Resumo

To investigate the protective effect of glutamine (Gln) on lymphocyte proliferation and the intestinal mucosal immune response in heat-stressed broilers, 360 21-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were assigned to 4 groups in a completely randomized design, each of which included 6 replicates with 15 birds per replicate for 21 days. The chickens were fed a basal diet under no stress (NS group), a basal diet under heat stress (HT group), or a basal diet under heat stress with the addition of either 0.5 % or 1.0 % Gln. The results showed that the broilers in the HT group exhibited fewer proliferating peripheral lymphocytes, a lower growth performance, phagocytic rate and index of neutrophils, fewer goblet cells in whole intestine and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) cells in the ileum, a lower sIgA content in the duodenum and the jejunum, a lower immunoglobulin content of serum and intestinal mucosa, than those of the NS group (p<0.05). Diets supplemented with Gln increased growth performance, the number of proliferating peripheral lymphocytes, the phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of neutrophils, the number of whole intestine goblet cells and ileum IEL cells, the sIgA contents of the duodenum and the jejunum, and the immunoglobulin contents of serum and intestinal mucosa (p<0.05) in broilers exposed to HT. In conclusion, Gln can enhance intestinal immune function in broiler chickens by stimulating T and B lymphocyte proliferation, increasing the number of goblet cells and IEL cells, as well as increasing the content of sIgA and immunoglobulin secretion.

Resumo

Conglycinin from soybean has been recognized as one of the major feed allergens. This study investigated the effects of -conglycinin-induced allergic sensitization on chicks small intestines. A total of 40 7-day-old (100 g) chicks were divided into four groups as control, -conglycinin 1 h, -conglycinin 6 h, and -conglycinin 12 h. All treatment groups were administered 60 mg of -conglycinin/chick and small intestine samples were collected. -conglycinin-induced allergic sensitization marginally damages the epithelium lining of the duodenum villi and, in addition, significantly increases the accumulation of mast cells in the lamina propria and crypt of the duodenum. Moreover, the TNF- level significantly increased in all -conglycinin groups. IL-8 and IL-2 were significantly downregulated in the 1 h group; however, there were increases for the 6 h and 12 h groups. These results suggest that -conglycinin may lead to an inflammatory response in the chicks small intestines.

Resumo

The present study assessed the in vivo anthelmintic activity of the C. mollis leaf decoction extract when administered orally to naturally infected goats with gastrointestinal nematodes. To this, animals were randomized into three groups:non-treated, control (treated with doramectin 1mL/50 kg b.w.) and C. mollis extract treated groups (2.5mg/kg b.w.). Blood and faecal samples were collected from each animal at day 0, and 30th day post-treatment to monitor immunological and parasitological parameters. A significant faecal egg reduction (61.1%) and an increase in IgA and eosinophils levels were observed in the C. mollis extract treated group, in comparison to the untreated and doramectin groups. Considering that gastrointestinal nematode infections in small ruminants are serious problems in the world, causing economic losses worldwide, associated to high anthelmintic cost, resistance to available anthelmintics and residue problems in meat and milk for human consumption, the plant extract use is an area of interest to search new anthelmintic agents. Thus, Cratyliamollis Mart. Ex Benth, an important medicinal plant from Brazilian Northeast semi-arid region, is used to treat different types of diseases, and as forage supplementation.

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade anti-helmíntica in vivo do extrato aquoso de folhas de C. mollis, administrado por via oral em caprinos naturalmente infectados com nematódeos gastrintestinais. Para isto, os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos (grupo não tratado, grupo controle tratado com doramectina (1mL/50 kg de peso corpóreo) e grupo tratado com o extrato aquoso de C. mollis (2,5mg/ kg de peso corpóreo). Amostras de sangue e fezes foram colhidas de cada animal nos dias 0 e 30 após o tratamento para verificar parâmetros imunológicos e parasitológicos. Uma redução significativa na oviposição (61,1%) e um aumento dos níveis de IgA e eosinófilos foram observados no grupo tratado com o extrato aquoso, em comparação aos grupos controle (não tratado e tratado com doramectina). Considerando que nematódeos gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes causam perdas econômicas ao nível mundial, devido ao custo e à resistência aos antihelmínticos disponíveis, além do efeito residual nos derivados animais para consumo humano, os extratos vegetais apresentam-se como uma fonte alternativa de anti-helmínticos. Assim, Cratyliamollis Mart. ExBenth é uma planta usada no semi-áridodo Nordeste brasileiro para tratardoenças e como forragem.

