Biological compatibility of oxidized cellulose vs. porcine gelatin to control bleeding in liver lesions in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare biological compatibility, hemostasis, and adhesion formation between oxidized regenerated cellulose and lyophilized hydrolyzed porcine collagen in liver trauma. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats constituted two groups: group A (oxidized cellulose) and group B (lyophilized hydrolyzed collagen). Standardized liver trauma was made, and the hemostatic agent was applied. Animals in subgroups A7 and B7 were submitted to euthanasia and relaparotomy after seven days, and in subgroups A14 and B14 after 14 days. Macroscopic and microscopic results were evaluated. Results: There was no fluid in the cavity in any of the animals, and adhesions were present in all of them. In the analysis after seven days, the adhesions were grades 3 or 4 and consisted of omentum, small intestine, and abdominal wall (p<0.05). In both groups, the mesh was surrounded by a capsule, which was not observed after 14 days. In the evaluation after 14 days, adhesions were grades 2 or 3 (p>0.05). The microscopic examination showed subacute and chronic reactions, in both groups and in both timepoints, with similar frequency. The intensity of fibrosis always presented positive scores. Microabscesses and xanthomatous macrophages were observed in both groups. Conclusions: There was no superiority of one agent over the other.

Effect of intrabronchial platelet rich plasma on the exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage endoscopic score in thoroughbred racehorses using furosemide: a preliminary study / [Efeito da instilação intrabronquial de plasma rico em plaquetas no escore endoscópico da hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício em cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês de corrida e usuários de furosemida: um estudo preliminar]

The high prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in athletic horses constitutes to be a challenge to the racing industry and a source of major concern to animal welfare. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicate that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising effector of repair in a variety of pulmonary conditions. The present study evaluated the effect of intrabronchial instillation of PRP on EIPH endoscopic scores from 37 Thoroughbred racehorses. Inclusion criteria were for animals to be EIPH-positive in, at least, two consecutive post-exercise endoscopic exams and to receive 250mg of furosemide IV four hours before racing. Animals were randomly assigned into 3 groups: placebo, control, and PRP instillation. All 37 Thoroughbred racehorses included had EIPH endoscopic scores pre- and post- treatment compared by statistical analysis. The bleeding score from the group receiving PRP was significantly lower than in the control and placebo groups. No adverse effects were observed in any animal during or after the experiment. It was possible to conclude that the intrabronchial instillation of autologous PRP was effective in reducing EIPH scores in racehorses receiving furosemide and that this bioproduct can be considered as a promising coadjuvant in controlling EIPH in athletic horses.(AU)

A alta prevalência de hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício (HPIE) em cavalos atletas é um desafio de longa data para a indústria de corridas, além de figurar como grande preocupação sobre o bem-estar animal. As evidências experimentais e clínicas indicam que o uso do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) de fonte autógena é promissor na terapêutica de diversas lesões pulmonares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as mudanças após corrida no escore endoscópico de HPIE de 37 cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês que receberam instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo. Os animais selecionados eram HPIE-positivos em, ao menos, dois exames endoscópicos consecutivos e recebiam 250mg de furosemida IV administrado quatro horas antes de cada corrida. Na comparação dos escores endoscópicos pré e pós-tratamento, verificou-se que o escore de HPIE do grupo tratado com PRP foi significantemente menor que o dos grupos controle e placebo. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado nos animais durante ou após o experimento. Concluiu-se que a instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo foi efetiva na redução do escore de HPIE de cavalos de corrida usuários de furosemida e que este bioproduto pode ser considerado uma alternativa promissora no controle de HPIE em cavalos atletas.(AU)

Comparison of hemostatic efficacy of topical Ankaferd Blood Stopper on heparinized and nonheparinized rats in bleeding related to liver injury

Purpose: In this study, hemostatic efficacy of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), a new generation hemostatic agent, was compared in the presence of heparin effect. Methods: Forty-eight Wistar albino rats were divided into two main groups as heparinized and nonheparinized, and these two main groupswere divided into six subgroups as control, Surgicel and ABS (n = 8). Grade 2 liver injury was performed on rats as standard. All groups were compared in terms of weight, laceration surface area, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), international normalized ratio (INR), bleeding time, bleeding amount, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, macroscopic and microscopic reactions to the agent used. Results: Whereas there was no statistically significant difference between weight, laceration surface area, PT, INR and preoperative Hb values in the heparinized and nonheparinized groups, postoperative Hb, bleeding time, bleeding amount and aPTT values were statistically different (p 0.05). In the heparin-hemostat interaction, the ABS group had the lowest bleeding in the heparinized group in terms of the amount of bleeding compared to the control and Surgicel groups (F = 0.764; p = 0.047). In macroscopic and microscopic comparison, there was no difference between the groups in terms of cell necrosis andfresh bleeding (p > 0.05), it was found that the Surgicel group had statistical significantly higher reaction scores (p < 0.05) than the other groups in terms of other parameters. Conclusions: Ankaferd Blood Stopper can be safely and effectively used in surgical practice and in patients with additional diseases requiring heparinization, since it causes minimal reaction in the liver and decreases the amount of bleeding especially in the heparinized group.(AU)

