Presence of pink sugarcane mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) increases probability of red rot on sugarcane

Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is globally disseminated on sugarcane plants. In Brazil, this species has been occurred in the same region as the occurrence of the fungal pathogen causing red rot, Colletotrichum falcatum Went, 1893 (Glomerellales). The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that this pseudococcid could act as a facilitator of the penetration of the phytopathogen C. falcatum. Species of this mealybug were reared at laboratory to infest sugarcane plants during the experiment. A total of 320 sugarcane plants were utilized for this study, 160 of CTC4 and 160 of RB86 7515 cultivars (cv.), each group subdivided into four treatments: (1) infested with mealybugs; (2) infected with fungal conidia; (3) infested with mealybugs and infected with fungal conidia; and (4) control. Biometrics of the plants, disease symptoms, Total Reducing Sugars (TRS) and Reducing Sugar (RS) were evaluated. To both cv., there was no difference in the height and diameter of the plants in all treatments; and only in "mealybug + fungus", significant difference on the lengths of the disease lesions inside the plants was found to each cv. as well as the levels of TRS and RS. The presence of the pseudococcid increased the incidence of the disease in both cv., although RB86 7515 was more susceptible to red rot than CTC4.(AU)

Morphological and molecular characterization of Puccinia kuehnii, the causal agent of sugarcane orange rust, in Cub

Sugarcane orange rust caused by Puccinia kuehnii has recently become an important disease in sugarcane crops and its spread is causing great concern to growers. In this study, we analyzed spores from symptomatic orange rust sugarcane leaves collected in multiple locations in Cuba in a 4-year-period in order to characterize morphological traits of P. kuehnii, establish an adequate molecular technique to characterize it, and determine its infection court in sugarcane. Orange rust caused by P. kuehnii was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and morphological characterization. AFLP markers detected high diversity in P. kuenhnii samples. Sequencing of rDNA regions, as expected, did not reveal differences and SSR markers designed for P. melanocephala could not be transferred to P. kuehnii. In addition to stomata, entry through prickles was also detected as a new infection court in sugarcane. Although the presence of pustules on the adaxial leaf surface was frequently detected, no clear correlation between this presence and density of stomata and/or prickles was found.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Puccinia kuehnii, the causal agent of sugarcane orange rust, in Cub

Sugarcane orange rust caused by Puccinia kuehnii has recently become an important disease in sugarcane crops and its spread is causing great concern to growers. In this study, we analyzed spores from symptomatic orange rust sugarcane leaves collected in multiple locations in Cuba in a 4-year-period in order to characterize morphological traits of P. kuehnii, establish an adequate molecular technique to characterize it, and determine its infection court in sugarcane. Orange rust caused by P. kuehnii was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and morphological characterization. AFLP markers detected high diversity in P. kuenhnii samples. Sequencing of rDNA regions, as expected, did not reveal differences and SSR markers designed for P. melanocephala could not be transferred to P. kuehnii. In addition to stomata, entry through prickles was also detected as a new infection court in sugarcane. Although the presence of pustules on the adaxial leaf surface was frequently detected, no clear correlation between this presence and density of stomata and/or prickles was found.(AU)

Kasugamycin on Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in the in vitro culture of sugarcane / Efeitos da Kasugamicina em Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli na cultura in vitro de cana-de-açúcar

One of the significant obstacles to the growth of sugarcane production is the infection by phytopathogens, mainly by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) causal agent of Ratoon stunting disease. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of kasugamycin on the in vitro growth of sugarcane, as well as its effect on the bacterium Lxx. Explants of strain SP791011 from sugarcane were inoculated in MS culture medium supplemented with the antimicrobial kasugamycin at concentrations of 0.00; 0.87; 1.08; 1.74 and 3.48 mL.L-1, where they remained for 30 days. After this period, the survival rate, shoot number per explant, height of the explants, phytomass, dry phytomass and phytosanitary were evaluated based on the presence of genomic DNA of Lxx. It was verified that the culture in kasugamycin influenced the morphological variables negatively; nevertheless, the antimicrobial did not demonstrate phytotoxicity to the plants. All treatments tested in this experiment were diagnosed as positive, with DNA amplification for Lxx, despite it was observed a reduction in bacterial load, suggesting that kasugamycin at higher doses can be evaluated as an attempt to eliminate the bacterium in the in vitro cultivation of sugarcane.(AU)

Um dos maiores entraves para o crescimento da produção de cana-de-açúcar é a infecção por fitopatógenos, principalmente pela bactéria Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx), agente causal do raquitismo-da-soqueira, doença que mais causa perdas a cultura. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os efeitos do antimicrobiano casugamicina sobre o crescimento in vitro, bem como seu efeito sobre a infecção endógena por Lxx em cana-de-açúcar. Explantes da variedade SP791011 de cana-de-açúcar foram inoculados em meio de cultura MS suplementados com o antimicrobiano nas concentrações de 0,00; 0,87; 1,08; 1,74 e 3,48 mL.L-1, em que permaneceram por 30 dias. Após este período, foi avaliada a taxa de sobrevivência, número de brotações por explante, altura dos explantes, fitomassa, fitomassa seca e fitossanidade em relação à presença de DNA genômico de Lxx. Foi verificado que o cultivo em casugamicina influenciou de forma negativa nas variáveis morfológicas, apesar disso, o antimicrobiano não mostrou fitotoxidade às plantas. Todos os tratamentos testados neste experimento foram diagnosticados como positivos, com amplificação de DNA para Lxx, apesar de ter sido observada uma redução na carga bacteriana, sugerindo que a casugamicina em doses superiores pode ser avaliada como alternativa na tentativa de eliminar completamente a bactéria no cultivo in vitro de cana-de-açúcar.(AU)

