The sperm mitochondria: clues and challenges

Sperm cells rely on different substrates to fulfil thei energy demand for different functions and diverse moments of their life. Species specific mechanism involve both energy substrate transport and their utilization: hexose transporters, a protein family of facilitative passive transporters of glucose and other hexose, have been identified in spermatozoa of different species and, within the species, their localization has been identified and, in some cases, linked to specific glycilitic enzyme presence. The catabolism of hexose sources for energy purposes has been studied in various species, and recent advances has been made in the knowledge of metabolic strategies of sperm cells. In particular, the importance of aerobic metabolism has been defined and described in horse, boar and even mouse spermatozoa; bull sperm cells demonstrate to have a good adaptability and capacity to switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation; finally, dog sperm cells have been demonstrated to have a great plasticity in energy metabolism management, being also able to activate the anabolic pathway of glycogen syntesis. In conclusion, the study of energy management and mitochondrial function in spermatozoa of different specie furnishes important base knowledge to define new media for preservation as well as newbases for reproductive biotechnologies.(AU)

Effect of mineral-energy supplementation on the performance of young bulls from different genetic groups on pasture / Efeito da suplementação energética-mineral no desempenho de tourinhos de diferentes grupos genéticos recriados a pasto

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of young bulls from three genetic groups, ½ Brangus x ½ Nellore (BRN), Nellore (NEL) and ½ Canchim x ½ Nellore (CAN), reared on pasture and supplemented with mineral (MS) or energy-mineral (MES) supplement. Eighty-one bulls, with a mean age of 12 months and mean body weight of 252 ± 33 kg were used. The experiment was conducted in a 3x2 factorial completely randomized design. Each genetic group was subdivided into six experimental plots, three received MS and three received MES. Animals were managed in a rotational stocking system in a Tifton 85 grass pasture. The consumption of MS was similar between the genetic groups with an average of 0.073 kg animal-1 day-1, whereas the consumption of MES was higher for BRN, 2.10 kg animal-1 day-1, followed by CAN, with 1.57 kg animal-1 day-1, and lower for NEL, with 1.28 kg animal-1 day-1. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was greater for animals that received MES compared to those that were given MS. For animals that received MS, the BRN group had ADG of 0.64 kg animal-1, while the NEL and CAN groups were similar with a mean of 0.46 kg animal-1. For animals that received MES, the CAN group had higher ADG, 0.97 kg animal-1, while the NEL and BRN groups were similar, with an average of 0.86 kg animal-1. Blood levels of total protein, albumin, creatinine, glucose and cholesterol did not change depending on the types of supplements used or between genetic groups. Higher serum urea levels were observed in NEL and CAN animals that received MS. Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were higher in BRN and CAN animals that received MES. Gains in rump height, height at the withers, body length, rump width and chest perimeter were greater in animals that received MES. Mostly, the gains in morphometric measurements were greater for crossbred animals than for the NEL group. The supply of mineral-energy supplement in Tifton 85 grass pasture during the rainy season is recommended only for Nellore and ½ Canchim x ½ Nellore young bulls. Crossbred young bulls show greater gains in morphometric measurements than Nellore young bulls during rearing.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o desempenho de tourinhos de três grupos genéticos, ½ Brangus x ½ Nelore (BRN), Nelore (NEL) e ½ Canchim x ½ Nelore (CAN), recriados à pasto e suplementados com mineral (SM) ou energético-mineral (SEM). Foram utilizados 81 tourinhos, com idade média de 12 meses e peso corporal médio de 252 ± 33 kg. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x2. Cada grupo genético foi subdividido em seis parcelas experimentais, em que três delas receberam SM e três receberam SEM. Os animais foram manejados em sistema de lotação rotacionada em pasto de capim Tifton 85. O consumo de SM foi semelhante entre os grupos genéticos com média de 0,073 kg animal-1 dia-1, já o consumo de SEM foi maior para o BRN com 2,10 kg animal-1 dia-1, seguido pelo CAN com 1,57 kg animal-1 dia-1 e menor para o NEL com 1,28 kg animal-1 dia-1. O ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) foi maior para os animais que receberam SEM em relação aos que receberam SM. Para os animais que receberam SM, o grupo BRN apresentou GMD de 0,64 kg animal-1, enquanto os grupos NEL e CAN foram semelhantes com média de 0,46 kg animal-1. Para os animais que receberam SEM o grupo CAN apresentou maior GMD com 0,97 kg animal-1, enquanto os grupos NEL e BRN foram semelhantes com média de 0,86 kg animal-1. Os níveis sanguíneos de proteína total, albumina, creatinina, glicose e colesterol não foram alterados em função dos tipos de suplementos utilizados ou entre os grupos genéticos. Maiores níveis séricos de ureia foram observados nos animais NEL e CAN que receberam SM. Os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase foram maiores em animais BRN e CAN que receberam SEM. Os ganhos de altura de garupa, altura de cernelha, comprimento, largura de garupa, perímetro torácico e largura de peito foram maiores em animais que receberam SEM. Em sua maioria, os ganhos de medidas morfométricas foram maiores para os animais mestiços do que para o NEL. O fornecimento de suplemento energético-mineral em pasto de capim Tifton 85 durante o período das águas é recomendado apenas para tourinhos Nelore e ½ Canchim x ½ Nelore. Tourinhos mestiços apresentam maiores ganhos em medidas morfométricas que tourinhos Nelore durante a recria.(AU)

