Toxic pneumopathy by Trema micrantha in sheep in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Pneumopatia tóxica por Trema micrantha em ovinos no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Poisoning by Trema micrantha commonly causes hepatocellular necrosis in cattle, sheep, and goats and edema and cerebral hemorrhage in horses. This plant can cause toxic pneumopathy in sheep, and there is only one report of the natural form and one of the experimental form in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed to report an outbreak of the respiratory form of natural poisoning by T. micrantha in sheep. Six sheep developed clinical respiratory signs after consumption of the plant and four of them died and two recovered after treatment with dexamethasone. The sheep presented tachypnea, noisy breathing, edema of the face, eyelids, and vulva, and subcutaneous emphysema on the face and neck. Necropsy (Sheep 2, 3, and 4) showed uncollapsed, heavy, diffuse red lungs with evident costal impressions and a moderate amount of serosanguineous fluid flowed at section. The liver had a moderate diffuse evident lobular pattern. The histopathology of the lungs of the three necropsied sheep showed congestion and edema with the formation of hyaline membranes within accentuated diffuse alveoli, in addition to thickening of the alveolar septa due to mild to moderate diffuse type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and also mild to moderate diffuse infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils in the lumen of alveoli, bronchi, and bronchioles. Sheep 3 also showed type II pneumocytes with enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei, sometimes binucleated with evident nucleoli, and, in some regions, the pneumocytes were desquamated to the alveolar lumen forming small syncytia and mild multifocal hyperplasia in the bronchial epithelium. The anti-cytokeratin IHC evaluation showed marked diffuse intracytoplasmic staining in hyperplastic type II pneumocytes in the bronchiolar epithelium of the three evaluated sheep. The liver of the three sheep had mild multifocal centrilobular necrosis. It seems to be the second report of spontaneous poisoning by T. micrantha in sheep developing lung lesions described in Brazil and the first in the State of Santa Catarina.

A intoxicação por Trema micrantha, comumente causa em bovinos, ovinos e caprinos necrose hepatocelular e, edema e hemorragia cerebral em equinos. Essa planta em ovinos pode causar pneumopatia tóxica, existindo descrição apenas de um relato da forma natural e um da forma experimental no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar, um surto, da forma respiratória de intoxicação natural por T. micranta em ovinos. Seis ovinos desenvolveram sinais clínicos respiratórios após o consumo da planta e destes quatro morreram e dois após o tratamento com dexametasona se recuperaram. Os ovinos apresentaram taquipneia, respiração ruidosa, edema de face, pálpebras, vulva e enfisema subcutâneo na face e pescoço. Na necropsia (Ovinos 2, 3 e 4) observou-se pulmões não colabados, pesados, vermelhos difusos com impressões costais evidentes e ao corte fluindo moderada quantidade de líquido serosanguinolento. O fígado apresentava padrão lobular evidente difuso moderado. Na histopatologia, em pulmões dos três ovinos necropsiados havia congestão e edema com formação de membranas hialinas no interior de alvéolos difusos acentuados, além de espessamento dos septos alveolares devido a hiperplasia de pneumócitos tipo II difuso discreta à moderada, havia ainda, infiltrado de macrófagos, linfócitos, plasmócitos e neutrófilos difuso discreto a moderado no lúmen de alvéolo, brônquios e bronquíolos. No Ovino 3, observou-se ainda pneumócitos tipo II com núcleos aumentados e hipercromáticos, por vezes binucleados com nucléolos evidentes, e em algumas regiões estes pneumócitos estavam descamados para a luz alveolar formando pequenos sincícios e no epitélio de brônquios havia hiperplasia multifocal discreta. A avaliação IHQ anti-citoqueratina demonstrou marcação intracitoplasmática difusa acentuada em pneumócitos tipo II hiperplásicos no epitélio bronquiolar dos três ovinos avaliados. No fígado dos três ovinos havia necrose centrolobular multifocal discreta. Este parece ser o segundo relato da intoxicação espontânea por T. micrantha em ovinos desenvolvendo lesões pulmonares, descrito no Brasil e o primeiro no estado de Santa Catarina.

