Hydronephrosis in a bitch with ovarian remnant syndrome - postsurgical complications

Background: Elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) is minimally invasive, but when performed incorrectly, it can lead to postsurgical complications, such as stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome and foci of adhesion generated by tissue reactions to threads and materials used in vessel hemostasis. The formation of adhesions and successive surgeries predisposes patients to other diseases, such as ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. Thus, we reported a case of hydronephrosis in a bitch submitted to conventional OH, followed by ovariectomy (OV) due to ovarian remnant syndrome and consequent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by successive surgical interventions. Case: A 11-year-old mixed breed medium size bitch with a history of stump pyometra and ovarian remnant syndrome (SOR) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital-HV of UFPA after 2 previous surgeries. It had been spayed using conventional OH and underwent ovariectomy OV approximately 4 years ago, as it showed signs of estrus after the first surgery, characterizing SOR. On physical examination, its abdomen was distended especially in the left hemiabdomen, with no palpable pain. Ultrasonography showed a cavity in the topographic area of the left kidney, with anechoic content, thin walls, and defined contour. There were nonvascularized tubular structures, suggesting hydroureter and severe hydronephrosis. Exploratory celiotomy was performed, showing the intense presence of abdominal adhesions, followed by an incision in the abdominal midline from the xiphoid process in a caudal direction to the pubis, thereby showing the left kidney. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule only was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, renal parenchymal atrophy and preservation of the renal capsule only was adopted. Discussion: The choice of the conventional OH technique, followed by the failure to perform, favored the formation of adhesions only diagnosed late. Less invasive alternatives achieved less long-term damage. Excessive intracavitary manipulation and reaction to the nylon suture thread favored the development of these adhesions, and consequently, unilateral obstruction of the left ureter, hydroureter, hypertrophy, and destruction of the renal parenchyma, led the patient to undergo a third surgery, namely, unilateral nephrectomy. In this case, no changes were observed in serum levels, leaving only a subtle abdominal enlargement with hydronephrosis installed silently. There was no possibility of carrying out initial surgical planning, as the affected kidney, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes.

Nefrectomia em um cão infectado por Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasilîpt / Nephrectomy in a dog infected with Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Background: Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyma renale, a parasite known as the giant kidney worm, that canparasitize the kidneys of domestic and wild animals. There are also reports of its occurrence in humans, thus revealing itszoonotic potential. In most cases, parasitized animals are asymptomatic. This parasite can cause atrophy or destroy therenal parenchyma, although ectopic locations may occur. The diagnosis is made through ultrasonography, based on thepresence of eggs in the urine, visualization of the parasite, or during necropsy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to reportthe case of a young dog infected with D. renale and subjected to nephrectomy in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.Case: A 6-month-old bitch with a clinical suspicion of hydronephrosis in the right kidney was referred to the VeterinaryHospital of Anhanguera-Uniderp University in the city of Campo Grande, MS. A physical examination of the patientrevealed an alteration in the urinary system. An abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) tests andbiochemical profile were ordered. The erythrogram indicated erythrocytosis resulting from dehydration and loss of bodyfluids, while enzyme levels (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and albumin) were within normal limits.The abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of a cylindrical and rounded structure characteristic of a nematode and inthe right kidney, and loss of renal parenchyma typical of D. renale infection. A urinalysis then revealed the presence ofhelminth eggs, confirming the diagnosis. The owner was informed about the need for nephrectomy of the affected rightkidney, which showed destruction of the renal parenchyma. One adult female and one adult male parasite were removedfrom inside the kidney, measuring approximately 50 cm and 35 cm in length. The patient was successfully treated, keptin hospital for observation, and returned two weeks later for reassessment of her...

Nefrectomia em um cão infectado por Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasilîpt / Nephrectomy in a dog infected with Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Background: Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyma renale, a parasite known as the giant kidney worm, that canparasitize the kidneys of domestic and wild animals. There are also reports of its occurrence in humans, thus revealing itszoonotic potential. In most cases, parasitized animals are asymptomatic. This parasite can cause atrophy or destroy therenal parenchyma, although ectopic locations may occur. The diagnosis is made through ultrasonography, based on thepresence of eggs in the urine, visualization of the parasite, or during necropsy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to reportthe case of a young dog infected with D. renale and subjected to nephrectomy in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.Case: A 6-month-old bitch with a clinical suspicion of hydronephrosis in the right kidney was referred to the VeterinaryHospital of Anhanguera-Uniderp University in the city of Campo Grande, MS. A physical examination of the patientrevealed an alteration in the urinary system. An abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) tests andbiochemical profile were ordered. The erythrogram indicated erythrocytosis resulting from dehydration and loss of bodyfluids, while enzyme levels (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and albumin) were within normal limits.The abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of a cylindrical and rounded structure characteristic of a nematode and inthe right kidney, and loss of renal parenchyma typical of D. renale infection. A urinalysis then revealed the presence ofhelminth eggs, confirming the diagnosis. The owner was informed about the need for nephrectomy of the affected rightkidney, which showed destruction of the renal parenchyma. One adult female and one adult male parasite were removedfrom inside the kidney, measuring approximately 50 cm and 35 cm in length. The patient was successfully treated, keptin hospital for observation, and returned two weeks later for reassessment of her...(AU)

