Use of different adsorbents in broiler diets naturally contaminated by mycotoxins

This study investigated the effects of adding different adsorbent substances to broilers feed naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. Two hundred and eighty male 1-day-old chicks, Cobb Slow® lineage, were distributed in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, 5 repetitions with 14 birds each. The treatments consisted of: T1-basal feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins. T2-basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, Yeast Extract, Vitamin E and Choline. T3-basal feed + Bentonite, Thistle Extract, yeast cell wall and Silymarin. T4-basal feed + Bentonite and Algae extract. Performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion) at 7, 14, 21, 28 days were evaluated. At 28 days, a portion of the jejunum was collected in two birds by replicate to study the intestinal morphology. The relative weight of the gizzard, proventricle and total intestine was evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (9.3). With the use of any adsorbents studied, the performance and liver weight were improved in all evaluated periods. Thus, the inclusion of adsorbents improves the performance of the broiler chickens when the feed is contaminated by mycotoxins.(AU)

Uso de polissacarídeos não amiláceos na aquicultura / Polysaccharides of use non-starch in aquaculture

Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNA) são os principais componentes das paredes celulares de alimentos de origem vegetal. Entre eles incluem-se a celulose, a hemicelulose, a inulina, pectinas e gomas. Esses polissacarídeos não podem ser digeridos pelas enzimas endógenas dos organismos aquáticos, portanto, quando em excesso na dieta diminuem a sua digestibilidade, afetando o desempenho animal. Contudo, como esses polissacadídeos podem ser digeridos pelos microorganismos presentes no trato digestivo, de forma seletiva, alterando a microbiota, podem agir como prebióticos. Diversos PNA vêm sendo avaliados como prebióticos, objetivando a melhoria do equilibrio intestinal e do sistema imunológico de organismos aquáticos. (AU)

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are the main components of cell walls of plant foods. These include cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectins and gums. These polysaccharides are not digested by the endogenous enzymes of aquatic organisms, then, when in excess in diet they decrease nutrient digestibility affecting animal performance. However, these polysaccharides can be digested by microorganisms in the animal digestive tract, selectively, altering microbiota, being called prebiotics. Several PNA have been assessed as prebiotics, aiming to improve the intestinal balance and the immune system of aquatic organisms. (AU)

Uso de polissacarídeos não amiláceos na aquicultura / Polysaccharides of use non-starch in aquaculture

Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNA) são os principais componentes das paredes celulares de alimentos de origem vegetal. Entre eles incluem-se a celulose, a hemicelulose, a inulina, pectinas e gomas. Esses polissacarídeos não podem ser digeridos pelas enzimas endógenas dos organismos aquáticos, portanto, quando em excesso na dieta diminuem a sua digestibilidade, afetando o desempenho animal. Contudo, como esses polissacadídeos podem ser digeridos pelos microorganismos presentes no trato digestivo, de forma seletiva, alterando a microbiota, podem agir como prebióticos. Diversos PNA vêm sendo avaliados como prebióticos, objetivando a melhoria do equilibrio intestinal e do sistema imunológico de organismos aquáticos.

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are the main components of cell walls of plant foods. These include cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectins and gums. These polysaccharides are not digested by the endogenous enzymes of aquatic organisms, then, when in excess in diet they decrease nutrient digestibility affecting animal performance. However, these polysaccharides can be digested by microorganisms in the animal digestive tract, selectively, altering microbiota, being called prebiotics. Several PNA have been assessed as prebiotics, aiming to improve the intestinal balance and the immune system of aquatic organisms.

Antibacterial activity of alfa-terpineol may induce morphostructural alterations in Escherichia coli

The antibacterial effect of α-terpineol from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao leaf essential oils were studied with special reference to the mechanism of inhibiting the standard strain of Escherichia coli (CMCC (B) 44102) growth at ultrastructural level. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill curves of α-terpineol were determined; Escherichia coli was treated with α-terpineol and observed under a transmission electron microscope. The MIC and MBC values of α-terpineol were all 0.78 µL/mL, and time-kill curves showed the concentration-dependent. Under the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Escherichia coli exposed to MIC levels of α-terpineol exhibited decreased cell size and irregular cell shape, cell wall and cell membrane were ruptured, nucleus cytoplasm was reduced and nuclear area gathered aside. Results suggest that α-terpineol has excellent antibacterial activity and could induce morphological changes of Escherichia coli.

