Whole and ground sorghum replacing corn on the performance of carcass parts and relative weight of 28-day-old turkey offal / Sorgo integral e moído em substituição ao milho no desempenho, de partes da carcaça e peso relativo de vísceras de perus de 28 dias

The study evaluated the effects of replacing corn with whole and ground sorghum on the zootechnical performance of turkeys fed from one to 28 days of age. A total of 3,960 male Nicholas turkeys were used, divided into six treatments: A) Whole sorghum (100%Sw); B) Ground corn (100%Cg); C) 75% Ground Corn + 25% Ground Sorghum (75%Cg/25%Sg); D) 50% Ground Corn + 50% Ground Sorghum (50%Cg/50%Sg); E) 25% Ground Corn + 75% Ground Sorghum (25%Cg/75%SG) and F) Ground Sorghum (100%Sg). At seven days, live weight was the same between treatments (164 g per bird). At 28 days, the percentage of breast, thigh-drumstick, and wings remained constant in the corn-based diet or partial and total replacements by ground or whole sorghum grain. The length of the small intestine was shorter in treatments B and C. The digestibility of the lipid fraction of the diet (DEE) was significantly higher in the diet with ground sorghum. The treatment based on ground sorghum grain showed the same result for ground corn in the dry matter (DM) and mineral matter (MM DM%) composition of the turkey carcass at 28 days. Ground sorghum influenced the lipid portion of the carcasses (EE DM%). Thus, it is concluded that whole sorghum grain presented the same results as ground sorghum and ground corn for zootechnical performance, carcass muscle mass, and viscera morphometry in turkeys at 28 days of age.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho pelo sorgo inteiro e moído sobre o desempenho zootécnico de perus fornecido no período de um a 28 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 3.960 perus machos da linhagem Nicholas, divididos em seis tratamentos: A) Sorgo inteiro (100%Si); B) Milho moído (100%M); C) 75% Milho moído + 25% Sorgo moído (75%M25%S); D) 50% Milho moído + 50% Sorgo moído (50%MS); E) 25% Milho moído + 75% Sorgo moído (25%M/75%S) e F) Sorgo moído (100%Sm). Aos sete dias de idade o peso vivo foi igual entre os tratamentos (média de 164 g por ave). Aos 28 dias a percentagem de peito, coxa-sobrecoxa e asas mantiveram-se constantes na dieta a base de milho, ou substituições parciais e totais pelo sorgo grão moído ou inteiro. O comprimento do intestino delgado foi menor no tratamento B e C. A digestibilidade da fração lipídica da ração (DEE) foi significativamente maior na ração com o sorgo moído. O tratamento base sorgo grão moído mostrou o mesmo resultado para milho moído na composição de matéria seca (MS) e de matéria mineral (MM MS) da carcaça dos perus aos 28 dias. O sorgo grão moído influenciou a parcela lipídica das carcaças (EE MS). Desta forma, conclui-se que o grão de sorgo inteiro apresentou os mesmos resultados do que sorgo moído e milho moído para desempenho zootécnico, massa muscular da carcaça e morfometria das vísceras em peruzinhos do alojamento a 28 dias de idade.

A sinusoidal equation as an alternative to classical growth functions to describe growth profiles in turkeys

Because of the relatively long growing cycle and the high cost of research into turkey production and nutrition, the potential benefits from modelling growth in this avian species are considerable. Though there are many studies aimed at evaluating animal growth models, the number of studies targeting growth models in turkeys is quite limited. In this paper we present a sinusoidal function to describe the evolution of growth in turkeys as a function of time based on data published by Aviagen. The new function was evaluated with regard to its ability to describe the relationship between body weight and age in turkeys and was compared to four standard growth functions: the Gompertz, logistic, Lopez, and Richards. The results of this study show that the new sinusoidal function precisely describes the growth dynamics of turkeys. Fitting the functions to different data profiles nearly always led to the same or less maximized log-likelihood values for the sinusoidal equation, indicating its suitability in describing growth data from turkeys.(AU)

A sinusoidal equation as an alternative to classical growth functions to describe growth profiles in turkeys

Because of the relatively long growing cycle and the high cost of research into turkey production and nutrition, the potential benefits from modelling growth in this avian species are considerable. Though there are many studies aimed at evaluating animal growth models, the number of studies targeting growth models in turkeys is quite limited. In this paper we present a sinusoidal function to describe the evolution of growth in turkeys as a function of time based on data published by Aviagen. The new function was evaluated with regard to its ability to describe the relationship between body weight and age in turkeys and was compared to four standard growth functions: the Gompertz, logistic, Lopez, and Richards. The results of this study show that the new sinusoidal function precisely describes the growth dynamics of turkeys. Fitting the functions to different data profiles nearly always led to the same or less maximized log-likelihood values for the sinusoidal equation, indicating its suitability in describing growth data from turkeys.

