Adjusted Thr: Lys Ratio Improved the Performance and Efficiency of Japanese Quail

Two hundred and forty Japanese quail aged 125 days were randomly allocated to five treatment groups based on laying (%) and quail's weight (90.71 ± 1.8% egg/day × 100 and 178.05 ± 9.38 g, respectively), each of which included six replicates of eight quails. The diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and industrial amino acids. An optimal diet achieves 100% of amino acids required by the quail requirements, except for threonine. Five treatments were made: 20% less amino acid; 10% less amino acid; optimal diet; 10% more amino acid; and 20% more amino acids than those in the optimal diet. The increase in amino acid levels in a fixed Lys: amino acid ratio led to histological alterations in the liver and uterine epithelium, reduction in blood lipid peroxidation, lower hepatic HSP70 gene expression, and the performance of laying Japanese quail. The optimal diet based on the NRC with an adjusted Thr: Lys 78 ratio (Lys 1.0%) improved the performance and efficiency of Japanese quail from 125 to 230 days of age.(AU)

Threonine-to-lysine ratio in laying hens: physiological parameters and organ weight

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of threonine:digestible lysine ratio in the diet on the physiological variablesand weight of organs of light laying hens. Two hundred and ten 47 week-old Dekalb White laying henswere distributed in a completely randomized design, with five levels of threonine (0.507; 0.552; 0.597; 0.642 and 0.677%) and seven replicates of six birds each. The experimental period was 10 weeks, totaling 62 days and more eight days for the animals to adapt. The physiological parameters of cloacal temperature (CT), respiratory rate (RR) and average surface temperature (AST) were recorded weekly (7:00 am, 10:00 am, 1:00 pm, 4:00 pm, and 7:00 pm); after solid and water fasting,the birds were slaughtered to assess the absolute weight of the organs. The time of day influenced (p < 0.05) the physiological parameters RR and AST, and CT showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) of increasing levels of digestible threonine. The total weight of the pancreas, proventriculus and lung showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) of the increase in the levels of digestible threonine. The respiratory rate is affected by the levels of threoninein the diet. The 0.687% level promoted hypertrophy of the pancreas, proventriculus and lung, promoting more significant activity of these organs.(AU)

L-lysine and dietary fiber improve the physicochemical properties of sausage without added phosphate and reduced salt levels

The demand for clean label foods has driven research in the meat product sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical properties of adding L-lysine, wheat fiber (WTF) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in sausage without the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and with reduced salt levels. Eight treatments were produced in total. Three control treatments were: CON1 - 0.5 % sodium tripolyphosphate and 2 % salt; CON2 - without STPP and 2 % salt; CON3 - without STPP and 1 % salt. Five other treatments were carried out without STPP and 1 % of salt: LYS - 0.8 % L-lysine; WTF - 2 % wheat fiber; MCC - 2 % microcrystalline cellulose fiber; LYSWTF - 0.8 % L-lysine and 2 % wheat fiber; LYSMCC - 0.8 % L-lysine and 2 % microcrystalline cellulose fiber. L-lysine and wheat fiber provided good emulsion stability for sausages. L-lysine and MCC increased the yield of the products. Microcrystalline cellulose increased the red color value (a*) of sausages. The intensity of the yellow color value (b*) was significantly affected by the removal of STPP and the reduction of salt levels, but L-lysine and MCC improved this parameter, providing similar results to CON1. Adding of L-lysine and dietary fiber increased hardness in sausages without added STPP and with salt reduction. L-lysine and wheat fiber are promising for reformulating emulsified meat product without phosphate added and with reduced salt levels due to lipid oxidation control and improvement in emulsion stability.

Temporary reduction of digestible lysine in nursery pig diets: performance and economic analysis / Redução temporária de lisina digestível em dietas de leitões em fase de creche: desempenho e viabilidade econômica