Thrombin generation and thromboelastometry tests in dogs with chronic kidney disease / Testes de geração de trombina e tromboelastometria em cães com doença renal crônica

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have paradoxical hemostatic potential because they have bleeding episodes but are also prone to thrombosis. Few studies have evaluated blood viscoelastic properties in dogs with kidney disease; on the other hand, hypercoagulability has been observed in these patients. It is also emphasized that the platelet function and its participation in this process have not yet been fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the Thrombin Generation Test (TGT) and also viscoelastic properties of the blood measured by thromboelastometry (TEM) in dogs with proteinuria in CKD. Twenty healthy dogs (Control Group) and 19 dogs with CKD in stage III or IV, classified according to International Renal Interest Society - IRIS, were selected, and the reference test of urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) should be greater than one (CKD group). Blood samples for TEM, thrombin generation, Prothrombin Time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), and fibrinogen concentration was collected at a single time for both groups after inclusion criteria being confirmed. Statistical analysis was performed according to the distribution of variables at 5% significance level. Differences were observed between healthy dogs and those with proteinuria in CKD noted in TEM. The TGT was unable to differentiate between sick and healthy groups. However, when the nephropathy was stratified, increases in TTP and peak thrombin concentration by TGT were observed in females and dogs over 30 days of diagnosis of CKD. Both tests signaled a discrete state of hypercoagulability. In fact, TEM is more sensitive to detect hypercoagulability in dogs with CKD. However, the TGT has potential clinical application by allowing long-term sample storage.(AU)

Os pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam um potencial hemostático paradoxal, pois apresentam episódios de sangramento, mas também são propensos à trombose. Poucos estudos avaliaram as propriedades viscoelásticas sanguíneas em cães com doenças renais, entretanto, a hipercoagulabilidade já foi observada nestes pacientes. Ressalta-se ainda que a função plaquetária e sua participação neste processo ainda não foram totalmente esclarecidas. O objetivo foi avaliar e comparar o teste de geração de trombina (TGT) e as propriedades viscoelásticas sanguíneas medidas pela tromboelastometria (TEM) em cães com DRC proteinúrica. Foram selecionados 20 cães saudáveis (grupo controle) e 19 cães com DRC em estágios III ou IV classificados segundo o IRIS e a relação proteína/creatinina urinária maior que um (grupo DRC). As amostras de sangue para a realização da tromboelastometria (TEM), geração de trombina, tempo de protrombina (TP), tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) e concentração de fibrinogênio foram colhidas em momento único para ambos os grupos após os critérios de inclusão confirmados. A análise estatística foi realizada de acordo com a distribuição das variáveis, ao nível de 5% de significância. Foi observada diferença entre os cães saudáveis e os com DRC proteinúrica observados na TEM. O teste de geração de trombina não foi capaz de diferenciar os grupos doente e saudável. Entretanto, quando os nefropatas foram analisados de forma estratificada, foram observados aumentos do ETP e da concentração máxima de trombina (peak) pelo TGT em fêmeas e em cães com mais de 30 dias de diagnóstico da DRC. Ambos os testes sinalizando para um discreto estado de hipercoagulabiliade. A tromboelastometria é mais sensível para detectar a hipercoagulabilidade em cães com DRC. Entretanto, o teste de geração de trombina tem melhor aplicabilidade por permitir o armazenamento da amostra em longo prazo.(AU)

Thrombin generation and thromboelastometry tests in dogs with chronic kidney disease / Testes de geração de trombina e tromboelastometria em cães com doença renal crônica

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have paradoxical hemostatic potential because they have bleeding episodes but are also prone to thrombosis. Few studies have evaluated blood viscoelastic properties in dogs with kidney disease; on the other hand, hypercoagulability has been observed in these patients. It is also emphasized that the platelet function and its participation in this process have not yet been fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the Thrombin Generation Test (TGT) and also viscoelastic properties of the blood measured by thromboelastometry (TEM) in dogs with proteinuria in CKD. Twenty healthy dogs (Control Group) and 19 dogs with CKD in stage III or IV, classified according to International Renal Interest Society - IRIS, were selected, and the reference test of urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) should be greater than one (CKD group). Blood samples for TEM, thrombin generation, Prothrombin Time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), and fibrinogen concentration was collected at a single time for both groups after inclusion criteria being confirmed. Statistical analysis was performed according to the distribution of variables at 5% significance level. Differences were observed between healthy dogs and those with proteinuria in CKD noted in TEM. The TGT was unable to differentiate between sick and healthy groups. However, when the nephropathy was stratified, increases in TTP and peak thrombin concentration by TGT were observed in females and dogs over 30 days of diagnosis of CKD. Both tests signaled a discrete state of hypercoagulability. In fact, TEM is more sensitive to detect hypercoagulability in dogs with CKD. However, the TGT has potential clinical application by allowing long-term sample storage.(AU)