Hydronephrosis in a dog related to ovariosalpingohysterectomy

Background: Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the pelvis and renal calyxes due to post-renal obstruction. The obstruction is often associated with extraluminal masses, blood clots and ureter ligation in castration procedures. Ureter ligation is reported as a malpractice. The renal function is reestablished if ligation is rapidly undone, but not for obstructions longer than four weeks. Often, clinical signs are results from months to years after the castration, when nephrectomy is the best therapeutic option. This paper aims to report a case of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis in a 10-year-old dog caused by chronic ureter occlusion with Nylon 3.0 suture during an elective procedure. Case: A 10-year-old female pinscher dog, spayed 3 years ago was admitted at the Surgery Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (HV-UFJ). The animal was taken for periodontal treatment. In the physical and laboratory examination (complete blood count, hepatic and renal biochemical tests) no significant and noteworthy alterations were found. Ultrasonographic examination showed no changes in the topography and echotexture of the left kidney, however the right kidney was not visualized, with an anechoic structure suggestive of advanced and severe hydronephrosis. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy was proposed to identify the observed structure, with the periodontal treatment considered for a later time. So, a retroumbilical incision was made, followed by linea alba and the removal of simple isolated suture remaining from previous surgical procedure. In the cavity, the viscera were isolated and the left kidney was identified, observing preserved anatomy. On the other hand, the right kidney had altered topography and morphology, being exposed after release of adhesions in adjacent structures. The right renal artery and vein were dissected and a double ligature was made. Then, the right ureter was dissected, observing marked dilatation in the proximal portion and the presence of local ligation with Nylon 3.0. Right ureterectomy and right nephrectomy were performed. After nephrectomy, the capsule was ruptured, observing dark fluid in it and absence of tissue compatible with renal parenchyma. The material was preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology revealed risk of rupture of the renal capsule due to the advance of renal degeneration and complete absence of parenchyma. However, contrary to the severity of the histopathological, surgical and ultrasonographic findings, the patient did not present clinical signs at the time of diagnosis. Discussion: In the intraoperative evaluation, the cause of the hydronephrosis was verified to be in fact the ligation of the ureter, which may have been accidental or due to the malpractice of the veterinarian surgeon. Other possible causes such as adhesions and granulomas were ruled out because the Nylon 3.0 suture was found in the proximal portion of the right ureter. It is believed that the patient may have presented clinical signs of hydronephrosis that may have been confused by the tutors as postoperative complications, changes that if identified and performed in time, could have avoided the occurrence or worsening of hydronephrosis and subsequent nephrectomy. Clinically, the bitch did not show clinical signs presented in the literature as consistent with hydronephrosis such as polyuria, polydipsia, abdominalgia, external fistula and anorexia. Therefore, it is believed that this case is one of the first reports of the occurrence of severe hydronephrosis without typical clinical manifestations of hydronephrosis. This fact raises a warning about the thorough monitoring in the postoperative period by owners and veterinarians, in addition to highlighting concerns regarding the occurrence of medical malpractice versus surgical accidents.

Pionefrose unilateral em cão - relato de caso / Unilateral pyonephrosis in a dog - case report / Pionefrosis unilateral en perro - relato de caso

A pionefrose consiste em uma hidronefrose contaminada, associada à destruição do parênquima renal. Tem como causas o bloqueio ureteral ou uretral por urólitos, inflamação crônica, neoplasia e ureter ectópico, seguidos de contaminação. O diagnóstico é realizado através de exames de imagem, principalmente a ultrassonografia e também através de urinálise e urocultura. Em casos avançados o tratamento preconizado é a nefrectomia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de um cão com suspeita inicial de hidronefrose. O paciente passou por nefrectomia, no pós-operatório observou-se melhora do seu quadro clínico, porém permanecendo a anemia. O diagnóstico definitivo, realizado por exame histopatológico, revelou pionefrose, entretanto sua causa não foi estabelecida.(AU)