Perfil metabólico de vacas da raça Holandesa: valores de referência em rebanhos do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil / Metabolic profile of Holstein cows: reference values in herds of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil

Background: Assessing data from metabolic profile is a complex task depending on individual factors such as breed, age,sex and physiological status and environmental factors such as climate and management. Therefore, reference intervalsproduced in herds from different geographic regions are not always precise in the local reality. The aim of this study isto compile results of values of the most used parameters in the metabolic profile of healthy Holstein cows, grouped bylactation stage, obtained from studies in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as an effort for the elaboration of regional referenceintervals for dairy cattle in this geographic area.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was defined through the PICO strategy, considering multiparous Holsteincows from scientific studies carried out in Rio Grande do Sul, during the period 1996-2021, in which the nitrogen, glycidic, lipidic, enzymatic or mineral metabolic profile was determined. Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library andPubMed were the electronic databases selected for the search, using the following descriptors: “profile” and “metabolic”and “metabolic profile” and “dairy” or “cattle” or “cow” and “Brazil” and “southern” or “Rio Grande do Sul”. Studiesin Portuguese, English and Spanish languages were considered. The references of the articles initially selected were alsoverified, through ResearchGate and Google Scholar, in addition to unpublished data, unfinished studies or data in the socalled “gray literature”. It was possible to identify a total of 34 publications, which were tabulated to assess the scientificquality and bias risk. Studies were evaluated by a pair of independent reviewers, in order to compare results. Eligibilityconfirmation was given after the complete reading of the articles, evaluating the presence of all the inclusion selectioncriteria, such as adequate population and the intervention made. Examples of exclusion criteria for studies were studies or...

Resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico / Metabolic response to surgical trauma

Os efeitos do trauma cirúrgico no organismo, os quais são amplamente estudados pela medicina humana e veterinária, resultam em uma complexa resposta neuroendócrina e imunológica, desencadeadas para restabelecer a homeostase e preservar a vida. A resposta metabólica ao trauma é caracterizada pelo aumento da secreção de hormônios hipofisários, ativação do sistema nervoso simpático e secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Essa resposta tem por objetivo manter a perfusão tecidual, controlar a proliferação de microrganismos e mobilizar substratos para garantir a integridade das funções celulares e promover reparação tecidual. Diferentes fatores podem influenciar a intensidade da resposta do organismo ao trauma, incluindo magnitude e duração dos estímulos, enfermidades ou eventos traumáticos pré-existentes, protocolos anestésicos e técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas. Respostas metabólicas exacerbadas ocasionam complicações pós-operatórias, tempo prolongado de recuperação dos pacientes e óbito. Através da identificação dos principais eventos relacionados à resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, é possível atuar de forma a reduzir os danos associados, melhorando a qualidade e minimizando os riscos do período pós-operatório. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão descrevendo a fisiopatologia e as consequências da resposta metabólica ao trauma cirúrgico, em suas diferentes formas e origens, no período perioperatório.

