Crescimentos de fungos produtores de micotoxinas em grãos de amendoim / Growths of mycotoxin-producing fungi on peanut grains

O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é uma oleaginosa com alto valor energético e nutricional, servindo de substrato ideal para o crescimento de fungos durante o processo de colheita, estocagem e processamento dos grãos. As micotoxinas são originadas a partir do metabolismo secundário de fungos toxigênicos; quando essas toxinas são ingeridas, podem causar efeitos tóxicos em humanos e animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contaminação fúngica em amostras de grãos de amendoim disponíveis para o consumo humano. Foram analisadas amostras de amendoim torrado na vagem, amendoim cru (in natura) e amendoim torrado sem a vagem. A metodologia utilizada foi o método de plaqueamento direto em placas de Petri, contendo o meio cultura Sabouraud Dextrose Ágar (SDA). Porções de 40 grãos de amendoim de cada amostra foram utilizadas para o teste. Os resultados obtidos foram expressos em quantidade de grãos que apresentaram crescimento fúngico em porcentagem. Para identificação ao nível do género das colônias fúngicas isoladas, foi efetuada uma observação microscópica das suas estruturas morfológicas. Em todas as amostras estudadas ocorreram o crescimento de fungos potencialmente micotoxigênicos. Os grãos de amendoim cru (in natura) sem a vagem foram os mais contaminados por fungos como Aspergillus sp. (20%), Alternaria sp. (13,1%), Penicillium sp. (13,3%) e Fusarium sp. (23,3%) quando comparados com os grãos torrados. A presença desses fungos nas amostras de amendoim indica a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de micotoxinas potencialmente tóxicas para o humano. O processo de torrefação inibe o crescimento de determinadas espécies de fungos micotoxigênicos.(AU)

Peanut is an oilseed with high energy and nutritional value, serving as an ideal substrate for the growth of fungi during the process of harvesting, storing and processing the grains. Mycotoxins originate from the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi; when ingested, they can cause toxic effects in humans and animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the fungal contamination in samples of peanut grains available for human consumption. The methodology used was the direct plating method in Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) culture. Portions of 40 peanut kernels from the samples were immersed in a 0.4% sodium hypochlorite solution for two minutes for surface disinfection, then rinsed once in distilled water. Incubation was carried out at room temperature for 7 days and the results were expressed as the amount of grains that showed fungal growth in percentage. To identify the colonies of isolated filamentous fungi at the genus level, a microscopic observation of their morphological structures was carried out, which consists of removing a sample from the edge of the colony and placing it in a drop of cotton blue (1g/L in lactic acid 88%), between slide and coverslip. Potentially toxigenic fungi were identified: Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The presence of these fungi in peanut samples indicates the possibility of development of mycotoxins potentially toxic to humans. The roasting process may not be sufficient to destroy some mycotoxins.(AU)

Deoxynivalenol concentrations in feed ingredients and swine diets measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography

The objective was to compare deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations in feed ingredients and commercial swine diets measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Seventy feed ingredient samples consisted of corn, corn dried distillers grains with solubles, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, palm kernel expellers, rice bran, soy hulls, soybean meal, and wheat. Commercial swine diet samples (n = 92) were collected from 23 swine farms of varying regions in Korea and different growth stages of pigs. The DON concentration of all samples was determined in duplicate. Statistical comparisons were performed to compare the analytical methods (ELISA vs. HPLC), diet phases, and regions. The DON concentrations in most ingredients and all diets determined by ELISA method were greater than those determined by HPLC. The DON concentrations determined by the ELISA method were less than 1 mg/kg in all ingredients except corn dried distillers grains with solubles and corn gluten feed, and those determined by the HPLC were less than 0.5 mg/kg in all ingredients. The DON concentrations in complete diets did not vary by region or growth stages of pigs. The DON concentrations in most feed ingredients and commercial swine diets determined by ELISA method are greater than those determined by HPLC, but does not vary by regions in Republic of Korea or pig growth stages.

