Reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable in Monilinia fructicola isolates

A shift towards declining azoxystrobin sensitivity has been previously documented in a collection of Brazilian Monilinia fructicola isolates, but information on the stability of this trait after in vitro sub-culturing is not available. In this study, one highly-sensitive isolate and two isolates with reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin, not exhibiting point mutations at codons 129, 137 and 143 in the target gene of cytochrome b were used. Two independent experiments consisted of 10 weekly transfers of each strain in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidial production and germination were quantified in the initial culture and, again, after the third, sixth and tenth transfer. Measures of mycelial growth were obtained in colonies growing on PDA amended with azoxystrobin at 1 µg mL-1 and salicylhydroxamic acid at 100 µg mL-1. Data were normalized to mycelial growth rate after each of the 10 transfers. The colony diameter in the less sensitive isolates was stable across the transfers in the PDA amended with the fungicide. The conidial production and mycelial growth rate did not decrease in non-amended media either. Our results suggest that the trait of reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable under no selection pressure for azoxystrobin.

Reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable in Monilinia fructicola isolates

A shift towards declining azoxystrobin sensitivity has been previously documented in a collection of Brazilian Monilinia fructicola isolates, but information on the stability of this trait after in vitro sub-culturing is not available. In this study, one highly-sensitive isolate and two isolates with reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin, not exhibiting point mutations at codons 129, 137 and 143 in the target gene of cytochrome b were used. Two independent experiments consisted of 10 weekly transfers of each strain in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidial production and germination were quantified in the initial culture and, again, after the third, sixth and tenth transfer. Measures of mycelial growth were obtained in colonies growing on PDA amended with azoxystrobin at 1 µg mL-1 and salicylhydroxamic acid at 100 µg mL-1. Data were normalized to mycelial growth rate after each of the 10 transfers. The colony diameter in the less sensitive isolates was stable across the transfers in the PDA amended with the fungicide. The conidial production and mycelial growth rate did not decrease in non-amended media either. Our results suggest that the trait of reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable under no selection pressure for azoxystrobin.(AU)

Doenças micóticas em gatos no Rio Grande do Sul / Fungal diseases in cats in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

As enfermidades fúngicas são diagnósticos diferenciais de diversas morbidades de caráter infeccioso, degenerativo ou proliferativo neoplásico, principalmente em gatos, que é a espécie mais suscetível a estas. Este trabalho descreve os achados anatomopatológicos de doenças fúngicas em gatos no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015 pelo SPV-UFRGS. Foram revisados 1.274 protocolos de necropsia e encontrou-se 17 casos de micoses, correspondendo a 1,33% dos diagnósticos. Quanto às amostras provenientes de biopsias, foram verificados 2.615 protocolos e detectou-se 59 casos de doenças fúngicas, totalizando 2,25% dos diagnósticos, sendo revisados seus achados macroscópicos, microscópicos, colorações especiais e cultivo micológico. O principal diagnóstico encontrado foi esporotricose com 34 casos de biópsia e cinco de necropsia. Criptococose obteve seis diagnósticos na necropsia e 13 na biópsia. O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico possui cinco casos de biópsia e dois de necropsia. Histoplasmose obteve um diagnóstico na necropsia e dois na biópsia. Aspergilose teve dois casos diagnosticados na necropsia. Candidíase e feo-hifomicose obtiveram um caso cada. Em quatro ocasiões, não se pode identificar o agente envolvido na lesão e foram classificados conforme a alteração morfológica em: dermatite fúngica, enterite fúngica, rinite micótica e dermatite e osteomielite fúngica. Através deste trabalho, pode-se identificar que a esporotricose foi o diagnóstico de doença fúngica mais frequente em felinos, seguido da criptococose e pseudomicetoma dermatofítico.(AU)