The effects of surgical trauma on the organism, which are widely studied by human and veterinary medicine, result in a complex neuroendocrine and immune responses triggered to restore homeostasis and preserve life. The metabolic response to trauma is characterized by increased secretion of hypophyseal hormones, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This response aims to maintain tissue perfusion, control the proliferation of microorganisms, and mobilize substrates to ensure the integrity of cellular functions and promote tissue repair. Different factors can influence the intensity of the organism's response to trauma, including magnitude and duration of stimuli, pre-existing infirmities or traumas, anaesthetic protocols, and surgical techniques applied. Exacerbated metabolic responses can cause post-operative complications, prolonged recovery time, and death. By identifying the main events related to the metabolic response to surgical trauma, it is possible to act to reduce the associated damages, improving quality and minimizing the risks of the postoperative period. Thus, the present paper aims to present a review describing the physiopathology and the consequences of the metabolic response to surgical trauma, in its different forms and origins, in the perioperative period.

Sperm energy metabolism

The development of techniques to increase sperm longevity demands knowledge about cell metabolism. Sperm requires a constant supply of energy to maintain its cell functions. Approximately 500 metabolic reactions take place in somatic cells, and several of them require energy. Most of the produced energy goes for sperm motility, which is an ATP-dependent specialized process. Spermatozoa possess the required mechanisms to produce energy through glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. Understanding these pathways provides knowledge on the interactions between the semen extender substrates and sperm cells. The aim of this review is to approach the major energy producing pathways of the sperm, as well as the substrates available for this metabolism.

Para o desenvolvimento de técnicas que visam o aumento da longevidade espermática, é necessário o entendimento metabólico desta célula. O espermatozoide exige um fornecimento constante de energia para a manutenção das funções celulares. Aproximadamente 500 reações metabólicas são conhecidas por ocorrer nas células somáticas, sendo que grande parte delas requer energia. Para atingir seu objetivo, grande parte da produção energética do espermatozoide é destinada à motilidade, o qual é um processo especializado e dependente de ATP. O espermatozoide possui os mecanismos necessários para produzir energia através da glicólise, Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico (Ciclo de Krebs) e Fosforilação Oxidativa. O entendimento destas vias torna-se indispensável para a compreensão das interações entre os substratos do meio diluente e o espermatozoide. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar as principais vias de produção energética do espermatozoide, assim como os substratos disponíveis para metabolização.

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Milk yield and composition in dairy cows with post-partum disorders / [Produção e composição do leite em vacas com desordens no pós-parto]