Pyonephrosis consists of a contaminated hydronephrosis associated with the destruction of the renal parenchyma. Its causes include ureter or urethra blockage by uroliths, chronic inflammation, neoplasm, and ectopic ureter, followed by contamination. The diagnosis is made through image exams, mainly ultrasound, and also through urinalysis and uroculture. In advanced cases, nephrectomy is the recommended treatment. The objective of this study is to report a case of a dog with initial suspicion of hydronephrosis. The patient underwent nephrectomy, and during the postoperative period, an improvement in the clinical scenario was observed, despite the persistent anemia. The definitive diagnosis, carried out by histopathological examination, revealed pyonephrosis; however, its cause was not established.(AU)

La pionefrosis es una hidronefrosis contaminada, asociada con la destrucción del parénquima renal. Sus causas son el bloqueo ureteral o uretral por urolitos, inflamación crónica, neoplasia y uréter ectópico, seguido de contaminación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante exámenes de imágenes, principalmente ultrasonografía y también mediante análisis de orina y urocultivo. En casos avanzados el tratamiento recomendado es la nefrectomía. Este artículo tiene como objetivo informar un caso de un perro con sospecha inicial de hidronefrosis. El paciente se sometió a nefrectomía; después de la operación, su estado clínico mejoró, pero la anemia permaneció. El diagnóstico definitivo realizado por el examen histopatológico reveló pionfrosis, sin embargo, su causa no se ha establecido.(AU)

Pionefrose unilateral em cão - relato de caso / Unilateral pyonephrosis in a dog - case report / Pionefrosis unilateral en perro - relato de caso

A pionefrose consiste em uma hidronefrose contaminada, associada à destruição do parênquima renal. Tem como causas o bloqueio ureteral ou uretral por urólitos, inflamação crônica, neoplasia e ureter ectópico, seguidos de contaminação. O diagnóstico é realizado através de exames de imagem, principalmente a ultrassonografia e também através de urinálise e urocultura. Em casos avançados o tratamento preconizado é a nefrectomia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de um cão com suspeita inicial de hidronefrose. O paciente passou por nefrectomia, no pós-operatório observou-se melhora do seu quadro clínico, porém permanecendo a anemia. O diagnóstico definitivo, realizado por exame histopatológico, revelou pionefrose, entretanto sua causa não foi estabelecida.(AU)

Pyonephrosis consists of a contaminated hydronephrosis associated with the destruction of the renal parenchyma. Its causes include ureter or urethra blockage by uroliths, chronic inflammation, neoplasm, and ectopic ureter, followed by contamination. The diagnosis is made through image exams, mainly ultrasound, and also through urinalysis and uroculture. In advanced cases, nephrectomy is the recommended treatment. The objective of this study is to report a case of a dog with initial suspicion of hydronephrosis. The patient underwent nephrectomy, and during the postoperative period, an improvement in the clinical scenario was observed, despite the persistent anemia. The definitive diagnosis, carried out by histopathological examination, revealed pyonephrosis; however, its cause was not established.(AU)

La pionefrosis es una hidronefrosis contaminada, asociada con la destrucción del parénquima renal. Sus causas son el bloqueo ureteral o uretral por urolitos, inflamación crónica, neoplasia y uréter ectópico, seguido de contaminación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante exámenes de imágenes, principalmente ultrasonografía y también mediante análisis de orina y urocultivo. En casos avanzados el tratamiento recomendado es la nefrectomía. Este artículo tiene como objetivo informar un caso de un perro con sospecha inicial de hidronefrosis. El paciente se sometió a nefrectomía; después de la operación, su estado clínico mejoró, pero la anemia permaneció. El diagnóstico definitivo realizado por el examen histopatológico reveló pionfrosis, sin embargo, su causa no se ha establecido.(AU)

Hidronefrose unilateral por urólito em pelve renal de felino - relato de caso / Unilateral hydrophageosis by urolium in feline's renal pelve - case report

Na hidronefrose ocorre dilatação da pelve renal devido à obstrução do fluxo urinário, causada principalmente por um aumento lento ou intermitente da pressão pélvica. Urolitíase é a presença de cálculos nas vias urinarias (urolitos). Cálculos são concreções formadas pela precipitação de sais de ácidos orgânicos e inorgânicos ou por outros elementos, tais como cistina, xantina, fosfato, carbonato, cilica ou uratos, em associação a uma matriz orgânica (proteica). Diante disto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de hidronefrose unilateral por bloqueio da pelve renal em um paciente felino. O animal foi encaminhado ao centro veterinário Integrado de Campo Mourão PR para realização de exames complementares e foi possível observar hidronefrose no rim esquerdo e elevação nos níveis séricos de ureia, potássio, creatinina, cálcio e globulinas. O prognostico para este paciente era desfavorável devido ao estado clinico grave apresentado, sendo indicada a eutanásia. Após a eutanásia retirou-se o rim esquerdo do animal e observou-se um cálculo de consistência firme, arenosa e coloração amarelada obstruindo a conexão ureter e pelve. Na análise histopatológica a pelve renal apresentava-se com acentuado infiltrado inflamatório e fibrose moderada que se estendiam por todo parênquima renal, sendo o diagnóstico conclusivo de uma pielonefrite linfocítica difusa acentuada além de fibrose multifocal a coalescente.(AU)