The effect of lentil-by product on growth performance and carcass traits of heavy white turkeys

The subject of this study was to figure out the effects of lentil by product (LP) on growth performance and carcass traits of the white heavy turkeys. To accomplish this goal, a total of 210 day old big-6 turkey chicks were used. The birds were divided into 7 seven groups with 3 replicates. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th groups received 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % lentil by product, respectively. All the diets were made as izonitrojenic and izocaloric. The highest live body weights of males and females were observed in the control group at the end of the 15th week, which was the time of slaughtering of females, however the differences between the control and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were not significant (p>0.05). The same differences continued for males at the end of the 17th wk of age, which was the time of slaughtering of males. Similar results were observed in carcass traits, as well. The best FCR was noted in the control group and it was significantly (p<0.05) different than in the treatment groups. The lowest and highest feed intake was observed in the 7th and 3rd groups. No significant differences were observed between control and all treatment groups. As a result, it could be said that lentil by product could be added into turkey diets up to 15% with no negative effect on live body weight and carcass traits because there was no significant differences between control and treatment groups (5, 10,15 % LP).(AU)

The effect of lentil-by product on growth performance and carcass traits of heavy white turkeys

The subject of this study was to figure out the effects of lentil by product (LP) on growth performance and carcass traits of the white heavy turkeys. To accomplish this goal, a total of 210 day old big-6 turkey chicks were used. The birds were divided into 7 seven groups with 3 replicates. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th groups received 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % lentil by product, respectively. All the diets were made as izonitrojenic and izocaloric. The highest live body weights of males and females were observed in the control group at the end of the 15th week, which was the time of slaughtering of females, however the differences between the control and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were not significant (p>0.05). The same differences continued for males at the end of the 17th wk of age, which was the time of slaughtering of males. Similar results were observed in carcass traits, as well. The best FCR was noted in the control group and it was significantly (p<0.05) different than in the treatment groups. The lowest and highest feed intake was observed in the 7th and 3rd groups. No significant differences were observed between control and all treatment groups. As a result, it could be said that lentil by product could be added into turkey diets up to 15% with no negative effect on live body weight and carcass traits because there was no significant differences between control and treatment groups (5, 10,15 % LP).

Effects of Different Amounts of Blue Lupine (L. Angustifolius L.) in The Diets of Heavy-Type Turkeys on Their Growth Rate, Carcass and Meat Qualities

A study was carried out to determine the effects of soybean meal replacement with different amounts of blue lupine in the diets of turkeys on the growth rate, anatomic carcass dissection data, chemical indicators of breast and thigh muscles and the content of tryptophan and oxyprolin. In total three hundred and sixty cross BIG-6 turkeys were allotted to two control and ten experimental groups of 30 one-day-old turkeys. The control group of turkeys was fed the diet containing soybean meal, whereas the trial groups were offered different amounts (from 20 to 30%) of lupines. Group 4 and 5 were additionally given probiotic mixture Bio Plus 2B and allzyme SSF, respectively. Soybean oil replacement from 20 to 30% lupine in the diet had no influence on the growth rate, dressing percentage, edible parts and abdominal fat content of turkeys. The study indicated that lupines in the diet of turkeys had a different effect on the meat quality of different genders. Lupines did not have any negative effect on the meat quality of female turkeys and 30% lupines even improved the protein value index of breast muscles. However, 20-30 and 25-30% lupines in male turkey diets lowered dry matter and protein contents in breast muscles but had no negative influence on the main quality indicators in thigh muscles. The results of the study showed that the negative effect on the male breast muscle quality might be avoided using Bio Plus 2B or allzyme SSF additives in the male diets containing 30% lupines.(AU)

Effects of Different Amounts of Blue Lupine (L. Angustifolius L.) in The Diets of Heavy-Type Turkeys on Their Growth Rate, Carcass and Meat Qualities

A study was carried out to determine the effects of soybean meal replacement with different amounts of blue lupine in the diets of turkeys on the growth rate, anatomic carcass dissection data, chemical indicators of breast and thigh muscles and the content of tryptophan and oxyprolin. In total three hundred and sixty cross BIG-6 turkeys were allotted to two control and ten experimental groups of 30 one-day-old turkeys. The control group of turkeys was fed the diet containing soybean meal, whereas the trial groups were offered different amounts (from 20 to 30%) of lupines. Group 4 and 5 were additionally given probiotic mixture Bio Plus 2B and allzyme SSF, respectively. Soybean oil replacement from 20 to 30% lupine in the diet had no influence on the growth rate, dressing percentage, edible parts and abdominal fat content of turkeys. The study indicated that lupines in the diet of turkeys had a different effect on the meat quality of different genders. Lupines did not have any negative effect on the meat quality of female turkeys and 30% lupines even improved the protein value index of breast muscles. However, 20-30 and 25-30% lupines in male turkey diets lowered dry matter and protein contents in breast muscles but had no negative influence on the main quality indicators in thigh muscles. The results of the study showed that the negative effect on the male breast muscle quality might be avoided using Bio Plus 2B or allzyme SSF additives in the male diets containing 30% lupines.