Fungal disease is included in the differential diagnosis of a wide range of disorders in cats. At the Department of Veterinary Pathology of Federal University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS), evaluation of records data of cats from January 2005 to December 2015 were examined. A total of 1,274 necropsy have been reviewed from which 17 cases of fungal infection was revealed accounting for 1.33%, and a total of 2,615 biopsies have been reviewed from which 59 cases of fungal infection was revealed, accounting for 2.25%. We retrospectively analyzed the gross and microscopic findings and the yield of additional diagnostic approaches employed. Sporotrichosis was the most common diagnosis with 34 cases found in biopsy and five necropsies. Cryptococcosis obtained six diagnoses through necropsy and 13 through biopsy. Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma was found in five cases in biopsy and two necropsies. Histoplasmosis diagnosis was obtained in one necropsy and two biopsies. Aspergillosis had two cases diagnosed in necropsy. Candidiase and phaeo-hyphomycosis accounted for one case each. In four occasions, it was not possible to identify the agent involved and the diagnosis was made regarding the morphological changes: fungal dermatitis, fungal enteritis, mycotic rhinitis, and fungal dermatitis and osteomyelitis. In this study, sporotrichosis could be identified as the most frequent diagnosis of fungal disease in cats, followed by cryptococcosis and dermatophytic pseudomycetoma.(AU)

Doenças micóticas em gatos no Rio Grande do Sul / Fungal diseases in cats in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

As enfermidades fúngicas são diagnósticos diferenciais de diversas morbidades de caráter infeccioso, degenerativo ou proliferativo neoplásico, principalmente em gatos, que é a espécie mais suscetível a estas. Este trabalho descreve os achados anatomopatológicos de doenças fúngicas em gatos no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015 pelo SPV-UFRGS. Foram revisados 1.274 protocolos de necropsia e encontrou-se 17 casos de micoses, correspondendo a 1,33% dos diagnósticos. Quanto às amostras provenientes de biopsias, foram verificados 2.615 protocolos e detectou-se 59 casos de doenças fúngicas, totalizando 2,25% dos diagnósticos, sendo revisados seus achados macroscópicos, microscópicos, colorações especiais e cultivo micológico. O principal diagnóstico encontrado foi esporotricose com 34 casos de biópsia e cinco de necropsia. Criptococose obteve seis diagnósticos na necropsia e 13 na biópsia. O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico possui cinco casos de biópsia e dois de necropsia. Histoplasmose obteve um diagnóstico na necropsia e dois na biópsia. Aspergilose teve dois casos diagnosticados na necropsia. Candidíase e feo-hifomicose obtiveram um caso cada. Em quatro ocasiões, não se pode identificar o agente envolvido na lesão e foram classificados conforme a alteração morfológica em: dermatite fúngica, enterite fúngica, rinite micótica e dermatite e osteomielite fúngica. Através deste trabalho, pode-se identificar que a esporotricose foi o diagnóstico de doença fúngica mais frequente em felinos, seguido da criptococose e pseudomicetoma dermatofítico.(AU)

Fungal disease is included in the differential diagnosis of a wide range of disorders in cats. At the Department of Veterinary Pathology of Federal University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS), evaluation of records data of cats from January 2005 to December 2015 were examined. A total of 1,274 necropsy have been reviewed from which 17 cases of fungal infection was revealed accounting for 1.33%, and a total of 2,615 biopsies have been reviewed from which 59 cases of fungal infection was revealed, accounting for 2.25%. We retrospectively analyzed the gross and microscopic findings and the yield of additional diagnostic approaches employed. Sporotrichosis was the most common diagnosis with 34 cases found in biopsy and five necropsies. Cryptococcosis obtained six diagnoses through necropsy and 13 through biopsy. Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma was found in five cases in biopsy and two necropsies. Histoplasmosis diagnosis was obtained in one necropsy and two biopsies. Aspergillosis had two cases diagnosed in necropsy. Candidiase and phaeo-hyphomycosis accounted for one case each. In four occasions, it was not possible to identify the agent involved and the diagnosis was made regarding the morphological changes: fungal dermatitis, fungal enteritis, mycotic rhinitis, and fungal dermatitis and osteomyelitis. In this study, sporotrichosis could be identified as the most frequent diagnosis of fungal disease in cats, followed by cryptococcosis and dermatophytic pseudomycetoma.(AU)