In hydronephrosis, dilatation of the renal pelvis occurs due to obstruction of the urinary flow, mainly caused by a slow or intermittent increase in pelvic pressure. Urolithiasis is the presence of stones in the urinary tract (uroliths). Calculations are concretions formed by the precipitation of salts of organic and inorganic acids or by other elements, such as cystine, xanthine, phosphate, carbonate, cilica or urates, in association with an organic (protein) matrix. In view of this the present work aims to report a case of unilateral hydronephrosis by blocking the renal pelvis in a feline patient. The animal was referred to the Integrated Veterinary Center of Campo Mourão - PR to perform complementary tests and it was possible to observe hydronephrosis in the left kidney and increase in the serum levels of urea, potassium, creatinine, calcium and globulins. The prognosis for this patient was unfavorable due to the serious clinical condition presented, and euthanasia was indicated. After euthanasia, the left kidney was removed from the animal and observe a calculation of firm, sandy and yellowish consistency was found by obstructing the ureter and pelvis connection. In the histopathological analysis, the renal pelvis presented with marked inflammatory infiltrate and moderate fibrosis that extended throughout the renal parenchyma, being the conclusive diagnosis of a diffuse lymphocytic pyelonephritis, in addition to multifocal to coalescent fibrosis.(AU)

Hidronefrose unilateral por urólito em pelve renal de felino - relato de caso / Unilateral hydrophageosis by urolium in feline's renal pelve - case report

Na hidronefrose ocorre dilatação da pelve renal devido à obstrução do fluxo urinário, causada principalmente por um aumento lento ou intermitente da pressão pélvica. Urolitíase é a presença de cálculos nas vias urinarias (urolitos). Cálculos são concreções formadas pela precipitação de sais de ácidos orgânicos e inorgânicos ou por outros elementos, tais como cistina, xantina, fosfato, carbonato, cilica ou uratos, em associação a uma matriz orgânica (proteica). Diante disto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de hidronefrose unilateral por bloqueio da pelve renal em um paciente felino. O animal foi encaminhado ao centro veterinário Integrado de Campo Mourão – PR para realização de exames complementares e foi possível observar hidronefrose no rim esquerdo e elevação nos níveis séricos de ureia, potássio, creatinina, cálcio e globulinas. O prognostico para este paciente era desfavorável devido ao estado clinico grave apresentado, sendo indicada a eutanásia. Após a eutanásia retirou-se o rim esquerdo do animal e observou-se um cálculo de consistência firme, arenosa e coloração amarelada obstruindo a conexão ureter e pelve. Na análise histopatológica a pelve renal apresentava-se com acentuado infiltrado inflamatório e fibrose moderada que se estendiam por todo parênquima renal, sendo o diagnóstico conclusivo de uma pielonefrite linfocítica difusa acentuada além de fibrose multifocal a coalescente.

In hydronephrosis, dilatation of the renal pelvis occurs due to obstruction of the urinary flow, mainly caused by a slow or intermittent increase in pelvic pressure. Urolithiasis is the presence of stones in the urinary tract (uroliths). Calculations are concretions formed by the precipitation of salts of organic and inorganic acids or by other elements, such as cystine, xanthine, phosphate, carbonate, cilica or urates, in association with an organic (protein) matrix. In view of this the present work aims to report a case of unilateral hydronephrosis by blocking the renal pelvis in a feline patient. The animal was referred to the Integrated Veterinary Center of Campo Mourão - PR to perform complementary tests and it was possible to observe hydronephrosis in the left kidney and increase in the serum levels of urea, potassium, creatinine, calcium and globulins. The prognosis for this patient was unfavorable due to the serious clinical condition presented, and euthanasia was indicated. After euthanasia, the left kidney was removed from the animal and observe a calculation of firm, sandy and yellowish consistency was found by obstructing the ureter and pelvis connection. In the histopathological analysis, the renal pelvis presented with marked inflammatory infiltrate and moderate fibrosis that extended throughout the renal parenchyma, being the conclusive diagnosis of a diffuse lymphocytic pyelonephritis, in addition to multifocal to coalescent fibrosis.