Sugarcane trash levels in soil affects the fungi but not bacteria in a short-term field experiment

The sugarcane in Brazil is passing through a management transition that is leading to the abolition of pre-harvest burning. Without burning, large amounts of sugarcane trash is generated, and there is a discussion regarding the utilization of this biomass in the industry versus keeping it in the field to improve soil quality. To study the effects of the trash removal on soil quality, we established an experimental sugarcane plantation with different levels of trash over the soil (0%, 50% and 100% of the original trash deposition) and analyzed the structure of the bacterial and fungal community as the bioindicators of impacts. The soil DNA was extracted, and the microbial community was screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in two different seasons. Our results suggest that there are no effects from the different levels of trash on the soil chemistry and soil bacterial community. However, the fungal community was significantly impacted, and after twelve months, the community presented different structures among the treatments.(AU)

Sugarcane straw as a feedstock for xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037

Sugarcane straw has become an available lignocellulosic biomass since the progressive introduction of the non-burning harvest in Brazil. Besides keeping this biomass in the field, it can be used as a feedstock in thermochemical or biochemical conversion processes. This makes feasible its incorporation in a biorefinery, whose economic profitability could be supported by integrated production of low-value biofuels and high-value chemicals, e.g., xylitol, which has important industrial and clinical applications. Herein, biotechnological production of xylitol is presented as a possible route for the valorization of sugarcane straw and its incorporation in a biorefinery. Nutritional supplementation of the sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate as a function of initial oxygen availability was studied in batch fermentation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. The nutritional supplementation conditions evaluated were: no supplementation; supplementation with (NH4)2SO4, and full supplementation with (NH4)2SO4, rice bran extract and CaCl2·2H2O. Experiments were performed at pH 5.5, 30 °C, 200 rpm, for 48 h in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing either 25 or 50 mL of medium in order to vary initial oxygen availability. Without supplementation, complete consumption of glucose and partial consumption of xylose were observed. In this condition the maximum xylitol yield (0.67 g g-1) was obtained under reduced initial oxygen availability. Nutritional supplementation increased xylose consumption and xylitol production by up to 200% and 240%, respectively. The maximum xylitol volumetric productivity (0.34 g L-1 h-1) was reached at full supplementation and increased initial oxygen availability. The results demonstrated a combined effect of nutritional supplementation and initial oxygen availability on xylitol production from sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate.(AU)

Thermotolerant and mesophylic fungi from sugarcane bagasse and their prospection for biomass-degrading enzyme production

Nineteen fungi and seven yeast strains were isolated from sugarcane bagasse piles from an alcohol plant located at Brazilian Cerrado and identified up to species level on the basis of the gene sequencing of 5.8S-ITS and 26S ribosomal DNA regions. Four species were identified: Kluyveromyces marxianus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sydowii and Aspergillus fumigatus, and the isolates were screened for the production of key enzymes in the saccharification of lignocellulosic material. Among them, three strains were selected as good producers of hemicellulolitic enzymes: A. niger (SBCM3), A. sydowii (SBCM7) and A. fumigatus (SBC4). The best β-xylosidase producer was A. niger SBCM3 strain. This crude enzyme presented optimal activity at pH 3.5 and 55 °C (141 U/g). For β-glucosidase and xylanase the best producer was A. fumigatus SBC4 strain, whose enzymes presented maximum activity at 60 °C and pH 3.5 (54 U/g) and 4.0 (573 U/g), respectively. All these crude enzymes presented stability around pH 3.0–8.0 and up to 60 °C, which can be very useful in industrial processes that work at high temperatures and low pHs. These enzymes also exhibited moderate tolerance to ethanol and the sugars glucose and xylose. These similar characteristics among these fungal crude enzymes suggest that they can be used synergistically in cocktails in future studies of biomass conversion with potential application in several biotechnological sectors..(AU)

Early changes in arbuscular mycorrhiza development in sugarcane under two harvest management systems

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is grown on over 8 million ha in Brazil and is used to produce ethanol and sugar. Some sugarcane fields are burned to facilitate harvesting, which can affect the soil microbial community. However, whether sugarcane pre-harvest burning affects the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and symbioses development is not known. In this study, we investigated the early impacts of harvest management on AMF spore communities and root colonization in three sugarcane varieties, under two harvest management systems (no-burning and pre-harvest burning). Soil and root samples were collected in the field after the first harvest of sugarcane varieties SP813250, SP801842, and RB72454, and AMF species were identified based on spore morphology. Diversity indices were determined based on spore populations and root colonization determined as an indicator of symbioses development. Based on the diversity indices, spore number and species occurrence in soil, no significant differences were observed among the AMF communities, regardless of harvest management type, sugarcane variety or interactions between harvest management type and sugarcane variety. However, mycorrhiza development was stimulated in sugarcane under the no-burning management system. Our data suggest that the sugarcane harvest management system may cause early changes in arbuscular mycorrhiza development.