To evaluate the effects of temporary dietary lysine restriction on nursery pigs' growth performance and its economic viability compared to control diets, 144 piglets (21-d-old) were assigned to randomized blocks, with two treatments and twelve replicates. The treatments were control-lys: lysine level as recommended from 21-32 and 32-42 days and low-lys: 90% of the lysine level of the control-lys diets. From 42 to 62 days, all animals received a control diet. From 21 to 32 days, pigs fed low-lys had worse average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion, and 32-d body weight (BW; P ≤ 0.05). From 32 to 42 days, pigs fed low-lys had lower average daily feed intake, ADG, and 42-d BW (P ≤ 0.05). From 42 to 62 days, pigs had similar performance (P > 0.05). Overall (21 to 62 days), pigs fed the low-lys had lower (P <0.05) ADG and final BW. At 27 and 29 days, pigs fed the low-lys diet had a higher (P≤0.05) incidence of diarrhea. The lowest feed cost and the highest economic efficiency index were recorded for the low-lys treatment. However, pigs fed the control-lys presented a 3.9% higher profitability. In conclusion, a temporary reduction of lysine in the diets of nursery pigs followed by an unrestricted diet in the subsequent period led to worse growth performance and lower economic viability.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos da restrição temporária de lisina na dieta sobre o desempenho e viabilidade econômica de leitões em fase de creche. Foram utilizados 144 leitões, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e 12 repetições. Os tratamentos foram controle-lis, nível de lisina recomendado dos 21 aos 32 e 32 aos 42 dias de idade e baixa-lis, 90% do nível de lisina das dietas controle-lis. Dos 42 aos 62 dias, todos os animais receberam dieta controle. De 21 a 32 dias, leitões alimentados com baixa-lis tiveram pior ganho médio diário (GMD), conversão alimentar e peso corporal aos 32 dias (P≤0,05). Dos 32 aos 42 dias, leitões alimentados com baixa-lis apresentaram menor consumo médio de ração diário, GMD e peso aos 42 dias (P≤0,05). Dos 21 aos 62 dias, leitões alimentados com baixa-lis apresentaram GMD e peso corporal final menores (P≤0,05) quando comparados aos alimentados com controle-lis. At 27 and 29 days of age, pigs fed the low-lys diet had a higher (P≤0.05) incidence of diarrhea Aos 27 e 29 dias, leitões alimentados com baixa-lis apresentaram maior (P≤0.05) indicência de diarreia. O menor custo de alimentação e o maior índice de eficiência econômica foram registrados para baixa-lis. No entanto, os suínos alimentados com controle-lis apresentaram rentabilidade 3,9% maior. Como conclusão, a restrição temporária de lisina nas dietas de leitões piora o desempenho e diminui a viabilidade econômica.(AU)

Amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-lysine involvement in trans and cis piperamides biosynthesis in two Piper species / Participação dos aminoácidos L-fenilalanina e L-lisina na biossíntese de piperamidas trans e cis em duas espécies de Piper

Several Piper species accumulate piperamides as secondary metabolites, and although they have relevant biological importance, many details of their biosynthetic pathways have not yet been described experimentally. Experiments involving enzymatic reactions and labeled precursor feeding were performed using the species Piper tuberculatum and Piper arboreum. The activities of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymes, which are involved in the general phenylpropanoid pathway, were monitored by the conversion of the amino acid L-phenylalanine to cinnamic acid. The activity of the 4-hydroxylase (C4H) enzyme was also observed in P. tuberculatum by converting cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid. L-[UL-14C]-phenylalanine was fed into the leaves of P. tuberculatum and incorporated into piperine (1), 4,5-dihydropiperine (2), fagaramide (4), trans-piplartine (7), and dihydropiplartine (9). In P. arboreum, it was only incorporated into the piperamide 4,5-dihydropiperiline (3). L-[UL-14C]-lysine was successfully incorporated into the 4,5-dihydropiperine piperidine group (2), dihydropyridinone, and trans- (7) and cis-piplartine (8). These data corroborate the proposal of mixed biosynthetic origin of piperamides with the aromatic moiety originating from cinnamic acid (shikimic acid pathway) and key amide construction with amino acids as precursors.

Diversas espécies do gênero Piper acumulam piperamidas como metabólitos secundários e, embora tenham relevante importância biológica, detalhes de suas vias biossintéticas ainda não foram descritos experimentalmente. Experimentos envolvendo reações enzimáticas e incorporação de precursores marcados foram realizados utilizando as espécies Piper tuberculatum e Piper arboreum. As atividades das enzimas fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL), que estão envolvidas na via geral dos fenilpropanoides, foram monitoradas pela conversão do aminoácido L-fenilalanina em ácido cinâmico. A atividade da enzima 4-hidroxilase (C4H) também foi observada em P. tuberculatum pela conversão do ácido cinâmico em ácido p-cumárico. L-[UL-14C]-fenilalanina foi administrada em folhas de P. tuberculatum e incorporada em piperina (1), 4,5-di-hidropiperina (2), fagaramida (4), trans-piplartina (7) e diidropiplartina (9). Em P. arboreum, foi incorporado apenas à piperamida 4,5-dihidropiperilina (3). L-[UL-14C]-lisina foi incorporada com sucesso em 4,5-diidropiperina (2), trans-piplartina (7) e cis-piplartina (8). Esses dados corroboram a proposta de origem biossintética mista de piperamidas com a porção aromática originada do ácido cinâmico (via do ácido chiquímico) e construção de amida chave com aminoácidos como precursores.

Yeast chromium and digestible lysine levels in finishing pigs subjected to high ambient temperatures / Níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível para suínos em terminação sob temperaturas ambientais elevadas

This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast and digestible lysine levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Sixty-four barrows with an initial weight of 72.77 ± 7.20 kg and final weight of 119.44 ± 9.47 kg were used, distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with two levels of chromium yeast (Cr0: 0 ppb and Cr800: 800 ppb) and two levels of digestible lysine (L0: recommended level and L+10%: 10%). The recorded air temperature of 30.9 ± 3.7 ºC during the experimental period was considered as heat stress. Performance variables were not influenced (P>0.05); however, L+10% showed an increase (P<0.05) in daily digestible lysine intake. Carcass characteristics of the animals were not influenced (P>0.05) by the chromium or digestible lysine levels. Supplementation with 800 ppb of yeast chromium and a 10% increase in the level of digestible lysine, isolated or associated, did not improve the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, subjected to high ambient temperatures.