Type II retrocaval ureter causing hydronephrosis in a cat: case report / Ureter retrocava tipo II causando hidronefrose em um gato: relato de caso

Retrocaval ureter (RU) is an abnormal embryonic development of the caudal vena cava (CVC) that leads the ureter to be entrapped dorsal to the CVC. In most cases there is no clinical impact; however, it can cause hydronephrosis. We report a rare case of type II symptomatic retrocaval ureter in a feline treated with nephroureterectomy. A 4-year-old, intact male, mixed breed cat was submitted to abdominal ultrasound and severe right hydronephrosis was diagnosed, with no signs of obstruction. We performed an exploratory celiotomy, in which a displacement of the right ureter dorsal to the CVC was observed. The animal was treated with ureteronephrectomy and recovered well. No intraluminal cause was found, and a urethral catheter could be easily inserted across the ureter length. The real clinical relevance of the RU is unknown, since it is a common find in post-mortem examination without kidney impact and, when significant, is often associated to other causes of ureteral obstructions, such as calculi and strictures. Additionally, in humans, type II RU seldom develops obstruction and hydronephrosis. In our case, due to absence of other causes of obstruction, probably mechanical compression of the CVC against the psoas muscle caused the hydronephrosis.(AU)

O ureter retrocava (UR) é originado por uma falha na formação embriológica da veia cava caudal (VCC), que leva ao aprisionamento do ureter dorsal à VCC. Na maioria dos casos, não há impacto clínico; entretanto, essa anomalia pode causar hidronefrose. Relata-se um raro caso de UR tipo II sintomático em um felino, tratado com nefroureterectomia. O referido animal, sem raça definida, macho intacto de quatro anos de idade, foi submetido à ultrassonografia abdominal, que revelou acentuada hidronefrose direita, sem sinais de obstrução. Realizou-se celiotomia exploratória, na qual foi possível observar o ureter direito dorsal à VCC. O animal foi tratado com nefroureterectomia e se recuperou satisfatoriamente. Nenhuma causa intraluminal foi encontrada e um cateter uretral pôde ser facilmente inserido por todo o comprimento do ureter. A real relevância clínica do UR é desconhecida, visto que é um achado comum em exames post mortem, sem impacto aos rins e, quando significante, frequentemente está associado a outras causas de obstrução ureteral, como cálculos e estenoses. Adicionalmente, em humanos, o UR tipo II raramente desenvolve obstrução e hidronefrose. Neste caso, devido à ausência de outros motivos de obstrução, acredita-se que a compressão mecânica da VCC contra o músculo psoas foi a causa da hidronefrose.(AU)

Type II retrocaval ureter causing hydronephrosis in a cat: case report / Ureter retrocava tipo II causando hidronefrose em um gato: relato de caso

Retrocaval ureter (RU) is an abnormal embryonic development of the caudal vena cava (CVC) that leads the ureter to be entrapped dorsal to the CVC. In most cases there is no clinical impact; however, it can cause hydronephrosis. We report a rare case of type II symptomatic retrocaval ureter in a feline treated with nephroureterectomy. A 4-year-old, intact male, mixed breed cat was submitted to abdominal ultrasound and severe right hydronephrosis was diagnosed, with no signs of obstruction. We performed an exploratory celiotomy, in which a displacement of the right ureter dorsal to the CVC was observed. The animal was treated with ureteronephrectomy and recovered well. No intraluminal cause was found, and a urethral catheter could be easily inserted across the ureter length. The real clinical relevance of the RU is unknown, since it is a common find in post-mortem examination without kidney impact and, when significant, is often associated to other causes of ureteral obstructions, such as calculi and strictures. Additionally, in humans, type II RU seldom develops obstruction and hydronephrosis. In our case, due to absence of other causes of obstruction, probably mechanical compression of the CVC against the psoas muscle caused the hydronephrosis.(AU)

