for validating analytical methods is an approach that incorporates the sum of the Trueness and the Precision. This method also uses the accuracy profiles based on the tolerance intervals for whether a calibration model will give the quality results and it enables to control the risk in accepting an inappropriate methodology. The Total Error Concept, the Accuracy Profiles and the Accuracy Index were applied in this study for validating an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the residual contents of ovalbumin in vaccines. This study tested a pure vaccine sample and spiked with three different concentrations (low, medium and high). Also an approach was used for evaluating the calculations methods which would yield the most accurate results. The obtained results in the concentrations range tested with the chosen model were: Trueness - ER% from 1.61 % to 12.15 %; intermediate precision - CV% from 6.91 % to 9.31 %; and the Total Error from 9.83 % to 19.07 %, which are in conformity with the international guides. This study showed that the method is reliable to evaluate the ovalbumin contents, and that the Total Error Concept approach has applicability for validating enzyme immunoassays.(AU)

O uso do conceito do Erro Total em validação de métodos analíticos é uma abordagem que incorpora a soma da veracidade e precisão. Este método utiliza ainda Perfis de Exatidão baseados em intervalos de tolerância para decidir se um modelo de calibração dará resultados de qualidade, e realiza o controle do risco de aceitar uma metodologia imprópria. Foram aplicados o Conceito do Erro Total, os perfis de Exatidão e o s Índice de Exatidão na validação de um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) para determinar o teor residual de ovoalbumina em vacinas. Este estudo testou uma amostra pura e fortificada com três diferentes concentrações (baixa, média e alta). A abordagem foi usada também para avaliar o método de cálculos que renderia resultados mais exatos. Os resultados obtidos no intervalo de concentrações testado com o modelo de cálculos escolhido foram: veracidade - ER% de 1,61 % a 12,15 %; precisão intermediária - CV% de 6,91 % a 9,31 % e o Erro Total de 9,83 % a 19,07 %, obtendo-se dados em conformidade com os guias internacionais. O estudo demonstrou que o método empregado é confiável para avaliar o teor de ovoalbumina, e que a abordagem do Conceito do Erro Total apresenta aplicabilidade na validação de ensaios imunoenzimáticos.(AU)

Feeding habits of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an area of sylvatic transmission of yellow fever in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

AbstractBackground The reintroduction of sylvatic yellow fever in the state of São Paulo after about six decades was confirmed in the Northwestern region in 2000, where in 2008 there also occurred an important epizootic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feeding habits of culicids potentially involved in the sylvatic transmission of the virus in this region.Methods Specimens were collected in 24 forested localities at ground level with hand nets and mouth aspirators. Collections were made quarterly between October 2006 and July 2008 during daylight hours. Blood-meal identification was carried out in mosquitoes of the tribes Aedini, Mansoniini and Sabethini. The biotin/avidin sandwich ELISA was employed to determine six source types: bird, bovine, equine, rat, human and monkey.Results A total of 24,879 females of the three tribes were obtained, 245 (0.98%) of which were engorged. The presence of three different blood sources per engorged female was the predominant situation, and included 35.10% of the total of samples processed. Samples with two or four different sources were represented by 25.31% and 25.71%, of the specimens, respectively, while just 9.39% had only one type and 1.22%, five different sources. Aedes scapularis, Ae. serratus(Group),Psorophora albigenu and Ps. ferox were the most abundant species and accounted for about 95% of the engorged specimens. Of the principal vector species,Haemagogus janthinomys/capricorniiwas found with bird, bovine and primate blood. These sources were predominant and alternated top ranking as the most frequent source according to the mosquito species and collection site. In general, primate blood was the most prevalent source.Conclusions The human population of the region visits this ecotone frequently, which indicates the need for the periodical assessment of vaccination coverage against yellow fever. The frequency of non-human primate blood source in mosquito species that show minor vector importance in yellow fever virus transmission deserves attention. The eclectic feeding habits and some aspects of the interactions between potential vectors and reservoirs of yellow fever may be associated with the habitat fragmentation characteristic of the region. We recommend that further studies on the capacity and vector competence be performed on secondary vectors in extra-Amazonian region.(AU)