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível, desempenho e características de carcaça de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 64 machos castrados com peso inicial de 72,77 ± 7,20 kg e final de 119,44 ± 9,47 kg, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois níveis (Cr0: 0 ppb e Cr800: 800 ppb) e dois níveis de lisina digestível (L0: nível recomendado e L+10%: 10%). A temperatura do ar registrada de 30,9 ± 3,7 ºC durante o período experimental foi considerada como de estresse por calor. As variáveis de desempenho não foram influenciadas (P>0,05), contudo L+10% aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo de lisina digestível diário. As características de carcaça dos animais não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível. A suplementação de 800 ppb de cromo levedura, e o aumento em 10% do nível de lisina digestível, isolados ou associados, não melhoram o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação submetidos a temperaturas ambientais elevadas.

Multivariate modeling strategies to predict nutritional requirements of essential amino acids in semiheavy second-cycle hens

An experiment with 23 diets was performed to evaluate the effect of digestible lysine (Lys), digestible methionine + cysteine (Met+Cys), and digestible threonine (Thr) on egg production of H&N Brown second-cycle laying hens (SCLH) for 20 weeks (92-111 weeks of age) in cages under environmental conditions. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight (EW), number of hen-housed eggs, and livability were also evaluated during the experiment. Diets were formulated from a central composite design that combined five levels of Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr ranging from 727 to 1159, 662 to 1055, and 552 to 882 mg/kg, respectively. Egg production (EP) data were evaluated through three different modeling strategies: egg production models, multivariate polynomial models, and artificial neural networks (ANN). A cascade-forward neural network with logsigmoid transfer function was selected as the best model according to goodness-offit statistics in both identification and validation data. One of the best scenarios for EP of H&N Brown SCLH under specific outdoor conditions was established at Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr levels of 1138, 1031, and 717 mg/hen·day, respectively. The ANN model may be an appropriate tool to study and predict EP of H&N Brown SCLH based on the combination of three different levels of essential digestible amino acids. The strategies included in this work may contribute to improving poultry performance based on modeling techniques to study other production parameters in terms of different nutritional requirements and productive conditions.

Effects of glutamine and glutamate on nursery piglets fed diets with different digestible lysine content / Efeitos da glutamina e do glutamato em leitões alimentados com dietas com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine and glutamate (Gln/Glu) on the growth performance and immune response of nursery pigs fed different digestible lysine content. Two hundred and sixteen piglets, weaned at 21 days old, were assigned to a randomized block design according to their initial body weight (BW), in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of lysine (control-lys and low-lys) and two levels of Gln/Glu (0 and 12 g kg-1), with nine replicates. At 26d, piglets consuming the low-lys diet not supplemented with Gln/Glu presented a higher (P < 0.01) incidence of diarrhea than the other treatments. From 21 to 32 d of age, the piglets fed the control-lys diets performed better than those fed low-lys diets (P < 0.01). From 21 to 42 d of age, there was a correlation (P < 0.01) between lysine level and Gln/Glu supplementation for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (FC). Gln/Glu supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the ADFI of pigs fed the low-lys diets, resulting in a higher (P < 0.01) average daily weight gain (ADG) and BW; however, worse (P < 0.05) FC. Piglets consuming control-lys diets had higher (P < 0.05) serum urea nitrogen concentration (SUN) and IgG than low-lys piglets. In addition, Gln/Glu supplementation correlated with higher (P < 0.01) SUN. Dietary supplementation of glutamine and glutamate improved the growth performance of weaned piglets from 21 to 42 days of age, regardless of the diets' lysine levels. In addition, reducing lysine levels 10% below the requirement negatively affects the growth performance and the immune response of nursery piglets.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da glutamina e do glutamato (Gln/Glu) no desempenho e na resposta imune de leitões alimentados com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível. Duzentos e dezesseis suínos, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, foram distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso de acordo com seu peso corporal (PC) inicial, em um arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 com dois níveis de lisina (baixalis e controle-lis) e dois níveis de Gln/Glu (0 e 12 g kg-1), com nove repetições. Aos 26 dias, os leitões que consumiram o baixa-lis não suplementado com Gln/Glu apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) incidência de diarreia quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. Dentre 21 a 32 dias de idade, os leitões alimentados com dietas controle-lis tiveram melhor desempenho do que aqueles alimentados com dietas baixa-lis (P < 0,01). Dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade, houve correlação (P < 0,01) entre o nível de lis e a suplementação com Gln/ Glu para consumo de ração médio diário (CRM) e conversão alimentar (CA). A suplementação com Gln/ Glu melhorou o CRM dos animais alimentados com dietas de baixo teor de lis, resultando em maior ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e PC; no entanto, a CA piorou. Os leitões que consumiram dietas controle-lis apresentaram maior concentração sérica de nitrogênio ureico (SUN) (P < 0,05) e IgG (P < 0,05) do que os que consumiram dietas baixa-lis. Além disso, os suplementados com Gln/Glu apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) SUN do que os não suplementados. A suplementação dietética de glutamina e glutamato melhorou o desempenho de crescimento de leitões desmamados de 21 a 42 dias de idade, independentemente dos níveis de lis da dieta. Além disso, a redução dos níveis de lis 10% abaixo do requisito afeta negativamente o desempenho do crescimento e a resposta imunológica dos leitões em creche.(AU)

