Pelidnota granulata (Gory, 1834) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae): description of the pupa and new records from Amazonas state, Brazil

The Neotropical ruteline genus Pelidnota MacLeay currently includes 194 species and subspecies with a few described preimaginal stages. Here we describe the pupa of Pelidnota granulata (Gory, 1834), provide illustrations, comparative notes on other known pupae of Rutelini and comments on its geographical distribution. The key to known pupae of Rutelini is updated.(AU)

Pelidnota granulata (Gory, 1834) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae): description of the pupa and new records from Amazonas state, Brazil

The Neotropical ruteline genus Pelidnota MacLeay currently includes 194 species and subspecies with a few described preimaginal stages. Here we describe the pupa of Pelidnota granulata (Gory, 1834), provide illustrations, comparative notes on other known pupae of Rutelini and comments on its geographical distribution. The key to known pupae of Rutelini is updated.

Description of larva and pupa of the weevil Hybolabus amazonicus Voss (Attelabidae: Attelabinae), a leaf roller on Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa)

The last instar larva and the pupa of Hybolabus amazonicus Voss, 1925 are described and illustrated, based upon adults and immatures collected in the Amazonian Region (Acre and Amazonas, Brazil). The larvae live and develop inside a leaf-roll made by the female weevil. Although the species has already been reported damaging leaves of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl., Lecythidaceae) in the states of Acre and Amazonas, the preimaginal stages have not been formerly described. These are the first descriptions of larva and pupa of a species of the genus Hybolabus Jekel, 1860.

Descriptions of larval and pupal morphologies of Macrohyliota militaris (Erichson) (Silvanidae: Brontinae: Brontini)

The mature larva and pupa of the Australian silvanid species, Macrohyliota militaris (Erichson) are described from laboratory reared material. This is the first description of immature stages of Silvanidae from Australia. The larva of M. militaris conforms to the general body shape and apparent morphological features of known Brontini and is very similar to the Asian M. sculptus Yoshida & Hirowatari. Larval and pupal features of M. militaris are compared with other known larvae and pupae of Brontini described in the literature.

Descriptions of larval and pupal morphologies of Macrohyliota militaris (Erichson) (Silvanidae: Brontinae: Brontini)

The mature larva and pupa of the Australian silvanid species, Macrohyliota militaris (Erichson) are described from laboratory reared material. This is the first description of immature stages of Silvanidae from Australia. The larva of M. militaris conforms to the general body shape and apparent morphological features of known Brontini and is very similar to the Asian M. sculptus Yoshida & Hirowatari. Larval and pupal features of M. militaris are compared with other known larvae and pupae of Brontini described in the literature.(AU)

Description of larva and pupa of the weevil Hybolabus amazonicus Voss (Attelabidae: Attelabinae), a leaf roller on Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa)

The last instar larva and the pupa of Hybolabus amazonicus Voss, 1925 are described and illustrated, based upon adults and immatures collected in the Amazonian Region (Acre and Amazonas, Brazil). The larvae live and develop inside a leaf-roll made by the female weevil. Although the species has already been reported damaging leaves of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl., Lecythidaceae) in the states of Acre and Amazonas, the preimaginal stages have not been formerly described. These are the first descriptions of larva and pupa of a species of the genus Hybolabus Jekel, 1860.(AU)

Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil

The third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Rutelinae: Rutelini: Anticheirina), collected in Paraná, Brazil, is described and illustrations and comments are given. The larva differs from other Macraspis larvae by the head with 6 posterofrontal setae and mandibles with a blunt second left incisor tooth. The pupa is similar to that of M. festiva Burmeister, 1844.

Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil

The third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Rutelinae: Rutelini: Anticheirina), collected in Paraná, Brazil, is described and illustrations and comments are given. The larva differs from other Macraspis larvae by the head with 6 posterofrontal setae and mandibles with a blunt second left incisor tooth. The pupa is similar to that of M. festiva Burmeister, 1844.(AU)

Description of the larva and pupa of Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker, 1854 (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) with biological information

Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker, 1854 (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) is an ecologically and economically important weevil that feeds on seeds and tissues of trees in the genus Copaifera L. (Fabaceae). Although the genus Apion comprises 16 species restricted to the Paleartic region, the Neotropical species A. brevicorne is still considered as incertae sedis due to the absence of a systematic study about it. The first descriptions and illustrations of Apion brevicorne are provided here. Diagnostic characters of larva and pupa are included and compared with 13 species from other biogeographic regions. Details of immature Apioninae species associated with host plants from the Neotropical region are described for the first time.(AU)

Description of the larva and pupa of Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker, 1854 (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) with biological information

Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker, 1854 (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) is an ecologically and economically important weevil that feeds on seeds and tissues of trees in the genus Copaifera L. (Fabaceae). Although the genus Apion comprises 16 species restricted to the Paleartic region, the Neotropical species A. brevicorne is still considered as incertae sedis due to the absence of a systematic study about it. The first descriptions and illustrations of Apion brevicorne are provided here. Diagnostic characters of larva and pupa are included and compared with 13 species from other biogeographic regions. Details of immature Apioninae species associated with host plants from the Neotropical region are described for the first time.