This study aimed to determine the impact of different post-partum disorders on milk yield and composition. One hundred and fifteen Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil were monitored up to 62 days post-partum. During this period, body condition score evaluation and animal clinical examination were conducted. Percentages of fat, protein, and lactose, as well as somatic cells score, were determined in milk samples. The AST activity and concentrations of NEFA, calcium, and BHBA, were analyzed in blood samples. The occurrence of clinical disorders was identified in 30 (26%) cows. Subclinical disorders were identified in 64 (56%) cows. Only 21 (18%) cows did not suffer any kind of disorder within the studied period. In this study, no significant differences were found in milk production, protein, and somatic cell count in clinical, subclinical, and healthy cows. Milk fat and the fat: protein quotient (F:P) were higher in cows with clinical disorders and the 6 to 21 days in milk, and lactose were lower in cows with clinical disorders and the 22 to 42 days in milk (P<0.05).(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto de diferentes distúrbios após o parto na produção de leite e em sua composição. Cento e quinze vacas Holandesas de uma fazenda de gado leiteiro, localizada em estado da região Sul do Brasil, foram monitoradas até 62 dias após o parto. Durante esse período, foram realizadas avaliações do escore de condição corporal e exame clínico nos animais. As porcentagens de gordura, proteína e lactose, bem como o escore de células somáticas, foram determinadas nas amostras de leite. A atividade do AST e as concentrações de NEFA, cálcio e BHBA foram analisadas em amostras de sangue. A ocorrência de distúrbios clínicos foi identificada em 30 (26%) vacas, os distúrbios subclínicos foram identificados em 64 (56%) vacas. Apenas 21 (18%) vacas não sofreram nenhum tipo de distúrbio ao longo do período estudado. Neste estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na produção do leite, proteína e na contagem de células somáticas em vacas com doenças clínicas, subclínicas e saudáveis. No leite, a gordura e o quociente gordura e proteína (G:P) foram maiores em vacas com doença clínica no período de seis a 21 dias de lactação, e a lactose foi menor em vacas com doença clínica no período de 22 a 42 dias de lactação (P<0,05).(AU)

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Sperm energy metabolism

The development of techniques to increase sperm longevity demands knowledge about cell metabolism. Sperm requires a constant supply of energy to maintain its cell functions. Approximately 500 metabolic reactions take place in somatic cells, and several of them require energy. Most of the produced energy goes for sperm motility, which is an ATP-dependent specialized process. Spermatozoa possess the required mechanisms to produce energy through glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. Understanding these pathways provides knowledge on the interactions between the semen extender substrates and sperm cells. The aim of this review is to approach the major energy producing pathways of the sperm, as well as the substrates available for this metabolism.(AU)

Para o desenvolvimento de técnicas que visam o aumento da longevidade espermática, é necessário o entendimento metabólico desta célula. O espermatozoide exige um fornecimento constante de energia para a manutenção das funções celulares. Aproximadamente 500 reações metabólicas são conhecidas por ocorrer nas células somáticas, sendo que grande parte delas requer energia. Para atingir seu objetivo, grande parte da produção energética do espermatozoide é destinada à motilidade, o qual é um processo especializado e dependente de ATP. O espermatozoide possui os mecanismos necessários para produzir energia através da glicólise, Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico (Ciclo de Krebs) e Fosforilação Oxidativa. O entendimento destas vias torna-se indispensável para a compreensão das interações entre os substratos do meio diluente e o espermatozoide. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar as principais vias de produção energética do espermatozoide, assim como os substratos disponíveis para metabolização.(AU)

Protected and partially protected fat sources from ruminal degradation for pregnant sheep

Fat sources are important component on animal feed. However, ruminants did not evolve to efficient degrade lipids. Thus, it is necessary to study how its supplementation may affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of different lipids sources over consumption, performance, metabolites, and feed behavior of pregnant sheep. The experiment was carried out at Capim Branco Experimental Farm, at goat and sheep sector of Federal University of Uberlândia, from August to November 2015. Twenty-four pregnant sheep were used, mean body weight 50 kg and approximate 12 months age. The animals were divided into three treatments (Control, palm oil protected fat and cottonseed). The corn silage was used as the bulk. The roughage: concentrate ratio was 60:40 (on dry matter). Measurements of body weight, body condition score and biometric measurements were taken every 21 days. Ingestive behavior evaluation was performed throughout the experiment. The consumption measurement was made in descriptive way. Shortly after birth, the sheep and their offspring were weighed, the barrel circumference was taken, and samples from the mother's blood were collected. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements in time. It was verified greater time spent with feeding and chewing in the treatment with cottonseed and consequently less time in idle. There was no statistical difference in weight, barrel circumference (BC) and body condition score (BCS) of the sheep under the different treatments. There was a linear growth in BC measurements and sheep weight over the evaluated periods. There were differences between the treatments for the offspring's average weight. The use of cottonseed as a fat source increases the birth weight of the progeny and improves pregnant sheep metabolic profile in relation to inert fat.