Supplement inclusion on post-weaning foals' (Mangalarga Marchador) diet with a protein supplement based on whey protein, glutamine, and lysine / Inclusão de suplemento proteico a base de whey protein, glutamina e lisina na dieta pós-desmame de potros mangalarga marchador

The objective of this study was to evaluate the partial replacement effect on body measurements (body mass, muscle thickness, and fat thickness) of the concentrated fraction of foals' diet with a protein supplement containing whey protein, glutamine, and lysine during the post-weaning period. Eighteen Mangalarga Marchador foals were randomly divided into two groups in the post-weaning phase, with nine animals each in the control group (CG) and the group receiving protein supplementation (WG). Based on 4% of their body weight (BW), the CG animals received a diet with roughage to concentrate in a ratio of 50:50, which composed of Cynodon sp. hay and a 15% crude protein (CP) commercial horse ration. The WG diet consisted of the same amount of hay used for the CG diet, half the amount of concentrate used in the CG diet, and 102 g of a protein supplement containing whey protein, glutamine, and lysine. During the experiment, five evaluations were performed, starting on the day of weaning (day 0), followed by evaluations conducted at 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after weaning. Body measurements, body mass, and thickness of the fat and muscle layers were assessed at each time point. The substitution of a portion of the commercial diet with protein supplement containing whey protein, glutamine, and lysine did not cause changes in the weight gain or linear measurements of Mangalarga Marchador foals during the post-weaning period; however, the change in diet increased muscle thickness and decreased fat thickness when compared to animals in the control group.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar a substituição de uma parte do concentrado da dieta por suplemento proteico contendo whey protein, glutamina e lisina sobre medidas corporais, massa corporal, espessura muscular e de gordura de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador durante o pós desmame. Utilizou-se dezoito potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos na fase pósdesmame, com 9 animais fazendo parte de Grupo Controle (GC) e outros 9 animais compondo o grupo que recebeu suplementação proteica (GW). Os animais do GC receberam uma dieta de proporção volumoso/ concentrado 50:50, considerando-se 4% do PV, composta por ração comercial com 15% PB e feno de Cynodon sp. A dieta do GW foi composta pela mesma quantidade de feno do GC, diferenciando-se na parte concentrada, que foi composta por 50% do concentrado oferecido ao grupo controle acrescido de 102g de suplemento proteico contendo whey protein, glutamina e lisina. Foram realizadas cinco etapas de avaliação de medidas corporais, massa corporal, espessura da camada de gordura e muscular, iniciando no dia do desmame (dia 0) e após 7, 14, 28 e 42 dias. A substituição de parte do concentrado comercial por suplemento proteico contendo whey protein, glutamina e lisina, não acarretou perdas em ganho de peso e medidas lineares de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador durante o período de 42 dias após o desmame, mas promoveu ganhos em espessura muscular e diminuição de espessura de gordura quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle.(AU)

Digestible lysine requirement for European laying quail

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the productive performance of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) in the production phase, fed with diets containing different levels of digestible lysine. A total of 175 female quails, aged 65 days, were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates per treatment. The animals were housed in 25 metal cages, and each cage represented an experimental parcel, with seven birds per parcel. The birds were fed the experimental rations containing 1.177, 1.217, 1.317, 1.417, and 1.517% digestible lysine. The parameters evaluated were: laying rate, mass of eggs produced, feed intake in the period, lysine intake, feed conversion per dozen and per mass. Significant differences were observed for posture rate with quadratic behavior, which indicated higher production for the level of 1.23% of digestible lysine. There was an increasing linear behavior for the feed and lysine intake, and for conversion feed per dozen and by mass, we observed quadratic behaviors. This indicates better feed conversion index when the optimal inclusion level was 1.33% and 1.404% of digestible lysine in the diet, respectively. The requirement of digestible lysine in diets for European quails is 1.404%, which corresponds to a daily intake of 421.20 milligrams of digestible lysine.(AU)

Digestible lysine requirement for European laying quail

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the productive performance of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) in the production phase, fed with diets containing different levels of digestible lysine. A total of 175 female quails, aged 65 days, were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates per treatment. The animals were housed in 25 metal cages, and each cage represented an experimental parcel, with seven birds per parcel. The birds were fed the experimental rations containing 1.177, 1.217, 1.317, 1.417, and 1.517% digestible lysine. The parameters evaluated were: laying rate, mass of eggs produced, feed intake in the period, lysine intake, feed conversion per dozen and per mass. Significant differences were observed for posture rate with quadratic behavior, which indicated higher production for the level of 1.23% of digestible lysine. There was an increasing linear behavior for the feed and lysine intake, and for conversion feed per dozen and by mass, we observed quadratic behaviors. This indicates better feed conversion index when the optimal inclusion level was 1.33% and 1.404% of digestible lysine in the diet, respectively. The requirement of digestible lysine in diets for European quails is 1.404%, which corresponds to a daily intake of 421.20 milligrams of digestible lysine.