O ureter retrocava (UR) é originado por uma falha na formação embriológica da veia cava caudal (VCC), que leva ao aprisionamento do ureter dorsal à VCC. Na maioria dos casos, não há impacto clínico; entretanto, essa anomalia pode causar hidronefrose. Relata-se um raro caso de UR tipo II sintomático em um felino, tratado com nefroureterectomia. O referido animal, sem raça definida, macho intacto de quatro anos de idade, foi submetido à ultrassonografia abdominal, que revelou acentuada hidronefrose direita, sem sinais de obstrução. Realizou-se celiotomia exploratória, na qual foi possível observar o ureter direito dorsal à VCC. O animal foi tratado com nefroureterectomia e se recuperou satisfatoriamente. Nenhuma causa intraluminal foi encontrada e um cateter uretral pôde ser facilmente inserido por todo o comprimento do ureter. A real relevância clínica do UR é desconhecida, visto que é um achado comum em exames post mortem, sem impacto aos rins e, quando significante, frequentemente está associado a outras causas de obstrução ureteral, como cálculos e estenoses. Adicionalmente, em humanos, o UR tipo II raramente desenvolve obstrução e hidronefrose. Neste caso, devido à ausência de outros motivos de obstrução, acredita-se que a compressão mecânica da VCC contra o músculo psoas foi a causa da hidronefrose.(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos de hidronefrose e hidroureter em cadela / Ultrasonographic appearance of hydronephrosis and hydroureter in bitch: case report

Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal collecting system. Advent of ultrasonographic examination allows observe small dilatations in the structures, to carry out precise measurements and the monitoring of the evolution of the alterations. A schnauzer bitch was reffered to the imaging department of VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours. On the ultrasonographic examination, it was possible to visualize the right kidney had an unassembled cortical-medullary relationship, with only the renal capsule and hyperechogenic lines extending to the center (interdiverticular septa) and large. A tubular image located caudally to the right kidney was visualized. The patient was then submitted to exploratory laparotomy where it was possible to verify that the kidney was softened, enlarged, and dilated ureter. Total nephrectomy of the organ was then chosen, where it was then evaluated and incised in a sagittalsection, where it was possible to observe a large renal pelvis dilatation and renal tissue atrophy.(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos de hidronefrose e hidroureter em cadela / Ultrasonographic appearance of hydronephrosis and hydroureter in bitch: case report

Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal collecting system. Advent of ultrasonographic examination allows observe small dilatations in the structures, to carry out precise measurements and the monitoring of the evolution of the alterations. A schnauzer bitch was reffered to the imaging department of VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours. On the ultrasonographic examination, it was possible to visualize the right kidney had an unassembled cortical-medullary relationship, with only the renal capsule and hyperechogenic lines extending to the center (interdiverticular septa) and large. A tubular image located caudally to the right kidney was visualized. The patient was then submitted to exploratory laparotomy where it was possible to verify that the kidney was softened, enlarged, and dilated ureter. Total nephrectomy of the organ was then chosen, where it was then evaluated and incised in a sagittalsection, where it was possible to observe a large renal pelvis dilatation and renal tissue atrophy.

Perinephric pseudocyst in a two-month-old female cat

Background: Perinephric pseudocyst is defined as an accumulation of fluid in fibrous sacs surrounding one or both kidneys, and may be located in the subcapsular or extracapsular region. Histologically, it is characterized by the absence of an epithelial lining to the cyst wall and the term pseudocyst is used. This condition have been reported sporadically in cats, and is associated with chronic kidney disease, mainly in older animals. The diagnosis is based on imaging tests and the prognosis is related to the severity of renal dysfunction. The aim of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of perinephric pseudocyst in a very young female cat.Case: A mixed-breed 2-month-old female cat was evaluated for presenting abdominal distension and anatomical deformities of the limbs. Renomegaly on the left side was noted during abdominal palpation. On presentation, the serum creatinine was 134 µmol/L. Urinalysis showed mild proteinuria, presence of squamous and transitional cells, and rare bacteria. The urine specific gravity was 1.044 and urine protein to creatinine ratio was 0.23. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a large anechoic subcapsular cyst on the left kidney, in adittion to dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces. The excretory urography showed left renomegaly, and the nephrogram and pyelogram were not clearly observed in this kidney, indicating unilateral deficiency in renal filtration. The cat was referred to unilateral left nephrectomy but died shortly before surgery. At necropsy, marked left kidney enlargment was observed (6.5 x 4.5 x 1.5 cm), with a cystic aspect, occupying almost the entire abdominal cavity. The cystic content was translucent and was compressing the renal parenchyma, resulting in hydronephrosis. The capsule forming the cyst wall was composed of connective tissue, characterizing the perinephric pseudocyst.Discussion: Reports show cases of perinephric pseudocyst affecting mostly older animals, above eight years old.[...]

