Exogenous amylase increases gas production and improves in vitro ruminal digestion kinetics of sorghum and corn grains / Amilase exógena aumenta a produção de gases e melhora a cinética de digestão ruminal in vitro de grãos de sorgo e milho

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous amylase on gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro digestion kinetics of sorghum (Sorghum vulgaris) and two corn hybrids of different grain textures. Ruminal fluid was collected from two rumen-fistulated cows receiving or not exogenous amylase (0.7g kg-1 of dry matter (DM basis)), provided to achieve 396 kilo Novo units kg-1 for amylase activity (DM basis). Gas production was measured after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, 42 e 48 hours of incubation. Amylase increased gas production (mL) by 5.4%. Corn hybrids have higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than sorghum. Exogenous amylase increased the potential of gas production (A) (P=0.01). There was an effect of hybrid for IVDMD (P<0.01). The addition of exogenous amylase increases the in vitro gas production, improves fermentation kinetics, and increases the production of the ammonia nitrogen of corn and sorghum grains, but does not affect in vitro and dry matter digestibility or the short-chain fatty acids production.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da amilase exógena na produção de gases, a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e a cinética de digestão in vitro de sorgo (Sorghum vulgaris) e de dois híbridos de milho de diferentes texturas de grãos. O líquido ruminal foi coletado de duas vacas fistuladas no rúmen recebendo ou não amilase exógena (0,7g kg-1 de matéria seca (MS)), fornecida para atingir 396 kg Novo unidades kg-1 para atividade de amilase (base na MS). A produção de gás foi medida após uma, três, seis, nove, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, 42 e 48 horas de incubação. A amilase aumentou a produção de gás (mL) em 5,4%. Híbridos de milho apresentam maior DIVMS que o sorgo. A amilase exógena aumentou o potencial de produção de gás (A) (P=0,01). Houve efeito de híbrido para DIVMS (P<0,01). Amilase exógena aumenta a produção de gás in vitro, melhora a cinética da fermentação e aumenta a produção de nitrogênio amoniacal de grãos de milho e sorgo, mas não afeta a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca ou a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta.

Chitosan combined with technical cashew nut shell liquid improves in vitro ruminal parameters and gas production kinetics

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLt) as natural feed additives in cattle diets on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro gas production kinetics. We conducted a completely randomized design with 5×4 factorial arrangement, with 20, 35, 50, 65, and 100% Tifton 85 hay and four additives, monensin (200 mg/kg DM), CNSLt (500 mg/kg DM), CHI (500 mg/kg DM), and CNSLt+CHI (500 mg/kg DM/each). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility showed a linear reduction according to forage levels. The highest DM digestibility was observed with CHI on cattle diets. Inclusion of CHI increased DM digestibility. The highest in vitro organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibilities were observed for CNSLt+CHI. The in vitro dry matter digestibility increased linearly with concentrate in the diet. There was interaction of forage:concentrate ratio and the additives for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibility. Chitosan, CNSLt, and CNSLt+CHI promoted the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with monensin. Total gas production showed interaction of the forage:concentrate ratio and additives. Lag time was lowest with CNSLt+CHI. Chitosan and CNSLt can be considered alternative fermentation modulators to ionophores by improving nutrient digestibility and increasing ruminal propionate concentrations.(AU)

Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.(AU)

Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.

Parâmetros cinéticos de produção de gás in vitro de diferentes genótipos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) / Kinetic parameters of in vitro gas production of different genotypes of elephant-grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) / Parámetros cinéticos de la producción de gas in vitro de diferentes genotipos de pasto elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar modelos matemáticos comparando los parámetros cinéticos en la producción de gas in vitro en diferentes genotipos de pasto elefante. El diseño fue completamente al azar con tres repeticiones con cinco tratamientos que fueron los genotipos de pasto elefante (BRS Canará, Napier, Vruckwona, Camerún y CNPGL 93-41-1) con una madurez de rebrote a los 45 días. El inóculo ruminal se obtuvo de dos novillos Nelores machos mantenidos en potreros formados por Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, en el período seco del año. Las incubaciones fueron consecutivas midiendo las lecturas de presión de producción de gas realizadas en 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 19; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; 84 y 96 horas. La determinación de la cinética de producción de gas se probó en dos modelos no lineales, que son: Monomolecular y Logístico. Donde se estimaron el volumen final (V_f / mL), la tasa de producción de gas promedio (k / h-1), el tiempo de latencia de producción (L / h) y el tiempo de digestión promedio (TMD / h-1). Los modelos probados, el Logístico con latencia, presentaron el mejor ajuste para todos los perfiles de cultivares. El cultivar BRS Canará y CNPGL 93-41-1 y Wrockwona, presentan estimaciones de los parámetros cinéticos de producción de gas similares y mejores a los de los cultivares Camerún y Napier.