Analyzing growth curves of turkeys reared in different breeding systems (intensive and free-range) with some nonlinear models

The objective of this study was to identify the growth curve of live weight of turkeys reared in different systems (intensive and free- range) with the best mathematical model. To achieve this goal, the live weight of male and female turkeys (Large White) reared for 0-18 weeks were used. Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, and Gauss were used to determine the best model for the turkeys. In comparison of the models, values of Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Squares of Error (MSE) and Model Efficiency (ME) were used. In Von Bertalanffy model, the coefficient of determinations for males and females were found as 0.9974 and 0.99915 in intensive system and 0.9794 and 0.9804 in Free-Range system, respectively. As a result of this study, because the highest R2 and the lowest MSE were observed in Von Bertalanffy model, it was the best among the models to identify growth curve of the turkeys.

Analyzing growth curves of turkeys reared in different breeding systems (intensive and free-range) with some nonlinear models

The objective of this study was to identify the growth curve of live weight of turkeys reared in different systems (intensive and free- range) with the best mathematical model. To achieve this goal, the live weight of male and female turkeys (Large White) reared for 0-18 weeks were used. Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, and Gauss were used to determine the best model for the turkeys. In comparison of the models, values of Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Squares of Error (MSE) and Model Efficiency (ME) were used. In Von Bertalanffy model, the coefficient of determinations for males and females were found as 0.9974 and 0.99915 in intensive system and 0.9794 and 0.9804 in Free-Range system, respectively. As a result of this study, because the highest R2 and the lowest MSE were observed in Von Bertalanffy model, it was the best among the models to identify growth curve of the turkeys.(AU)

Characterization of the relations between morphology and physiological status of the pineal gland in connection with the somatic development level in turkeys reared in Romania / Caracterização das relações entre morfologia e estado fisiológico da glândula pineal em conexão com o nível de desenvolvimento somático em perus criados na România

This research started from the premises of the existence of some possible relationships between indole and pineal peptide hormones and the somatic development, with participation of hypothalamic-pituitary complex. Experimental factors, which were the subject of the present paper, influenced the dynamics of corporal mass and fodder consumption, leading to the occurrence of some important structural modifications at the level of pineal gland. The exposure of the individuals to continuous light (photic pinealectomy) produces increases in corporal mass, showing the involvement of the pineal gland in neuro-endocrine-metabolic reactions, which contributes to the maintenance of homeostatic balance, including somatic ones. Biological material was represented by a number of 50 individuals belonging to B.U.T. Big 6 hybrid, reared on soil, on a permanent litter, which could assure the expanding of knowledge area regarding the relation between rearing technology, modulation of some microclimate parameters and growing performances. Were also realised cytometric and hystometric muscular determinations(AU)

A pesquisa começou a partir da premissa de que provavelmente existam relações entre indol e hormônios peptídicos pineal e o desenvolvimento somático, com a participação do complexo hipotálamo-hipófise. Fatores experimentais que foram objeto do presente trabalho influenciaram a dinâmica da massa corporal e o consumo de forragem, o que leva à ocorrência de algumas modificações estruturais importantes no nível da glândula pineal. A exposição dos indivíduos à luz contínua (Pinealectomia photic) leva ao aumento de massa corporal, mostrando o envolvimento da glândula pineal em reações neuroendócrino metabólicas, inclusive somáticas, que contribuem na manutenção do equilíbrio homeostático. O material biológico foi representado por um número de 50 indivíduos pertencentes a MAS Big híbrido 6, criados em solo, em uma ninhada permanente, o que poderia garantir a expansão da área de conhecimento a respeito da relação entre a tecnologia de criação, modulação de alguns parâmetros microclimáticos e performances de crescimento. Também foram realizadas por citometria e histometria determinações musculares(AU)