Controle da podridão abacaxi da cana-de-açúcar por meio da pulverização de fungicidas em rebolos no sulco de plantio / Control of pineapple disease of sugarcane through in-furrow fungicide spray application on seedpieces

A podridão abacaxi da cana-de-açúcar, causada pelo fungo Thielaviopsis paradoxa, pode causar quedas de até 50% na brotação e de 42% na produtividade de colmos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle da doença por meio da pulverização de fungicidas em rebolos no sulco de plantio. Para isso, foram instalados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação e um no campo. O substrato e o solo foram infestados com o patógeno antes do plantio da cana-de-açúcar e os fungicidas foram aplicados nos rebolos imediatamente após o plantio, com um pulverizador costal pressurizado com CO2. A pulverização dos rebolos no sulco de plantio mostrou-se eficaz no controle da podridão abacaxi com determinados fungicidas, trazendo incrementos na brotação e proporcionando recuperação de até 12% na produtividade. Dentre os tratamentos testados, os fungicidas piraclostrobina + epoxiconazol; piraclostrobina e propiconazol mostraram bom potencial no controle da doença.(AU)

Sugarcane pineapple disease, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa, can cause germination and yield decreases of up to 50% and 42%, respectively. The aim of this research was to assess the control of this disease through in-furrow fungicide application on seedpieces. Two experiments were installed in greenhouse and one under field conditions with this purpose. The substrate and the soil were infested with the pathogen before the sugarcane planting and the fungicides were sprayed on seedpieces immediately after the planting with a CO2 backpack sprayer. Seedpieces in-furrow spraying was effective in controlling the pineapple disease with certain fungicides, providing up to 12% yield recovery. Among the tested treatments, the fungicides pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole; pyraclostrobin and propiconazole showed good potential for pineapple disease control.(AU)

Condições microbiológicas e higienicossanitárias do caldo de cana comercializado no município de Curitiba, PR

O caldo de cana é uma bebida popular e amplamente comercializada por ambulantes em diversas cidades brasileiras. Esse tipo de comércio deve cumprir as boas práticas determinadas pela legislação, uma vez que pode propiciar as Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTA) pela venda de bebidas contaminadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias e microbiológicas da produção de caldo de cana no município de Curitiba em 10 pontos de venda. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: avaliação de cinco parâmetros relativos às condições estruturais e dos manipuladores, por meio de um roteiro de inspeção; e avaliação da qualidade microbiológica do caldo de cana, por meio da coleta de duas amostras em cada ponto de venda. Foi observado que 60% dos comerciantes manipulavam dinheiro simultaneamente ao preparo do caldo e não utilizavam luvas. Além disso, em 40% havia a presença de insetos, 30% apresentavam estrutura precária e 10% dos manipuladores não usavam cabelos presos. Dos locais avaliados, 60% tiveram amostras classificadas como impróprias para o consumo, sendo observados valores superiores a 2 Log.NMP/mL de coliformes termotolerantes, em que todas estavam contaminadas por E. coli. Por fim, a melhoria no cumprimento das boas práticas relaciona-se com a qualidade microbiológica. De acordo com os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, foi visto que se faz necessária a implementação de medidas para a capacitação deste grupo de comerciantes sobre as boas práticas e constante atuação de vigilância de seu cumprimento, preservando a saúde da população no sentido de prevenir as DTA.(AU)

Sugar cane juice is a popular beverage widely commercialized at flea market in different Brazilian cities.This type of commerce must comply with good manufacturing practices determined in legislation, since food borne diseases can be caused by the intake of contaminated beverages. The aim of this study was to evaluate hygienic sanitary conditions and microbiological of sugar cane juice production in Curitiba city at 10 places of sell. This study was divided in two parts: evaluation of hygienic sanitary conditions using an inspection check list; and evaluation of microbiological quality of sugar cane juice, using two samples from each place. It was observed that 60% of the sellers manipulated money while preparing sugarcane juice and did not wear gloves. In addition, in 40% of the places there were insects,30% presented precarious structure and 10% of the sellers had no hair tied up. Two samples from each place were collected for microbiological analyses according to legislation. From the places evaluated in 60% there were samples classified as unsuitable for the consumption, with thermotolerant coliforms levels higher to 2 Log MPN/mL and all of them were contaminated with E. coli. To conclude, improvement in good manufacturing practices compliance is related to microbiological quality. Such results obtained in the present study indicate the need of education measures implementation for this group of sellers about good manufacturing practices and constant surveillance of their compliance, preserving public health towards food borne diseases prevention.(AU)

Avaliação higienicossanitária do caldo de cana comercializado em lanchonetes na cidade de Sobral: CE