The aim of this study was to evaluate mathematical models comparing the kinetic parameters in the production of in vitro gas in different genotypes of elephant grass The design was entirely randomized with three repetitions with five treatments that were the elephant grass genotypes (BRS Canará, Napier, Vruckwona, Cameroon and CNPGL 93-41-1) with age of re-growth at 45 days. The ruminal inoculum was obtained from two whole male Nelores oxen kept in pickets formed by Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the dry period of the year. The incubations were consecutive, measuring the gas production pressure readings in 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 19; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; 84 and 96 hours. The determination of gas production kinetics was tested in two non-linear models: Monomolecular and Logistic. Where the final volume (Vf/mL), average gas production rate (k/h-1), production lage time (Lag/h) and average digestion time (MDT/h) were estimated. The models tested, the Logistic with latency showed better fit for all crop profiles. The BRS Canará and CNPGL 93-41-1 and Wrockwona cultivars present estimates of kinetic parameters of gas production similar and better than those of Cameroon and Napier cultivars.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar modelos matemáticos comparando os parâmetros cinéticos na produção de gás in vitro em diferentes genótipos de capim-elefante. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados com três repetições com cincos tratamentos que foram os genótipos de capim-elefante (BRS Canará, Napier, Vruckwona, Cameroon e CNPGL 93-41-1) com idade de maturidade de rebrota aos 45 dias. O inóculo ruminal foi obtido através de dois bois Nelores machos inteiros mantidos em piquetes formados por Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, no período seco do ano. As incubações foram consecutivas mensurando as leituras de pressão de produção de gás realizadas em 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 19; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; 84 e 96 horas. A determinação da cinética de produção de gases foi testada dois modelos não lineares que são: Monomolecular e o Logístico. Onde foram estimados o volume final ( /mL), taxa média de produção de gás ( /h-1), o tempo de latência de produção ( /h) e o tempo médio de digestão (TMD/h-1). Os modelos testados, o Logístico com latência apresentou melhor ajuste para todos os perfis das cultivares. A cultivar BRS Canará e CNPGL 93-41-1 e Wrockwona, apresentam estimativas dos parâmetros cinéticos de produção de gás semelhantes e melhores aos comparados das cultivares Cameroon e Napier.

Soybean meal from damaged grains replacing standard soybean meal in diets of feedlot lambs

Two studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of levels of soybean meal produced from damaged soybean grains replacing normal soybean meal on in vitro and in situ digestibility of ruminant diets as well as on intake, digestibility, and animal performance of growing/finishing lambs. In trial 1, we evaluated the in vitro digestibility of each soybean meals (normal and damaged), as well as diets containing levels of the damaged replacing the normal (0, 333, 667 and 1,000 g.kg−1) soybean meal on kinetic parameters of in vitro cumulative gas production, in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility, in situ rumen-degradable protein, rumen-undegradable protein, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegradable protein. In trial 2, we used 48 growing/finishing lambs to evaluate the effects of damaged soybean meal levels (0, 333, 667, and 1,000 g.kg−1) replacing normal soybean meal in feedlot diets (20:80 roughage:concentrate ratio) on intake and digestibility of nutrients and on animal performance. The damaged soybean meal presented lower values for total gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility than normal soybean meal. Higher rumen-undegradable protein was estimated for damaged soybean meal than for the normal and consequently lower rumen-degradable protein for damaged compared to normal. Because of the lower rumen-degradable protein, damaged soybean meal promoted lower in vitro ammonium nitrogen (NH3 -N) concentrations than the normal in feedlot diets. In the in vivo trial, there were no effects of damaged soybean meal levels in the diets on intake and digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber) as well as on total weight gain, average daily gain, carcass yield, or feeding efficiency. Thus, damaged soybean meal can fully replace the normal one in lamb feedlot diets (in up to of 1,000 g.kg−1 of the normal soybean meal) without causing adverse effects on intake and digestibility of nutrients and on animal performance.