Efeito dos níveis de lisina/proteína ideal sobre desempenho, características de carcaça, digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, de 30kg a 50kg / [Effects of lysine/ideal protein level on performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility and blood parameters of Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg]

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de proteína e aminoácidos, mantendo-se as relações entre os aminoácidos para suínos machos, castrados, de30kg a 50kg. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 30,35±1,96kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições com dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação com os demais aminoácidos digestíveis: 0,73%; 0,83%; 0,93%; 1,03% e 1,13% na dieta. Avaliou-se desempenho, avaliação de carcaça, parâmetros sanguíneos e digestibilidade das dietas. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e níveis de creatinina em função dos níveis de lisina, com níveis ótimos estimados em 0,92%, 0,93% e 0,93%, respectivamente. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos. Constatou-se efeito linear positivo para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, da proteína total e da ureia sérica. Conclui-se que os níveis de proteína e lisina digestível recomendados para dietas de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, na fase de crescimento I, são de 16,70% e 0,93%, respectivamente, pois esses níveis proporcionaram melhorias no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar e na creatinina sérica.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate digestible lysine levels, keeping the relation among amino acids for Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg. Fifty Duroc barrows (30.35±1.96kg live weight) were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in five treatments with five replicates and two animals in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of digestible lysine levels (0.73%; 0.83%; 0.93%; 1.03% and 1.13%), keeping the relation with other essential amino acids. Performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and digestibility of the diets were evaluated. There was a quadratic response on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration as a function of the digestible lysine levels, with the greater levels obtained at 0.92%, 0.93% and 0.93%, respectively. The carcass characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. There was a linear increase of apparent digestibility of crude protein, total serum protein and urea. Results suggest that the requirement of protein and digestible lysine was 16.70% and 0.93%, respectively, providing improvements on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration of Duroc barrows in the growth phase.(AU)

Efeito dos níveis de lisina/proteína ideal sobre desempenho, características de carcaça, digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, de 30kg a 50kg / [Effects of lysine/ideal protein level on performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility and blood parameters of Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg]

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de proteína e aminoácidos, mantendo-se as relações entre os aminoácidos para suínos machos, castrados, de30kg a 50kg. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 30,35±1,96kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições com dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação com os demais aminoácidos digestíveis: 0,73%; 0,83%; 0,93%; 1,03% e 1,13% na dieta. Avaliou-se desempenho, avaliação de carcaça, parâmetros sanguíneos e digestibilidade das dietas. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e níveis de creatinina em função dos níveis de lisina, com níveis ótimos estimados em 0,92%, 0,93% e 0,93%, respectivamente. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos. Constatou-se efeito linear positivo para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, da proteína total e da ureia sérica. Conclui-se que os níveis de proteína e lisina digestível recomendados para dietas de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, na fase de crescimento I, são de 16,70% e 0,93%, respectivamente, pois esses níveis proporcionaram melhorias no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar e na creatinina sérica.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate digestible lysine levels, keeping the relation among amino acids for Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg. Fifty Duroc barrows (30.35±1.96kg live weight) were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in five treatments with five replicates and two animals in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of digestible lysine levels (0.73%; 0.83%; 0.93%; 1.03% and 1.13%), keeping the relation with other essential amino acids. Performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and digestibility of the diets were evaluated. There was a quadratic response on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration as a function of the digestible lysine levels, with the greater levels obtained at 0.92%, 0.93% and 0.93%, respectively. The carcass characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. There was a linear increase of apparent digestibility of crude protein, total serum protein and urea. Results suggest that the requirement of protein and digestible lysine was 16.70% and 0.93%, respectively, providing improvements on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration of Duroc barrows in the growth phase.(AU)