Potential phylogenetic significance of the number of functional abdominal spiracles in beetle pupae, with focus on Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera)

The distribution of functional abdominal spiracles in pupae of Coleoptera is reviewed based on published descriptions and original observations. Aquatic Coleoptera typically have strong modifications, generally including dramatic reductions in the number of functional spiracles and often their modification into either spiracular gills or snorkels, as a response to their environment. But pupae of the great majority of Coleoptera, which are terrestrial, show broad stability across higher taxa. Most terrestrial beetles have at least the first five pairs of abdominal spiracles functional, up to and including a full set of eight pairs. However, the number is unexpectedly low in Scarabaeoidea and within Staphyliniformia, where Histeridae and all Staphylinoidea have a confirmed maximum of four pairs of spiracles. The relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles in terrestrial pupae is explored, and it is suggested that those groups with an unexpectedly small number of functional spiracles may have passed through a “small-size bottleneck” in their ancestry. However, this hypothesis does not explain why several families of very small beetles in other groups of Coleoptera do not show a similar reduction, and little evidence was found to support a strong relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles at lower taxonomic levels (below family). Whether pupae are exarate or obtect apparently also has little correlation with the number of functional spiracles. However, the consistency and stability of spiracular reductions in the above groups suggests that deep historical factors are involved and thus the reductions may be of phylogenetic significance. It is urged that establishing the number of functional spiracles in beetle pupae become as standard a feature of pupal descriptions as chaetotaxy and whether they are exarate or obtect.

Potential phylogenetic significance of the number of functional abdominal spiracles in beetle pupae, with focus on Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera)

The distribution of functional abdominal spiracles in pupae of Coleoptera is reviewed based on published descriptions and original observations. Aquatic Coleoptera typically have strong modifications, generally including dramatic reductions in the number of functional spiracles and often their modification into either spiracular gills or snorkels, as a response to their environment. But pupae of the great majority of Coleoptera, which are terrestrial, show broad stability across higher taxa. Most terrestrial beetles have at least the first five pairs of abdominal spiracles functional, up to and including a full set of eight pairs. However, the number is unexpectedly low in Scarabaeoidea and within Staphyliniformia, where Histeridae and all Staphylinoidea have a confirmed maximum of four pairs of spiracles. The relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles in terrestrial pupae is explored, and it is suggested that those groups with an unexpectedly small number of functional spiracles may have passed through a “small-size bottleneck” in their ancestry. However, this hypothesis does not explain why several families of very small beetles in other groups of Coleoptera do not show a similar reduction, and little evidence was found to support a strong relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles at lower taxonomic levels (below family). Whether pupae are exarate or obtect apparently also has little correlation with the number of functional spiracles. However, the consistency and stability of spiracular reductions in the above groups suggests that deep historical factors are involved and thus the reductions may be of phylogenetic significance. It is urged that establishing the number of functional spiracles in beetle pupae become as standard a feature of pupal descriptions as chaetotaxy and whether they are exarate or obtect.(AU)

Description of the puparium and adult genitalia of Dactylodeictes brevifacies James, 1974 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

The puparium of Dactylodeictes brevifacies was described based on fifty-eight specimens reared in laboratory until the emergence of adults. Larvae were collected under the bark of fallen trees in a Cerrado vegetation, Gallery forest; Palm swamp (Vereda) and open grassland (Campo Limpo) in States of Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil (New Record). The puparium was compared with that of Brachyodina lopesi, the most closely related species with a described puparium. Despite this species clearly shared the larval pachygastrinae features it has a remarkable character not know before for this subfamily: the presence of four pairs of ventral setae (V) in the eighth abdominal segment in ventral view, while in other larvae and puparia of this subfamily, there are five pairs of ventral setae. The adult male and female were described and figured.