Os pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam um potencial hemostático paradoxal, pois apresentam episódios de sangramento, mas também são propensos à trombose. Poucos estudos avaliaram as propriedades viscoelásticas sanguíneas em cães com doenças renais, entretanto, a hipercoagulabilidade já foi observada nestes pacientes. Ressalta-se ainda que a função plaquetária e sua participação neste processo ainda não foram totalmente esclarecidas. O objetivo foi avaliar e comparar o teste de geração de trombina (TGT) e as propriedades viscoelásticas sanguíneas medidas pela tromboelastometria (TEM) em cães com DRC proteinúrica. Foram selecionados 20 cães saudáveis (grupo controle) e 19 cães com DRC em estágios III ou IV classificados segundo o IRIS e a relação proteína/creatinina urinária maior que um (grupo DRC). As amostras de sangue para a realização da tromboelastometria (TEM), geração de trombina, tempo de protrombina (TP), tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) e concentração de fibrinogênio foram colhidas em momento único para ambos os grupos após os critérios de inclusão confirmados. A análise estatística foi realizada de acordo com a distribuição das variáveis, ao nível de 5% de significância. Foi observada diferença entre os cães saudáveis e os com DRC proteinúrica observados na TEM. O teste de geração de trombina não foi capaz de diferenciar os grupos doente e saudável. Entretanto, quando os nefropatas foram analisados de forma estratificada, foram observados aumentos do ETP e da concentração máxima de trombina (peak) pelo TGT em fêmeas e em cães com mais de 30 dias de diagnóstico da DRC. Ambos os testes sinalizando para um discreto estado de hipercoagulabiliade. A tromboelastometria é mais sensível para detectar a hipercoagulabilidade em cães com DRC. Entretanto, o teste de geração de trombina tem melhor aplicabilidade por permitir o armazenamento da amostra em longo prazo.(AU)

Tracheal stenosis in a Holstein cow / Estenose de traqueia em uma vaca Holandesa

Tracheal stenosis, also known as Honker syndrome, is characterized by tracheal edema and hemorrhage, leading to partial obstruction of the lumen; therefore, death. Its etiology is not yet well elucidated. A 3-year-old Holstein cow, with a history of dyspnea, and a large amount of reddish foam flowing from the mouth and nose, had died after 10 minutes of clinical signs. Macroscopic examination revealed focally extensive hemorrhage and clot organization in tracheal mucosa extending to the submucosa, surrounded by well-differentiated fibrous connective tissue. In adjacent mucosa was observed moderate multifocal inflammatory infiltrate composed by lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as moderate squamous cell metaplasia. The bacterial culture showed growth of contaminant and environmental bacteria and the RT-PCR to detect Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) was negative. To the authors knowledge, this is the first report of tracheal stenosis in South America, as well as the first report of this condition described in a Holstein cow.(AU)

A estenose traqueal, também conhecida como síndrome de Honker, caracteriza-se pela formação edema e hemorragia na traqueia, causando obstrução parcial do lúmen e consequentemente morte dos animais. Sua etiologia ainda não está bem esclarecida. Descreve-se um caso de um bovino, fêmea de aptidão leiteira, três anos de idade com manifestação clínica de dispneia, e secreção de grande quantidade de espuma avermelhada pela boca e narina, e óbito após 10 minutos de evolução do quadro. No exame macroscópico, observou-se em traqueia área focalmente extensa de coágulo circundado por tecido conjuntivo na região dorsal, em áreas adjacentes havia espessamento da mucosa causado por edema e tecido conjuntivo. No exame microscópico observou-se em traqueia, hemorragia e coágulo em organização na submucosa estendendo-se para a mucosa, circundada por tecido conjuntivo fibroso bem diferenciado. Em mucosa adjacente, observou-se infiltrado inflamatório multifocal, moderado de linfócitos e plasmócitos e metaplasia escamosa do epitélio respiratório, multifocal moderada. Verificou-se no cultivo bacteriano que houve crescimento misto abundante somente de bactérias contaminantes e bactérias ambientais. Além disso, a técnica de RT-PCR para detecção Herpesvírus tipo 1 (BoHV-1) e 5 (BoHV-5) resultou negativa. Este foi o primeiro relato ao conhecimento dos autores, de estenose traqueal na América do Sul, bem como o primeiro descrito em bovino de aptidão leiteira.(AU)

Erisipela suína: relato de caso no município de Cachoeiras de Macacu-RJ / Swine erysipelas: case report in the city of Cachoeiras de Macacu-RJ