Alternative procedure for determining lysine maintenance requirement in poultry

The objective with this study was to determine the lysine maintenance requirements (LMR) of male and female broilers as animal models. A total of 252 birds were used for nitrogen balance trials during three periods (I: 6-21, II: 22-37, and III: 38-53 days). Six lysine levels were used (2.76, 5.88, 8.99, 12.1, 15.2, and 18.3 g kg−1) with six replications. A control group also included, totalizing seven treatments for males and females for each assay. The experimental period was 15 days. The response variables included nitrogen intake (NI) and excretion (NEX), and their difference was assumed to be deposited as nitrogen. An exponential regression between NEX and lysine intake (LI) was fitted, and LMR was estimated when LI = 0. The daily values for LMR were 9.29, 33.4, and 40.2 mg BW0.67 kg−1 for males and 9.36, 30.0, and 39.4 mg BW0.67 kg−1 for females. The final value for both sexes were 10.1 (period I), 31.5 (period II), and 39.8 mg BW0.67 kg−1 (period III). Expressed as body protein weight at maturity (BPm), the LMR were 172 and 148 (period I), 216 and 207 (period II), and 189 and 180 mg BPm0.73 kg−1 (period III) for males and females, respectively. The results provided ranges of LMR values recommended in previous studies, validating this procedure. The procedure to estimate the requirements presented here provides new insights into the model of amino acid requirement estimations.(AU)

Avaliação nutricional e metabólica de borregas alimentadas com níveis crescentes de aminoácidos protegidos / [Nutritional and metabolic evaluation of feeding lambs with growing levels of protein amino acids]

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de níveis de lisina e metionina protegidas na dieta sobre os parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos energéticos e hepáticos de borregas em crescimento. Utilizaram-se cinco borregas ½ sangue Dorper x Santa Inês, com aproximadamente oito meses de idade e peso médio de 50 ± 2,3kg, distribuídas em esquema quadrado latino 5x5 (cinco tratamentos, cinco animais e cinco períodos). Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de diferentes níveis de lisina e metionina protegidas da degradação ruminal (MicroPEARLS LM®) na ração, sendo: 0g, 8g, 16g, 24g e 32g por dia. A dieta era composta por silagem de milho e concentrado na relação 30V:70C. Realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade para determinar consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (CMS/DGMS), balanço de nitrogênio e metabólitos sanguíneos. O CMS (kg/dia) em relação ao peso metabólico apresentou equação linear positiva, sendo maior no tratamento que ofertou 32g de aminoácidos por dia, assim como o nitrogênio ingerido e o balanço de nitrogênio, sendo positivo em todos os tratamentos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para a digestibilidade da MS e o metabolismo energético e hepático. Lisina e metionina protegidas da degradação ruminal podem ser incluídas na ração de borregas em crescimento até 32g/dia sem causar efeitos negativos na digestibilidade da MS e no metabolismo.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of protected lysine and methionine levels on the diet, over the nutritional parameters and energetic and hepatic metabolites of growing lambs. Five lambs ½ blood Dorper x Santa Inês, with approximately eight months of age and average weight of 50kg, were distributed in a 5x5 latin square scheme (five treatments and five replicates). The treatments consisted of the inclusion of different levels of lysine and methionine protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM®) in the diet, being: 0g, 8g, 16g, 24g and 32g. The diet was composed of corn silage and concentrated 30V:70C in the ratio. A digestibility assay was performed to determine dry matter intake and digestibility (DMI/DDMI), nitrogen balance and blood metabolites. The DMI (kg/day) in relation to the metabolic weight had a positive linear equation, being higher in treatment 32g, as well as the ingested nitrogen and nitrogen balance, being positive in all treatments. There was no difference (P>0.05) for the digestibility of DM, energetic and hepatic metabolism. Lysine and methionine protected from ruminal degradation can be included in the diet of growing lambs up to 32g without causing negative effects on DM digestibility and metabolism.(AU)

Comparison of formulation costs for poultry feeds based on crude protein versus the digestible lysine to protein ratio / Comparação dos custos de formulação para aves baseados na proteína bruta versus relação lisina digestível proteína

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of using dLys:TP instead of crude protein recommendations of commercial poultry breeding companies to meet the chickens need for dietary essential and non-essential amino acids. The ingredient composition matrix used in the feed formulation was compiled from Feedstuffs Magazine. The rations were formulated using a linear feed formulation program to meet the minimum cost, with crude protein or dLys: TP of 5.58%. Using the dLys to TP ratio versus CP minimums for the model diets chosen, formula costs were changed from +$10.96 to -$4.26 per ton of feed. The magnitude of the changes was dependent on the imbalance present in the feeds from using the breeder management guide recommendations and ingredient prices. Through the use of dLys: TP, it is possible to improve the feed formulation process, assuring the birds get adequate EAA and NEAA without being wasteful and reducing environmental pollution.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do uso de lisina digestível: proteína verdadeira (LISd: PV) em vez de recomendações de proteína bruta de empresas de criação de aves comerciais para atender à necessidade de aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais. A matriz de composição de ingredientes utilizada na formulação de alimentação foi compilada a partir da Revista de Ingredientes. As rações foram formuladas utilizando um programa de formulação de ração linear para suprir o custo mínimo, com proteína bruta ou dLis: PV de 5,58%. Usando a relação LISd para PV versus os mínimos PB para as dietas de modelo escolhidas, os custos de fórmula foram alterados de + $10,96 para - $4,26 por tonelada de alimento. A magnitude das mudanças depende do desequilíbrio presente nos ingredientes usando as recomendações do guia de manejo do reprodutor e os preços dos ingredientes. Por meio do uso de dLis: PV, é possível melhorar o processo de formulação de rações, assegurando que as aves obtenham adequados níveis de aminoácidos essenciais (AAE) e aminoácidos não essenciais (AANE) sem desperdício e reduzindo a poluição ambiental.