Feeding habits of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an area of sylvatic transmission of yellow fever in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Background The reintroduction of sylvatic yellow fever in the state of São Paulo after about six decades was confirmed in the Northwestern region in 2000, where in 2008 there also occurred an important epizootic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feeding habits of culicids potentially involved in the sylvatic transmission of the virus in this region.Methods Specimens were collected in 24 forested localities at ground level with hand nets and mouth aspirators. Collections were made quarterly between October 2006 and July 2008 during daylight hours. Blood-meal identification was carried out in mosquitoes of the tribes Aedini, Mansoniini and Sabethini. The biotin/avidin sandwich ELISA was employed to determine six source types: bird, bovine, equine, rat, human and monkey.Results A total of 24,879 females of the three tribes were obtained, 245 (0.98%) of which were engorged. The presence of three different blood sources per engorged female was the predominant situation, and included 35.10% of the total of samples processed. Samples with two or four different sources were represented by 25.31% and 25.71%, of the specimens, respectively, while just 9.39% had only one type and 1.22%, five different sources. Aedes scapularis, Ae. serratus(Group),Psorophora albigenu and Ps. ferox were the most abundant species and accounted for about 95% of the engorged specimens. Of the principal vector species,Haemagogus janthinomys/capricorniiwas found with bird, bovine and primate blood. These sources were predominant and alternated top ranking as the most frequent source according to the mosquito species and collection site. In general, primate blood was the most prevalent source.Conclusions The human population of the region visits this ecotone frequently, which indicates the need for the periodical assessment of vaccination coverage against yellow fever. The frequency of non-human primate blood source in mosquito species that show minor vector importance in yellow fever virus transmission deserves attention. The eclectic feeding habits and some aspects of the interactions between potential vectors and reservoirs of yellow fever may be associated with the habitat fragmentation characteristic of the region. We recommend that further studies on the capacity and vector competence be performed on secondary vectors in extra-Amazonian region.(AU)

Feeding habits of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an area of sylvatic transmission of yellow fever in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

AbstractBackground The reintroduction of sylvatic yellow fever in the state of São Paulo after about six decades was confirmed in the Northwestern region in 2000, where in 2008 there also occurred an important epizootic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feeding habits of culicids potentially involved in the sylvatic transmission of the virus in this region.Methods Specimens were collected in 24 forested localities at ground level with hand nets and mouth aspirators. Collections were made quarterly between October 2006 and July 2008 during daylight hours. Blood-meal identification was carried out in mosquitoes of the tribes Aedini, Mansoniini and Sabethini. The biotin/avidin sandwich ELISA was employed to determine six source types: bird, bovine, equine, rat, human and monkey.Results A total of 24,879 females of the three tribes were obtained, 245 (0.98%) of which were engorged. The presence of three different blood sources per engorged female was the predominant situation, and included 35.10% of the total of samples processed. Samples with two or four different sources were represented by 25.31% and 25.71%, of the specimens, respectively, while just 9.39% had only one type and 1.22%, five different sources. Aedes scapularis, Ae. serratus(Group),Psorophora albigenu and Ps. ferox were the most abundant species and accounted for about 95% of the engorged specimens. Of the principal vector species,Haemagogus janthinomys/capricorniiwas found with bird, bovine and primate blood. These sources were predominant and alternated top ranking as the most frequent source according to the mosquito species and collection site. In general, primate blood was the most prevalent source.Conclusions The human population of the region visits this ecotone frequently, which indicates the need for the periodical assessment of vaccination coverage against yellow fever. The frequency of non-human primate blood source in mosquito species that show minor vector importance in yellow fever virus transmission deserves attention. The eclectic feeding habits and some aspects of the interactions between potential vectors and reservoirs of yellow fever may be associated with the habitat fragmentation characteristic of the region. We recommend that further studies on the capacity and vector competence be performed on secondary vectors in extra-Amazonian region.

Seroprevalence of flaviviruses antibodies in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Brazilian Amazon

The state of Pará encompasses 26% of Brazilian Amazon where an enormous diversity of arboviruses has been found. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against antigens of six Flavivirus (yellow fever virus, Ilheus virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Cacipacore virus, Bussuquara virus and Rocio virus) in water buffaloes in Pará state, Brazil. The prevalence of antibodies in these farm animals is important to determine the circulating arboviruses.(AU)

Seroprevalence of flaviviruses antibodies in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Brazilian Amazon

The state of Pará encompasses 26% of Brazilian Amazon where an enormous diversity of arboviruses has been found. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against antigens of six Flavivirus (yellow fever virus, Ilheus virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Cacipacore virus, Bussuquara virus and Rocio virus) in water buffaloes in Pará state, Brazil. The prevalence of antibodies in these farm animals is important to determine the circulating arboviruses.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in some islands of Cape Verde: Types of breeding sites and their relationship with larval presence / Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) em algumas ilhas de Cabo Verde: tipologia dos criadouros e sua relação com a presença larval