Mycotoxin risk management for dairy cows by monitoring blood parameters, reproduction status and SCC in milk / [Gerenciamento de risco de micotoxinas para vacas leiteiras através do monitoramento de parâmetros sanguíneos, status de reprodução e SCC no leite]

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mycotoxin management with feed additive by monitoring biochemical blood parameters, reproduction status and udder health in cows. During the first 1-12-months, the reproduction performance was assessed. The cows were fed only total mixed ration (TMR) with naturally contaminated mycotoxins (ZEN;DON;AFB1;OTA) and the cows were regarded as a control group (CG). In months 13-15, two groups were created: control (CG)(n=30) and experimental (EG)(n=60). The CG was fed with contaminated TMR and the EG was fed with the same TMR+40g/cow mycotoxins management feed additive (TMXL1000). During this period, blood indicators and udder health were studied. Beginning with months 16-24, all cows were fed with contaminated TMR+40 g/cow (TMXL1000) and regarded as the EG. The IgA concentrations in the CG decreased in the 15th month (p<0.05). The concentrations of cortisol decreased by two times (p<0.05) in the EG. Ovarian cyst treatment was more effective by 14.98% (p<0.05) in the EG than in the CG (p<0.05). The EG performed an effective (18.02%) (p<0.05) response to applied ovsynch protocol compared with the CG. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that feed additive for mycotoxins management had a positive impact on dairy cow health.

O objetivo deste estudo era determinar a eficácia do manejo de micotoxinas com aditivo alimentar através do monitoramento de parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue, estado de reprodução e saúde do úbere em vacas. Durante os primeiros 1-12 meses, o desempenho de reprodução foi avaliado. As vacas foram alimentadas apenas com ração total mista (TMR) com micotoxinas naturalmente contaminadas (ZEN;DON;AFB1;OTA) e as vacas foram consideradas como um grupo de controle (CG). Nos meses 13-15, dois grupos foram criados: controle (CG)(n=30) e experimental (EG)(n=60). O CG foi alimentado com TMR contaminado e o EG foi alimentado com o mesmo TMR+40g/ aditivo para o manejo de micotoxinas de vacas (TMXL1000). Durante este período, foram estudados os indicadores de sangue e a saúde do úbere. A partir dos meses 16-24, todas as vacas foram alimentadas com TMR+40 g/ vaca contaminada (TMXL1000) e consideradas como o EG. As concentrações de IgA no GC diminuíram no 15º mês (p<0,05). As concentrações de cortisol diminuíram duas vezes (p<0,05) no GE. O tratamento do cisto ovariano foi mais eficaz em 14,98% (p<0,05) no GE do que no GC (p<0,05). O GE realizou uma resposta efetiva (18,02%) (p<0,05) ao protocolo ovsynch aplicado em comparação com o GC. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o aditivo alimentar para o manejo de micotoxinas teve um impacto positivo na saúde das vacas leiteiras.

Deoxynivalenol biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat under application of carrageenan / Biossíntese e acúmulo de desoxinivalenolem trigo submetido à aplicação de carragena

Mycotoxins pose a large threat to human and livestock besides reducing the quality of food/feed.It is believed that these toxins are biosynthesized as a mechanism of defense (stress-response) of fungi. The most important mycotoxin for winter-cereal crops is known by deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene biosynthesized mainly by Fusarium graminearum. This manuscript brings data of three years (2018, 2019 and 2020) of field research (24 fieldexperiments) in Western Santa Catarina and North-Western Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil using a sulphated polysaccharide exclusive from red seaweed, carrageenan, associated with fungicides to help suppressing deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels. A reduction of 36.4% in DON contamination was observed. Weather conditions have influenced the accumulation of DON in wheat kernels. Carrageenan has shown to be a biological compound capable of helping on the suppression of DON biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels regardless of weather conditions.(AU)