Fusarium species and fumonisins associated with maize kernels produced in Rio Grande do Sul State for the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons

Ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are among the main fungal diseases that contribute to poor quality and the contamination of maize grains with mycotoxins. This study aimed to determine the visual incidence of fungal-damaged kernels (FDKs), the incidence of two main Gibberella (a teleomorph of Fusarium) complexes (G. fujikuroi and G. zeae) associated with maize using a seed health blotter test, and the fumonisin levels, using high performance liquid chromatography, in samples of maize grains grown across 23 municipalities during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons. Additionally, 104 strains that were representative of all of the analysed samples were identified to species using PCR assays. The mean FDK was seven per cent, and only six of the samples had levels greater than six per cent. Fusarium spp. of the G. fujikuroi complex were present in 96% of the samples, and G. zeae was present in 18% of the samples (5/27). The mean incidence of G. fujikuroi was 58%, and the incidence of G. zeae varied from 2 to 6%. FB1 was found in 58.6%, FB2 in 37.9%, and both toxins in 37.9% of the samples. The FB1 and FB2 levels were below the quantification limits for 41.3% of the samples, and the mean FB1 levels (0.66 µg/g) were higher than the mean FB2 levels (0.42 µg/g). The PCR identification separated the 104 isolates into three of the G. fujikuroi complex: F. verticillioides (76%), F. subglutinans (4%) and F. proliferatum (2%); and G. zeae (anamorph = F. graminearum) (18%). Our results confirmed the dominance of F. verticillioides, similar to other regions of Brazil, but they differed due to the relatively higher incidence of F. graminearum. Total fumonisin levels were below the maximum limit determined by current Brazilian regulations.(AU)

Microsporose mista canina - Relato de caso / Canine microsporose mixed - Case Report / Microsporosis mixta canina - Relato de caso

Dermatofitoses são micoses causadas por fungos como: Epidermophyton, Microsporum e Trichophyton. M. canis e M. gypseum são os principais responsáveis pelas infecções dermatofíticas em pequenos animais e acometem principalmente animais jovens. Essas micoses cursam com lesões nas camadas queratinizadas da pele e pelos e em infecções mistas, a intensidade das lesões pode ser aumentada, pois os agentes causais atuam potencializando o quadro clínico. Descreve-se um caso de microsporose mista canina em um filhote de cão da raça Rottweiler. Um canino da raça Rottweiller atendido em uma clínica particular, pois apresentava lesões alopécicas e descamativas em diferentes sítios do corpo. Foi realizada coleta pormeio de raspado cutâneo e o material foi encaminhado para exame micológico. O exame direto do pelo revelou estruturas características de dermatofitose com hifas artrosporadas e aglomerados de artroconídeos. O cultivo micológico resultou em crescimento de colônias fúngicas sugestivas de M. gypseum e M. canis nos meios de cultura semeados com confirmação das características macro e micromorfológicas das duas diferentes espécies fúngicas. Assim, mediante processamento micológico estabeleceu-se, juntamente com o histórico do caso, o diagnóstico de microsporose mista canina. Desse modo, conclui-se a necessidade de exames laboratoriais para a confirmação do diagnóstico definitivo de dermatofitose, sendo a profilaxia, prevenção, controle e potencial zoonótico dessa micose dependente da espécie infectante, tendo importância o seu controle também por seu impacto em saúde pública.(AU)