O caldo de cana ou garapa é muito apreciado por ser refrescante e de alto valor energético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar, pelo método do número mais provável (NMP) e contagem padrão em placas, os coliformes totais e termotolerantes do caldo de cana comercializado em lanchonetes no município de Sobral-CE e, utilizando um roteiro de observação, avaliar as condições sanitárias dos estabelecimentos. Foram analisadas 9 amostras de caldo de cana, nos meses de julho e agosto de 2012, adquiridas em lanchonetes na cidade de Sobral-CE. Das 9 amostras estudadas, em 3 (33,33%) constatou-se a presença de coliformes termotolerantes acima do número permitido pela RDC nº 12. Verificou-se que várias recomendações da RDC (Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada) na 218 não eram obedecidas: em 100% (n=3) das lanchonetes a cana-de-açúcar era armazenada sem nenhuma proteção; 78% (n=7) dos manipuladores apresentavam vestimentas sujas e mal conservadas; 55% (n=S) dos manipuladores manuseavam concomitantemente alimento e dinheiro sem nenhuma assepsia. Observa-se que um dos principais fatores de contaminação refere-se à conduta dos manipuladores.(AU)

The juice or syrup is very refreshing and appreciated for being high energy. The aim of this study was to quantify the method most probable number (MPN) and standard plate count, total coliforms and thermotolerant sugarcane juice sold in cafeterias in Sobral-CE and using an observation guide to assess the health conditions of the establishments. We analyzed nine samples of sugarcane juice, in July and August 2012, acquired in cafeterias in the city of Sobral-CE. Of the nine samples studied, 3 (33.33%) showed the presence of fecal coliform above the number allowed by RDC No. 12. It was found that several recommendations of the DRC (Board Resolution) No. 218 were not met: 100% (n = 3) snack sugar cane was stored without protection, 78% (n = 7) of the handlers had clothes dirty and poorly maintained, 55% (n = 5) of food handlers manuseavam concurrently and money without any aseptic. It is observed that one of the main factors of contamination refers to the conduct of handlers.(AU)

Quantificação e identificação da contaminação bacteriana de caldo de cana em fermentação para a produção de aguardente / Identification and quantification of bacterial contamination in sugar cane juice fermentation to aguardent production

Na fermentação alcoólica para produção de aguardente, o caldo de cana, usado como matéria-prima, transporta uma microbiota bacteriana numerosa e diversa, que age como antagonista da atividade das leveduras. Os produtos secundários gerados por estes contaminantes reduzem a produtividade e alteram as propriedades sensoriais da aguardente. Neste trabalho, amostras de caldo de cana provenientes de domas de fermentação de uma indústria produtora de aguardente no estado do Ceará foram coletadas com o objetivo de I quantificar a evolução do crescimento da população bacteriana durante o ciclo fermentativo e, posteriormente, identificar os principais gêneros contaminantes. Para isso coletas foram realizadas após 3, 11 e 24 horas de fermentação e em cada tempo realizou- se a contagem total de bactérias mesófilas. Colônias com características diferentes foram selecionadas e as características microscópicas e bioquímicas foram determinadas. As contagens apresentaram 8,36 x 106 UFC/mL; 2,46 x 107 UFC/mL e I 7,17 x 107 UFC/mL após 3, 11 e 24 h de fermentação, respectivamente. Foi selecionado um total de 48 isolados que apresentaram características bioquímicas referentes aos seguintes gêneros bacterianos: 35,4% Bacillus, 35,4% Enterobacter, 6,25% Micrococcus, 6,25% Acetobacter e 6,25% Lactobacillus. Cinco isolados (10,4%) caracterizados como bacilos Gram-positivos filamentosos ainda não foram identificados. (AU)

Sugarcane juice, used as raw material for aguardent production, carries a large and diverse bacterial microbiota, which acts as antagonist of the yeasts. The byproducts generated by these contaminants reduce the productivity and change the sensory properties of aguardente. In this work, samples of sugarcane juice from vats of fermenting of an aguardente-producing industry in the state of Ceará, were collected in order to quantify the growth evolution of the bacterial population during the fermentation cycle and subsequently identify the major contaminant genera. Samples of sugar cane juice were collected at zero time and after 11 and 24 hours of fermentation and mesophilic bacterial counts were realized. Colonies with different cultural characteristics were selected and the microscopic and biochemical characteristics were determined. The counts showed the following results: 8.36 x 1rY' CFU/ml, 2.46 x 107 CFU/ mL and 7.17 x 107CFU/mL after 3,11 and 24 of fermentation, respectively. A total of 48 isolates were selected which presented microscopic and biochemical characteristics suggestive of the genera: Bacillus 35.4%, Enterobacter 35.4%, Micrococcus 6.25%, Acetobacter 6.25% and Lactobacillus 6.25%. Five isolates (10.4%) characterized as Gram-positive filamentous have not yet been identified. (AU)

Análise microbiológica e das condições higienicossanitárias do caldo de cana comercializado nas ruas do município de Cuiabá / Microbiological analysis and sanitary conditions of sugarcane juice sold in Cuiaba