As micotoxinas representam uma grande ameaça para humanos e animais, além de reduzirem a qualidade de alimentos/rações. Acredita-se que essas toxinas sejam biossintetizadas como mecanismo de defesa (resposta ao estresse) de fungos. A micotoxina de maior interesse para cereais de inverno é conhecida por desoxinivalenol (DON), um tricoteceno biossintetizado principalmente por Fusariumgraminearum. Esse estudo traz dados de três anos (2018, 2019 e 2020) de pesquisa de campo (24 experimentos) conduzidos no Oeste de Santa Catarina e no Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil,utilizando um polissacarídeo sulfatado exclusivo de algas vermelhas, carragena, associado a fungicidas para ajudar na supressão da biossíntese e acúmulo de desoxinivalenol (DON) em grãos de trigo. Foi observada uma redução de 36,4% na contaminação por DON. As condições climáticas influenciaram no acúmulo de DON nos grãos de trigo. A carragena se demostrou como um composto biológico capaz de atenuar a biossíntese e acúmulo de DON em grãos de trigo independente das condições climáticas.(AU)

Effect of adsorbents on diets with corn contaminated by mycotoxins on the productive performance and health of broilers

A total of 1,296 broiler chicken were housed, distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments consisted of a control diet formulated with corn considered adequate and without the addition of adsorbent, a diet formulated with corn naturally contaminated with mycotoxin (CCM) and four diets formulated with CCM and added with different commercial adsorbents. At the end of the first week and at 21 days of age of the birds, it was observed that the control diet resulted in greater (p < 0.05) live weight and weight gain in relation to the inclusion of CCM. The relative weight of the liver was lower for the control group compared to the groups receiving a diet with CCM and CCM + ads D. The relative weight of the proventriculus and cloacal bursa was lower for the control group compared to those who received a diet with CCM + ads B and CCM + ads C. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of the diets on the analysis of serum biochemistry and the occurrence of fatty and hydropic degeneration in the liver of broilers. The use of adsorbents can mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins, however, these products have specific binding capacity to the type of mycotoxin present in food.(AU)

Influence of bentonite adsorbents associated with hepatic antioxidants on the health and production of dairy cows fed diets containing naturally produced mycotoxins / Influência do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos na saúde e produção de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo micotoxinas naturalmente produzidas

As mycotoxins are consistent contaminants in the dairy cow diet, the use of adsorbents is recommended, although there are no ideal adsorbents. Although there are studies on this subject, few have focused on chronic natural intoxications. Here, we evaluated the effect of bentonite adsorbents associated with liver antioxidants on the health and milk production of dairy cows fed a diet containing naturally-produced fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Eighteen dairy cows (bodyweight 550 ±50 kg, 5 ± 2 years old, and 30 ± 1,25 kg/day milk production) in the middle of lactation were divided into groups: treatment (TG, n = 9, 22 g/day of supplement added to diet) and control (CG, n = 9, without supplement). A physical examination was performed, weekly over 56 days and blood was collected for liver and immune assessments. Milk was harvested to evaluate milk production and content (fat protein, somatic cell count, and lactose). The additive promoted beneficial effects on the liver from the 24th day due to a decrease in the enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and increased serum protein and albumin levels. There were improvements in health, evidenced as fewer clinical manifestations of the disease, greater leukocyte oxidative metabolism capacity, and a lower neutrophil lymphocytes ratio. The treatment also promoted a 19% increase in milk volume. It was concluded that the additive promoted health benefits and milk production in dairy cows.(AU)