Dermatophytosis mycoses are caused by fungi such as Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. M. canis and M. gypseum are the main responsible for dermatophytic infections in small animals and affect mainly young animals. These mycoses occur with lesions in the keratinized layers of the skin and the mixed infections and the intensity of the lesions can be increased because the causative agents act enhancing the clinical picture. We describe a case of mixed microsporose dog in a puppy dog breed Rottweiler. A canine breed Rottweiller served in a private clinic because he had alopecia, scaly lesions at different body sites. It was collected through skin scrapings and the material was sent for mycological examination. Direct examination of the structures revealed by the characteristics of dermatophytosis with of hyphae artrosporadas and arthroconidia clusters. The mycological cultivation resulted in growth of fungal colonies suggestive of M. canis and M. gypseum in culture media seeded with confirmation of macro and micromorphological characteristics of the two different fungal species. Thus, by processing mycological established together with the case history, the diagnosis of canine microsporose mixed. Through the described case is concluded the need for laboratory tests to confirm the definitive diagnosis of dermatophytosis and prophylaxis, prevention, control and zoonotic potential of this mycosis dependent on the infecting species, taking control of the same importance also for their impact on public health.(AU)

Dermatofitosis son micosis causadas por hongos como: Epidermophyton, Microsporum y Trichophyton. M.canis y M. gypseum que son los principales responsables en las infecciones por dermatofitos en animales pequeños y afectan principalmente animales jóvenes. Esas micosis se producen con lesiones en las capas queratinizadas de la piel, pelos y en infecciones mixtas, la intensidad de las lesiones puede ser aumentada, pues los agentes causantes actúan potencializando el cuadro clínico. Se describe un caso de microsporosis mixta canina en un cachorro de perro de la raza Rottweiller. Un canino de la raza Rottweiller atendido en una clínica privada que presentaba lesiones de alopecia y lesiones escamosas en diferentes partes del cuerpo. Se realizó recolección por medio de raspado cutáneo y el material fue enviado para examen micológico. El examen directo del pelo reveló estructuras características de dermatofitosis hifas artrosporadas y aglomerados de artroconidios. El cultivo micológico resultó en crecimiento de colonias fúngicas sugestivas de M. gypseum y M canis en los medios de cultura sembrados, con confirmación de características macro y micro morfológicas de dos especies fúngicas. Así, mediante procesamiento micológico establecido junto con el histórico del caso, el diagnóstico de microsporosis mixta canina. Se concluye la necesidad de exámenes de laboratorio para confirmación del diagnóstico definitivo de dermatofitosis, siendo que la profilaxis, prevención, control y potencial zoonótico de esa micosis depende de la especie infectante, siendo importante su control por el impacto que causa a la salud pública.(AU)

Redução de fraturas de tibiotarso em papagaio galego / Recution of tibiotarso fracture in a galician parrot / Reducción de fractura de tibio tarso en papagayo gallego

O papagaio galego (Amazona xanthops Spix,1824) foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia com suspeita de fratura no terço proximal do osso tibiotarso direito, sendo o diagnóstico confirmado por meio de exames radiográficos. Para a estabilização da fratura a técnica utilizada foi a introdução de pino intramedular de Steimann. Após 15 dias o animal apresentou quadro de claudicação e, mediante um novo exame radiográfico, constatou-se a migração do pino para a articulação do joelho. Realizou-se um novo procedimento cirúrgico para remoção do pino, culminando com a restauração das funções normais do membro e total recuperação da ave.(AU)

A Galician parrot (Amazona xanthops Spix, 1824), in captivity, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, showing a fracture in the third right proximal tibiotarsus bone, and the diagnosis was confirmed by radiographic examination. The utilized technique for the fracture stabilization was the introduction of a Steimann intramedullary pin. After 15 days, the animal showed lameness and, through a new radiographic examination, it was verified that the pin had migrated to the knee joint. There was then a new surgical procedure to remove the pin, resulting in the restoration of normal functions of the limb and the total recovery of the bird.(AU)

El papagayo gallego ( Amazona xanthops Spix,1824) ha sido encaminado al Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Federal de Uberlândia con sospecha de fractura en el tercio proximal del hueso tibio tarso derecho, siendo el diagnóstico confirmado por medio de exámenes radiográficos. Para estabilización de la fractura, la técnica utilizada fue la introducción de un pasador intramedular de Steimann. Después de 15 días el animal presentó cuadro de claudicación y, a través de un nuevo examen radiográfico, se constató la migración del pasador para la articulación de la rodilla. Se realizó un nuevo procedimiento quirúrgico para remoción del pasador, culminando con la restauración de las funciones normales del miembro y total recuperación del ave.(AU)

