Leaf area estimation for Psychotria carthagenensis and Psychotria hoffmannseggiana as a function of linear leaf dimensions

Determining leaf area is important for studies involving plant growth and development. The aim of the present study was to obtain models for estimating leaf area of Psychotria carthagenensis and Psychotria hoffmannseggiana using linear measurements of leaf blades (length and width). Two hundred leaf blades of each species were collected in Parque Estadual Mata do Pau-Ferro in the municipality of Areia, Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The equations evaluated for producing potential models included the following: linear, quadratic, potential and exponential. The criteria used to determine the best model(s) were as follows: high coefficient of determination (R²), low root-mean-square error (RMSE), low Akaike information criterion (AIC), high Willmott concordance index (d) and a BIAS ratio close to zero. All evaluated models satisfactorily estimated leaf area for the two species, but the equation ŷ = 0.6373 * LW0.9804 was the most appropriate for P. carthagenensis, while ŷ = 0.6235 * LW0.9712 was the most appropriate for P. hoffmannseggiana.

Leaf area estimation for Psychotria carthagenensis and Psychotria hoffmannseggiana as a function of linear leaf dimensions

Determining leaf area is important for studies involving plant growth and development. The aim of the present study was to obtain models for estimating leaf area of Psychotria carthagenensis and Psychotria hoffmannseggiana using linear measurements of leaf blades (length and width). Two hundred leaf blades of each species were collected in Parque Estadual Mata do Pau-Ferro in the municipality of Areia, Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The equations evaluated for producing potential models included the following: linear, quadratic, potential and exponential. The criteria used to determine the best model(s) were as follows: high coefficient of determination (R²), low root-mean-square error (RMSE), low Akaike information criterion (AIC), high Willmott concordance index (d) and a BIAS ratio close to zero. All evaluated models satisfactorily estimated leaf area for the two species, but the equation ŷ = 0.6373 * LW0.9804 was the most appropriate for P. carthagenensis, while ŷ = 0.6235 * LW0.9712 was the most appropriate for P. hoffmannseggiana.(AU)

Origin of the subepidermal tissue in Piper L. leaves / Origem do tecido subepidérmico em folhas de Piper L.

Studies on the anatomy of Piper leaves demonstrate the presence of a subepidermal tissue distinct from the adjacent epidermis, which cells show thin walls and hyaline contents. Some authors consider such cells a hypodermal tissue, while others refer to them as components of a multiple epidermis. In this study, the nature of this subepidermal tissue was investigated through the analysis of leaf ontogeny in three Piper species. The analysis showed that the referred tissue originates from the ground meristem and, thus, should be considered a hypodermis. The studied species suggests that the role of the hypodermis would be to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light, regulating the intensity of light reaching the chlorophyll parenchyma.(AU)

Os estudos de anatomia foliar de espécies de Piper revelam a presença de um tecido subepidérmico distinto da epiderme e cujas células apresentam paredes finas e conteúdo hialino. Estas células são referenciadas por alguns autores como um tecido hipodérmico e por outros, como sendo constituintes de uma epiderme múltipla. Nesse estudo verificou-se a natureza deste tecido subepidérmico a partir da análise da ontogênese foliar de três espécies de Piper. A análise revelou que o referido tecido tem origem do meristema fundamental e, portanto, deve ser denominado de hipoderme. Para as espécies avaliadas, sugere-se que a hipoderme teria função de, proteger o aparato fotossintético do excesso de luminosidade, regulando a intensidade luminosa que atinge o parênquima clorofiliano.(AU)

What is the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on the leaf plasticity of coffee plants grown under full-sun and shady conditions? / Qual a influência das células epidérmicas ordinárias e dos estômatos na plasticidade foliar de cafeeiros desenvolvidos a pleno sol e sob condições de sombra?

Stomata are crucial in land plant productivity and survival. In general, with lower irradiance, stomatal and epidermal cell frequency per unit leaf area decreases, whereas guard-cell length or width increases. Nevertheless, the stomatal index is accepted as remaining constant. The aim of this paper to study the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on leaf plasticity and the influence of these characteristics on stomata density, index, and sizes, in the total number of stomata, as well as the detailed distribution of stomata on a leaf blade. As a result, a highly significant positive correlation (R²a = 0.767 p < 0.001) between stomatal index and stomatal density, and with ordinary epidermal cell density (R²a = 0.500 p < 0.05), and a highly negative correlation between stomatal index and ordinary epidermal cell area (R²a = -0.571 p < 0.001), were obtained. However in no instance was the correlation between stomatal index or stomatal density and stomatal dimensions taken into consideration. The study also indicated that in coffee, the stomatal index was 19.09 percent in shaded leaves and 20.08 percent in full-sun leaves. In this sense, variations in the stomatal index by irradiance, its causes and the consequences on plant physiology were discussed.

Os estômatos são fundamentais na fisiologia vegetal e na sobrevivência das plantas. Em geral, com a diminuição da irradiância, a frequência estomática, ou mesmo epidérmica, por unidade de área foliar diminui, enquanto as dimensões dos estômatos aumentam. Por outro lado, acredita-se que o índice estomático, sendo uma característica intrínseca da planta, permanece constante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência das células epidérmicas ordinárias e das células estomáticas na plasticidade da folha e as influências destas características sobre a densidade e no índice estomático, bem como nas dimensões e no número de estômatos e descrever, em detalhes, os principais fatores que os alteram. Verificou-se, neste trabalho, uma correlação fortemente significativa (R²a = 0,767 p < 0,001) entre o índice estomático e a densidade estomática, ou mesmo, entre este e a densidade de células epidérmicas (R²a = 0,500 p < 0,05). Uma forte correlação negativa entre o índice estomático e a área das células epidérmicas (R²a = -0,571 p < 0,001) também foi verificada, entretanto, nenhuma correlação foi verificada entre o índice estomático e as dimensões dos estômatos, assim como sugere a literatura. De qualquer modo, este estudo demonstrou que o índice estomático do cafeeiro é de 19,09 por cento nas folhas sombreadas e de 20,08 por cento nas folhas a pleno sol. Neste sentido, as variações no índice estomático causadas pela irradiância, suas causas e consequências para a fisiologia vegetal são discutidas em detalhes.