Como as micotoxinas são contaminantes constantes na dieta de vacas leiteiras, o uso de adsorventes é recomendado, embora não existam adsorventes ideiais. Ainda que existam estudos sobre o assunto, poucos são direcionados às intoxicações naturais crônicas. Nosso experimento avaliou o efeito do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos sobre a saúde e produção de leite de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo fumonisina, zearalenona e desoxinivalenol produzidos naturalmente. Dezoito vacas lei-teiras (peso corporal 550 ±50 kg, 5±2 anos de idade, e 30 ± 1,25 kg/dia de produção de leite) no meio da lactação, foram divididas em grupos: Tratamento (GT, n=9, 22g/dia do suplemento adicionado à dieta) e controle (GC, n =9, sem suplemento). Em intervalos semanais, durante 56 dias, foi realizado exame físico, coleta de sangue para avaliação hepática e imunológica. O leite foi colhido para avaliar a produção e análises de leite para (proteína, gordura, contagem de células somáticas e lactose). O aditivo promoveu efeitos bené-ficos no fígado à partir do 24º dia devido à diminuição das atividades enzimáticas da gama-glutamiltransferase e lactato desidrogenase e aumento dos níveis séricos de proteína e albumina. Houve melhora na saúde, evidenciada por menor número de manifestações clínicas de doença, maior capacidade de metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos e menor razão neutrófilos/linfócitos. O tratamento também promo-veu aumento de 19% no volume de leite. Concluiu-se que o aditivo promoveu benefícios à saúde e à produção de leite em vacas leiteiras.(AU)

Use of different adsorbents in broiler diets naturally contaminated by mycotoxins

This study investigated the effects of adding different adsorbent substances to broilers feed naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. Two hundred and eighty male 1-day-old chicks, Cobb Slow® lineage, were distributed in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, 5 repetitions with 14 birds each. The treatments consisted of: T1-basal feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins. T2-basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline. T3-basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, yeast cell wall and Silymarin. T4-basal feed + Bentonite and Algae extract. Performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion) at 7, 14, 21, 28 days were evaluated. At 28 days, a portion of the jejunum was collected in two birds by replicate to study the intestinal morphology. The relative weight of the gizzard, proventricle and total intestine was evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (9.3). With the use of any adsorbents studied, the performance and liver weight were improved in all evaluated periods. Thus, the inclusion of adsorbents improves the performance of the broiler chickens when the feed is contaminated by mycotoxins.(AU)

Effect of adsorbents on diets with corn contaminated by mycotoxins on the productive performance and health of broilers

A total of 1,296 broiler chicken were housed, distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments consisted of a control diet formulated with corn considered adequate and without the addition of adsorbent, a diet formulated with corn naturally contaminated with mycotoxin (CCM) and four diets formulated with CCM and added with different commercial adsorbents. At the end of the first week and at 21 days of age of the birds, it was observed that the control diet resulted in greater (p < 0.05) live weight and weight gain in relation to the inclusion of CCM. The relative weight of the liver was lower for the control group compared to the groups receiving a diet with CCM and CCM + ads D. The relative weight of the proventriculus and cloacal bursa was lower for the control group compared to those who received a diet with CCM + ads B and CCM+ ads C. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of the diets on the analysis of serum biochemistry and the occurrence of fatty and hydropic degeneration in the liver of broilers. The use of adsorbents can mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins, however, these products have specific binding capacity to the type of mycotoxin present in food.(AU)

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia / Achados clínicos de leucoencefalomalácia equina

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of food, especially corn, contaminated by fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides (synonymous with F. moniliforme) metabolite. The clinical signs of brain injuries have an acute onset and rapid evolution. This study aimed to describe the clinical findings in 11 animals diagnosed with LEM, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Of these animals, 91% (10/11) were horses, and only 9% (1/11) were asinine. The clinical localization of the lesions was 64% (7/10) cerebral, manifested mainly by altered mental state and behavioral disturbance, and 36% (4/11) were brainstem lesions, manifested by incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, facial hypoalgesia, difficulty in apprehension, chewing, and swallowing food. Postmortem findings revealed that 82% (9/11) of the lesions were in the cerebrum and 18% (2/11) in the brainstem. CSF findings, such as xanthochromia (43%, 3/7), hyperproteinorrachia (50%, 3/6), and pleocytosis (43%, 3/7) were observed. The affected animals showed neurological signs that were compatible with cerebral and/or brainstem injuries. The CSF from animals with LEM may present with xanthochromia, hyperproteinorrachia, and pleocytosis, reinforcing the fact that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalomyelopathies.(AU)