Parâmetros cinéticos de produção de gás in vitro de diferentes genótipos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) / Kinetic parameters of in vitro gas production of different genotypes of elephant-grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) / Parámetros cinéticos de la producción de gas in vitro de diferentes genotipos de pasto elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar modelos matemáticos comparando los parámetros cinéticos en la producción de gas in vitro en diferentes genotipos de pasto elefante. El diseño fue completamente al azar con tres repeticiones con cinco tratamientos que fueron los genotipos de pasto elefante (BRS Canará, Napier, Vruckwona, Camerún y CNPGL 93-41-1) con una madurez de rebrote a los 45 días. El inóculo ruminal se obtuvo de dos novillos Nelores machos mantenidos en potreros formados por Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, en el período seco del año. Las incubaciones fueron consecutivas midiendo las lecturas de presión de producción de gas realizadas en 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 19; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; 84 y 96 horas. La determinación de la cinética de producción de gas se probó en dos modelos no lineales, que son: Monomolecular y Logístico. Donde se estimaron el volumen final (V_f / mL), la tasa de producción de gas promedio (k / h-1), el tiempo de latencia de producción (L / h) y el tiempo de digestión promedio (TMD / h-1). Los modelos probados, el Logístico con latencia, presentaron el mejor ajuste para todos los perfiles de cultivares. El cultivar BRS Canará y CNPGL 93-41-1 y Wrockwona, presentan estimaciones de los parámetros cinéticos de producción de gas similares y mejores a los de los cultivares Camerún y Napier.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate mathematical models comparing the kinetic parameters in the production of in vitro gas in different genotypes of elephant grass The design was entirely randomized with three repetitions with five treatments that were the elephant grass genotypes (BRS Canará, Napier, Vruckwona, Cameroon and CNPGL 93-41-1) with age of re-growth at 45 days. The ruminal inoculum was obtained from two whole male Nelores oxen kept in pickets formed by Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the dry period of the year. The incubations were consecutive, measuring the gas production pressure readings in 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 19; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; 84 and 96 hours. The determination of gas production kinetics was tested in two non-linear models: Monomolecular and Logistic. Where the final volume (Vf/mL), average gas production rate (k/h-1), production lage time (Lag/h) and average digestion time (MDT/h) were estimated. The models tested, the Logistic with latency showed better fit for all crop profiles. The BRS Canará and CNPGL 93-41-1 and Wrockwona cultivars present estimates of kinetic parameters of gas production similar and better than those of Cameroon and Napier cultivars.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar modelos matemáticos comparando os parâmetros cinéticos na produção de gás in vitro em diferentes genótipos de capim-elefante. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados com três repetições com cincos tratamentos que foram os genótipos de capim-elefante (BRS Canará, Napier, Vruckwona, Cameroon e CNPGL 93-41-1) com idade de maturidade de rebrota aos 45 dias. O inóculo ruminal foi obtido através de dois bois Nelores machos inteiros mantidos em piquetes formados por Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, no período seco do ano. As incubações foram consecutivas mensurando as leituras de pressão de produção de gás realizadas em 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 19; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; 84 e 96 horas. A determinação da cinética de produção de gases foi testada dois modelos não lineares que são: Monomolecular e o Logístico. Onde foram estimados o volume final ( /mL), taxa média de produção de gás ( /h-1), o tempo de latência de produção ( /h) e o tempo médio de digestão (TMD/h-1). Os modelos testados, o Logístico com latência apresentou melhor ajuste para todos os perfis das cultivares. A cultivar BRS Canará e CNPGL 93-41-1 e Wrockwona, apresentam estimativas dos parâmetros cinéticos de produção de gás semelhantes e melhores aos comparados das cultivares Cameroon e Napier.(AU)