A venda de alimentos por ambulantes é um fenômeno crescente no Brasil e, neste tipo de comércio, as condições inadequadas de manipulação e acondicionamento da matéria-prima podem trazer riscos à saúde da população. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar se o caldo de cana comercializado nas ruas do município de Cuiabá-MT atendia aos padrões microbiológicos preconizados pela legislação nacional vigente, para a determinação de coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella spp, além de observar os cuidados higiênicos e sanitários do local de processamento e comercialização. Das 20 amostras de caldo de cana obtidas em 10 pontos da cidade, 75% apresentaram índices de contagens para coliformes a 45°C acima do padrão máximo aceitável de 102 NMP/mL, no entanto, em nenhuma das amostras foi detectada a presença de Salmonella. Das 15 amostras positivas para coliformes a 4SOC, 53,3% continham gelo, e 46,7% eram representadas por aquelas sem adição de gelo. Os pontos de venda pesquisados apresentavam más condições gerais, retratando o despreparo dos manipuladores e das condições das matérias-primas por eles processadas. Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa permitem afirmar que o caldo de cana comercializado pelos ambulantes estava em condições higienicossanitárias insatisfatórias, por apresentarem índices elevados de contaminação por coliformes a 45°C. (AU)

The sale of food by street vendors is a growing phenomenon in Brazil, this trade the inadequate handling and packaging of raw materials can pose risks to public health. This study aimed to determine if the juice sold in the streets of the city of Cuiabá-MT, meets the microbiological standards recommended by national legislation inforce, with the determination of thermotolerant coliforms or 45ºC and Salmonella sp.. Besides observing the hygienic and sanitary processing site. Of the 20 samples of sugarcane juice valued at 10 points in the city, 75% had counts of coliforms at 45°C above the standard maximum acceptable 1()2 MPN /mL, however, in none of the samples showed the presence of Salmonella spp.. Of the 15 positive for coliforms at 45°C, 53, 3% contained ice, and 46, 7% were represented by those without this addition. Were observed in retail outlets surveyed general poor condition, portraying the unpreparedness of the handlers, and the conditions of raw materials processed by them since the time of receipt, storage and preparation of the product. The data obtained in this study have revealed that the juice was sold by street vendors inadequate sanitary conditions, therefore, had high levels of contamination by coliforms at 45 ºC. (AU)

Avaliação higienicossanitária do caldo de cana comercializado em lanchonetes na cidade de Sobral: CE

O caldo de cana ou garapa é muito apreciado por ser refrescante e de alto valor energético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar, pelo método do número mais provável (NMP) e contagem padrão em placas, os coliformes totais e termotolerantes do caldo de cana comercializado em lanchonetes no município de Sobral-CE e, utilizando um roteiro de observação, avaliar as condições sanitárias dos estabelecimentos. Foram analisadas 9 amostras de caldo de cana, nos meses de julho e agosto de 2012, adquiridas em lanchonetes na cidade de Sobral-CE. Das 9 amostras estudadas, em 3 (33,33%) constatou-se a presença de coliformes termotolerantes acima do número permitido pela RDC nº 12. Verificou-se que várias recomendações da RDC (Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada) na 218 não eram obedecidas: em 100% (n=3) das lanchonetes a cana-de-açúcar era armazenada sem nenhuma proteção; 78% (n=7) dos manipuladores apresentavam vestimentas sujas e mal conservadas; 55% (n=S) dos manipuladores manuseavam concomitantemente alimento e dinheiro sem nenhuma assepsia. Observa-se que um dos principais fatores de contaminação refere-se à conduta dos manipuladores.

The juice or syrup is very refreshing and appreciated for being high energy. The aim of this study was to quantify the method most probable number (MPN) and standard plate count, total coliforms and thermotolerant sugarcane juice sold in cafeterias in Sobral-CE and using an observation guide to assess the health conditions of the establishments. We analyzed nine samples of sugarcane juice, in July and August 2012, acquired in cafeterias in the city of Sobral-CE. Of the nine samples studied, 3 (33.33%) showed the presence of fecal coliform above the number allowed by RDC No. 12. It was found that several recommendations of the DRC (Board Resolution) No. 218 were not met: 100% (n = 3) snack sugar cane was stored without protection, 78% (n = 7) of the handlers had clothes dirty and poorly maintained, 55% (n = 5) of food handlers manuseavam concurrently and money without any aseptic. It is observed that one of the main factors of contamination refers to the conduct of handlers.

Evolução do crescimento das populações de leveduras e bactérias lácticas na fermentação do caldo de cana para produção de aguardente / Evolution of the growing populations of yeast and lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of sugar cane juice to produce brandy

A fermentação alcoólica da cana-de- -açúcar envolve a competição entre as populações de leveduras e de bactéria lácticas. Enquanto o primeiro grupo é responsável pela produção de etanol, o segundo compete com as leveduras e reduz a eficiência do processo. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo monitorar a evolução do crescimento das populações de leveduras e bactérias lácticas durante as principais etapas de fermentação do caldo de cana para produção de aguardente e usar a relação entre os dois grupos como um índice de eficiência do processo. Amostras de caldo de cana foram coletadas nas três principais etapas fermentativas (preliminar, tumultuosa e complementar) e as populações de leveduras e bactérias lácticas foram determinadas por contagens totais. Temperatura, pH e concentração de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix) também foram avaliados. A população de leveduras apresentou valores de I,9x 107 UFC/ mL, 25x 107 UFC/mL e na fase final 22,6x 107 UFC/mL. Para a população de bactérias lácticas esses valores foram de 19x107 UFC/mL, 17,lx107 UFC/mL e 92,4x 107 UFC/mL. As razões entre o número de leveduras e bactérias lácticas nas três fases foram respectivamente, 0,10; 1,20 e 0,25. Esses índices indicaram que, embora não tenha sido detectado prejuízo na produção de álcool, a drástica redução do índice ao final do ciclo é sugestiva da formação de produtos secundários que podem alterar o sabor da aguardente. (AU)