A leucoencefalomalácia (LEM) é uma enfermidade que acomete equídeos causada pela ingestão de milho e seus derivados e feno contaminados pela micotoxina fumonisina, um metabólito do fungo Fusarium verticillioides (sinônimo para F. moniliforme). Os sinais clínicos apresentam início agudo e evolução rápida e são decorrentes de lesões encefálicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados clínicos de 11 equídeos diagnosticados com LEM, incluindo a análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). 91% dos animais afetados eram equinos e somente 9% (1/11) era asinino. A localização clínica das lesões era 64% (7/10) cerebrais, manifestadas por alterações no estado mental e comportamento e 36% (4/10) no tronco encefálico, manifestadas por incoordenação, desvio lateral de cabeça, nistagmo, hipoalgesia da face e dificuldade de apreensão, mastigação e deglutição de alimentos. Comparativamente, os achados post mortem revelaram que 82% (9/11) das lesões eram no cérebro e 18% (2/11) no tronco encefálico. Alterações no LCR, tais como xantocromia (43%, 3/7), hiperproteinorraquia (50%, 3/6) e pleocitose (43%, 3/7), foram observadas. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com lesões encefálicas e/ou de tronco cerebral. O LCR de animais com LEM pode apresentar xantocromia, hiperproteinorraquia, e pleocitose, reforçando que esta doença deve ser incluída como diagnóstico diferencial de encefalomielites.(AU)

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia / Achados clínicos de leucoencefalomalácia equina

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of food, especially corn, contaminated by fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides (synonymous with F. moniliforme) metabolite. The clinical signs of brain injuries have an acute onset and rapid evolution. This study aimed to describe the clinical findings in 11 animals diagnosed with LEM, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Of these animals, 91% (10/11) were horses, and only 9% (1/11) were asinine. The clinical localization of the lesions was 64% (7/10) cerebral, manifested mainly by altered mental state and behavioral disturbance, and 36% (4/11) were brainstem lesions, manifested by incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, facial hypoalgesia, difficulty in apprehension, chewing, and swallowing food. Postmortem findings revealed that 82% (9/11) of the lesions were in the cerebrum and 18% (2/11) in the brainstem. CSF findings, such as xanthochromia (43%, 3/7), hyperproteinorrachia (50%, 3/6), and pleocytosis (43%, 3/7) were observed. The affected animals showed neurological signs that were compatible with cerebral and/or brainstem injuries. The CSF from animals with LEM may present with xanthochromia, hyperproteinorrachia, and pleocytosis, reinforcing the fact that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalomyelopathies.(AU)

A leucoencefalomalácia (LEM) é uma enfermidade que acomete equídeos causada pela ingestão de milho e seus derivados e feno contaminados pela micotoxina fumonisina, um metabólito do fungo Fusarium verticillioides (sinônimo para F. moniliforme). Os sinais clínicos apresentam início agudo e evolução rápida e são decorrentes de lesões encefálicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados clínicos de 11 equídeos diagnosticados com LEM, incluindo a análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). 91% dos animais afetados eram equinos e somente 9% (1/11) era asinino. A localização clínica das lesões era 64% (7/10) cerebrais, manifestadas por alterações no estado mental e comportamento e 36% (4/10) no tronco encefálico, manifestadas por incoordenação, desvio lateral de cabeça, nistagmo, hipoalgesia da face e dificuldade de apreensão, mastigação e deglutição de alimentos. Comparativamente, os achados post mortem revelaram que 82% (9/11) das lesões eram no cérebro e 18% (2/11) no tronco encefálico. Alterações no LCR, tais como xantocromia (43%, 3/7), hiperproteinorraquia (50%, 3/6) e pleocitose (43%, 3/7), foram observadas. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com lesões encefálicas e/ou de tronco cerebral. O LCR de animais com LEM pode apresentar xantocromia, hiperproteinorraquia, e pleocitose, reforçando que esta doença deve ser incluída como diagnóstico diferencial de encefalomielites.(AU)