Resumo

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo comparar o efeito de diferentes sorovares de Salmonella na resposta imune local da mucosa do intestino de frangos de corte. Aos sete dias de idade, as aves foram desafiadas com os sorovares S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Senftenberg, S. Mbandaka e S. Minnesota. Foi observado que todos os sorovares testados foram capazes de colonizar o intestino das aves sendo possível o isolamento de Salmonella em suabes de cloaca, 48 h após inoculação. De maneira geral, as aves do grupo controle negativo, que não foram desafiados apresentaram quantidade significativamente menor de células imunológicas na mucosa intestinal do que as aves desafiadas. Porém, verificou-se que os sorovares de Salmonella, utilizados neste estudo, apresentaram diferentes efeitos sobre a dinâmica celular da mucosa do íleo e ceco e afetaram de modo diferente o ganho de peso e ganho médio diário das aves demonstrando distintos graus de patogenicidade. Os sorovares Enteritidis e Typhimurium apresentaram um efeito mais intenso tanto no desempenho quanto na mobilização de células imunológicas na mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte.

The study was designed to compare the effect of different Salmonella serovars in immune response across the count of CD8+ cells, CD4+ cells, goblet cells and macrophages in the gut mucosa of broilers. During the experimental inoculation at 7 day-old were used Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica sorovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Senftenberg, Mbandaka and Minnesota. It was observed that all serovars tested were capable of contaminating the poultry being possible counts of Salmonella in cloacal swabs, 48 h after inoculation and into the crop and cecum, at 14 and 20 day-old. Serovars tested had different effects on broiler performance assessed at 20 days. In the mucosa of the ileum and cecum of broilers, it was observed that some of the serotypes increased CD8 + cells, CD4 + cells, goblet cells and macrophages compared to the negative control group both at 14 and at 20 day-old. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are the serovars that showed the more intense effect in live performance and in the immune system of birds showing pathogenic characteristic; generally the broilers of the negative control showed significantly less immune cells on the intestinal mucosa than broilers inoculated experimentally. However, it was found that the Salmonella serovars used in this study had different effects on the cellular dynamics of the mucosa of the ileum and cecum and differently affect weight gain and average daily gain of poultry showing different levels of pathogenicity.

Resumo

The pathogens of the reproductive system in the male can penetrate and establish by ascending route, from to the prepuce to the urethra, accessory glands, epididymis and testicles. The aim of this paper is determine the distribution and number of cells involved in the immune response in prepuce and pelvic urethra of rams, without apparent clinical alterations in testicle, epididymis and prepuce. [...] Significant differences were found in the total number of CD4, CD45RO, and WC1 lymphocytes, in CD14 macrophages, and CD1b dendritic cells, with mean values being greater in the fornix than in the urethra (p<0.05) in all cases. Only dendritic cells were found in the prepuce. No differences were found in the number of CD8 lymphocytes between both organs. The ratio between each cell type in the connective and the intraepithelial tissues and between organs was 10/1 for CD4 in the fornix (p<0.05), against 7/1 in the urethra (p<0.05), while CD8 had a 1/1 distribution in both mucosae. The WC1 ratio was 5/1 in both mucosae (p<0.05). CD45RO labeling was 19/1 in the prepuce (p<0.05) and 1/1 in the urethra. IgA-containing cells did not show differences in the total number of cells in both tissues. In the urethra, no IgG-containing cells were observed and IgM-containing cells were scarce; in contrast, both cell types were present in the prepuce, in amounts greater than in the urethra (p<0.05). IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing cells were located in both organs in the mucosal connective tissue. The presence of antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as of lymphocytes CD4, CD8 TCR γδ (WC1), IgA-, IgG and IgM positive cells, and CD45RO cells suggests that both mucosae may behave as inductive and effector sites for the mucosal immune response.