Supplemental Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gas Emission, Excreta Microbiota, and Meat Quality in Broilers

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, excreta microbiota, and meat quality in broilers. A total of two hundred eighty-eight, one-day-old Ross-308 chicks (mixed sex) were randomly allocated to one of two treatments with eight replicated cages (18 chicks per cage). For a period of 35 days, control treatment chicks were fed commercial corn-soybean meal-based (CON) mash form diet, whereas, LP (Lactobacillus plantarum) - chicks were fed CON with 0.10% L. plantarum supplement. The dietary inclusion of 0.10% L. Plantarum supplementation has a trend to increase the body weight gain (BWG) of broilers at day 7(p=0.079) and significantly increased at day 21 (p=0.011) and the overall trial period (p=0.037) compared to the CON diet. In addition, 0.10% L. plantarum supplementation to basal diet significantly decreased H2S (p=0.046) concentration. Also, it has significantly increased the excreta Lactobacillus population (p=0.041) and reduced the E. coli count (p=0.054) compared to the CON diet. However, throughout the trial there were no significant differences observed on nutrient digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, as well as meat quality traits in broilers, fed 0.10% L. plantarum diet. In summary, the inclusion of L. plantarum supplementation has a beneficial effect on growth performance, excreta microbiota, and gas emission. From this, we conclude that 0.10% of L. plantarum could be a potential feed additive to enhance poultry production.(AU)

Supplemental Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gas Emission, Excreta Microbiota, and Meat Quality in Broilers

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, excreta microbiota, and meat quality in broilers. A total of two hundred eighty-eight, one-day-old Ross-308 chicks (mixed sex) were randomly allocated to one of two treatments with eight replicated cages (18 chicks per cage). For a period of 35 days, control treatment chicks were fed commercial corn-soybean meal-based (CON) mash form diet, whereas, LP (Lactobacillus plantarum) - chicks were fed CON with 0.10% L. plantarum supplement. The dietary inclusion of 0.10% L. Plantarum supplementation has a trend to increase the body weight gain (BWG) of broilers at day 7(p=0.079) and significantly increased at day 21 (p=0.011) and the overall trial period (p=0.037) compared to the CON diet. In addition, 0.10% L. plantarum supplementation to basal diet significantly decreased H2S (p=0.046) concentration. Also, it has significantly increased the excreta Lactobacillus population (p=0.041) and reduced the E. coli count (p=0.054) compared to the CON diet. However, throughout the trial there were no significant differences observed on nutrient digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, as well as meat quality traits in broilers, fed 0.10% L. plantarum diet. In summary, the inclusion of L. plantarum supplementation has a beneficial effect on growth performance, excreta microbiota, and gas emission. From this, we conclude that 0.10% of L. plantarum could be a potential feed additive to enhance poultry production.

Evaluation of mathematical models to describe gas production kinetics of some tropical and temperate forages

Our objective was to identify the best fit mathematical models for in vitro gas production kinetics using rumen fluid and forage plants commonly used in ruminant feed to obtain better estimates of parameters that describe the rumen fermentation. Four mathematical models were tested, two unicompartmental (M1 = first order, M2 = Gompertz) and two bicompartmental (M3 = M1 + M2; M4 = M2 + M2). Two temperate grasses were evaluated, as well as four tropical grasses and three temperate forage legumes. The fit of the models was verified by the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICcr) and the difference among AICcr values (Δr), likelihood probability (Wr), and relative likelihood (ERr). Temperate forages reached maximum gas production between 48 and 72 h. In the tropical forages, it occurred only after 72 h. In profiles in which M3 was the best choice, the values of parameters Vf 1 were higher than those of Vf 2, and k1 values were higher than k2 values. The only exception was for Tifton 85 profile, whose Vf 2 value was higher than Vf 1. The model M3 has a better fit for tropical forages with higher fiber content and lower levels of nonfibrous carbohydrates and crude protein. The model M1 has a better fit for forage with higher nonfibrous carbohydrate contents and low lignin content.(AU)

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system / Efeito do tamanho da amostra nos parâmetros cinéticos de alimentos volumosos e concentrados por meio de um sistema de produção de gases in vitro semi-automatizado

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, dried brewer's yeast, bean residue, wet brewer's grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05)...