Micotoxinas e adsorventes na alimentação animal / Mycotoxins and adsorbents in animal feed

As micotoxinas são substâncias produzidas durante o processo metabólico de alguns fungos, elas são extremamente nocivas aos animais. Esses fungos estão presentes em diversos tipos de cereais e frutas. O milho, principal cereal utilizado na alimentação animal, pode ser acometido por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Fusarium, que quando submetidos à umidade e temperaturas específicas produzem aflatoxinas, ocratoxina, fumonisinas e zearalenona que causam problemas no desempenho e produção dos animais. Os animais monogástricos, como aves e suínos, e de ceco funcional, como os equinos, são mais susceptíveis aos efeitos que essas substâncias podem causar, quando comparados aos animais ruminantes, pois estes apresentam no rúmen microrganismos que são capazes de digerir as micotoxinas. No entanto, animais como vacas leiteiras de alta produção e animais monogástricos, quando consomem alimentos contaminados durante um longo período, podem desenvolver problemas digestivos, neurológicos, queda na produção e até mesmo chegar a óbito. Diante disso, algumas técnicas vêm sendo utilizadas pelos produtores e fábricas de ração, visando o não fornecimento de grãos contaminados aos animais, como um controle de qualidade dos alimentos e o uso de adsorventes. Os adsorventes são aditivos adicionados à dieta dos animais com o objetivo de inativar as micotoxinas. Eles podem ser de origem orgânica, como as leveduras, ou inorgânicos derivados de argila. Esses aditivos se ligam à substância impedindo que estas sejam absorvidas pelo enterócito e, assim, sejam excretadas sem causar prejuízos ao metabolismo dos animais.

Mycotoxins are substances produced during the metabolic process of some fungi, they are extremely harmful to animals. These fungi are present in several types of cereals and fruits. The main cereal corn used in animal feed can be affected by fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium that when subjected to humidity and specific specifications such as aflotoxins, ochratoxin, fumonisins and zearalenone that cause problems in the performance and production of animals. Monogastric animals, such as poultry, pigs and functional dry animals such as horses, are more susceptible to the effects that these occurrences can cause, when compared to ruminant animals, as they present in the rumen, microorganisms that are capable of digesting as mycotoxins. However, animals such as high production dairy cows and monogastric animals, when consuming contaminated food for a long period can develop digestive, neurological problems, drop in production and even die. In view of this, some techniques have been used by producers and feed factories, adding the non supply of contaminated grains to animals, such as food quality control and the use of adsorbents. Adsorbents are suitable additives to the animals' diet in order to inactivate as mycotoxins. They can be of organic origin, like yeasts or inorganic derived from clay. These additives bind to a substance preventing them from being absorbed by the enterocyte, thus being excreted without causing damage to the animals' metabolism.

Effect of bentonite on the health and dairy production of cows submitted to a diet naturally contaminated by mycotoxins / Efeito da bentonita na saúde e produção leiteira de vacas submetidas à dieta naturalmente contaminada por micotoxinas

Mycotoxins often contaminate cattle food, which can cause liver damage, immunosuppression, and reduced milk production. Although previous studies have shown the benefits of adsorbents in farm animals, knowledge regarding their mechanism of action is limited, especially when intoxication occurs due to naturally contaminated diets. The present study aimed to assess whether the daily oral administration of mycotoxin adsorbent bentonite clay based on aluminosilicate for 56 days, would attenuate these changes in 18 dairy cows, which were multiparous in the middle of the lactation stage, and were consuming a diet containing fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and desoxynivalenol. The animals were divided into treatment (TG, n = 9) and control (CG, n = 9) groups, and subjected to assessment of liver functions, hematological assessments, assessment of oxidative leucocyte metabolism by the tetrazolium nitroazul (NBT) technique, and physical chemical analysis of milk, every week for two months, totaling eight analyses. It was observed that the use of the adsorbent caused a reduction in the milk excretion of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an increase in levels of serum protein (p = 0.03) and albumin (p = 0.0001), an increase in leukocyte oxidative metabolism from day 24 of treatment(p = 0.05), and increased milk production from the day 16 of treatment (p = 0.08). There was no improvement in the physicochemical indices of the milk. It was concluded that the use of an aluminosilicate-based adsorbent was able to attenuate the effects of mycotoxins on the function of leukocytes and increase milk production.(AU)