Protected and partially protected fat sources from ruminal degradation for pregnant sheep

Fat sources are important component on animal feed. However, ruminants did not evolve to efficient degrade lipids. Thus, it is necessary to study how its supplementation may affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of different lipids sources over consumption, performance, metabolites, and feed behavior of pregnant sheep. The experiment was carried out at Capim Branco Experimental Farm, at goat and sheep sector of Federal University of Uberlândia, from August to November 2015. Twenty-four pregnant sheep were used, mean body weight 50 kg and approximate 12 months age. The animals were divided into three treatments (Control, palm oil protected fat and cottonseed). The corn silage was used as the bulk. The roughage: concentrate ratio was 60:40 (on dry matter). Measurements of body weight, body condition score and biometric measurements were taken every 21 days. Ingestive behavior evaluation was performed throughout the experiment. The consumption measurement was made in descriptive way. Shortly after birth, the sheep and their offspring were weighed, the barrel circumference was taken, and samples from the mother's blood were collected. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements in time. It was verified greater time spent with feeding and chewing in the treatment with cottonseed and consequently less time in idle. There was no statistical difference in weight, barrel circumference (BC) and body condition score (BCS) of the sheep under the different treatments. There was a linear growth in BC measurements and sheep weight over the evaluated periods. There were differences between the treatments for the offspring's average weight. The use of cottonseed as a fat source increases the birth weight of the progeny and improves pregnant sheep metabolic profile in relation to inert fat.(AU)

Avaliação da atividade funcional dos neutrófilos sanguíneos em ovelhas primíparas e pluríparas da raça Lacaune / [Functional evaluation of blood neutrophils in primiparous and pluriparous Lacaune ewes]

This study aimed to evaluate the neutrophil oxidative metabolism and phagocytosis of Zymonsan particles of primiparous and pluriparous Lacaune ewes during the first 30 days after lambing. A total of 20 ewes were evaluated, 10 primiparous (GPR) and 10 pluriparous (GPL). Evaluation of basal oxidative metabolism was performed using the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) technique, stimulating neutrophil phagocytosis with Zymosan particles. Blood samples were collected at parturition day (M1) and 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after parturition, corresponding to M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6, respectively. In relation to the groups, GPR presented lower oxidative basal metabolism neutrophils in M1 compared to M4, in M3 with M1, M2, M4 and M5. In M4 and M5 differences were found at all times and in M6 with M4 and M5. Higher percentage of neutrophils than phagocytes were found in M4, M5 and M6 than in M1 and M2 in GPL animals. At all times GPR presented a lower percentage of phagocytosis than GPL. Thus it is concluded that the immune response in pluriparous sheep was more efficient than in primiparous sheep.(AU)

Efeito da suplementação de colina protegida no perfil metabólico e intervalo entre parto e concepção de vacas leiteiras / Prepartum supplementation of protected choline on metabolic profile and interval between calving and conception of dairy cows

Durante o periparto, as vacas leiteiras são submetidas a uma grande demanda de energia, ao mesmo tempo em que reduzem sua ingestão de matéria seca. O balanço energético negativo, resultante dessa equação, acarreta severos transtornos metabólicos, à produção e, principalmente, à reprodução. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da colina protegida sobre os parâmetros metabólicos, o intervalo entre parto e concepção e a produção de leite em vacas no período de transição. Cinquenta e quatro vacas leiteiras foram divididas em três grupos: controle, suplementação com colina por 10 dias pré-parto (T10) e suplementação com colina por 20 dias pré-parto (T20). Após o parto, foram mensurados os teores de frutosamina, colesterol, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) e total de oxidantes (TOS), nos dias 10, 20 e 30. Ainda foram avaliadas produção de leite e intervalo entre parto e concepção. Não houve efeito da suplementação com colina sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e a produção. O intervalo entre parto e concepção foi menor no grupo T20. A colina suplementada por 20 dias durante o pré-parto melhorou a performance reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras(AU)