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de amostras incubadas sobre os parâmetros cinéticos de fermentação in vitro de alimentos concentrados e volumosos disponíveis para alimentação de ruminantes. O preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando 200, 300, 400 e 500 mg de amostra seca ao ar, moída a 1 mm, alocadas em frascos de vidro com capacidade de 120 mL, e adicionados inóculo e solução McDougal, seguidos das leituras, por meio de um transdutor de pressão semi-automatizado, até 96 horas após o inicio das incubações. A produção de gases da fração não-fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de girassol e farelo de pinhão manso, quadrático (P < 0,05) para silagem de capim napier e torta de algodão, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para farelo de mamona e farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração não-fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim napier e farelo de mamona, quadrático (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim marandu, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a silagem de milho, farelo de soja, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão e torta de algodão. A produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de algodão e torta de girassol, quadrático (P < 0,05) para farelo de pinhão manso, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, farelo de mamona, farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo...

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system / Efeito do tamanho da amostra nos parâmetros cinéticos de alimentos volumosos e concentrados por meio de um sistema de produção de gases in vitro semi-automatizado

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, dried brewer's yeast, bean residue, wet brewer's grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewers grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers grains with solubles, dried brewers yeast, wet brewers grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de amostras incubadas sobre os parâmetros cinéticos de fermentação in vitro de alimentos concentrados e volumosos disponíveis para alimentação de ruminantes. O preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando 200, 300, 400 e 500 mg de amostra seca ao ar, moída a 1 mm, alocadas em frascos de vidro com capacidade de 120 mL, e adicionados inóculo e solução McDougal, seguidos das leituras, por meio de um transdutor de pressão semi-automatizado, até 96 horas após o inicio das incubações. A produção de gases da fração não-fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de girassol e farelo de pinhão manso, quadrático (P < 0,05) para silagem de capim napier e torta de algodão, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para farelo de mamona e farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração não-fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim napier e farelo de mamona, quadrático (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim marandu, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a silagem de milho, farelo de soja, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão e torta de algodão. A produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de algodão e torta de girassol, quadrático (P < 0,05) para farelo de pinhão manso, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, farelo de mamona, farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo...(AU)

Treatment of swine manure: case studies in Europeans N-surplus areas

In this study, eight different manure treatment plants were monitored. The plants were four on-farm and four centralized treatment plants, all of them at full-scale level. Assessment includes a total of seven pre-treatment and process units as follows: mechanical separation, with and without coagulant and flocculant addition, pasteurization, nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The plants are located in nutrient surplus areas of three European Member States (Spain, Italy and Denmark), the majority of these areas being Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ). Results presented herein are data collected over a six-month period and comprise performance data of the treatment plants, pathogen indicators (E.coli and Salmonella) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data under two scenarios: 1) the baseline scenario and 2) the treatment plant scenario. The assessment includes GHG emissions of the storage facilities, transportation, and subsequent intermediate storage, electric consumption, electric production, composting, and land application. All treatment plants studied generated a significant reduction in GHG emissions (between 53 and 90 %) in comparison to the baseline scenario. Organic matter and total solids (TS) content in manure were also greatly reduced, with values ranging between 35-53 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and, 24-61 % of TS for anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment plants, 77-93 % COD and 70 % TS in the case of AD combined with nitrogen (N)-removal unit plants. Nitrogen concentrations were also greatly reduced (between 65-85 %) total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 68-83 % ammonium (NH4+-N)) in plants with N-removal units.