Micotoxinas podem contaminar alimentos de bovinos, levando a distúrbios hepáticos, imunodepressão e redução da produção. Embora existam estudos mostrando os benefícios de adsorventes em animais de produção, há limitado conhecimento sobre sua ação quando a intoxicação de bovinos ocorre por dietas naturalmente contaminadas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se a administração oral diária do adsorvente de micotoxinas, argila bentonita a base de aluminossilicato durante 56 dias atenuaria alterações promovidas pelas micotoxinas em 18 vacas leiteiras, multíparas no meio do estágio da lactação, consumindo dieta contendo fumonisina B1 e B2, zearalenona (ZEA) e desoxinivalenol (DON). Os animais foram divididos, grupos tratamento (GT, n=9) e controle (GC, n=9), e submetidos às avaliações de enzimas e função hepática, hematológicas, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos pela técnica do nitroazul de tetrazolium (NBT) e análise físico-química do leite, a cada semana, durante dois meses, totalizando oito análises. Observou-se que o uso do adsorvente promoveu redução da excreção láctea de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1), aumento de proteína (p = 0,03) e albumina séricas (p= 0,0001), e aumento do metabolismo oxidativo leucocitário a partir do dia 24 (p = 0,05). Houve também elevação da produção leiteira a partir do 16º dia de tratamento (p= 0,008). Não foi observado melhora nos índices físico-químicos do leite dos animais e houve pouca influência na atividade das enzimas hepáticas. Conclui-se que o uso do adsorvente a base de aluminossilicato foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos das micotoxinas na função de leucócitos e de elevar a produção leiteira.(AU)

Micotoxinas e micotoxicoses em cães / Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in dogs

As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.

Micotoxinas e micotoxicoses em cães / Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in dogs

As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.(AU)

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.(AU)

Incidência de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 em amendoins / Incidence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in peanuts

Micotoxinas são substâncias tóxicas produzidas por fungos e encontradas nos alimentos. As micotoxinas mais tóxicas são as aflatoxinas, produzidas, principalmente por Aspergillus flavus. Estudos realizados no país demonstraram alta incidência dessas micotoxinas em produtos de amendoim, que representa risco à saúde da população. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a incidência de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 em amostras de amendoins comercializados na região Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo nos períodos de 1994-2001 e 2016-2017. O método utilizado para analisar as amostras no primeiro período foi extração líquido-líquido e cromatografia em camada delgada e no segundo foi utilizando colunas de imunoafinidade, cromatografia líquida com derivatização pós-coluna e detector por fluorescência. No levantamento de 1994-2001 das 82 amostras, 39% tiveram contaminação de aflatoxinas variando de 11 a 1556 μg/kg com 37% das amostras contendo níveis maiores que 20 μg/kg, enquanto na pesquisa de 2016-17, das 56 amostras, 38% apresentaram contaminação destas toxinas variando de 0,09 a 60,40 μg/kg com 13% das amostras contendo níveis maiores que 20 μg/kg. Os resultados dos dois períodos estudados indicam que houve uma diminuição na incidência e nível das aflatoxinas estudadas, embora esta contaminação em amendoim permaneça um problema de saúde pública.