Perinephric pseudocyst in a two-month-old female cat

Background: Perinephric pseudocyst is defined as an accumulation of fluid in fibrous sacs surrounding one or both kidneys, and may be located in the subcapsular or extracapsular region. Histologically, it is characterized by the absence of an epithelial lining to the cyst wall and the term pseudocyst is used. This condition have been reported sporadically in cats, and is associated with chronic kidney disease, mainly in older animals. The diagnosis is based on imaging tests and the prognosis is related to the severity of renal dysfunction. The aim of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of perinephric pseudocyst in a very young female cat.Case: A mixed-breed 2-month-old female cat was evaluated for presenting abdominal distension and anatomical deformities of the limbs. Renomegaly on the left side was noted during abdominal palpation. On presentation, the serum creatinine was 134 µmol/L. Urinalysis showed mild proteinuria, presence of squamous and transitional cells, and rare bacteria. The urine specific gravity was 1.044 and urine protein to creatinine ratio was 0.23. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a large anechoic subcapsular cyst on the left kidney, in adittion to dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces. The excretory urography showed left renomegaly, and the nephrogram and pyelogram were not clearly observed in this kidney, indicating unilateral deficiency in renal filtration. The cat was referred to unilateral left nephrectomy but died shortly before surgery. At necropsy, marked left kidney enlargment was observed (6.5 x 4.5 x 1.5 cm), with a cystic aspect, occupying almost the entire abdominal cavity. The cystic content was translucent and was compressing the renal parenchyma, resulting in hydronephrosis. The capsule forming the cyst wall was composed of connective tissue, characterizing the perinephric pseudocyst.Discussion: Reports show cases of perinephric pseudocyst affecting mostly older animals, above eight years old.[...](AU)

Urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in grazing cattlein Southern Brazil / Urolitíase com uroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos a campo no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

The purpose of this paper was to describe obstructive urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in range cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was observed in castrated male cattle, aged between 18 months and 3 years in a herd of 200 steers that were in a ryegrass pasture during the winter and a native pasture during the summer. Different mineral salts were used as a supplement for the animals during the two seasons of the year. Cattle presented a progressive abdominal distention, depression and dehydration ranging from 10 days to one month in duration. One animal was necropsied, and approximately 50 liters of urine (uroperitoneum) in the abdominal cavity were observed. The bladder had a small rupture and was adhered to the pelvic cavity. The right kidney was enlarged with hydronephrosis. Uroliths of more than 1cm in diameter were housed in the penile urethra. In this study, the disease occurred probably because of mineral salt supplementation, resulting in an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus intake.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever urolitíase obstrutiva associada a hidroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi observada em um rebanho de 200 bovinos machos castrados, com idade entre 18 meses e três anos, mantidos a campo, que permaneciam no inverno em pastagem de azevém e no verão em campo nativo e eram suplementados com diferentes sais minerais nas duas épocas do ano. Os bovinos afetados apresentavam aumento de volume abdominal progressivo, depressão e desidratação, com evolução de 10 dias a um mês. Um bovino foi necropsiado e havia na cavidade abdominal aproximadamente 50 litros de urina (uroperitônio). A bexiga apresentava pequena ruptura e aderência à cavidade pélvica. O rim direito estava aumentado de tamanho e apresentava hidronefrose. Havia urólitos de mais ou menos 1cm de diâmetro alojados na uretra peniana. Neste caso é provável que a doença tenha ocorrido em consequência da suplementação com sal mineral contendo quantidades inadequadas de cálcio e fósforo levando a um desequilíbrio entre estes minerais.

Urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in grazing cattlein Southern Brazil / Urolitíase com uroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos a campo no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

The purpose of this paper was to describe obstructive urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in range cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was observed in castrated male cattle, aged between 18 months and 3 years in a herd of 200 steers that were in a ryegrass pasture during the winter and a native pasture during the summer. Different mineral salts were used as a supplement for the animals during the two seasons of the year. Cattle presented a progressive abdominal distention, depression and dehydration ranging from 10 days to one month in duration. One animal was necropsied, and approximately 50 liters of urine (uroperitoneum) in the abdominal cavity were observed. The bladder had a small rupture and was adhered to the pelvic cavity. The right kidney was enlarged with hydronephrosis. Uroliths of more than 1cm in diameter were housed in the penile urethra. In this study, the disease occurred probably because of mineral salt supplementation, resulting in an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus intake.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever urolitíase obstrutiva associada a hidroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi observada em um rebanho de 200 bovinos machos castrados, com idade entre 18 meses e três anos, mantidos a campo, que permaneciam no inverno em pastagem de azevém e no verão em campo nativo e eram suplementados com diferentes sais minerais nas duas épocas do ano. Os bovinos afetados apresentavam aumento de volume abdominal progressivo, depressão e desidratação, com evolução de 10 dias a um mês. Um bovino foi necropsiado e havia na cavidade abdominal aproximadamente 50 litros de urina (uroperitônio). A bexiga apresentava pequena ruptura e aderência à cavidade pélvica. O rim direito estava aumentado de tamanho e apresentava hidronefrose. Havia urólitos de mais ou menos 1cm de diâmetro alojados na uretra peniana. Neste caso é provável que a doença tenha ocorrido em consequência da suplementação com sal mineral contendo quantidades inadequadas de cálcio e fósforo levando a um desequilíbrio entre estes minerais.(AU)