Granulomatous pneumonia due to pythiosis in captive South American coatis (Nasua nasua) / Pneumonia granulomatosa decorrente de pitiose em quatis sul-americanos (Nasua nasua) de cativeiro

Pythiosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting captive and free-ranging wild animals. We report granulomatous pneumonia due to Pythium insidiosum in two South American coatis (Nasua nasua), who were found dead without any clinical records. Severe granulomatous pneumonia associated with pleural effusion was revealed in the necropsy. Microscopically, variably sized granulomas and pyogranulomas presented negative hyphae profiles at the periphery of their necrotic cores. Grocott methenamine silver stain highlighted these structures, and immunostain (anti- P. insidiosum) was strongly positive. Molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction amplified P. insidiosum specific DNA. These findings characterized P. insidiosum as a cause of granulomatous pneumonia in coatis and proved that pythiosis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases affecting this species in endemic areas.(AU)

A pitiose é uma doença infecciosa emergente que afeta animais silvestres de cativeiro e em vida livre. Reportamos dois casos de pneumonia granulomatosa decorrentes da infecção por Pythium Insidiosum em quatis sul-americanos (Nasua nasua), que foram encontrados mortos sem apresentar nenhum quadro clínico prévio. Pneumonia granulomatosa severa associada a efusão pleural foi observada durante a necropsia. Na microscopia, foram observados múltiplos granulomas e piogranulomas de tamanhos variados que continham imagens negativas de hifas na periferia de seus centros necróticos. A coloração de metenamina de prata (Grocott) evidenciou estas estruturas, e a imunomarcação (anti-P. insidiosum) foi fortemente positiva. A análise molecular pela reação de polimerase em cadeia amplificou o DNA específico do P. insidiousum. Estes achados caracterizaram o P. insidiosum como a causa da pneumonia granulomatosa nos quatis e provou que a pitiose deve ser considerada um diagnostico diferencial para outras doenças respiratórias que afetam esta espécie.(AU)

Granulomatous pneumonia due to pythiosis in captive South American coatis (Nasua nasua) / Pneumonia granulomatosa decorrente de pitiose em quatis sul-americanos (Nasua nasua) de cativeiro

Pythiosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting captive and free-ranging wild animals. We report granulomatous pneumonia due to Pythium insidiosum in two South American coatis (Nasua nasua), who were found dead without any clinical records. Severe granulomatous pneumonia associated with pleural effusion was revealed in the necropsy. Microscopically, variably sized granulomas and pyogranulomas presented negative hyphae profiles at the periphery of their necrotic cores. Grocott methenamine silver stain highlighted these structures, and immunostain (anti- P. insidiosum) was strongly positive. Molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction amplified P. insidiosum specific DNA. These findings characterized P. insidiosum as a cause of granulomatous pneumonia in coatis and proved that pythiosis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases affecting this species in endemic areas.(AU)

A pitiose é uma doença infecciosa emergente que afeta animais silvestres de cativeiro e em vida livre. Reportamos dois casos de pneumonia granulomatosa decorrentes da infecção por Pythium Insidiosum em quatis sul-americanos (Nasua nasua), que foram encontrados mortos sem apresentar nenhum quadro clínico prévio. Pneumonia granulomatosa severa associada a efusão pleural foi observada durante a necropsia. Na microscopia, foram observados múltiplos granulomas e piogranulomas de tamanhos variados que continham imagens negativas de hifas na periferia de seus centros necróticos. A coloração de metenamina de prata (Grocott) evidenciou estas estruturas, e a imunomarcação (anti-P. insidiosum) foi fortemente positiva. A análise molecular pela reação de polimerase em cadeia amplificou o DNA específico do P. insidiousum. Estes achados caracterizaram o P. insidiosum como a causa da pneumonia granulomatosa nos quatis e provou que a pitiose deve ser considerada um diagnostico diferencial para outras doenças respiratórias que afetam esta espécie.(AU)

Bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of sheep and their relationship to clinical signs of sheep respiratory disease / Bactérias detectadas no trato respiratório inferior de ovinos e a relação com as manifestações clínicas da doença respiratória ovina

Respiratory diseases are among the most important diseases in sheep flocks. Herein was studied the bacterial etiology of respiratory disease and the clinical signs of 99 female and male sheep breed in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. After physical examination of animals, tracheobronchial flushing samples were obtained. The usual bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. were searched, as well as their association with the clinical status and clinical signs of sheep with respiratory disease. The main observed signs were: tachypnea (75%), increase of rectal temperature (09.4%), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge (21.9%), cough (25%), dyspnea (31.2%), changes of lung sounds at auscultation (87.5%) and chest percussion (28.1%) in pneumonic sheep. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were the most isolated bacteria. Microorganisms of the Mollicutes class were molecularly (PCR) detected in 33.3% of the animals. In addition, the specific detection of M. mycoides subsp. capri was described for the first time in sheep from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.(AU)

A doença respiratória é uma das doenças mais importantes em rebanhos ovinos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a etiologia bacteriana da doença respiratória e sua relação com sinais clínicos em ovinos criados nos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Noventa e nove ovelhas machos e fêmeas dos Estados de São Paulo (SP) e Rio de Janeiro (RJ) foram estudadas. Após o exame físico, amostras de lavagem traqueobrônquica foram obtidas. A presença de bactérias aeróbias e Mycoplasmaspp. foram estudados, assim como a associação entre os microrganismos e estado clínico e sinais clínicos de doença respiratória em ovinos. As principais manifestações clínicas observadas foram: taquipneia (75%), alta temperatura retal (09,4%), secreção nasal mucopurulenta/purulenta (21,9%), tosse (25%), dispneia (31,2%), sons pulmonares alterados na ausculta (87,5%) e na percussão torácica (28,1%) em ovelhas pneumônicas. Bactérias gram-negativas não fermentadoras e Bacillus sp. foram as bactérias mais isoladas. Microrganismos da classe Mollicutes foram detectados molecularmente (PCR) em 33,3% dos ovinos. Além disso, descreve-se pela primeira vez no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a detecção do M. mycoides subsp. capri na espécie ovina utilizando a reação de polimerase em cadeia.(AU)

Bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of sheep and their relationship to clinical signs of sheep respiratory disease / Bactérias detectadas no trato respiratório inferior de ovinos e a relação com as manifestações clínicas da doença respiratória ovina

Respiratory diseases are among the most important diseases in sheep flocks. Herein was studied the bacterial etiology of respiratory disease and the clinical signs of 99 female and male sheep breed in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. After physical examination of animals, tracheobronchial flushing samples were obtained. The usual bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. were searched, as well as their association with the clinical status and clinical signs of sheep with respiratory disease. The main observed signs were: tachypnea (75%), increase of rectal temperature (09.4%), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge (21.9%), cough (25%), dyspnea (31.2%), changes of lung sounds at auscultation (87.5%) and chest percussion (28.1%) in pneumonic sheep. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were the most isolated bacteria. Microorganisms of the Mollicutes class were molecularly (PCR) detected in 33.3% of the animals. In addition, the specific detection of M. mycoides subsp. capri was described for the first time in sheep from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.(AU)