During the periparturient dairy cows undergo a large energy demand, at the same time reducing their intake of dry matter. The negative energy balance resulting from this equation leads to severe metabolic disorders in production, and mainly in reproduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected choline on metabolic parameters, reproductive performance, and milk production in cows during the transition period. Fifty-four dairy cows were divided into three groups: control, supplementation with choline for 10 days prepartum (T10) and supplementation with choline for 20 days prepartum (T20). After delivery we measured fructosamine levels, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), and total oxidant (TOS) on days 10, 20 and 30. We also evaluated milk production and interval between calving and conception. There was no effect of supplementation with choline on blood and production parameters. The interval between calving and conception was lower in the T20 group. Choline supplemented by 20 during the antepartum improved reproductive performance of dairy cows, although it did not change the metabolic profile.(AU)

Efeito da suplementação de colina protegida no perfil metabólico e intervalo entre parto e concepção de vacas leiteiras / Prepartum supplementation of protected choline on metabolic profile and interval between calving and conception of dairy cows

Durante o periparto, as vacas leiteiras são submetidas a uma grande demanda de energia, ao mesmo tempo em que reduzem sua ingestão de matéria seca. O balanço energético negativo, resultante dessa equação, acarreta severos transtornos metabólicos, à produção e, principalmente, à reprodução. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da colina protegida sobre os parâmetros metabólicos, o intervalo entre parto e concepção e a produção de leite em vacas no período de transição. Cinquenta e quatro vacas leiteiras foram divididas em três grupos: controle, suplementação com colina por 10 dias pré-parto (T10) e suplementação com colina por 20 dias pré-parto (T20). Após o parto, foram mensurados os teores de frutosamina, colesterol, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) e total de oxidantes (TOS), nos dias 10, 20 e 30. Ainda foram avaliadas produção de leite e intervalo entre parto e concepção. Não houve efeito da suplementação com colina sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e a produção. O intervalo entre parto e concepção foi menor no grupo T20. A colina suplementada por 20 dias durante o pré-parto melhorou a performance reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras(AU)

During the periparturient dairy cows undergo a large energy demand, at the same time reducing their intake of dry matter. The negative energy balance resulting from this equation leads to severe metabolic disorders in production, and mainly in reproduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected choline on metabolic parameters, reproductive performance, and milk production in cows during the transition period. Fifty-four dairy cows were divided into three groups: control, supplementation with choline for 10 days prepartum (T10) and supplementation with choline for 20 days prepartum (T20). After delivery we measured fructosamine levels, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), and total oxidant (TOS) on days 10, 20 and 30. We also evaluated milk production and interval between calving and conception. There was no effect of supplementation with choline on blood and production parameters. The interval between calving and conception was lower in the T20 group. Choline supplemented by 20 during the antepartum improved reproductive performance of dairy cows, although it did not change the metabolic profile.(AU)

Improving crops genome through genetic engineering of the key metabolic pathways

Soybean loss due to pests and pathogens is a serious problem worldwide. Soybean producers have few options to manage diseases caused by general pathogens where major genes for full resistance have not been discovered. The innate defense of soybean plants could be enhanced by improving content and composition of lignin by genetic engineering of the phenylpropanoid pathway.We used a novel technique of germ-line genetic transformation of soybean plants via natural pollen tubes as vectors. This technique uses Agrobacterium tumefaciensto mediate transfer of genes of interest to the zygote to introduce the key lignification genes (PtMYB4, PAL5, F5H, CAD1) into soybean genome. We observed 5.6% average transformation efficiency in the first generation of transgenic plants and in the second generation the presence of the transgene constructs was confirmed in more than 50% (for CsVMV/PtMYB4sens, 35SVTM/PAL5, C4H/F5H, CsVMV/CAD1constructs) transgenic soybean lines. We confirmed the expression of the introduced genes at transcriptional level using RT-PCR and Northern blot. Functional analysis using lignin content determination and the activity of PAL5 and CAD1 enzymes demonstrated that the transgenes perform their function in planta. The proposed technique is effectiveand inexpensive and can be used to create novel stress and disease resistant soybean genotypes.