Treatment of swine manure: case studies in Europeans N-surplus areas

In this study, eight different manure treatment plants were monitored. The plants were four on-farm and four centralized treatment plants, all of them at full-scale level. Assessment includes a total of seven pre-treatment and process units as follows: mechanical separation, with and without coagulant and flocculant addition, pasteurization, nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The plants are located in nutrient surplus areas of three European Member States (Spain, Italy and Denmark), the majority of these areas being Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ). Results presented herein are data collected over a six-month period and comprise performance data of the treatment plants, pathogen indicators (E.coli and Salmonella) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data under two scenarios: 1) the baseline scenario and 2) the treatment plant scenario. The assessment includes GHG emissions of the storage facilities, transportation, and subsequent intermediate storage, electric consumption, electric production, composting, and land application. All treatment plants studied generated a significant reduction in GHG emissions (between 53 and 90 %) in comparison to the baseline scenario. Organic matter and total solids (TS) content in manure were also greatly reduced, with values ranging between 35-53 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and, 24-61 % of TS for anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment plants, 77-93 % COD and 70 % TS in the case of AD combined with nitrogen (N)-removal unit plants. Nitrogen concentrations were also greatly reduced (between 65-85 %) total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 68-83 % ammonium (NH4+-N)) in plants with N-removal units.(AU)

Mathematical models for adjustment of in vitro gas production at different incubation times and kinetics of corn silages / Modelos matemáticos para ajuste da produção de gases in vitro em diferentes tempos de incubação e cinética ruminal de silagens de milho

In the present work, with whole plant silage corn at different stages of maturity, aimed to evaluate the mathematical models Exponential, France, Gompertz and Logistic to study the kinetics of gas production in vitro incubations for 24 and 48 hours. A semi-automated in vitro gas production technique was used during one, three, six, eight, ten, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 31, 36, 42 and 48 hours of incubation periods. Model adjustment was evaluated by means of mean square of error, mean bias, root mean square prediction error and residual error. The Gompertz mathematical model allowed the best adjustment to describe the gas production kinetics of maize silages, regardless of incubation period. The France model was not adequate to describe gas kinetics of incubation periods equal or lower than 48 hours. The in vitro gas production technique was efficient to detect differences in nutritional value of maize silages from different growth stages. Twenty four hours in vitro incubation periods do not mask treatment effects, whilst 48 hour periods are inadequate to measure silage digestibility.

No presente trabalho, com silagens de planta inteira de milho em diferentes estádios de maturidade, objetivou-se avaliar os modelos matemáticos Exponencial, France, Gompertz e Logístico para estudar a cinética de produção de gases in vitro com incubações por 24 e 48 horas. Utilizou-se a técnica in vitro semiautomática de produção de gases (TIVPG) determinando o volume de gases com uma, três, seis, oito, dez, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 31, 36, 42 e 48 horas de incubação. Avaliou-se o ajuste dos modelos através do quadrado médio do erro, viés médio, raiz quadrada do erro médio de estimativa e erro residual. O modelo matemático de melhor ajuste para descrever a cinética de produção de gases in vitro em forragens de milho foi o Gompertz, para ambas as incubações de 24 e 48 horas. O modelo France não é adequado para descrever a cinética de produção de gases com tempos menores ou iguais a 48 horas de incubação. A técnica in vitro de produção de gases foi eficiente em detectar diferença no valor nutricional de silagens de milho produzidas em diferentes estádios de maturidade. Incubações in vitro por 24 horas não mascaram os efeitos dos tratamentos na ensilagem, enquanto tempos de 48 horas são inadequados para mensurar a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica de silagens de milho.

Mathematical models for adjustment of in vitro gas production at different incubation times and kinetics of corn silages / Modelos matemáticos para ajuste da produção de gases in vitro em diferentes tempos de incubação e cinética ruminal de silagens de milho

In the present work, with whole plant silage corn at different stages of maturity, aimed to evaluate the mathematical models Exponential, France, Gompertz and Logistic to study the kinetics of gas production in vitro incubations for 24 and 48 hours. A semi-automated in vitro gas production technique was used during one, three, six, eight, ten, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 31, 36, 42 and 48 hours of incubation periods. Model adjustment was evaluated by means of mean square of error, mean bias, root mean square prediction error and residual error. The Gompertz mathematical model allowed the best adjustment to describe the gas production kinetics of maize silages, regardless of incubation period. The France model was not adequate to describe gas kinetics of incubation periods equal or lower than 48 hours. The in vitro gas production technique was efficient to detect differences in nutritional value of maize silages from different growth stages. Twenty four hours in vitro incubation periods do not mask treatment effects, whilst 48 hour periods are inadequate to measure silage digestibility.(AU)