Treatment of Dermatophytoses Caused by Microsporum canis in Allouatta guariba Primates

Dermatophytoses are cosmopolitan contagious mycoses of the skin and concern a wide range of mammals, including man, and more rarely birds. These mycoses are rarely diagnosed in New World Primates. The most frequent tinea of the subhuman Primates is microsporosis due to Microsporum canis or trichophytosis by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. simii. The main clinical features are regular alopecia with erythema and squamosis, usually non-pruriginous although various degree of inammation may modify this typical aspect. As a consequence, an accurate clinical examination, a good differential diagnosis and laboratory analyses are required for a correct identification. Alouatta guariba are primates found from the Amazon region up to the Argentina Norwest. Due to the population development and expansion of the urban perimeters thes animals are loosing their space in their own natural habitat and being exposed to more closed relationship with domestic animals and humans. This report contains five cases of dermatophytoses caused by Microsporum canis in Alouatta sp., which were treated in a private clinic in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Treatment of Dermatophytoses Caused by Microsporum canis in Allouatta guariba Primates

Dermatophytoses are cosmopolitan contagious mycoses of the skin and concern a wide range of mammals, including man, and more rarely birds. These mycoses are rarely diagnosed in New World Primates. The most frequent tinea of the subhuman Primates is microsporosis due to Microsporum canis or trichophytosis by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. simii. The main clinical features are regular alopecia with erythema and squamosis, usually non-pruriginous although various degree of inammation may modify this typical aspect. As a consequence, an accurate clinical examination, a good differential diagnosis and laboratory analyses are required for a correct identification. Alouatta guariba are primates found from the Amazon region up to the Argentina Norwest. Due to the population development and expansion of the urban perimeters thes animals are loosing their space in their own natural habitat and being exposed to more closed relationship with domestic animals and humans. This report contains five cases of dermatophytoses caused by Microsporum canis in Alouatta sp., which were treated in a private clinic in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.(AU)

Uso do iodeto de potássio no tratamento da esporotricose em cão refratário ao cetoconazol e itraconazol – relato de caso / Use of potassium iodide in the treatment of sporotrichosis in dog after failure treatment with ketoconazole and itraconazole – a case report / Uso del ioduro de potasio en el tratamiento de la esporotricosis en un perro refractario al ketoconazol e Itraconazol – relato de caso

A esporotricose é uma doença que acomete o homem e os animais de forma subaguda ou crônica, sendo considerada a micose subcutânea mais comum na América Latina. No estado do Rio de Janeiro, assumiu proporções epidêmicas, sendo o gato infectado o principal transmissor da doença. No cão, a doença é menos frequente, entretanto, estudos descrevem que desde 1998 houve um aumento do número de casos. O tratamento de infecções micóticas em animais é um desafio aos veterinários, uma vez que a maioria dos agentes antifúngicos sistêmicos apresenta efeitos adversos importantes. Este estudo relata um caso de esporotricose canina que foi refratário ao uso de cetoconazol e itraconazol, tratado em seguida com iodeto de potássio. Com esse relato, verificou-se que nos casos refratários ao tratamento convencional com cetoconazol e itraconazol, o iodeto de potássio em capsulas é uma alternativa para o tratamento da esporotricose canina.

Sporotrichosis is a disease that affects humans and animals in a subacute or chronic form. It is considered the most common subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, having reached epidemic proportions in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The infected cat is the main transmitter of the disease. Although it occurs less frequently in dogs, studies report an increase in the number of cases since 1998. The treatment of fungal infections in animals is a challenge for veterinarians, since the majority of systemic antifungal agents have significant adverse effects. This study reports a case of canine sporotrichosis that was refractory to the use of ketoconazole and itraconazole that was treated with potassium iodide. We conclude that potassium iodide in capsules is an alternative for the treatment of canine sporotrichosis in cases that are refractory to conventional treatment with ketoconazole and itraconazole.