Aedes aegypti is a species of wide geographical distribution, and its presence is registered on the islands of Cape Verde. Because its bioecology is being currently studied in several parts of the world, and since the first record of a dengue epidemic has been accomplished in the country, we decided to conduct this survey. The study was carried out between February and March, 2010, when six out of the ten islands of the archipelago were inspected. The factors evaluated during the survey were number, type and location of containers, as well as the presence of larval forms of Ae. aegypti. Results showed the existence of 2.4 containers/inspected houses, registering a total of 118 breeding sites, which are more common among abandoned buildings. The risk condition was significantly different between islands, being higher for Boa Vista. All evaluated islands showed a significant decreasing tendency of breeding sites, except for Fogo island (GLM; p 4; 0.05). The barrels were the containers most frequently recorded (> 50 L) (42.6%), located both inside and outside the houses. As breeding sites, barrels (> 50 L), tanks (> 200 L) and plastic tanks (> 50 L) were more common (t test; p 4; 0.05).

Aedes aegypti é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, e sua presença foi registrada nas ilhas de Cabo Verde. Pelo fato de a sua bioecologia estar sendo atualmente estudada em várias partes do mundo, e também por ter sido realizado o primeiro registro de uma epidemia de dengue no país, decidiu-se pela realização deste levantamento. O trabalho foi realizado entre fevereiro e março de 2010, quando foram inspecionadas seis das dez ilhas que compõem o arquipélago. Os fatores avaliados durante o levantamento foram número, tipo e localização dos recipientes, assim como a presença das formas larvais de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de 2,4 recipientes/residência inspecionada, registrando-se um total de 118 criadouros, sendo estes mais frequentes nas residências abandonadas. A condição de risco foi significativamente diferente entre as ilhas, sendo superior para Boa Vista. Todas as ilhas avaliadas demonstraram tendência significativa à diminuição do número de criadouros, com exceção da ilha de Fogo (GLM; p 4; 0.05). Os recipientes mais frequentemente registrados foram os barris (> 50 L) (42.6%), localizados tanto no interior quanto no exterior das residências. Como criadouros, foram registrados com mais frequência os barris (> 50 L), tanques (> 200 L) e tanques plásticos (> 50 L) (Teste t; p 4; 0.05).

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in some islands of Cape Verde: Types of breeding sites and their relationship with larval presence / Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) em algumas ilhas de Cabo Verde: tipologia dos criadouros e sua relação com a presença larval

Aedes aegypti is a species of wide geographical distribution, and its presence is registered on the islands of Cape Verde. Because its bioecology is being currently studied in several parts of the world, and since the first record of a dengue epidemic has been accomplished in the country, we decided to conduct this survey. The study was carried out between February and March, 2010, when six out of the ten islands of the archipelago were inspected. The factors evaluated during the survey were number, type and location of containers, as well as the presence of larval forms of Ae. aegypti. Results showed the existence of 2.4 containers/inspected houses, registering a total of 118 breeding sites, which are more common among abandoned buildings. The risk condition was significantly different between islands, being higher for Boa Vista. All evaluated islands showed a significant decreasing tendency of breeding sites, except for Fogo island (GLM; p 4; 0.05). The barrels were the containers most frequently recorded (> 50 L) (42.6%), located both inside and outside the houses. As breeding sites, barrels (> 50 L), tanks (> 200 L) and plastic tanks (> 50 L) were more common (t test; p 4; 0.05).(AU)

Aedes aegypti é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, e sua presença foi registrada nas ilhas de Cabo Verde. Pelo fato de a sua bioecologia estar sendo atualmente estudada em várias partes do mundo, e também por ter sido realizado o primeiro registro de uma epidemia de dengue no país, decidiu-se pela realização deste levantamento. O trabalho foi realizado entre fevereiro e março de 2010, quando foram inspecionadas seis das dez ilhas que compõem o arquipélago. Os fatores avaliados durante o levantamento foram número, tipo e localização dos recipientes, assim como a presença das formas larvais de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de 2,4 recipientes/residência inspecionada, registrando-se um total de 118 criadouros, sendo estes mais frequentes nas residências abandonadas. A condição de risco foi significativamente diferente entre as ilhas, sendo superior para Boa Vista. Todas as ilhas avaliadas demonstraram tendência significativa à diminuição do número de criadouros, com exceção da ilha de Fogo (GLM; p 4; 0.05). Os recipientes mais frequentemente registrados foram os barris (> 50 L) (42.6%), localizados tanto no interior quanto no exterior das residências. Como criadouros, foram registrados com mais frequência os barris (> 50 L), tanques (> 200 L) e tanques plásticos (> 50 L) (Teste t; p 4; 0.05).(AU)