Ureterocolonic anastomosis in a dog with transitional cell carcinoma in the vesical trigone / Anastomose ureterocolônica em um cão com carcinoma de células de transição no trígono vesical

Background: Primary bladder tumors are rare in dogs, in spite of that, the transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the malignant tumor that most affects dogs. The TCC usually begins in the vesical trigone and extends into the bladder, and may cause partial or complete obstruction of the urinary flow. The treatment with cystectomy and urinary diversion in veterinary medicine is not usual probably because the partial cystectomy has low success and ureterocolonic anastomosis can cause pyelonephritis and/ or urinary incontinence. This paper describes the cystectomy surgery and ureterocolonic anastomosis in a dog with TCC in the bladder and bilateral hydronephrosis. Case: A 8-year-old, male, not castrated, Pitbull was referred to the Veterinary Clinic Hospital - UFRGS. The patient had progressive weight loss, low appetite, dysuria, and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound showed bilaterally hydronephrosis, kidney pelvis and ureter dilatation. The mesogastric region presented a mass measuring about 14 cm. An exploratory laparotomy was request by the responsible veterinarian. A mass, measuring about 20 cm was observed in the spleen and a splenectomy was requested. An increased of the kidneys volume and an expansion of the renal pelvis and ureter were observed. The bladder wall had thickened and presented a firm consistency, an ureterocolonic anastomosis was requested by the responsible [...](AU)

Ureterocolonic anastomosis in a dog with transitional cell carcinoma in the vesical trigone / Anastomose ureterocolônica em um cão com carcinoma de células de transição no trígono vesical

Background: Primary bladder tumors are rare in dogs, in spite of that, the transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the malignant tumor that most affects dogs. The TCC usually begins in the vesical trigone and extends into the bladder, and may cause partial or complete obstruction of the urinary flow. The treatment with cystectomy and urinary diversion in veterinary medicine is not usual probably because the partial cystectomy has low success and ureterocolonic anastomosis can cause pyelonephritis and/ or urinary incontinence. This paper describes the cystectomy surgery and ureterocolonic anastomosis in a dog with TCC in the bladder and bilateral hydronephrosis. Case: A 8-year-old, male, not castrated, Pitbull was referred to the Veterinary Clinic Hospital - UFRGS. The patient had progressive weight loss, low appetite, dysuria, and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound showed bilaterally hydronephrosis, kidney pelvis and ureter dilatation. The mesogastric region presented a mass measuring about 14 cm. An exploratory laparotomy was request by the responsible veterinarian. A mass, measuring about 20 cm was observed in the spleen and a splenectomy was requested. An increased of the kidneys volume and an expansion of the renal pelvis and ureter were observed. The bladder wall had thickened and presented a firm consistency, an ureterocolonic anastomosis was requested by the responsible [...]

Nefrolitíase associado à hidronefrose tratado cirurgicamente. relato de caso / Hephrolithiasis associated hydronephrosis surgically treated - case report

The presence nephroliths in dogs is a finding of only 5% of the reported uroliths in this species. This report describes a dog, the Miniature Schnauzer breed, seven-years-old, weighing 9.0 kg, with a history of hematuria and pollakiuria now for six days and spewing white stones and sharp in the urine. After imaging, was diagnosed bladder urolithiasis and nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis early. The animal underwent cystotomy and nefrotomia and which were effective for the resolution of the case. The Use of cyanoacrylate showed efficacy how alternative synthesis of the kidney with hydronephrosis.

A presença de urólitos encontrados nos rins de cães representa um achado de apenas 5% dos cálculos encontrados nesta espécie. O presente relato descreve uma cadela, da raça Schnauzer miniatura, com sete anos de idade, pesando 9,0 kg, com histórico de hematúria e polaciúria  há seis dias e expelindo cálculos brancos e pontiagudos na urina. Após exames de imagem, foi diagnosticada a presença de Urolitíase vesical , nefrolitíase, e início de hidronefrose. O animal foi submetido à Nefrotomia com síntese utilizando cianocrilato e Cistotomia, os quais se mostraram efetivos para a resolução do caso. O uso do cianocrilato mostrou eficácia na síntese cirúrgica do Rim com início de hidronefrose.