Influence of glutamine and glutamate supplementation in the blood levels of horses

Background: The most abundant free amino acid in mammals is glutamine (GLN). Little research has focused on GLNsupplementation for horses, but GLN levels in this species are known to decline after exercise and during lactation. Underphysiological conditions, the body produces Gln in sufficient quantities for general metabolism, and a small part of thisamino acid comes from dietary protein. Little research has so far focused on equine dietary supplementation with freeglutamine or combined with other amino acids during catabolic states or in highly stressful situations. This research wasconducted to evaluate the effects of equine dietary supplementation using a combination of glutamine and glutamate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study involved four Arabian mares, not in training (~380 kg; ~12 years old) and fourtreatments (control, and inclusions of 1, 2 and 4% of GLN+GLU) in a Latin square model. A 7-day washout period wasestablished between each phase. Fifty percent of the mares’ maintenance energy requirements came from concentrate and50% from hay and grazing. The other 50% came from Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon), which was supplied ad libitum.After 7 weeks of nutritional supplementation (once a day, in the morning). In the experimental model, the mares weredistributed in a Latin square design comprised of four treatments: control (without inclusion) and inclusions of 1%, 2%and 4% of supplement (AminoGut®, Ajinomoto do Brazil), and four animals. Blood was collected in five stages (fasting,and 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after feeding) in each treatment. The blood samples were analyzed to determine GLN, GLU,urea, creatinine, uric acid, total plasma protein, hematocrit and glucose levels. Glutamine and Glutamate concentrationswere analyzed using the enzymatic spectrophotometric method. The results were analyzed statistically using one- andtwo-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test with P set at 5%...

Videothermometry to evaluate metabolic activity in real time during pneumectomy in rats

Purpose:To evaluate, in rats, the open field videothermometry in real time while performing left pneumonectomy for early diagnosis of cardiopulmonary changes.Methods:Twelve non-specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups; pneumectomy group (GP) and sham surgery group (GS). Mean arterial pressure, videothermometry in real time, of the right lung, and histopathological analysis of the remaining lung were evaluated in all animals.Results:Videothermometry in real time allowed identification of temperature variance of right lung after pneumectomy, indicating a significant decrease in temperature during evaluation. There was a statistical difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2 and M0 and M2 (p<0.004) in GS, and significant difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2, and M2 and M0 with p<0.0001 in GP.Conclusions:Left pneumonectomy in rats shows initial histopathological changes after 60 minutes of its completion, indicating a possible compensation beginning. The open-field videothermometry in real time proved to be efficient identifying the temperature changes of the remaining lung.(AU)

Influence of glutamine and glutamate supplementation in the blood levels of horses

Background: The most abundant free amino acid in mammals is glutamine (GLN). Little research has focused on GLNsupplementation for horses, but GLN levels in this species are known to decline after exercise and during lactation. Underphysiological conditions, the body produces Gln in sufficient quantities for general metabolism, and a small part of thisamino acid comes from dietary protein. Little research has so far focused on equine dietary supplementation with freeglutamine or combined with other amino acids during catabolic states or in highly stressful situations. This research wasconducted to evaluate the effects of equine dietary supplementation using a combination of glutamine and glutamate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study involved four Arabian mares, not in training (~380 kg; ~12 years old) and fourtreatments (control, and inclusions of 1, 2 and 4% of GLN+GLU) in a Latin square model. A 7-day washout period wasestablished between each phase. Fifty percent of the mares maintenance energy requirements came from concentrate and50% from hay and grazing. The other 50% came from Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon), which was supplied ad libitum.After 7 weeks of nutritional supplementation (once a day, in the morning). In the experimental model, the mares weredistributed in a Latin square design comprised of four treatments: control (without inclusion) and inclusions of 1%, 2%and 4% of supplement (AminoGut®, Ajinomoto do Brazil), and four animals. Blood was collected in five stages (fasting,and 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after feeding) in each treatment. The blood samples were analyzed to determine GLN, GLU,urea, creatinine, uric acid, total plasma protein, hematocrit and glucose levels. Glutamine and Glutamate concentrationswere analyzed using the enzymatic spectrophotometric method. The results were analyzed statistically using one- andtwo-way ANOVA and Tukeys test with P set at 5%...(AU)

Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period / Efeito do uso de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E sobre o perfil metabólico de vacas holandesas no período de transição

The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum.[...](AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito metafilático de doses subcutâneas de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E, sobre parâmetros bioquímicos (teores de AGNES, BHBA, frutosamina, ureia, triglicerídos, HDL e cálcio) e hormonais (cortisol, insulina e IGF-1) de vacas holandesas no período de transição. Sessenta animais, provenientes de duas propriedades com sistema de semi-confinamento, com médias de produção de 22 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 1) e 24 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 2), recebendo dieta de acordo a recomendação do NRC (2001), ou seja, em baixo desafio metabólico, foram divididos em dois grupos: animais que receberam doses de minerais traços e vitaminas (GMTV) (n=30) e Controle (GC) (n=30). As coletas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas nos seguintes momentos: M1 (21 dias pré-parto), M2 (14 dias pré-parto), M3 (sete dias pré-parto), M4 (dia do parto), M5 (sete dias após o parto), M6 (14 dias após o parto) e M7 (21 dias após o parto). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância, com medidas repetidas no tempo dentro da variável aleatória vaca. Foram consideradas significativas as diferenças ao nível de 5% de significância e tendência ao nível de 10%. Não houve diferença entre tratamento e interação tratamento x dia nos parâmetros avaliados. No entanto, para algumas variáveis houve diferença significativa de dia. Os teores de AGNES (P < 0,0001) foram maiores no dia do parto. As concentrações de BHBA (P=0,0031) alcançaram os valores mais elevados na terceira semana de lactação. A frutosamina exibiu valores crescentes até o dia do parto (P=0,0373), onde se observaram maiores concentrações.[...](AU)

Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period / Efeito do uso de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E sobre o perfil metabólico de vacas holandesas no período de transição

The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum.[...]

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito metafilático de doses subcutâneas de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E, sobre parâmetros bioquímicos (teores de AGNES, BHBA, frutosamina, ureia, triglicerídos, HDL e cálcio) e hormonais (cortisol, insulina e IGF-1) de vacas holandesas no período de transição. Sessenta animais, provenientes de duas propriedades com sistema de semi-confinamento, com médias de produção de 22 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 1) e 24 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 2), recebendo dieta de acordo a recomendação do NRC (2001), ou seja, em baixo desafio metabólico, foram divididos em dois grupos: animais que receberam doses de minerais traços e vitaminas (GMTV) (n=30) e Controle (GC) (n=30). As coletas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas nos seguintes momentos: M1 (21 dias pré-parto), M2 (14 dias pré-parto), M3 (sete dias pré-parto), M4 (dia do parto), M5 (sete dias após o parto), M6 (14 dias após o parto) e M7 (21 dias após o parto). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância, com medidas repetidas no tempo dentro da variável aleatória vaca. Foram consideradas significativas as diferenças ao nível de 5% de significância e tendência ao nível de 10%. Não houve diferença entre tratamento e interação tratamento x dia nos parâmetros avaliados. No entanto, para algumas variáveis houve diferença significativa de dia. Os teores de AGNES (P < 0,0001) foram maiores no dia do parto. As concentrações de BHBA (P=0,0031) alcançaram os valores mais elevados na terceira semana de lactação. A frutosamina exibiu valores crescentes até o dia do parto (P=0,0373), onde se observaram maiores concentrações.[...]