Exames post mortem em primatas não humanos durante epizootia de febre amarela na região metropolitana de Sorocaba, SP, Brasil / Postmortem exams in nonhuman primates during yellow fever epizootic in Sorocaba Metropolitan Region (RMS), SP, Brazil / Exámenes post mortem en primates no humanos durante una epizootia de fiebre amarilla en la Región Metropolitana de Sorocaba, SP, Brasil

As principais causas de mortalidade em primatas neotropicais são enfermidades virais, bacterianas, parasitárias e traumas. Em todos os casos, necrópsias e exames complementares são essenciais para a determinação da causa mortis do paciente. Durante os meses de maio de 2017 a maio de 2018, 59 primatas não humanos de vida livre ou mantidos sob cuidados humanos de cinco espécies dos gêneros Callithrix, Alouatta e Sapajus foram examinados, sendo o material biológico coletado e enviado ao laboratório do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, em São Paulo. Os exames foram direcionados ao diagnóstico do vírus amarílico, porém, ao longo do período do estudo, outras causas foram diagnosticadas. Os óbitos dos animais foram principalmente provocados por traumas, agressões, arma de fogo, pneumonia, intoxicação por carbamato, febre amarela e por causa indeterminada, durante a epizootia de febre amarela na região metropolitana de Sorocaba.

Los principales motivos de muerte de los primates neotropicales son las enfermedades de origen viral, bacterianas, parasitarias y los traumas. En cualquiera de estos casos es importante que se realice una necropsia y exámenes de laboratorio a fin de determinar la muerte del paciente. Entre mayo de 2017 y mayo de 2018 fueron examinados 59 cadáveres de primates no humanos (vida libre y bajo cuidados humanos) de cinco especies de los géneros Callithrix, Alouatta y Sapajus, y el material biológico fue enviado al laboratorio del Instituto Adolfo Lutz en São Paulo, Brasil. EI objetivo era comprobar la presencia del virus de la fiebre amarilla, si bien que a 10 largo del presente estudio fueron diagnosticadas otras posibles causas de muerte. Los óbitos fueron provocados por traumas, agresiones, armas de fuego, neumonía, intoxicación por carbamatos, fiebre amarilla y, en algunos casos, no se halló la causa de la muerte. Este trabajo se desarrolló durante una epizootia de fiebre amarilla en la región metropolitana de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil.

Main mortality causes of neotropical primates are trauma and viral, bacterial O and parasitic diseases. In all cases of animal death necropsy, histopathology, and complementary exams are essential to determine the cause of death. Between May 2017 and May 2018, 59 cases of death of non-human primates were registered during the Yellow Fever outbreak in the metro-region of Sorocaba (São Paulo, Brazil). Five species of the genera Callithrix, Alouatta and Sapajus were identified. Wildlife and captivity animais were represented. Ali biological materiais collected during necropsies were submitted to Instituto Adolfo Lutz (in São Paulo, Brazil) to be tested for the Yellow Fever virus. Documented causes of death included Yellow Fever, unspecified trauma, interspecies and intraspecies aggression, firearm-induced trauma, pneumonia, and carbamate toxicosis.

Exames post mortem em primatas não humanos durante epizootia de febre amarela na região metropolitana de Sorocaba, SP, Brasil / Postmortem exams in nonhuman primates during yellow fever epizootic in Sorocaba Metropolitan Region (RMS), SP, Brazil / Exámenes post mortem en primates no humanos durante una epizootia de fiebre amarilla en la Región Metropolitana de Sorocaba, SP, Brasil

As principais causas de mortalidade em primatas neotropicais são enfermidades virais, bacterianas, parasitárias e traumas. Em todos os casos, necrópsias e exames complementares são essenciais para a determinação da causa mortis do paciente. Durante os meses de maio de 2017 a maio de 2018, 59 primatas não humanos de vida livre ou mantidos sob cuidados humanos de cinco espécies dos gêneros Callithrix, Alouatta e Sapajus foram examinados, sendo o material biológico coletado e enviado ao laboratório do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, em São Paulo. Os exames foram direcionados ao diagnóstico do vírus amarílico, porém, ao longo do período do estudo, outras causas foram diagnosticadas. Os óbitos dos animais foram principalmente provocados por traumas, agressões, arma de fogo, pneumonia, intoxicação por carbamato, febre amarela e por causa indeterminada, durante a epizootia de febre amarela na região metropolitana de Sorocaba.(AU)