Turkey Wattle Temperature Response to Distinct Environmental Factors

Rearing environmental conditions are important for turkey production, because this bird is particularly sensitive to heat stress. This study aimed at measuring the wattle temperature response of turkeys of three different ages (61, 96, and 131 days old) exposed to different combinations of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed ranges, as an indication of their physiological responses. The experiment was conducted with 42 male birds housed in a controlled environment chamber and exposed to different combinations of two air speed (WS) ranges (WS1 = 0.3-0.6 ms-1, considered low, and WS2 = 1.2-1.6 ms-1, considered high), dry bulb temperature (DBT) between 22 and 34 °C, and relative humidity (RH) between 40 to 90 %. The statistical analysis showed that WS, DBT, and RH significantly influenced wattle temperature of 61-d-old turkeys, while only WS and DBT influenced this response when turkeys were 96 days old. Furthermore, DBT was highly correlated with both low and high WS. In 131-day-old turkeys, WT response was virtually the same at both wind speed ranges when high DBT was applied. Turkey wattle temperature was influenced by wind speed, and was dependent on both environmental dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, as well as bird age.

Turkey Wattle Temperature Response to Distinct Environmental Factors

Rearing environmental conditions are important for turkey production, because this bird is particularly sensitive to heat stress. This study aimed at measuring the wattle temperature response of turkeys of three different ages (61, 96, and 131 days old) exposed to different combinations of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed ranges, as an indication of their physiological responses. The experiment was conducted with 42 male birds housed in a controlled environment chamber and exposed to different combinations of two air speed (WS) ranges (WS1 = 0.3-0.6 ms-1, considered low, and WS2 = 1.2-1.6 ms-1, considered high), dry bulb temperature (DBT) between 22 and 34 °C, and relative humidity (RH) between 40 to 90 %. The statistical analysis showed that WS, DBT, and RH significantly influenced wattle temperature of 61-d-old turkeys, while only WS and DBT influenced this response when turkeys were 96 days old. Furthermore, DBT was highly correlated with both low and high WS. In 131-day-old turkeys, WT response was virtually the same at both wind speed ranges when high DBT was applied. Turkey wattle temperature was influenced by wind speed, and was dependent on both environmental dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, as well as bird age.(AU)

Minimum ventilation systems and their effects on the initial stage of turkey production

This study aimed at evaluating the live performance of turkeys during the initial stage of production (1-26 days of age) and to map the environmental variables inside turkey houses, such as temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration, at two distinct minimum ventilation systems. House 1 (H1) was equipped with a negative-pressure ventilation system and House 2 (H2) was equipped with a positive-pressure ventilation system. This study was performed in commercial poultry houses, located in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil, in June, 2008. A number of 14,000 turkeys toms at the same age, provided by the same local hatchery and were housed at a stocking density of 23 birds m-2. Three 13 m² boxes with 300 turkeys each were placed inside the poultry houses. All treatments were assigned for the birds inside each of the three boxes. The poultry barns were virtually divided in eight equally distributed in areas where the environmental variables were recorded. The performance parameters measured were weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rate, recorded weekly. Analysis of variance and F-tests were performed to compare results within different environmental conditions, using MINITAB 14 statistical software. The ventilation systems did not significantly influence CO2 concentrations (p = 0.489), whereas temperature (p = 0.016) and relative humidity (p = 0.0001) and feed conversion (p = 0.001) were significantly affected by ventilation system. Temperature and relative humidity in H2 (positive pressure ventilation system) was found to be less aversive than those in H1 (negative pressure system). Also, bids in H2 presented lower feed conversions than those in H1.

Minimum ventilation systems and their effects on the initial stage of turkey production

This study aimed at evaluating the live performance of turkeys during the initial stage of production (1-26 days of age) and to map the environmental variables inside turkey houses, such as temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration, at two distinct minimum ventilation systems. House 1 (H1) was equipped with a negative-pressure ventilation system and House 2 (H2) was equipped with a positive-pressure ventilation system. This study was performed in commercial poultry houses, located in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil, in June, 2008. A number of 14,000 turkeys toms at the same age, provided by the same local hatchery and were housed at a stocking density of 23 birds m-2. Three 13 m² boxes with 300 turkeys each were placed inside the poultry houses. All treatments were assigned for the birds inside each of the three boxes. The poultry barns were virtually divided in eight equally distributed in areas where the environmental variables were recorded. The performance parameters measured were weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rate, recorded weekly. Analysis of variance and F-tests were performed to compare results within different environmental conditions, using MINITAB 14 statistical software. The ventilation systems did not significantly influence CO2 concentrations (p = 0.489), whereas temperature (p = 0.016) and relative humidity (p = 0.0001) and feed conversion (p = 0.001) were significantly affected by ventilation system. Temperature and relative humidity in H2 (positive pressure ventilation system) was found to be less aversive than those in H1 (negative pressure system). Also, bids in H2 presented lower feed conversions than those in H1.(AU)