No presente trabalho, com silagens de planta inteira de milho em diferentes estádios de maturidade, objetivou-se avaliar os modelos matemáticos Exponencial, France, Gompertz e Logístico para estudar a cinética de produção de gases in vitro com incubações por 24 e 48 horas. Utilizou-se a técnica in vitro semiautomática de produção de gases (TIVPG) determinando o volume de gases com uma, três, seis, oito, dez, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 31, 36, 42 e 48 horas de incubação. Avaliou-se o ajuste dos modelos através do quadrado médio do erro, viés médio, raiz quadrada do erro médio de estimativa e erro residual. O modelo matemático de melhor ajuste para descrever a cinética de produção de gases in vitro em forragens de milho foi o Gompertz, para ambas as incubações de 24 e 48 horas. O modelo France não é adequado para descrever a cinética de produção de gases com tempos menores ou iguais a 48 horas de incubação. A técnica in vitro de produção de gases foi eficiente em detectar diferença no valor nutricional de silagens de milho produzidas em diferentes estádios de maturidade. Incubações in vitro por 24 horas não mascaram os efeitos dos tratamentos na ensilagem, enquanto tempos de 48 horas são inadequados para mensurar a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica de silagens de milho.(AU)

DNA damage and antioxidant status in medical residents occupationally exposed to waste anesthetic gases

To investigate the effects of occupational exposure to waste anesthetic gases on genetic material and antioxidant status in professionals during their medical residency. The study group consisted of 15 medical residents from Anesthesiology and Surgery areas, of both genders, mainly exposed to isoflurane and to a lesser degree to sevoflurane and nitrous oxide; the control group consisted of 15 young adults not exposed to anesthetics. Blood samples were drawn from professionals during medical residency (eight, 16 and 22 months of exposure to waste anesthetic gases). DNA damage was evaluated by comet assay, and antioxidant defense was assessed by total thiols and the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). When comparing the two groups, DNA damage was significantly increased at all time points evaluated in the exposed group; plasma thiols increased at 22 months of exposure and GPX was higher at 16 and 22 months of exposure. Young professionals exposed to waste anesthetic gases in operating rooms without adequate scavenging system have increased DNA damage and changes in redox status during medical residency. There is a need to minimize exposure to inhalation anesthetics and to provide better work conditions.(AU)

Additive containing homo and heterolactic bacteria on the fermentation quality of maize silage / Aditivo contendo bactérias homo e heteroláticas sobre a qualidade fermentativa da silagem de milho

This trial evaluated the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis and Enterococcus faecium combo additive against a control treatment. The silages were made in laboratory silos that were stored for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days before opening. We evaluated the chemical composition of the forage before and after ensiling and the fermentative losses of silages. The additive decreased (p < 0.01) effluent production (11.4 kg ton⁻¹) compared to control silage (14.0 kg ton⁻¹), but it increased (p < 0.01) the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) from 45.6% and 24.5% to 47.0 and 25.1% for control and additive silages, respectively. The storage periods affected (p < 0.01) effluent production, Dry Matter Losses (DML), NDF, ADF and pH variables. Fermentative losses were very low because of the adequate characteristics of maize for ensilage.

O presente ensaio experimental avaliou inoculação de aditivo composto por Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis e Enterococcus faecium em relação à silagem sem aditivo (Controle). As silagens foram confeccionadas em silos experimentais e armazenadas por 30, 60, 90 ou 120 dias antes da abertura dos silos. Foi avaliada a composição bromatológica da forragem antes e após a ensilagem, e as perdas fermentativas durante o processo. O aditivo avaliado reduziu (p <0,01) a produção de efluente (11,4 kg t⁻¹) em relação à silagem Controle (14,0 kg t⁻¹). A inoculação com aditivo elevou os teores de Fibra em Detergente Neutro (FDN) e Fibra em Detergente Ácido (FDA), de 45,6 e 24,5% para 47,0 e 25,1% para as silagens controle e com aditivo, respectivamente. Os tempos de armazenamento influenciaram (p < 0,01) a produção de efluente, a perda de matéria seca (PMS), os teores de FDN e FDA, e o pH das silagens. As silagens apresentaram bons parâmetros de qualidade e as perdas fermentativas observadas foram bastante reduzidas, dadas as adequadas características da cultura do milho para a ensilagem.