Na suinocultura perdas econômicas ainda são elevadas devido aos baixos padrões de qualidade e sanidade dos animais. Dentre as afecções que afetam a produção, a erisipela é uma doença considerada importante em função dos prejuízos econômicos que causa, e pela questão de saúde pública visto ser uma zoonose. Ela é uma enfermidade do tipo hemorrágica comumente causada pela bactéria ubíqua Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso desta afecção em uma matriz da raça Large White, de dois anos de idade, recém desmamada, não vacinada, de uma pequena granja de ciclo completo no munícipio de Cachoeiras de Macacu, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Ela amanheceu prostrada, com dificuldade de locomoção, sem febre e com manchas avermelhadas sobre toda a superfície corporal. As lesões cutâneas, ligeiramente elevadas, apresentavam um formato losangular (diamante) característico e sugestivo de Erisipela. Após a identificação do problema, o animal foi isolado e tratado. O tratamento iniciou-se na manhã do mesmo dia, observando-se a regressão da maioria das lesões à tarde e na manhã seguinte. A suspeita clínica foi confirmada através do diagnóstico terapêutico, sendo a associação de penicilina e estreptomicina eficiente no tratamento.

In swine industry, economic losses are still high due to low standards of quality and health of animals. Among the diseases that affect production, erysipelas is a disease considered important due to the economic losses it causes, and because of the public health issue as it is a zoonosis. It is a hemorrhagic type disease commonly caused by the ubiquitous bacteria Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae. The aim of this study was to report a case of this condition in a Large White breed sow, two years old, recently weaned, not vaccinated, from a small pig farm (farrow to finish operation) in the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, state of Rio de Janeiro. The sow was prostrate and with limited mobility, without fever and with reddish spots on the entire body surface. The cutaneous lesions were elevated, with a characteristic diamond shape suggestive of erysipelas. After identifying the problem, the animal was isolated and treated. The treatment started in the morning of the same day, observing the regression of most lesions in the afternoon and the following morning. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed through therapeutic diagnosis, and the association of penicillin and streptomycin was efficient in the treatment.

Autotransfusão imediata em cão - relato de caso / Instant autotransfusion in dog - case report

As hemorragias podem levar à morte, em caso de não interrupção e recuperação da volemia. A substituição do sangue pode ser realizada por transfusão homóloga ou autóloga. Na transfusão homóloga, o sangue é obtido de um doador, na autotransfusão ou transfusão autóloga, o sangue é coletado do próprio paciente. Objetivou-se relatar a autotransfusão em um cão como um método simples, rápido e barato, e discutir esse procedimento como uma alternativa emergencial para clínicas e hospitais que não possuem bancos de sangue ou animais doadores. Foi atendido um cão Rottweiler fêmea, 42,8kg, 10 anos de idade, com queixa principal de tumor mamário e para realização de castração. Após o procedimento, a paciente apresentou hemoperitônio, sendo encaminhada para novo procedimento cirúrgico, durante o qual se observou grande quantidade de sangue livre na cavidade abdominal. Foi realizada a autotransfusão de emergência, pela técnica das duas seringas, devido à indi1111sponibilidade de sangue ou animal doador no momento do procedimento cirúrgico emergencial, demonstrando ser uma opção eficiente, econômica, de fácil acesso e segura, por ser uma transfusão normotérmica, apresentar diminuição do risco de sobrecarga circulatória e por ser o sangue compatível, devendo ser mais explorada, pois existem poucos dados descritos na literatura.(AU)

Hemorrhages can lead to death in case of non-interruption and recovery of blood volume. Blood replacement may be performed by homologous or autologous transfusion. In homologous transfusion, blood is obtained from a donor, in autotransfusion or autologous transfusion, blood is collected from the patient himself. We aimed to report autotransfusion in a dog as a simple, quick, and inexpensive method, and discuss it as an emergency alternative for clinics and hospitals that do not have blood banks or animal donors. A female Rottweiler dog, 42.8kg, 10 years of age, was treated with a primary complaint of mammary tumor and for castration. After the procedure the patient presented hemoperitoneum, being referred to a new surgical procedure, where a large amount of free blood was observed in the abdominal cavity. The emergency autotransfusion was performed by the two syringes technique, due to the unavailability of blood or donor animal at the time of the emergency surgical procedure, proving to be an efficient, economical, easily accessible and safe option because it is a normothermic transfusion, risk of circulatory overload and blood is compatible. It should be more exploited because there are few data described in the literature.(AU)

Autotransfusão imediata em cão - relato de caso / Instant autotransfusion in dog - case report