Los principales motivos de muerte de los primates neotropicales son las enfermedades de origen viral, bacterianas, parasitarias y los traumas. En cualquiera de estos casos es importante que se realice una necropsia y exámenes de laboratorio a fin de determinar la muerte del paciente. Entre mayo de 2017 y mayo de 2018 fueron examinados 59 cadáveres de primates no humanos (vida libre y bajo cuidados humanos) de cinco especies de los géneros Callithrix, Alouatta y Sapajus, y el material biológico fue enviado al laboratorio del Instituto Adolfo Lutz en São Paulo, Brasil. EI objetivo era comprobar la presencia del virus de la fiebre amarilla, si bien que a 10 largo del presente estudio fueron diagnosticadas otras posibles causas de muerte. Los óbitos fueron provocados por traumas, agresiones, armas de fuego, neumonía, intoxicación por carbamatos, fiebre amarilla y, en algunos casos, no se halló la causa de la muerte. Este trabajo se desarrolló durante una epizootia de fiebre amarilla en la región metropolitana de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil.(AU)

Main mortality causes of neotropical primates are trauma and viral, bacterial O and parasitic diseases. In all cases of animal death necropsy, histopathology, and complementary exams are essential to determine the cause of death. Between May 2017 and May 2018, 59 cases of death of non-human primates were registered during the Yellow Fever outbreak in the metro-region of Sorocaba (São Paulo, Brazil). Five species of the genera Callithrix, Alouatta and Sapajus were identified. Wildlife and captivity animais were represented. Ali biological materiais collected during necropsies were submitted to Instituto Adolfo Lutz (in São Paulo, Brazil) to be tested for the Yellow Fever virus. Documented causes of death included Yellow Fever, unspecified trauma, interspecies and intraspecies aggression, firearm-induced trauma, pneumonia, and carbamate toxicosis.(AU)

Controle da qualidade de vacinas contra febre amarela utilizadas no Programa Nacional de Imunizações do Brasil / Quality control for yellow fever vaccines used in the Brazilian National Immunization Program

Este trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) avaliar o processo de controle da qualidade de vacinas contra febre amarela, utilizadas pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações do Ministério da Saúde no período de 2000 a 2008, pelo levantamento de dados provenientes do Sistema de Gerenciamento de Amostras do Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde (INCQS) da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; e (ii) propor a utilização de gráficos de controle, como ferramentas úteis para a melhoria desse processo, pela análise da consistênciade produção e detecção de tendências sistemáticas. A análise relativa ao controle da qualidade das vacinas contra febre amarela foi constituída dos seguintes parâmetros: ensaios de (i.) potência; (ii.) termo estabilidade; (iii.) determinação de ovalbumina residual; (iv.) esterilidade bacteriana e fúngica; (v.) teor de umidade residual; (vi.) endotoxina bacteriana; e (vii.) análise do protocolo resumido de produção e controle emitido pelo fabricante. No período estudado, ingressaram no INCQS 1031 lotes de vacinas contra febre amarela, produzidos por dois fabricantes distintos (97 por cento - fabricante A e 3 por cento - fabricante B), representando um total de 285 milhões de doses individuais. O presente estudo mostra que no INCQS o processo está sob controle estatístico, e as causas especiais de variação, caso ocorram, são adequamente monitoradas. (AU)

Biotin-avidin sandwich elisa with specific human isotypes IgG1 and IgG4 for Culicidae mosquito blood meal identification from an epizootic yellow fever area in Brazil

With a view toward investigating the feeding behavior of Culicidae mosquitoes from an area of epizootic yellow fever transmission in the municipalities of Garruchos and Santo Antônio das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, specimens were collected by aspiration from September 2005 to April 2007. The engorged females were submitted to blood meal identification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 142 blood-engorged samples were examined for human or monkey blood through species-specific IgG. Additional tests for specificity utilizing isotypes IgG1 and IgG4 of human monoclonal antibodies showed that only anti-human IgG1 was effective in recognizing blood meals of human origin. The results indicated a significant difference (p = 0.027) in detection patterns in samples of Haemagogus leucocelaenus recorded from human blood meals at Santo Antônio das Missões, which suggests some degree of exposure, since it was an area where epizootic outbreaks have been reported.(AU)