A doença respiratória é uma das doenças mais importantes em rebanhos ovinos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a etiologia bacteriana da doença respiratória e sua relação com sinais clínicos em ovinos criados nos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Noventa e nove ovelhas machos e fêmeas dos Estados de São Paulo (SP) e Rio de Janeiro (RJ) foram estudadas. Após o exame físico, amostras de lavagem traqueobrônquica foram obtidas. A presença de bactérias aeróbias e Mycoplasma spp. foram estudados, assim como a associação entre os microrganismos e estado clínico e sinais clínicos de doença respiratória em ovinos. As principais manifestações clínicas observadas foram: taquipneia (75%), alta temperatura retal (09,4%), secreção nasal mucopurulenta/purulenta (21,9%), tosse (25%), dispneia (31,2%), sons pulmonares alterados na ausculta (87,5%) e na percussão torácica (28,1%) em ovelhas pneumônicas. Bactérias gram-negativas não fermentadoras e Bacillus sp. foram as bactérias mais isoladas. Microrganismos da classe Mollicutes foram detectados molecularmente (PCR) em 33,3% dos ovinos. Além disso, descreve-se pela primeira vez no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a detecção do M. mycoides subsp. capri na espécie ovina utilizando a reação de polimerase em cadeia.(AU)

Damage of urinary/respiratory system and survival rate is affected by gender in EAE model of Lewis rat

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model for MS based on autoimmune and histopathological similarities. Women are more susceptible to multiple sclerosis than men. This susceptibility has been attributedto sex hormones, sex-linked gene, and more robust immune responses in females. The aim of this study was to comparesurvival rate and severity of disease in terms of clinic-pathological signs including nasal bleeding, urinary incontinenceand bleeding from urinary tract rate between males and females affected by EAE.Materials, Methods & Results: Lewis rats aged 7-8 weeks were immunized subcutaneously with a homogenate ofguinea pig spinal cord and complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA). Each rat received 50 μg guinea pig spinal cord and 400 μgMycobacterium tuberculosis. Animals were daily weighed and clinical signs of disease were evaluated until day 36 postimmunization. Incidence, survival rate, clinic-pathological signs including nasal bleeding, urinary tract bleeding, and urinaryincontinence were evaluated. To assess the degree of inflammation at the peak of the disease, kidney and lung were dissected,fixed, and examined. The susceptibility to EAE in male and female rats was 100%. The day that the first clinical signs wereobserved was 7 days for both males and females after the immunization. Weight curve of EAE-affected male and femaleanimals were significantly different from their corresponding healthy animals (P < 0.001). The course of clinical scoreshowed a significant difference between males and females (P < 0.04). There was no significance association between sexand incidence. Survival analysis indicated a significant high mortality in male group (P = 0.001). The coagulopathy signin females, including nasal bleeding and urinary incontinence, decreases as disease progresses...(AU)

Damage of urinary/respiratory system and survival rate is affected by gender in EAE model of Lewis rat

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model for MS based on autoimmune and histopathological similarities. Women are more susceptible to multiple sclerosis than men. This susceptibility has been attributedto sex hormones, sex-linked gene, and more robust immune responses in females. The aim of this study was to comparesurvival rate and severity of disease in terms of clinic-pathological signs including nasal bleeding, urinary incontinenceand bleeding from urinary tract rate between males and females affected by EAE.Materials, Methods & Results: Lewis rats aged 7-8 weeks were immunized subcutaneously with a homogenate ofguinea pig spinal cord and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Each rat received 50 μg guinea pig spinal cord and 400 μgMycobacterium tuberculosis. Animals were daily weighed and clinical signs of disease were evaluated until day 36 postimmunization. Incidence, survival rate, clinic-pathological signs including nasal bleeding, urinary tract bleeding, and urinaryincontinence were evaluated. To assess the degree of inflammation at the peak of the disease, kidney and lung were dissected,fixed, and examined. The susceptibility to EAE in male and female rats was 100%. The day that the first clinical signs wereobserved was 7 days for both males and females after the immunization. Weight curve of EAE-affected male and femaleanimals were significantly different from their corresponding healthy animals (P < 0.001). The course of clinical scoreshowed a significant difference between males and females (P < 0.04). There was no significance association between sexand incidence. Survival analysis indicated a significant high mortality in male group (P = 0.001). The coagulopathy signin females, including nasal bleeding and urinary incontinence, decreases as disease progresses...