Additive containing homo and heterolactic bacteria on the fermentation quality of maize silage / Aditivo contendo bactérias homo e heteroláticas sobre a qualidade fermentativa da silagem de milho

This trial evaluated the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis and Enterococcus faecium combo additive against a control treatment. The silages were made in laboratory silos that were stored for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days before opening. We evaluated the chemical composition of the forage before and after ensiling and the fermentative losses of silages. The additive decreased (p < 0.01) effluent production (11.4 kg ton⁻¹) compared to control silage (14.0 kg ton⁻¹), but it increased (p < 0.01) the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) from 45.6% and 24.5% to 47.0 and 25.1% for control and additive silages, respectively. The storage periods affected (p < 0.01) effluent production, Dry Matter Losses (DML), NDF, ADF and pH variables. Fermentative losses were very low because of the adequate characteristics of maize for ensilage.(AU)

O presente ensaio experimental avaliou inoculação de aditivo composto por Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis e Enterococcus faecium em relação à silagem sem aditivo (Controle). As silagens foram confeccionadas em silos experimentais e armazenadas por 30, 60, 90 ou 120 dias antes da abertura dos silos. Foi avaliada a composição bromatológica da forragem antes e após a ensilagem, e as perdas fermentativas durante o processo. O aditivo avaliado reduziu (p <0,01) a produção de efluente (11,4 kg t⁻¹) em relação à silagem Controle (14,0 kg t⁻¹). A inoculação com aditivo elevou os teores de Fibra em Detergente Neutro (FDN) e Fibra em Detergente Ácido (FDA), de 45,6 e 24,5% para 47,0 e 25,1% para as silagens controle e com aditivo, respectivamente. Os tempos de armazenamento influenciaram (p < 0,01) a produção de efluente, a perda de matéria seca (PMS), os teores de FDN e FDA, e o pH das silagens. As silagens apresentaram bons parâmetros de qualidade e as perdas fermentativas observadas foram bastante reduzidas, dadas as adequadas características da cultura do milho para a ensilagem.(AU)

Ozônio um fármaco multifatorial / Ozone: a multifatorial drug / Ozono: un medicamento multifactorial

o ozônio é um fármaco em forma gasosa que apresenta ampla aplicabilidade médica. Em função das doses e concentrações utilizadas, pode apresentar efeitos antissépticos, imunomodulatórios e analgésicos, tratando doenças sistêmicas, ortopédicas, dermatológicas e até mesmo oncológicas. Sua grande acessibilidade e baixo custo tornam a terapia muitas vezes banalizada e pouco creditada entre o meio médico e científico, apesar das inúmeras publicações disponíveis. Sua execução deve ser exclusiva a médicos e médicos veterinários e deve ser realizada com critérios técnicos, ética e consciência.(AU)

Ozone is a gaseous drug with broad medical applicability. Depending on the doses and concentrations used, it may present antiseptic, immunomodulatory and analgesic effects, treating systemic, orthopedic, dermatological and even oncological diseases. Its great accessibility and low cost make the therapy often banalized and poorly credited between the medical and scientific environment, despite the numerous publications available. The execution should be exclusive to physicians and veterinarians and should be performed with technical, ethical and conscientious criteria.(AU)

El gas ozono es una forma de fármaco que tiene una amplia aplicabilidad médica. Debido a las repetidas dosis y concentraciones pueden proporcionar antiséptico, analgésico y efectos inmunomoduladores, el tratamiento de enfermedades sistémicas, ortopédica, dermatológicas y oncológicas incluso. Su gran accesibilidad y bajo costo hacen que la terapia a menudo trivializado y poco le atribuye entre la comunidad médica y científica, a pesar de las numerosas publicaciones disponibles. Su ejecución debe ser única para los veterinarios y los médicos y debe ser realizado con criterios técnicos, la ética y la conciencia.(AU)