Os patógenos do aparelho reprodutor do macho podem penetrar e se estabelecer por via ascendente, a partir do prepúcio à uretra, glándulas anexas, epidídimo e testículos. Neste trabalho foi quantificada a distribuição de algumas das células envolvidas na resposta imune, em nível de prepúcio e uretra pélvica, em quatro carneiros de um ano de idade, sem lesões aparentes no testículo, no epidídimo e no prepúcio.[...] Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no número de linfocitos CD8 entre ambos os orgãos. A relação entre cada tipo celular no tecido conectivo e intra-epitelial e entre os diferentes órgãos, resultou para CD4 10/1 no prepúcio (p<0.05), contra 7/1 na uretra (p<0.05), entretanto os CD8 se distribuíram 1/1 em ambas as mucosas, não sendo significativa as diferenças. Os WC1 foram observados na relação 5/1 em ambas as mucosas (p<0.05). A célula CD45RO, no prepucio, foi observada de 19/1(p<0.05) e na uretra de 1/1, não sendo um resultado significativo. As CC-IgA não mostraram diferença significativa no total de células em ambos os tecidos. Na uretra não foram observadas as CC-IgG, e as CC-IgM foram escassas; em contrapartida, ambos os tipos celulares foram observadas no prepucio, em quantidades menores que na uretra (p<0.05). As CC-IgA, IgG e IgM foram observadas em ambos os tecidos conectivos da mucosa. A presença de células apresentadoras de antígenos, macrófagoss e células dendríticas, assim como de linfócitos CD4, CD8. TCR γδ (WC1), CC-IgA, IgG e IgM e células CD45RO, determinam que ambas as mucosas podem se comportar como locais de indução e promoção da resposta imune das mucosas.

Resumo

Probiotics are defined as microorganisms that promote benefits to host health, mainly by regulating resident microbiota. Disequilibrium in microbiota can favor the growth of opportunist microorganisms and the development of pathologies, like candidosis caused by yeasts of the Candida genus. This work evaluated whether probiotics consumption was able to influence a specific immunological response to Candida and the presence of these yeasts in the oral cavity. Saliva samples were collected from healthy individuals and plated in Dextrose Saboraud Agar with chloramphenicol. Individuals presenting Candida in the oral cavity used the probiotic Yakult LBâ for 20 days, after which new collections and identifications were performed. Anti-Candida IgA analysis was conducted using the ELISA technique. Analysis of the results showed a significant reduction in Candida prevalence (46 percent) and mean Candida CFU/mL counts (65 percent). The Candida species identified were C. albicans (98 percent) and C.tropicalis (2 percent), before and after probiotics consumption. Immunological analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in anti-Candida IgA levels after probiotics use, probably due to less antigenic stimulation. In conclusion, in the individuals studied, probiotics use significantly reduced the amount of Candida in the oral cavity, possibly due to competition between the yeasts rather than by specific secretory immune response stimulation.

Resumo

The fate of organochlorine 14C-dicofol in activated sludge process was investigated. Results showed that the major part of radioactivity remained adsorbed on biological sludge. Consequently, its final disposal deserves special attention. The small amounts of dicofol, biotransformed or not, which remained in the treated effluent could contaminate receiving bodies.

Glicoproteínas, glicoesfingolipídios e polissacarídios, expostos nas camadas mais externas da parede celular dos fungos, estão envolvidos em diferentes tipos de interações com o ambiente extracelular. Essas moléculas são componentes essenciais desses organismos, contribuindo para a estrutura, integridade, crescimento celular, diferenciação e sinalização. Alguns são compostos imunologicamente ativos com potencial para regular a patogênese e a resposta imune do hospedeiro, Algumas dessas estruturas podem ser especificamente reconhecidas por anticorpos presentes no soro de pacientes, sugerindo uma possível utilização como ferramenta no diagnóstico das infecções fúngicas.