La esporotricosis es una enfermedad que afecta tanto al hombre como a los animales de forma subaguda o crónica, siendo considerada la micosis subcutánea más común en América Latina. En el estado de Río de Janeiro se ha transformado en una enfermedad epidémica, siendo el gato infectado el principal agente transmisor. En el perro es menos frecuente; no obstante existen estudios comprobando que desde 1998 ha habido un aumento en el número de casos. El tratamiento de las infecciones micóticas en animales es un desafío para los médicos veterinarios, ya que la mayoría de los agentes antifúngicos sistémicos suelen presentar importantes efectos adversos. En el presente relato se presenta un caso de esporotricosis canina que fue refractario al tratamiento con ketoconazol e itraconazol, que posteriormente recibió tratamiento con ioduro de potasio. En este trabajo se pudo comprobar que en los pacientes refractarios al ketoconazol e itraconazol, el ioduro de potasio en cápsulas representa una alternativa para el tratamiento de la esporotricosis canina.

Uso do iodeto de potássio no tratamento da esporotricose em cão refratário ao cetoconazol e itraconazol relato de caso / Use of potassium iodide in the treatment of sporotrichosis in dog after failure treatment with ketoconazole and itraconazole a case report / Uso del ioduro de potasio en el tratamiento de la esporotricosis en un perro refractario al ketoconazol e Itraconazol relato de caso

A esporotricose é uma doença que acomete o homem e os animais de forma subaguda ou crônica, sendo considerada a micose subcutânea mais comum na América Latina. No estado do Rio de Janeiro, assumiu proporções epidêmicas, sendo o gato infectado o principal transmissor da doença. No cão, a doença é menos frequente, entretanto, estudos descrevem que desde 1998 houve um aumento do número de casos. O tratamento de infecções micóticas em animais é um desafio aos veterinários, uma vez que a maioria dos agentes antifúngicos sistêmicos apresenta efeitos adversos importantes. Este estudo relata um caso de esporotricose canina que foi refratário ao uso de cetoconazol e itraconazol, tratado em seguida com iodeto de potássio. Com esse relato, verificou-se que nos casos refratários ao tratamento convencional com cetoconazol e itraconazol, o iodeto de potássio em capsulas é uma alternativa para o tratamento da esporotricose canina.(AU)

Sporotrichosis is a disease that affects humans and animals in a subacute or chronic form. It is considered the most common subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, having reached epidemic proportions in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The infected cat is the main transmitter of the disease. Although it occurs less frequently in dogs, studies report an increase in the number of cases since 1998. The treatment of fungal infections in animals is a challenge for veterinarians, since the majority of systemic antifungal agents have significant adverse effects. This study reports a case of canine sporotrichosis that was refractory to the use of ketoconazole and itraconazole that was treated with potassium iodide. We conclude that potassium iodide in capsules is an alternative for the treatment of canine sporotrichosis in cases that are refractory to conventional treatment with ketoconazole and itraconazole.(AU)

La esporotricosis es una enfermedad que afecta tanto al hombre como a los animales de forma subaguda o crónica, siendo considerada la micosis subcutánea más común en América Latina. En el estado de Río de Janeiro se ha transformado en una enfermedad epidémica, siendo el gato infectado el principal agente transmisor. En el perro es menos frecuente; no obstante existen estudios comprobando que desde 1998 ha habido un aumento en el número de casos. El tratamiento de las infecciones micóticas en animales es un desafío para los médicos veterinarios, ya que la mayoría de los agentes antifúngicos sistémicos suelen presentar importantes efectos adversos. En el presente relato se presenta un caso de esporotricosis canina que fue refractario al tratamiento con ketoconazol e itraconazol, que posteriormente recibió tratamiento con ioduro de potasio. En este trabajo se pudo comprobar que en los pacientes refractarios al ketoconazol e itraconazol, el ioduro de potasio en cápsulas representa una alternativa para el tratamiento de la esporotricosis canina.(AU)