The alcoholic fermentation of sugarcane involves competition between yeasts and lactic acid bacteria populations. While the first group is responsible for the production of ethanol the second competes with yeasts and reduces process efficiency. In this perspective, the growth of yeast and lactic acid bacteria populations were monitored during three main stages of sugarcane juice fermentation and the relationship between the two groups was the index used as an indicator of process efficiency. Samples of sugarcane juice were collected in preliminar)', turbulent and complementary alcoholic fermentation and the quantitative evolution of populations of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were analyzed by total counts of two groups. The yeast population presented 7values of 1.9x107 CFU/mL, 25x1O CFU/mL and the final stage 22,6x10 CFU/mL. For the population of lactic acid bacteria, these values were 19 x 107 CFU/mL, 17.1 x 107 CFU/ml and 92.4 x 107 CFU/ mL. The ratios between the number of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in the preliminary, turbulent and complementar stages were respectively 0.10, 1.20 and 0.25. These indices indicated that although there was no prejudice in production of alcohol in the tumultuous phase, the drastic reduction of the index at the end of the cycle is suggestive of the [ormation of side products that can alter the aguardente taste. (AU)

Análise parasitológica e microbiológica de suco de laranja in natura e caldo de cana comercializados por ambulantes nas cidades de Crato e Juazeiro do Norte CE / Parasitological and microbiological analysis of orange juice fresh and sugarcane juice sold by street vendors in the cities of Crato and Juazeiro do Norte - CE

o suco de laranja e caldo de cana são bebidas muito apreciadas por suas características sensoriais e nutritivas. Estes produtos são preparados normalmente por ambulantes, em pontos de venda de comércio informal, que raramente tem treinamento profissional e desconhecem sobre normas de boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos. Considerando estes locais insalubres e com condições higienicossanitárias insatisfatórias foram realizadas análises bacteriológica, parasitológicas e micológicas em 30 amostras comercializadas nas cidades de Crato e Juazeiro do Norte - CE. As amostras foram semeadas em meio CPS para as análises bacteriológicas e micológicas e para análises parasitológicas foram realizadas as técnicas de Hoffman e de Faust. Nas análises bacteriológicas foi identificada a presença das bactérias Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. e Pseudomonas spp. Foi identificada também a presença de Candida spp. Todas as amostras foram negativas para as análises parasitológicas. Com I base nestes resultados, sugerem-se maiores cuidados nas boas práticas de fabricação, principalmente na higiene pessoal de manipuladores e sanificação de máquinas extratoras. (AU)

The orange juice and sugar cane juice drinks are highly appreciated for its organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. These products are usually prepared by street vendors in sales points of informal trade that has seldom unaware about professional training and practice standards of food handling. Considering these local unsanitary conditions and inadequate sanitary bacteriological analyzes were carried, mycological and parasitological 30 samples marketed in the cities of Crato and Juazeiro do Norte - CE. Samples were sown amid CPS for bacteriological and mycological analyzes and analyzes were made parasitological techniques Hoffman technique and Faust. In bacteriological analysis was identified the presence of the bacteria Klebsielia spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. It was also identified the presence of Candida spp. Ali samples were negative for parasitological analysis. Based on these results, we suggest greater care in good manufacturing practices, particularly in personnel hygienic and sanitation machinery extractors. (AU)

Isolamento e susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de linhagens de bactérias lácticas do caldo de cana em fermentação para produção de aguardente / Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of strains of lactic acid bacteria fermented sugarcane juice for the production of brandy

Bactérias do ácido láctico (BAL) se constituem o principal grupo contaminante das fermentações alcoólicas. Esses micro-organismos consomem o açúcar que seria transformado em álcool, resultando na produção de metabólitos que alteram o desenvolvimento do processo. Também flocu- Iam as leveduras obstruindo equipamentos, reduzindo o rendimento e a qualidade do produto final. Os antibióticos estão entre as substâncias usadas para o controle dessa contaminação e, embora eficientes, promovem a seleção de linhagens resistentes o que limita o uso das mesmas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo isolar, caracterizar e avaliar a susceptibilidade de linhagens de bactérias lácticas oriundas das principais etapas do processo fermentativo para produção de aguardente. Foram utilizados discos com penicilina-G (10 ug), antibiótico inibidor da síntese da parede celular, e discos com tetraciclina (30 ug) e cloranfenicol (30 ug), ambos inibidores da produção de proteínas. Referidos antibióticos são amplamente utilizados nas fermentações alcoólicas. Para avaliação da susceptibilidade foi usada à técnica de difusão em Ágar Muller-Hinton. Foram selecionadas 20 colônias do meio ágar MRS, que apresentaram características morfológicas e bioquímicas típicas de Lactobacillus (85%) enquanto (15%) foram cocos Gram positivos em pares e tétrades. O crescimento escasso e irregular dos isolados no meio Ágar Muller- -Hinton não permitiu uma conclusão decisiva sobre a susceptibilidade aos antibióticos testados. Tendo em vista o uso de antibióticos como agente de controle microbiano nas fermentações industriais, este resultado evidencia a necessidade da padronização de um método para monitorar a resistência de linhagens BAL provenientes desses processos. (AU)