Adição da parede celular de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta para frangos de corte / Addition of the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the diet for broilers chickens

Os efeitos da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PCSc) na dieta para frangos foram avaliados com base nos tratamentos: dieta referência com avilamicina (AV); dieta referência (DR); DR com 0,1% de PCSc (PCSc0,1); DR com 0,2% de PCSc (PCSc0,2); DR com 0,3% de PCSc (PCSc0,3). O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 300 frangos, machos. No período de nove a 21 dias de idade, o tratamento PCSc0,3 influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso (631g), e no período de 34 a 39 dias, o tratamento PCSc0,1 proporcionou melhor ganho de peso (461g) em relação ao tratamento com o antimicrobiano. O maior peso vivo ao abate, 2571g, foi obtido no tratamento PCSc0,1. Os pesos absolutos de sobrecoxa e coxa+sobrecoxa foram maiores nos tratamentos PCSc0,1 (290g e 560g) e PCSc0,2 (292g e 561g) e menores no tratamento PCSc0,3 (263g e 515g). Não houve influência na metabolizabilidade da ração e na contagem total de coliformes totais no íleo. Dietas com inclusão de até 0,2% de PCSc resultaram em índices produtivos adequados, podendo ser utilizadas como aditivo em dietas livres de antimicrobiano melhorador de desempenho sem o comprometimento do desempenho, características de carcaça, metabolizabilidade da ração e da contagem total de coliformes totais do íleo.(AU)

The effects of the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (CWSc) in the diet of broiler chickens were evaluated through the following treatments: reference diet with avilamicin (AV); reference diet (RD); RD with 0.1% CWSc (CWSc0,1); RD with 0.2% CWSc (CWSc0,2); RD with 0.3% CWSc (CWSc0,3). The study design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and six replicates of 10 birds, totaling 300 male broilers. In the period from 9 to 21 days treatment CWSc0.3 had a negative influence on weight gain (631g) and from 34 to 39 days CWSc0.1 provided better weight gain (461g) compared to the treatment with the antimicrobial. The highest live weight value at slaughter, 2,571 grams, was obtained in treatment CWSc0.1. The absolute weights of drumstick and thigh+drumstick were higher in treatments CWSc0.1 (290g and 560g) and CWSc0.2 (292g and 561g) and were lower for CWSc0.3 (263g and 515g). There was no influence of the treatments on both the metabolizability and the total count of coliforms in the ileum. Diets until 0.2% of PCSc inclusion resulted in correct productive rates and they can be used as a ration growth promoter additive in antimicrobial free diets without damage on performance, carcass characteristics, organ weight, metabolizability of the diets and total coliform count in the ileum.(AU)

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae cell wall dietary supplementation on the performance and intestinal mucosa development and integrity of broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis

This study was carried out to verify if Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (SCCW) dietary supplementation (0.2%) was capable of protecting the intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and intestinal mucosa morphometric parameters and epithelial loss were evaluated. In the experiment,400 day-old male chicks were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The following treatments were applied: T1 - no vaccination/ no SCCW supplementation; T2 - no vaccination/SCCW supplementation; T3 - vaccination/no SCCW supplementation; and T4 - vaccination/SCCW supplementation to four replicates of 25 birds each. Birds were vaccinated on the first day of age using a spray vaccine (Coccivac B®, Coopers), containing E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. mivati and E. tenella. S. cerevisiae cell wall was supplied from the first day of age. Live performance, intestinal morphometric parameters and epithelial loss were evaluated at 14, 21 and 28 days of age. Performance was affected by vaccination only at 21-days of age, when body weight gain was reduced in the vaccinated birds, but no body weight difference was observed on day 28. Vaccine also increased the crypt depth (p<0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum, suggesting a high cell activity in the crypt:villus transition area to maintain the epithelial cell turnover. Villi number/area (103,269 µm²) was not affected (p>0.05) by vaccine or cell wall supplementation, and epithelial loss was more pronounced in the duodenum and jejunum. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that S. cerevisiae cell wall supplementation may be an useful management tool to maintain the intestinal integrity of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis.(AU)

Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho / The effect of the addition of trofic agents in weaned piglet diets over the structure and ultra-structure of small intestine and over performance

Foram estudados os efeitos da glutamina, dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e da parede celular de levedura (PCL) sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e o desempenho de leitões. Foram utilizados 45 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - dieta basal; T2 - dieta basal + 1 por cento de glutamina; T3 - dieta basal + 0,2 por cento de PCL; T4 - dieta basal + 5 por cento de óleo de peixe. Nos dias sete e 14 pós-desmame, foram abatidos cinco leitões de cada tratamento. Os aditivos testados não alteraram a altura e a densidade dos vilos nem a profundidade das criptas do intestino delgado. Foi observado efeito de idade, mostrando redução na altura e na densidade dos vilos e na profundidade das criptas após o desmame. No duodeno e jejuno, foram observados maiores valores de relação vilo:cripta, que aumentaram com a idade pós-desmame. Ocorreram redução da altura dos microvilos do duodeno aos sete dias e aumento da largura dos microvilos do jejuno aos 14 dias pós-desmame. A área de superfície apical dos enterócitos não foi alterada pelos fatores estudados. Os aditivos estudados não foram eficientes em prevenir a atrofia da mucosa intestinal do jejuno, ao não interferir na sua ultraestrutura. Os aditivos incluídos na dieta não influenciaram o desempenho dos leitões no pós-desmame.(AU)

The effects of glutamine, poliunsatured fatty acids and cellular wall of yeast (CWY) under the structure and ultra structure of the small gut and the performance of the piglets were studied. Forty five piglets weaned at 21 days were used to test the following treatments: T1 - basal diet; T2 - basal diet + 1 percent of glutamine; T3 - basal diet + 0,2 percent of CWY; T4 - basal diet + 5 percent of fish oil. At seven and 14 post weaning days, five piglets of each treatment were slaughtered. The height, density of villus and depth of small gut crypts were not altered by the inclusion of additives. The effect of age was observed, showing a reduction in the height and density of villus and depth of crypts after weaning. In duodenum and jejunum higher values were observed in the relation villus:crypt, which increased with the post wean age. There was a decrease in the height of microvillus of the duodenum at 7 days and an increase of the width of the microvillus of jejunum at 14 days after wean. The area of the apical surface of the enterocytes was not altered by the studied factors. The studied additives were not efficient to prevent the atrophy of the intestinal mucosa of the jejunum, since they did not interfere on its ultra structure. Piglet performance was not affected by the additives included in the diet.(AU)

Anatomia e cinética de degradação do feno de Manihot glaziovii / Anatomy and kinetics of degradation of Manihot glaziovii Hay

Avaliaram-se a composição química, o teor de compostos secundários, a degradabilidade in situ, a anatomia e a degradabilidade dos tecidos do feno de maniçoba, a partirde plantas em início de frutificação, oriundas de uma vegetação de caatinga em Ibimirim, Estado do Pernambuco. O caule apresentou células com variados graus de lignificação, destacando-se apresença de fibras gelatinosas, parênquima medular lignificado e espessas paredes celulares noxilema. As folhas se destacam pela presença da estrutura girder, caracterizam-se pela grande quantidade de mesofilo, constituído por células com paredes delgadas, contribuindo para a degradabilidade de matéria seca. Idioblastos contendo drusas de oxalato foram encontrados nostecidos vasculares, na nervura principal da folha. Eles funcionam como mecanismos de defesa do vegetal contra herbívoros e podem afetar a disponibilidade de minerais para o animal. O feno de maniçoba, apesar de obtido de planta em avançado estágio de maturidade (início da frutificação), possui adequada composição química e baixos teores de ácido cianídrico e taninos. Os principais limitantes à degradabilidade são o espessamento e a lignificação das paredes celulares, especialmente nos tecidos do caule. Adicionalmente, os diversos aspectos aqui relatados induzemà continuidade de pesquisas em diversos focos e visam ao melhoramento e à utilização desta espécie como forrageira.