As hemorragias podem levar à morte, em caso de não interrupção e recuperação da volemia. A substituição do sangue pode ser realizada por transfusão homóloga ou autóloga. Na transfusão homóloga, o sangue é obtido de um doador, na autotransfusão ou transfusão autóloga, o sangue é coletado do próprio paciente. Objetivou-se relatar a autotransfusão em um cão como um método simples, rápido e barato, e discutir esse procedimento como uma alternativa emergencial para clínicas e hospitais que não possuem bancos de sangue ou animais doadores. Foi atendido um cão Rottweiler fêmea, 42,8kg, 10 anos de idade, com queixa principal de tumor mamário e para realização de castração. Após o procedimento, a paciente apresentou hemoperitônio, sendo encaminhada para novo procedimento cirúrgico, durante o qual se observou grande quantidade de sangue livre na cavidade abdominal. Foi realizada a autotransfusão de emergência, pela técnica das duas seringas, devido à indi1111sponibilidade de sangue ou animal doador no momento do procedimento cirúrgico emergencial, demonstrando ser uma opção eficiente, econômica, de fácil acesso e segura, por ser uma transfusão normotérmica, apresentar diminuição do risco de sobrecarga circulatória e por ser o sangue compatível, devendo ser mais explorada, pois existem poucos dados descritos na literatura.(AU)

Hemorrhages can lead to death in case of non-interruption and recovery of blood volume. Blood replacement may be performed by homologous or autologous transfusion. In homologous transfusion, blood is obtained from a donor, in autotransfusion or autologous transfusion, blood is collected from the patient himself. We aimed to report autotransfusion in a dog as a simple, quick, and inexpensive method, and discuss it as an emergency alternative for clinics and hospitals that do not have blood banks or animal donors. A female Rottweiler dog, 42.8kg, 10 years of age, was treated with a primary complaint of mammary tumor and for castration. After the procedure the patient presented hemoperitoneum, being referred to a new surgical procedure, where a large amount of free blood was observed in the abdominal cavity. The emergency autotransfusion was performed by the two syringes technique, due to the unavailability of blood or donor animal at the time of the emergency surgical procedure, proving to be an efficient, economical, easily accessible and safe option because it is a normothermic transfusion, risk of circulatory overload and blood is compatible. It should be more exploited because there are few data described in the literature.(AU)

Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats / Respostas clínicas à perda sanguínea aguda em caprinos

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2 , bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.

A resposta clínica à perda de sangue está diretamente relacionada ao grau de hemorragia, mas para a espécie caprinas alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser investigados. Deste modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos da perda aguda de sangue em caprinos. Oito caprinos adultos, mestiços, hígidos, foram submetidas a punção jugular externa para remoção de 30% do volume total de sangue. Foi realizado exame clínico e análises hematológicas, hemogasométricas e bioquímicas no momento basal, antes da perda de sangue (T0), e uma (T1h), seis (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 72 (T72h) horas e oito (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) e 32 (T32d) dias após. As cabras apresentaram taquicardia, taquipneia e hipertermia uma hora após a perda de sangue com retorno aos valores fisiológicos em T6h. O volume globular diminuiu em T1h e a contagem de células vermelhas em T12h, ambos retornando valores basais em T24d. Houve uma redução nos níveis de proteína totais e albumina em T1h, e ambos permaneceram abaixo dos níveis basais até T16d e T8d, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de cálcio diminuiu durante o período T1h para T24h e a glicose aumentou no período T1h a T6h. Os valores de pH, TCO2, bicarbonato e excesso de base foram menores em T1h, enquanto o lactato aumentou acentuadamente neste momento. O pCO2 foi reduzida somente em T24h. As pressões sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD) e média (PM) diminuíram em T1h. A perda aguda de 30% do volume sangüíneo em cabras causou alterações nos parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos, que foram restaurados ao longo de um período de seis horas, enquanto que as alterações hematológicas foram mais persistentes, com valores basais restaurados somente após 24 dias.

Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats / Respostas clínicas à perda sanguínea aguda em caprinos

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2 , bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.(AU)

A resposta clínica à perda de sangue está diretamente relacionada ao grau de hemorragia, mas para a espécie caprinas alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser investigados. Deste modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos da perda aguda de sangue em caprinos. Oito caprinos adultos, mestiços, hígidos, foram submetidas a punção jugular externa para remoção de 30% do volume total de sangue. Foi realizado exame clínico e análises hematológicas, hemogasométricas e bioquímicas no momento basal, antes da perda de sangue (T0), e uma (T1h), seis (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 72 (T72h) horas e oito (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) e 32 (T32d) dias após. As cabras apresentaram taquicardia, taquipneia e hipertermia uma hora após a perda de sangue com retorno aos valores fisiológicos em T6h. O volume globular diminuiu em T1h e a contagem de células vermelhas em T12h, ambos retornando valores basais em T24d. Houve uma redução nos níveis de proteína totais e albumina em T1h, e ambos permaneceram abaixo dos níveis basais até T16d e T8d, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de cálcio diminuiu durante o período T1h para T24h e a glicose aumentou no período T1h a T6h. Os valores de pH, TCO2, bicarbonato e excesso de base foram menores em T1h, enquanto o lactato aumentou acentuadamente neste momento. O pCO2 foi reduzida somente em T24h. As pressões sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD) e média (PM) diminuíram em T1h. A perda aguda de 30% do volume sangüíneo em cabras causou alterações nos parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos, que foram restaurados ao longo de um período de seis horas, enquanto que as alterações hematológicas foram mais persistentes, com valores basais restaurados somente após 24 dias.(AU)