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) comprise the main contaminant group of alcoholic fermentations. These microorganisms consume the sugar that would be transformed to alcohol, resulting in the production of metabolites that alter the development processo Also flocculate yeast clogging equipment, reducing the yield and quality of the final product. Antibiotics are among the substances used to control this contamination, and although efficient, promote the selection of resistant strains which limits the use of the compounds. In this context, this study aimed to isolate, characterize and assess the susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria strains from the main stages of the alcoholic fermentation process for the production of aguardente. The disks were penicillin G (10 units], antibiotic inhibitor of cell wall synthesis, and discs with tetracycline (30 J.1g) and chloramphenicol (30 ug}, both inhibitors of protein production. These antibiotics are widely used in industrial fermentations. To evaluate the susceptibility was used to agar diffusion technique. Twenty colonies were selected from MRS medium and characterized as Lactobacillus (85%) and Gram positive cocci in pairs and tetrads (15%). The sparse and irregular growth of the isolates in Mueller-Hinton agar could not establish. the susceptibillty of isolates to antibiotics tested. In view of the use of antibiotics as a microbial control agent in industrial fermentations, this result shows the need for standardizing a method for monitoring the resistance of BAL strains. (AU)

Análise microbiológica do caldo de cana comercializado em feiras livres no município de São Caetano do Sul, SP / Microbiological analysis of sugarcane juice sold in street markets in São Caetano do Sul, SP

O caldo de cana ou garapa, muito popular no Brasil é uma bebida não alcoólica extraída da cana-de-açúcar. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de dez amostras de caldo de cana comercializadas em feiras livres em São Caetano do Sul. Para a contagem de mesófilos as análises mostraram variação entre 1,58x106 UFC/mL a incontáveis. Para bolores e leveduras o número de colônias apresentou-se incontável. Das amostras analisadas, os coliformes a 37°C estiveram presentes em 100% com contagem entre 9 e > 1,1x106UFC/mL enquanto os coliformes a 45°C foram encontrados em 50% das amostras com valores entre ausência e >1,1 106UFC/mL. Estes resultados demonstram que o caldo de cana comercializado em São Caetano do Sul pode representar um risco de intoxicação alimentar, uma vez que as contagens microbianas foram elevadas indicando péssimas condições de higiene no processo de obtenção do caldo de cana. (AU)

Sugar cane juice or garapa, very popular in São Caetano do Sul City and in Brazil is a popular non alcoholic drink; extracted from sugar cane. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the microbiological quality of sugar cane juice samples commercialized in open markets in São Caetano do Sul. Ten samples were collected. For mesophilic counting the results showed variation between 1,58xl (f>UFC/mL to uncountable. For molds and yeasts the counting results were uncountable. Total coliforms were present in 100% with counts between 9 and > 1,1x106/ mL, while thermotolerant coliforms were found in 50% of the samples with values between absence and > 1,1 x l(f>UFC/mL. These results demonstrate that the sugar cane juice sold in São Caetano do Sul can represent a risk of food poisoning once the microbiological counts were high, demonstrating bad hygiene conditions in the process of sugar cane juice. (AU)

Caracterização microbiológica, parâmetros fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia em silagens de forragens tropicais com aditivos microbianos / Microbiologic characterization, fermentative parameters and aerobic stability of tropical forage silages with microbial additives

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliação de aditivos microbianos na ensilagem de forragens tropicais. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se o efeito de doses crescentes de Lactobacillus buchneri, em diferentes tempos de armazenamento, sobre o valor nutritivo, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho. No segundo experimento avaliou-se o efeito de L. buchneri, de forma exclusiva, ou em combinação com Lactobacillus plantarum, em silagens de milho, cana-de-açúcar e capim elefante cv. Napier. [...] No segundo experimento, o tratamento das silagens de milho com L. buchneri (LB), exclusivamente, ou associado com L. plantarum (LB+LP) não afetou as variáveis relacionadas com o valor nutritivo das silagens. As concentrações de ácido acético nas silagens de milho foram superiores no tratamento controle. Nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar, o tratamento LB apresentou maiores teores de MS e DVIVMO. O tratamento controle apresentou maior população de bactérias ácido láticas, e menor valor de pH. A silagem de cana-de-açúcar sem aditivo atingiu o pico de temperatura após o tratamento LB, sendo esse pico superior na silagem aditivada. Foram observadas menores perdas de matéria seca e produção de gases nas silagens aditivadas, resultando assim em maior recuperação de MS no tratamento LB. Foi observado maior tempo para atingir a temperatura máxima e menor acúmulo de temperatura até o quinto dia de exposição aeróbia no tratamento controle. A temperatura máxima atingida durante a exposição aeróbia foi superior no tratamento LB. Nas silagens de capim, as silagens do tratamento LB+LP apresentaram maiores teores de MS, e menor teor de PB. Foi observada maior população de bactérias ácido láticas nas silagens do tratamento LB+LP. A inoculação com L. buchneri, sozinho, ou em associação com L. plantarum não foi eficiente em melhorar a qualidade e estabilidade aeróbia das forragens avaliadas