This study the structural components of cell wall with its degradability, chemical composition, secondary compounds, in situ degradability, anatomy and tissue degradability of the hay of “maniçoba” (wild cassava) from plants in early fruiting, from savanna vegetation in Ibimirim, Pernambuco. The stem showed cells with varied degrees of lignification, highlighting the presence of gelatinous fibers, lignified pith parenchyma and thick cell walls inside the xylem. The leaves were highlighted by the presence of a girder structure, characterized by the great quantity of mesophyll, constituted by cells with thin walls, contributing to the degradability of dry matter. Idioblasts with druses of oxalate were observed around the vascular tissues, in the midrib. It works like defense mechanisms of plant against herbivores and can affect the availability of minerals for animals. “Maniçoba” hay, in spite of its advanced maturity stage (early fruit development), presents adequate chemical composition and low concentration of cianidric acid and tannins. The mains limits to degradability are cell wall thickness and lignification, particularly in stem tissue. Additionally, several aspects reported here induce to the continuity of studies in several focuses and aim to improve the use this specie as forage.

Anatomia e cinética de degradação do feno de Manihot glaziovii / Anatomy and kinetics of degradation of Manihot glaziovii Hay

Avaliaram-se a composição química, o teor de compostos secundários, a degradabilidade in situ, a anatomia e a degradabilidade dos tecidos do feno de maniçoba, a partirde plantas em início de frutificação, oriundas de uma vegetação de caatinga em Ibimirim, Estado do Pernambuco. O caule apresentou células com variados graus de lignificação, destacando-se apresença de fibras gelatinosas, parênquima medular lignificado e espessas paredes celulares noxilema. As folhas se destacam pela presença da estrutura girder, caracterizam-se pela grande quantidade de mesofilo, constituído por células com paredes delgadas, contribuindo para a degradabilidade de matéria seca. Idioblastos contendo drusas de oxalato foram encontrados nostecidos vasculares, na nervura principal da folha. Eles funcionam como mecanismos de defesa do vegetal contra herbívoros e podem afetar a disponibilidade de minerais para o animal. O feno de maniçoba, apesar de obtido de planta em avançado estágio de maturidade (início da frutificação), possui adequada composição química e baixos teores de ácido cianídrico e taninos. Os principais limitantes à degradabilidade são o espessamento e a lignificação das paredes celulares, especialmente nos tecidos do caule. Adicionalmente, os diversos aspectos aqui relatados induzemà continuidade de pesquisas em diversos focos e visam ao melhoramento e à utilização desta espécie como forrageira.(AU)

This study the structural components of cell wall with its degradability, chemical composition, secondary compounds, in situ degradability, anatomy and tissue degradability of the hay of “maniçoba” (wild cassava) from plants in early fruiting, from savanna vegetation in Ibimirim, Pernambuco. The stem showed cells with varied degrees of lignification, highlighting the presence of gelatinous fibers, lignified pith parenchyma and thick cell walls inside the xylem. The leaves were highlighted by the presence of a girder structure, characterized by the great quantity of mesophyll, constituted by cells with thin walls, contributing to the degradability of dry matter. Idioblasts with druses of oxalate were observed around the vascular tissues, in the midrib. It works like defense mechanisms of plant against herbivores and can affect the availability of minerals for animals. “Maniçoba” hay, in spite of its advanced maturity stage (early fruit development), presents adequate chemical composition and low concentration of cianidric acid and tannins. The mains limits to degradability are cell wall thickness and lignification, particularly in stem tissue. Additionally, several aspects reported here induce to the continuity of studies in several focuses and aim to improve the use this specie as forage.(AU)