Comparison of formulation costs for poultry feeds based on crude protein versus the digestible lysine to protein ratio / Comparação dos custos de formulação para aves baseados na proteína bruta versus relação lisina digestível proteína

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of using dLys:TP instead of crude protein recommendations of commercial poultry breeding companies to meet the chickens need for dietary essential and non-essential amino acids. The ingredient composition matrix used in the feed formulation was compiled from Feedstuffs Magazine. The rations were formulated using a linear feed formulation program to meet the minimum cost, with crude protein or dLys: TP of 5.58%. Using the dLys to TP ratio versus CP minimums for the model diets chosen, formula costs were changed from +$10.96 to -$4.26 per ton of feed. The magnitude of the changes was dependent on the imbalance present in the feeds from using the breeder management guide recommendations and ingredient prices. Through the use of dLys: TP, it is possible to improve the feed formulation process, assuring the birds get adequate EAA and NEAA without being wasteful and reducing environmental pollution.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do uso de lisina digestível: proteína verdadeira (LISd: PV) em vez de recomendações de proteína bruta de empresas de criação de aves comerciais para atender à necessidade de aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais. A matriz de composição de ingredientes utilizada na formulação de alimentação foi compilada a partir da Revista de Ingredientes. As rações foram formuladas utilizando um programa de formulação de ração linear para suprir o custo mínimo, com proteína bruta ou dLis: PV de 5,58%. Usando a relação LISd para PV versus os mínimos PB para as dietas de modelo escolhidas, os custos de fórmula foram alterados de + $10,96 para - $4,26 por tonelada de alimento. A magnitude das mudanças depende do desequilíbrio presente nos ingredientes usando as recomendações do guia de manejo do reprodutor e os preços dos ingredientes. Por meio do uso de dLis: PV, é possível melhorar o processo de formulação de rações, assegurando que as aves obtenham adequados níveis de aminoácidos essenciais (AAE) e aminoácidos não essenciais (AANE) sem desperdício e reduzindo a poluição ambiental.(AU)

Exigência de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas / Digestible lysine requirement for japanese quail

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix japônica) na fase que antecede a postura (até 42 dias de idade). Um total de 480 codornas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, dentro de cinco tratamentos (0,80; 0,95; 1,10; 1,25 e 1,40% de lisina digestível), quatro repetições com 24 aves por unidade experimental, para avaliação de desempenho na fase inicial de produção. A avaliação do desempenho na fase de crescimento (21 a 42 dias de idade) utilizou 420 codornas distribuídas nos mesmos tratamentos da fase anterior, com 12 repetições por tratamento e sete aves por unidade experimental. O GP (p=0,01) e a CA (p=0,02) foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina digestível durante a fase inicial de produção, apresentando comportamento linear. Na fase de crescimento não foram observados efeitos (p>0,05) sobre o CR e GP, porém a CA apresentou comportamento linear crescente (p=0,02). Ao avaliar o desempenho das codornas durante o período total (7 aos 42 dias de idade) foi observado efeito quadrático para CR (p=0,01) e efeito linear para a CA (p=0,01), entretanto, os níveis de lisina não afetaram o GP das codornas nesta fase (p=0,15). Conclui-se que a exigência de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix japônica) dos 7 a 21 dias de idade é de 1,40%; para o período de crescimento recomenda-se utilizar 0,80% de lisina digestível, e para o período total que antecede a produção de ovos (7 aos 42 dias de idade) recomenda-se 0,80% para as características avaliadas.

The objective was to determine the requirements of digestible lysine for Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) in the phase preceding the laying (up to 42 days of age). A total of 480 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, within five treatments (0.80; 0.95; 1.10; 1.25 e 1.40% digestible lysine), four replicates with 24 birds per experimental unit, for performance evaluation in the initial production phase. The performance evaluation in the growth phase (21 to 42 days of age) used 420 quails distributed in the same treatments as in the previous phase, with 12 replicates per treatment and seven birds per experimental unit. Weight gain (p=0.01) and food conversion (p=0.02) were influenced by the levels of digestible lysine during the initial production phase, showing linear behavior. In the growth phase, there were no effects (p>0.05) on the feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG), however the feed conversion (FC) presented an increasing linear behavior (p=0.02). When evaluating the performance of the quails during the total period (7 to 42 days of age), a quadratic effect was observed for FI (p=0.01) and a linear effect for FC (p=0.01), however, the levels of lysine did not affect the quail WG at this stage (p=0.15). It is concluded that the requirement of digestible lysine for Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) from 7 to 21 days of age is 1.40%; for the growing period, it is recommended to use 0.80% of digestible lysine, and for the total period before egg production (7 to 42 days of age) 0.80% is recommended for the evaluated characteristics.