Resumo

A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma micose sistêmica, restrita à América Latina, com maior incidência noBrasil. O camundongo ddY tem sido empregado como modelo murino de PCM e, no entanto, não há informaçõesa respeito da resposta imune desse animal frente à infecção. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar aresposta imune humoral específica para o principal antígeno, gp43, do fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis,em camundongos ddY infectados com a cepa virulenta Pb 18. Foram realizadas análises da antigenemia ehistopatológico em vários órgãos e em diferentes tempos pós-infecção. Os resultados obtidos demonstraramaumento nos níveis de IgG anti-gp43 nos dias 14, 17, 21, 24, 28 e 56 pós-infecção e aumento no nível de gp43solúvel aos 28 dias pós-infecção. As células fúngicas foram detectadas em todos os órgãos analisados(cérebro, coração, pulmão, fígado, baço e rim) e em todos os períodos. As lesões granulomatosas tornaramsepredominantes 14 dias pós-infecção. Os resultados evidenciaram que o camundongo ddY produz respostaimune humoral frente ao principal antígeno de P. brasiliensis, apresentando-se elevado até 56 dias pósinfecção.A redução do nível de gp43 solúvel na fase crônica, supostamente devido ao início do controle dainfecção, requer estudos complementares adicionais.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis, restrict to Latin America, with higher incidence inBrazil. ddY mice have been used as experimental PCM model, although there is no data regarding immuneresponse. The aim of the present study was evaluated specific humoral response against the main specificantigen of the fungal Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the gp43, in ddY mice infected with virulent Pb 18.Antigenemia analysis and histophatological exam in several organs were performed in different time post-infection The results showed increased levels of anti-gp43 IgG on days 14, 17, 21, 24, 28 and 56 post-infectionand increased levels of soluble gp-43 on day 28 post-infection. The fungal cells were detected in all organsanalyzed (brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney) in all investigated periods. The granulomatous lesionsbecame predominant 14 days after infection. The results evidence that ddY mice produce humoral immuneresponse to main P. brasiliensis antigen, with high levels until 56 days after infection. Further studies areneeded to show that reduction of soluble gp43 in chronic phase correlates with infection control.

Resumo

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of perioperative administration of diet containing probiotics on the immune response, anastomotic resistance, and colonic mucosal trophism in rats underwent left-sided colonic anastomosis. METHODS: Sixty adults Wistar rats were randomized to two groups (A and B) with 30 animals each to receive or not a diet supplemented with probiotics (Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus helveticus) during pre- and postoperative period. They underwent laparotomy followed by left colon section and immediate anastomosis. Groups of 15 animals were killed either on the 4th (groups A1 and B1) or 7th PO (groups A2 and B2) days. The outcome variables were serum proteins, albumin, globulins and IgA, lenght and weight of the colon, mucosal weight, DNA content and anastomotic bursting pressure. RESULTS: Colonic weight was greater in probiotic group compared to controls (1,69±0,34g vs 1,48±0,26g; p<0.05). Total serum proteins and globulin were higher in probiotic animals (proteins = 7,05±0,97g/dl vs 6,57±0,66g/dl e globulins = 5,1±0,62g/dl vs 4,68±1,1g/dl; p<0.05). Serum IgA increased from basal to post-operative days only in the probiotic group (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative probiotics enhanced the immune response and colonic weight. Probiotics failed to increase anastomotic resistance.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da administração peroperatória de dieta acrescida de probióticos sobre a resposta imunológica, resistência anástomótica e trofismo da mucosa colônica em ratos submetidos a anastomose do cólon esquerdo. MÉTODOS: 60 ratos Wistar adultos foram randomizados em dois grupos (A e B), cada um com 30 animais, de acordo com o uso ou não de suplementação pré e pós-operatória de probióticos (Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus helveticus). Foram submetidos a laparotomia com secção e anastomose imediata do cólon esquerdo, e sacrificados em grupos de 15 animais no 4° (grupos A1 e B1) ou 7° dia de pós-operatório (grupos A2 e B2). As variáveis estudadas foram concentração plasmática de proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas e IgA; peso e comprimento do cólon sem fezes, peso da mucosa, conteúdo de DNA da mucosa e pressão anastomótica de ruptura. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento do peso do intestino grosso sem fezes no grupo A (probiótico) quando comparado ao controle (1,69±0,34g vs 1,48±0,26g; p<0.05). Houve aumento de proteínas totais e globulinas no grupo probiótico (proteínas = 7,05±0,97g/dl vs 6,57±0,66g/dl e globulinas = 5,1±0,62g/dl vs 4,68±1,1g/dl; p<0.05). A IgA aumentou entre os níveis basais e o pós-operatório apenas no grupo probiótico (p<0.01). As demais variáveis não apresentaram diferenças entre diversos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O uso peri-operatório de probióticos melhorou a resposta imunológica e o peso do cólon. Não houve diferença na resistência anastomotica.