A new approach to blood parameters in dogs with hemorrhagic enteritis

Background: Some blood parameters have diagnostic and prognostic importance for the infections in human medicine. However, there is insufficient research regarding the importance of blood parameters and their correlations in veterinary medicine. Increased blood cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet activity can link with the important inflammatory markers. The main objective of the present study was the evaluation of the relationship among some important blood parameters namely RDW, platelet count (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), their potential usage in the diagnosis and determination of the clinical severity in dogs with hemorrhagic enteritis. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, the case records of 29 dogs with hemorrhagic enteritis were evaluated and the records of 10 healthy dogs were used as controls. The animals of the study group were presented at the Ondokuz Mayis University, Veterinary Internal Medicine Clinic. The complete blood count (CBC), which includes the total WBC, RBC, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RDW, PLT, MPV, PCT, and PDW, was determined. Significant positive correlations between RDW and RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT and PDW, and a negative correlation with MCV, were determined. PDW was positively correlated with the lymphocyte count, MCHC and RDW, and negatively correlated with PCT. PLT was negatively correlated with MCV and MPV and positively correlated with RBC and RDW. In addition, MPV was positively correlated with MCV and MCH, and negatively correlated with PLT. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the granulocyte, WBC, HCT, RDW and PDW values (P < 0.001) and monocyte count, Hgb and MCV (P < 0.05), of the study and control groups. […]

Síndrome hemorrágica pulmonar em cão associada à leptospirose / Pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dog associated with leptospirosis

Background: Leptospirosis is probably the most widespread and prevalent zoonosis in the world, being classified as an emerging infectious disease for humans and dogs. Sporadically, dogs may present with cough and dyspnea, indicative of pulmonary involvement, associated with interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage with alveolar consolidation. Such changes stem from pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome, which has emerged as a fatal complication, being documented in some areas in Europe and little described in North America. In this sense, the present study aims to report pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome in a dog with leptospirosis.Case: A dog with no defined breed, aged 45 days, weighing 2.2 kg, with a history of apathy, anorexia, jaundice, hematochezia and vocalisation with a two day evolution was seen. Physical examination revealed a rectal temperature of 37.2°C, icteric mucosa, capillary filling time of two seconds, respiratory rate of 80 movements per minute and heart rate of 140 beats per minute, dehydration rate estimated at 8%, prostration, adequate body score, normal cardiac sounds and clean lung fields, in addition to petechiae in the abdominal region, whose palpation evidenced the presence of fluid in intestinal loops. The blood sample sent to the macroscopic serum agglutination was reagent for the serovar Icterohaemorragiae, titration of 200. Blood count revealed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, with left-sided deviation, eosinopenia, presence of rare hypersegmentated neutrophils, rare toxic neutrophils, mild cytoplasmic basophilia and rare reactive lymphocytes. Platelet estimation demonstrated thrombocytopenia. No haemoparasites were seen. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, there were changes in liver enzymes and markers of renal failure. Fluid therapy was used with 0.9% NaCl solution, 5 mg/ kg doxycycline intravenously every 12 h and nasogastric probe for administration of nutritional support...

Síndrome hemorrágica pulmonar em cão associada à leptospirose / Pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dog associated with leptospirosis

Background: Leptospirosis is probably the most widespread and prevalent zoonosis in the world, being classified as an emerging infectious disease for humans and dogs. Sporadically, dogs may present with cough and dyspnea, indicative of pulmonary involvement, associated with interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage with alveolar consolidation. Such changes stem from pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome, which has emerged as a fatal complication, being documented in some areas in Europe and little described in North America. In this sense, the present study aims to report pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome in a dog with leptospirosis.Case: A dog with no defined breed, aged 45 days, weighing 2.2 kg, with a history of apathy, anorexia, jaundice, hematochezia and vocalisation with a two day evolution was seen. Physical examination revealed a rectal temperature of 37.2°C, icteric mucosa, capillary filling time of two seconds, respiratory rate of 80 movements per minute and heart rate of 140 beats per minute, dehydration rate estimated at 8%, prostration, adequate body score, normal cardiac sounds and clean lung fields, in addition to petechiae in the abdominal region, whose palpation evidenced the presence of fluid in intestinal loops. The blood sample sent to the macroscopic serum agglutination was reagent for the serovar Icterohaemorragiae, titration of 200. Blood count revealed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, with left-sided deviation, eosinopenia, presence of rare hypersegmentated neutrophils, rare toxic neutrophils, mild cytoplasmic basophilia and rare reactive lymphocytes. Platelet estimation demonstrated thrombocytopenia. No haemoparasites were seen. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, there were changes in liver enzymes and markers of renal failure. Fluid therapy was used with 0.9% NaCl solution, 5 mg/ kg doxycycline intravenously every 12 h and nasogastric probe for administration of nutritional support...(AU)