Two trials were conducted for the evaluation of microbial additives on tropical forages ensiling. At the first trial the effect of increasing L. buchneri doses, and different storage periods on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritive value of corn silage were evaluated. At the second trial the effect of L. buchneri with or without L. plantarum was evaluated on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritive value of corn, sugarcane and tropical grass silages. [...] In the second trial, inoculation of corn silages with L. buchneri (LB), alone or in association with L. plantarum (LB+LP) did not affect the variables related to the silage nutritive value. Acetic acid content of corn silages was higher for the control treatment. In sugarcane silages, LB treatment showed higher DM content and IVTOMD. Control treatment showed higher lactic acid bacteria counts, and lower pH. Sugarcane silage with no additive reached temperature peak after LB treatment, with this peak being higher at the additivated silage. There were observed lower dry matter losses and gas production in LB silages, resulting in higher dry matter recovery. It was observed higher time to reach maximum temperature and lower temperature accumulation until fifth day of aerobic exposure for the control treatment. Maximum temperature reached during aerobic exposure was higher for LB treatment. In tropical grass silages, LB+LP silages showed higher DM and lower CP contents. It was observed higher lactic acid bacteria in LB+LP treatment. Inoculation with L. buchneri, alone or in association with L. plantarum was not efficient in improving quality and aerobic stability of evaluated forages

Caracterização microbiológica, parâmetros fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia em silagens de forragens tropicais com aditivos microbianos / Microbiologic characterization, fermentative parameters and aerobic stability of tropical forage silages with microbial additives

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliação de aditivos microbianos na ensilagem de forragens tropicais. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se o efeito de doses crescentes de Lactobacillus buchneri, em diferentes tempos de armazenamento, sobre o valor nutritivo, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho. No segundo experimento avaliou-se o efeito de L. buchneri, de forma exclusiva, ou em combinação com Lactobacillus plantarum, em silagens de milho, cana-de-açúcar e capim elefante cv. Napier. [...] No segundo experimento, o tratamento das silagens de milho com L. buchneri (LB), exclusivamente, ou associado com L. plantarum (LB+LP) não afetou as variáveis relacionadas com o valor nutritivo das silagens. As concentrações de ácido acético nas silagens de milho foram superiores no tratamento controle. Nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar, o tratamento LB apresentou maiores teores de MS e DVIVMO. O tratamento controle apresentou maior população de bactérias ácido láticas, e menor valor de pH. A silagem de cana-de-açúcar sem aditivo atingiu o pico de temperatura após o tratamento LB, sendo esse pico superior na silagem aditivada. Foram observadas menores perdas de matéria seca e produção de gases nas silagens aditivadas, resultando assim em maior recuperação de MS no tratamento LB. Foi observado maior tempo para atingir a temperatura máxima e menor acúmulo de temperatura até o quinto dia de exposição aeróbia no tratamento controle. A temperatura máxima atingida durante a exposição aeróbia foi superior no tratamento LB. Nas silagens de capim, as silagens do tratamento LB+LP apresentaram maiores teores de MS, e menor teor de PB. Foi observada maior população de bactérias ácido láticas nas silagens do tratamento LB+LP. A inoculação com L. buchneri, sozinho, ou em associação com L. plantarum não foi eficiente em melhorar a qualidade e estabilidade aeróbia das forragens avaliadas (AU)

Two trials were conducted for the evaluation of microbial additives on tropical forages ensiling. At the first trial the effect of increasing L. buchneri doses, and different storage periods on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritive value of corn silage were evaluated. At the second trial the effect of L. buchneri with or without L. plantarum was evaluated on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritive value of corn, sugarcane and tropical grass silages. [...] In the second trial, inoculation of corn silages with L. buchneri (LB), alone or in association with L. plantarum (LB+LP) did not affect the variables related to the silage nutritive value. Acetic acid content of corn silages was higher for the control treatment. In sugarcane silages, LB treatment showed higher DM content and IVTOMD. Control treatment showed higher lactic acid bacteria counts, and lower pH. Sugarcane silage with no additive reached temperature peak after LB treatment, with this peak being higher at the additivated silage. There were observed lower dry matter losses and gas production in LB silages, resulting in higher dry matter recovery. It was observed higher time to reach maximum temperature and lower temperature accumulation until fifth day of aerobic exposure for the control treatment. Maximum temperature reached during aerobic exposure was higher for LB treatment. In tropical grass silages, LB+LP silages showed higher DM and lower CP contents. It was observed higher lactic acid bacteria in LB+LP treatment. Inoculation with L. buchneri, alone or in association with L. plantarum was not efficient in improving quality and aerobic stability of evaluated forages (AU)