Exigência de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas / Digestible lysine requirement for japanese quail

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix japônica) na fase que antecede a postura (até 42 dias de idade). Um total de 480 codornas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, dentro de cinco tratamentos (0,80; 0,95; 1,10; 1,25 e 1,40% de lisina digestível), quatro repetições com 24 aves por unidade experimental, para avaliação de desempenho na fase inicial de produção. A avaliação do desempenho na fase de crescimento (21 a 42 dias de idade) utilizou 420 codornas distribuídas nos mesmos tratamentos da fase anterior, com 12 repetições por tratamento e sete aves por unidade experimental. O GP (p=0,01) e a CA (p=0,02) foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina digestível durante a fase inicial de produção, apresentando comportamento linear. Na fase de crescimento não foram observados efeitos (p>0,05) sobre o CR e GP, porém a CA apresentou comportamento linear crescente (p=0,02). Ao avaliar o desempenho das codornas durante o período total (7 aos 42 dias de idade) foi observado efeito quadrático para CR (p=0,01) e efeito linear para a CA (p=0,01), entretanto, os níveis de lisina não afetaram o GP das codornas nesta fase (p=0,15). Conclui-se que a exigência de lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix japônica) dos 7 a 21 dias de idade é de 1,40%; para o período de crescimento recomenda-se utilizar 0,80% de lisina digestível, e para o período total que antecede a produção de ovos (7 aos 42 dias de idade) recomenda-se 0,80% para as características avaliadas.(AU)

The objective was to determine the requirements of digestible lysine for Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) in the phase preceding the laying (up to 42 days of age). A total of 480 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, within five treatments (0.80; 0.95; 1.10; 1.25 e 1.40% digestible lysine), four replicates with 24 birds per experimental unit, for performance evaluation in the initial production phase. The performance evaluation in the growth phase (21 to 42 days of age) used 420 quails distributed in the same treatments as in the previous phase, with 12 replicates per treatment and seven birds per experimental unit. Weight gain (p=0.01) and food conversion (p=0.02) were influenced by the levels of digestible lysine during the initial production phase, showing linear behavior. In the growth phase, there were no effects (p>0.05) on the feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG), however the feed conversion (FC) presented an increasing linear behavior (p=0.02). When evaluating the performance of the quails during the total period (7 to 42 days of age), a quadratic effect was observed for FI (p=0.01) and a linear effect for FC (p=0.01), however, the levels of lysine did not affect the quail WG at this stage (p=0.15). It is concluded that the requirement of digestible lysine for Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) from 7 to 21 days of age is 1.40%; for the growing period, it is recommended to use 0.80% of digestible lysine, and for the total period before egg production (7 to 42 days of age) 0.80% is recommended for the evaluated characteristics.(AU)

Estimates for digestible threonine: lysine for 21 - 35-day-old female meat-type quails / Estimativa das relações treonina: lisina digestível para codornas de corte fêmeas no período de 21 a 35 dias

Two assays were performed to estimate digestible threonine-lysine (Threo-Lys) ratio for female meat-type quails between 21 and 28 days old and between 28 and 35 days old. Experimental design was totally randomized. The first assay comprised 440 quails distributed into 5 treatments, 8 replications and 11 fowls per cage. The second assay comprised 280 quails distributed into 5 treatments, 8 replications and 7 fowls per cage. Five digestible Threo: Lys ratios were evaluated (0.66, 0.71, 0.76, 0.81 and 0.86). Performance, carcass and cut yield, chemical composition of carcass and nitrogen balance were evaluated. There was an improvement (P 0.05) in feed conversion and increase in feed intake due to ratios of digestible Threo: Lys between 21 and 28 and between 29 and 35 days olds, respectively. At 35 days old, there was a better (P 0.05) carcass yield and a negative nitrogen balance for Threo: Lys analyzed. A ratio of 0.86 may be recommended for digestible Threo: Lys as the best for feed conversion and carcass yield for female meat-type quails between 21 and 28 and between 28 and 35 days.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estimar as relações treonina: lisina (Treo: Lis) digestíveis para codornas de corte fêmeas durante os períodos de 21 a 28 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 440 codornas distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, oito repetições e 11 aves por gaiola. Para o segundo experimento utilizou-se 280 codornas distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, oito repetições e sete aves por gaiola. Foram avaliadas cinco relações Treo: Lis digestíveis (0,66; 0,71; 0,76; 0,81 e 0,86). Avaliou-se o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes, a composição química da carcaça e o balanço de nitrogênio. Observou-se melhora (P 0,05) da conversão alimentar e aumento do consumo de ração devido às relações Treo: Lis digestíveis, nos períodos de 21 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade, respectivamente. Aos 35 dias observou-se melhor (P 0,05) rendimento de carcaça e balanço de nitrogênio negativo com Treo: Lis avaliadas. Recomenda-se a relação de Treo: Lis digestível de 0,86 como o ótimo para a conversão alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça das codornas de corte fêmeas nos períodos de 21 a 28 e 28 a 35 dias.(AU)