Description of the puparium and adult genitalia of Dactylodeictes brevifacies James, 1974 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

The puparium of Dactylodeictes brevifacies was described based on fifty-eight specimens reared in laboratory until the emergence of adults. Larvae were collected under the bark of fallen trees in a Cerrado vegetation, Gallery forest; Palm swamp (Vereda) and open grassland (Campo Limpo) in States of Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil (New Record). The puparium was compared with that of Brachyodina lopesi, the most closely related species with a described puparium. Despite this species clearly shared the larval pachygastrinae features it has a remarkable character not know before for this subfamily: the presence of four pairs of ventral setae (V) in the eighth abdominal segment in ventral view, while in other larvae and puparia of this subfamily, there are five pairs of ventral setae. The adult male and female were described and figured.(AU)

Redescription of larva, pupa and adult of Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae) and the removal of the specie of the Cycloleppteron Series

The redescription of male, female, pupa and larva of Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878 is presented. The species is included in the Cycloleppteron Series of Anopheles, although several authors consider that this is artificial. The redescription of Anopheles annulipalpis demonstrate that pupae have laticorn trumpet. By this fact is compared with An. grabhamiiTheobald, 1901 and similar species of the Arribalzagia Series and Myzorhynchus Series. The laticorn type of trumpet joined the other differences and similarities found are sufficient to remove An. annulipalpis of Cycloleppteron Series and included as an unplaced member of the Angusticorn Section.(AU)

Redescription of larva, pupa and adult of Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae) and the removal of the specie of the Cycloleppteron Series

The redescription of male, female, pupa and larva of Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878 is presented. The species is included in the Cycloleppteron Series of Anopheles, although several authors consider that this is artificial. The redescription of Anopheles annulipalpis demonstrate that pupae have laticorn trumpet. By this fact is compared with An. grabhamiiTheobald, 1901 and similar species of the Arribalzagia Series and Myzorhynchus Series. The laticorn type of trumpet joined the other differences and similarities found are sufficient to remove An. annulipalpis of Cycloleppteron Series and included as an unplaced member of the Angusticorn Section.

Pupal case description of Systropus (Systropus) fumipennis Westwood, 1842 (Diptera: Bombyliidae: Toxophorinae: Systropodini)

The pupal case of Systropus (Systropus) fumipennis is described, illustrated and photographed for the first time. A pupae was found inside an unidentified Limacodidae coocon (Insecta: Lepidoptera), and a male adult emerged, allowing the species identification.

O pupário de Systropus (Systropus) fumipennis é descrito, ilustrado e fotografado pela primeira vez. A pupa foi encontrada dentro de uma crisálida, não identificada, típica de lepidópteros pertencentes à família Limacodidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Um macho adulto emergiu do pupário, permitindo a identificação do material em espécie.

Pupal case description of Systropus (Systropus) fumipennis Westwood, 1842 (Diptera: Bombyliidae: Toxophorinae: Systropodini)

The pupal case of Systropus (Systropus) fumipennis is described, illustrated and photographed for the first time. A pupae was found inside an unidentified Limacodidae coocon (Insecta: Lepidoptera), and a male adult emerged, allowing the species identification.(AU)

O pupário de Systropus (Systropus) fumipennis é descrito, ilustrado e fotografado pela primeira vez. A pupa foi encontrada dentro de uma crisálida, não identificada, típica de lepidópteros pertencentes à família Limacodidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Um macho adulto emergiu do pupário, permitindo a identificação do material em espécie.(AU)

External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: X. Heliconius sara apseudes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) / Morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de heliconíneos Neotropicais: X. Heliconius sara apseudes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

The biology and morphology of the immature stages of Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) are still little known. External features of the egg, larvae and pupa of H. sara apseudes are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs with smooth carina, first instar larva with scaly setae, and body of second to fifth instars covered with scattered pinnacles distinguish H. sara apseudes from other heliconiine species.(AU)

A biologia e morfologia de estágios imaturos de Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) ainda são pouco conhecidos. Características da morfologia externa dos ovos, larvas e pupa de H. sara apseudes são descritas e ilustradas, utilizando-se microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Ovos com carenas lisas, larvas de primeiro instar com cerdas contendo projeções escamiformes e larvas do segundo ao quinto instares com corpo apresentando pináculas dispersas são características distintivas de H. sara apseudes em relação às demais espécies de heliconíneos.(AU)

External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: X. Heliconius sara apseudes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) / Morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de heliconíneos Neotropicais: X. Heliconius sara apseudes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

The biology and morphology of the immature stages of Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) are still little known. External features of the egg, larvae and pupa of H. sara apseudes are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs with smooth carina, first instar larva with scaly setae, and body of second to fifth instars covered with scattered pinnacles distinguish H. sara apseudes from other heliconiine species.

A biologia e morfologia de estágios imaturos de Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) ainda são pouco conhecidos. Características da morfologia externa dos ovos, larvas e pupa de H. sara apseudes são descritas e ilustradas, utilizando-se microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Ovos com carenas lisas, larvas de primeiro instar com cerdas contendo projeções escamiformes e larvas do segundo ao quinto instares com corpo apresentando pináculas dispersas são características distintivas de H. sara apseudes em relação às demais espécies de heliconíneos.