A new approach to blood parameters in dogs with hemorrhagic enteritis

Background: Some blood parameters have diagnostic and prognostic importance for the infections in human medicine. However, there is insufficient research regarding the importance of blood parameters and their correlations in veterinary medicine. Increased blood cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet activity can link with the important inflammatory markers. The main objective of the present study was the evaluation of the relationship among some important blood parameters namely RDW, platelet count (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), their potential usage in the diagnosis and determination of the clinical severity in dogs with hemorrhagic enteritis. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, the case records of 29 dogs with hemorrhagic enteritis were evaluated and the records of 10 healthy dogs were used as controls. The animals of the study group were presented at the Ondokuz Mayis University, Veterinary Internal Medicine Clinic. The complete blood count (CBC), which includes the total WBC, RBC, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RDW, PLT, MPV, PCT, and PDW, was determined. Significant positive correlations between RDW and RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT and PDW, and a negative correlation with MCV, were determined. PDW was positively correlated with the lymphocyte count, MCHC and RDW, and negatively correlated with PCT. PLT was negatively correlated with MCV and MPV and positively correlated with RBC and RDW. In addition, MPV was positively correlated with MCV and MCH, and negatively correlated with PLT. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the granulocyte, WBC, HCT, RDW and PDW values (P < 0.001) and monocyte count, Hgb and MCV (P < 0.05), of the study and control groups. […](AU)

Enfermedad de von Willebrand de tipo 1 en un perro de la raza de San Bernardo - presentación clínica y el perfil de la hemostasia / Type 1 von Willebrand disease in St. Bernard dog - clinical presentation and hemostasis profile / Doença de von Willebrand tipo 1 grave em cão da raça São Bernardo - apresentação clínica e perfil de hemostasia

La enfermedad de von Willebrand (EvW) es el resultado de una deficiencia cuantitativa y/o cualitativa del factor de von Willebrand (FvW). Esta clasificado como un defecto extrínseco de las plaquetas, donde el fallo de respuesta hemostática se atribuye a la deficiencia de un factor del plasma necesario para la función normal de las plaquetas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir sistemáticamente el diagnóstico de la EvW tipo 1, tomando como ejemplo el reporte de un caso de un perro que presenta intensa epistaxis bilateral tratado en el hospital veterinario.(AU)

The von Willebrand disease (vWD) results from a quantitative and / or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF). It is classified as a platelet- extrinsic defect, wherein the hemostatic response failure is attributed to deficiency of a plasma factor required for normal platelet function. This study aims to describe systematically the diagnosis of vWD type 1 exemplified in a case report of a dog treated at a veterinary teaching hospital due to intense bilateral epistaxis.(AU)

A doença de von Willebrand (DvW) resulta de uma deficiência quantitativa e/ou qualitativa do fator de von Willebrand (FvW). É classificada como um defeito extrínseco à plaqueta, em que a falha da resposta hemostática é atribuída à deficiência de um fator plasmático necessário para a função plaquetária normal. Este estudo visa descrever de maneira sistemática o diagnóstico da doença de (DvW) tipo 1 exemplificada em um relato de caso de um cão atendido em hospital veterinário de ensino devido a uma intensa epistaxe bilateral.(AU)

Enfermedad de von Willebrand de tipo 1 en un perro de la raza de San Bernardo - presentación clínica y el perfil de la hemostasia / Type 1 von Willebrand disease in St. Bernard dog - clinical presentation and hemostasis profile / Doença de von Willebrand tipo 1 grave em cão da raça São Bernardo - apresentação clínica e perfil de hemostasia

La enfermedad de von Willebrand (EvW) es el resultado de una deficiencia cuantitativa y/o cualitativa del factor de von Willebrand (FvW). Esta clasificado como un defecto extrínseco de las plaquetas, donde el fallo de respuesta hemostática se atribuye a la deficiencia de un factor del plasma necesario para la función normal de las plaquetas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir sistemáticamente el diagnóstico de la EvW tipo 1, tomando como ejemplo el reporte de un caso de un perro que presenta intensa epistaxis bilateral tratado en el hospital veterinario.

The von Willebrand disease (vWD) results from a quantitative and / or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF). It is classified as a platelet- extrinsic defect, wherein the hemostatic response failure is attributed to deficiency of a plasma factor required for normal platelet function. This study aims to describe systematically the diagnosis of vWD type 1 exemplified in a case report of a dog treated at a veterinary teaching hospital due to intense bilateral epistaxis.