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi found in food. The most toxic mycotoxins are the aflatoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus. Studies carried out in Brazil showed a high incidence of these mycotoxins in peanut products, a fact that represents public health problems. The aim of the study was to evaluate aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in samples of peanuts sold in cities of the Northeast of the State of São Paulo in the period from 1994 to 2001 and from 2016 to 2017. The samples of the first period were analyzed using liquid-liquid extraction and thin-layer chromatography and the second using immunoaffinity columns, post-column derivative liquid chromatography and fluorescence detector. In the 1994-2001 survey, among 82 samples, 39% presented aflatoxins contamination ranging from 11 to 1556 μg/kg with 37% with levels greater than 20 μg/kg whereas, in the 2016-17 survey, 38% of the 56 samples presented contamination of aflatoxins ranging from 0.09 to 60.40 μg/kg and 7 samples 13% containing aflatoxins levels higher than 20 μg/kg. The results indicated there was a decrease in the incidence and level of aflatoxins, but the contamination of aflatoxins in peanuts remains a public health problem.

Incidência de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 em amendoins / Incidence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in peanuts

Micotoxinas são substâncias tóxicas produzidas por fungos e encontradas nos alimentos. As micotoxinas mais tóxicas são as aflatoxinas, produzidas, principalmente por Aspergillus flavus. Estudos realizados no país demonstraram alta incidência dessas micotoxinas em produtos de amendoim, que representa risco à saúde da população. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a incidência de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 em amostras de amendoins comercializados na região Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo nos períodos de 1994-2001 e 2016-2017. O método utilizado para analisar as amostras no primeiro período foi extração líquido-líquido e cromatografia em camada delgada e no segundo foi utilizando colunas de imunoafinidade, cromatografia líquida com derivatização pós-coluna e detector por fluorescência. No levantamento de 1994-2001 das 82 amostras, 39% tiveram contaminação de aflatoxinas variando de 11 a 1556 μg/kg com 37% das amostras contendo níveis maiores que 20 μg/kg, enquanto na pesquisa de 2016-17, das 56 amostras, 38% apresentaram contaminação destas toxinas variando de 0,09 a 60,40 μg/kg com 13% das amostras contendo níveis maiores que 20 μg/kg. Os resultados dos dois períodos estudados indicam que houve uma diminuição na incidência e nível das aflatoxinas estudadas, embora esta contaminação em amendoim permaneça um problema de saúde pública.(AU)

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi found in food. The most toxic mycotoxins are the aflatoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus. Studies carried out in Brazil showed a high incidence of these mycotoxins in peanut products, a fact that represents public health problems. The aim of the study was to evaluate aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in samples of peanuts sold in cities of the Northeast of the State of São Paulo in the period from 1994 to 2001 and from 2016 to 2017. The samples of the first period were analyzed using liquid-liquid extraction and thin-layer chromatography and the second using immunoaffinity columns, post-column derivative liquid chromatography and fluorescence detector. In the 1994-2001 survey, among 82 samples, 39% presented aflatoxins contamination ranging from 11 to 1556 μg/kg with 37% with levels greater than 20 μg/kg whereas, in the 2016-17 survey, 38% of the 56 samples presented contamination of aflatoxins ranging from 0.09 to 60.40 μg/kg and 7 samples 13% containing aflatoxins levels higher than 20 μg/kg. The results indicated there was a decrease in the incidence and level of aflatoxins, but the contamination of aflatoxins in peanuts remains a public health problem.(AU)

Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte / Influence of mycotoxicological and nutritional quality of maize hybrids on broiler chickens feed cost

Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)

Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte / Influence of mycotoxicological and nutritional quality of maize hybrids on broiler chickens feed cost

Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in raw, pasteurizedand UHT milk in Turkey

Background: Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which has been found in milk and dairy products,is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1. Aflatoxin M1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. OchratoxinA (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic,nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also beenreceiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35UHT) to identify AFM1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels ofAFM1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifuged inorder to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette.The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM1 in the milk sampleswas analyzed by AFM1 test kit. The milk samples with AFM1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analysesof OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate.The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm...

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in raw, pasteurizedand UHT milk in Turkey

Background: Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which has been found in milk and dairy products,is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1. Aflatoxin M1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. OchratoxinA (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic,nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also beenreceiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35UHT) to identify AFM1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels ofAFM1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifuged inorder to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette.The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM1 in the milk sampleswas analyzed by AFM1 test kit. The milk samples with AFM1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analysesof OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturers instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate.The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm...(AU)