A doença de von Willebrand (DvW) resulta de uma deficiência quantitativa e/ou qualitativa do fator de von Willebrand (FvW). É classificada como um defeito extrínseco à plaqueta, em que a falha da resposta hemostática é atribuída à deficiência de um fator plasmático necessário para a função plaquetária normal. Este estudo visa descrever de maneira sistemática o diagnóstico da doença de (DvW) tipo 1 exemplificada em um relato de caso de um cão atendido em hospital veterinário de ensino devido a uma intensa epistaxe bilateral.

Alterações morfológicas induzidas pelo veneno da serpente PhilodryaS nattereri steindachner em ratos / Morphological changes induced by the snake venom from Philodryas nattereri Steindachner in rats

Philodryas nattererisnake is commonly distributed in arid and semiarid regions of northeast of Brazil. There is a shortage in the literature on the systemic effects of this venomin animals and humans. After 2h of intraperitoneally injection with differentdoses in rats, hemorrhagic zones in skin and the abdominal muscles were observed as well as presence of abundant erytrocytes in alveolar spaces and pulmonary congestion, hypereosinophilic cytoplasm in cells of cardiac muscle. Kidney and liver showed Histopathological changes. The snake venom of Philodryas nattereriwas capable of causing bleedind in different organs and morphological changes after poisoning.

A serpente Philodryas nattereri é comumente distribuída em regiões áridas e semi-áridas do nordeste do Brasil. Há escassez na literatura sobre os efeitos sistêmicos deste veneno em animais domésticos e humanos. Após 2h de injeção intraperitoneal com doses diferentes em ratos, foram observadas zonas hemorrágicas na pele e nos músculos abdominais, bem como a presença de eritrócitos abundantes em espaços alveolares, congestão pulmonar ecitoplasma hipereosinofílico em células do músculo estriado cardíaco. O rim e o fígado apresentaram alterações histopatológicas. O veneno da serpente Philodryas nattereri foi capaz de causar sangramento em diferentes órgãos e mudanças morfológicas após o envenenamento.

Alterações morfológicas induzidas pelo veneno da serpente PhilodryaS nattereri steindachner em ratos / Morphological changes induced by the snake venom from Philodryas nattereri Steindachner in rats

Philodryas nattererisnake is commonly distributed in arid and semiarid regions of northeast of Brazil. There is a shortage in the literature on the systemic effects of this venomin animals and humans. After 2h of intraperitoneally injection with differentdoses in rats, hemorrhagic zones in skin and the abdominal muscles were observed as well as presence of abundant erytrocytes in alveolar spaces and pulmonary congestion, hypereosinophilic cytoplasm in cells of cardiac muscle. Kidney and liver showed Histopathological changes. The snake venom of Philodryas nattereriwas capable of causing bleedind in different organs and morphological changes after poisoning.(AU)

A serpente Philodryas nattereri é comumente distribuída em regiões áridas e semi-áridas do nordeste do Brasil. Há escassez na literatura sobre os efeitos sistêmicos deste veneno em animais domésticos e humanos. Após 2h de injeção intraperitoneal com doses diferentes em ratos, foram observadas zonas hemorrágicas na pele e nos músculos abdominais, bem como a presença de eritrócitos abundantes em espaços alveolares, congestão pulmonar ecitoplasma hipereosinofílico em células do músculo estriado cardíaco. O rim e o fígado apresentaram alterações histopatológicas. O veneno da serpente Philodryas nattereri foi capaz de causar sangramento em diferentes órgãos e mudanças morfológicas após o envenenamento.(AU)

Contribution of ultrasonography to the diagnosis of internal bleeding in snakebite envenomation

In Africa, snakebite envenomations are frequently complicated by life-threatening hemorrhagic syndromes. The authors of the present study conducted a prospective analysis at the University Hospital of Parakou (north of Benin) for seven months (January 1 to July 31, 2014) to assess the contribution of ultrasonography to the diagnosis of internal bleedings and management of envenomation. Methods An ultrasound examination was performed in all patients with clinical envenomation regardless of its severity. The study involved 32 patients admitted to the ICU of the University Hospital of Parakou. Results The average age was 27 ± 13.9 years. The main signs of severity were: prolongation of clotting time (88 %), severe anemia (41 %), clinical hemorrhage (47 %), and shock (19 %). The ultrasound imaging showed internal hemorrhage in 18 patients (56 %). There were hematomas (22 %), hemoperitoneum (13 %) or a combination of both (22 %). The occurrence of internal bleeding and hemoperitoneum were mainly related to the delay of hospital presentation (p = 0.007) and the existence of external bleeding (p = 0.04). Thirty patients (94 %) received antivenom. Case fatality rate was 3.1 %. Conclusion Ultrasonography may help in diagnosing internal bleeding, even in patients that did not show external hemorrhages, and evaluating its importance. As a consequence, the management of snakebite victims may be significantly improved.(AU)