Infectious diseases of neotropical primates

Neotropical primates are represented by more than 200 species and subspecies distributed in five families. Considering that some of these species are considered endangered, disease investigation in these populations is critical for conservation strategies. Therefore, an increasing number of studies and publications on this topic became available in the past few years. This review deals with infectious diseases of neotropical primates, with focus on free-ranging animals, including those caused by bacterial, viral, protozoal, metazoan, or mycotic infectious organisms, with particular emphasis on gross and microscopic lesions associated with these diseases. In addition, a few relevant unpublished cases of infection by Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. were included in this review.(AU)

Identification and characterization of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria in feral pigeons surrounding a veterinary hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Identificação de bactérias patogênicas e multirresistentes a antimicrobianos em pombos urbanos no entorno de um Hospital Veterinário em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Pigeons are known for their capacity to harbor and spread several zoonotic agents. Studies have suggested that pigeons are also relevant disseminators of multidrug-resistant strains. In this study, pigeons surrounding a veterinary hospital were sampled and tested for the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. E. coli isolates from 19 (40.4%) pigeons tested positive for the E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1)-encoding gene. The intimin-encoding gene (eae) of enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC) was found in one isolate (2.1%). Salmonella spp. were found in nine (19.1%) pigeons, all from the first capture event (P < 000.1). S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg were isolated from six and three pigeons, respectively. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) of the Salmonella spp. isolates suggested that eight of the nine strains had a high genetic similarity, supporting the hypothesis of an outbreak of salmonellosis in these pigeons. Twenty (42.5%) staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 18 (38.3%) pigeons. Eight different species were detected, with S. xylosus being the most frequent. Two (4.3%) C. difficile strains were isolated. Three isolates, one each of S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. difficile, were classified as multidrug-resistant strains. The present research suggested that pigeons residing in urban areas can act as reservoirs and disseminators of pathogenic bacteria, including nosocomial pathogens, such as diarrheagenicE. coli and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp., C. difficile, and Salmonella spp.

Pombos urbanos são conhecidos pela sua capacidade de carrear e disseminar diversos agentes zoonóticos. Estudos tem sugerido que pombos são também relevantes na disseminação de estirpes resistentes a múltiplas drogas. No presente estudo, pombos no ambiente de um hospital veterinário foram amostrados em três diferentes períodos e testados para a presença de Escherichia coli patogênica, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Isolados de E. coli de 19 pombos (40.4%) foram positivos para o gene codificador da toxina EAST1. O gene codificador de intimina (eae) do patotipo E. coli enteropatogênica foi encontrada em um isolado (2.1%). Salmonella spp. foi encontrada em nove pombos (19.1%), sendo todos isolados do primeiro período de captura (P < 000.1). S. Typhimurium foi isolado de seis animais e S. Heidelberg de três. A tipagem molecular de isolados de Salmonella spp. por ERIC-PCR demonstrou que oito estirpes possuíam alta similaridade genética entre si, sugerindo a ocorrência de um surto de salmonelose nos animais carreadores. Vinte Staphylococcus (42.5%) foram isolados de 18 animais (38.3%). Oito diferentes espécies foram detectadas, sendo S. xylosus a mais frequente. Duas estirpes de C. difficile não-toxigênica (4.3%) foram isoladas. Uma estirpe de S. Typhimurium, uma de S. aureus e um isolado de C. difficile foram classificados como resistentes a múltiplas drogas antimicrobianas. O presente estudo sugere que pombos capturados no ambiente do hospital veterinário podem atuar como reservatórios e disseminadores de bactérias patogênicas e envolvidas em infecção hospitalar, incluindo E. coli diarreiogênica e Staphylococcus sp., C. difficile e Salmonella spp multirresistente.

Comparison of microbiological quality between illegal and inspected salami

The consumption of meat and meat products can pose consumers into risk due to the presence of biological hazards that can cause foodborne diseases. Thus, this study aimed to compare the microbiological quality of illegal and inspected salami sold in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, 80 salami samples (40 illegal and 40 inspected) were purchased and their microbiological quality was assessed according to the protocol established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. All samples were considered as acceptable for consumption according to the Brazilian law. However, the samples of illegal salami were significantly higher contaminated with bacteria belonging to the genus Staphylococcus (p = 0.002) and had a higher trend to be contaminated with total coliforms (p = 0.08) and thermotolerant ones (p = 0.07) compared to inspected salami. Salmonella spp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were not detected. In conclusion, although all samples were considered as safe for consumption, illegal salami had a worse microbiological quality when compared to inspected ones.

Isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus from salami sold at street fairs in Porto Alegre, Brazil / Isolamento de Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de salames comercializados em feiras livres de Porto Alegre, Brasil

Salami is a ready-to-eat (RTE) product frequently purchased at street fairs in Porto Alegre. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) are important causes of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through the consumption of RTE foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of these pathogens in salami sold at street fairs. Ninety salami samples from three commercial brands available at street fairs were analyzed by routine bacteriological methods for Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp., as well as enumeration of CPS. In addition, two samples from each commercial brand were analyzed for water activity (aw). Samples of brand A showed aw values (0.938 and 0.942) above those set by the legislation, while brand B (0.849 and 0.860) and brand C (0.826 and 0.854) were compliant. Microbiological analyses showed that 67.7% were negative to all investigated bacteria. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from 4.4% (4/90) of salami samples, all from commercial brand A. ­Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 3.3% (3/90) of samples, from commercial brands B and C. Moreover, 7.7% (7/90) of samples contained CPS populations non-compliant with legislation. Although the great majority of salami sold at street fairs of Porto Alegre was compliant with standards, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, and CPS ≥ 5 × 103 cfu.g-1 could be found in this RTE product. Therefore, control measures in the processing industry and consumer's education about foodborne illness prevention should be maintained.(AU)

Salame é um alimento pronto para o consumo frequentemente adquirido pela população em feiras livres de Porto Alegre. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva são importantes causas de doenças transmitidas por alimentos e podem ser veiculadas por alimentos prontos para o consumo. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a presença desses patógenos em salames vendidos em feiras livres. Noventa amostras de salame pertencentes a três marcas comerciais foram analisados por métodos bacteriológicos de rotina quanto à presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp., bem como enumeração de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP). Além disso, foi determinada a Atividade de Água (aw) de duas amostras de cada marca comercial. Amostras da marca A apresentaram valores de aw (0,938 e 0,942) acima do permitido na legislação, enquanto as amostras da marca B (0,849 e 0,860) e C (0,826 e 0,854) não violaram esse parâmetro. A análise microbiológica demonstrou que 67,7% das amostras foram negativas para todas as bactérias investigadas. Salmonella Typhimurium foi isolada de 4,4% (4/90) das amostras de salame, todas da marca comercial A. Listeria monocytogenes foi detectada em 3,3% (3/90) das amostras das marcas B e C. Além disso, 7,7% (7/90) das amostras apresentaram SCP acima do número permitido pela legislação. Apesar da grande maioria dos salames comercializados em feiras livres estarem de acordo com a legislação, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes e SCP ≥ 5 × 103 cfu.g-1 podem estar presentes nesse alimento pronto para o consumo. Dessa forma, o controle nas indústrias e a educação dos consumidores sobre a prevenção de doenças transmitidas por alimentos devem ser mantidos.(AU)

Isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus from salami sold at street fairs in Porto Alegre, Brazil / Isolamento de Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de salames comercializados em feiras livres de Porto Alegre, Brasil

Salami is a ready-to-eat (RTE) product frequently purchased at street fairs in Porto Alegre. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) are important causes of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through the consumption of RTE foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of these pathogens in salami sold at street fairs. Ninety salami samples from three commercial brands available at street fairs were analyzed by routine bacteriological methods for Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp., as well as enumeration of CPS. In addition, two samples from each commercial brand were analyzed for water activity (aw). Samples of brand A showed aw values (0.938 and 0.942) above those set by the legislation, while brand B (0.849 and 0.860) and brand C (0.826 and 0.854) were compliant. Microbiological analyses showed that 67.7% were negative to all investigated bacteria. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from 4.4% (4/90) of salami samples, all from commercial brand A. ­Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 3.3% (3/90) of samples, from commercial brands B and C. Moreover, 7.7% (7/90) of samples contained CPS populations non-compliant with legislation. Although the great majority of salami sold at street fairs of Porto Alegre was compliant with standards, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, and CPS ≥ 5 × 103 cfu.g-1 could be found in this RTE product. Therefore, control measures in the processing industry and consumer's education about foodborne illness prevention should be maintained.(AU)

Salame é um alimento pronto para o consumo frequentemente adquirido pela população em feiras livres de Porto Alegre. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva são importantes causas de doenças transmitidas por alimentos e podem ser veiculadas por alimentos prontos para o consumo. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a presença desses patógenos em salames vendidos em feiras livres. Noventa amostras de salame pertencentes a três marcas comerciais foram analisados por métodos bacteriológicos de rotina quanto à presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp., bem como enumeração de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP). Além disso, foi determinada a Atividade de Água (aw) de duas amostras de cada marca comercial. Amostras da marca A apresentaram valores de aw (0,938 e 0,942) acima do permitido na legislação, enquanto as amostras da marca B (0,849 e 0,860) e C (0,826 e 0,854) não violaram esse parâmetro. A análise microbiológica demonstrou que 67,7% das amostras foram negativas para todas as bactérias investigadas. Salmonella Typhimurium foi isolada de 4,4% (4/90) das amostras de salame, todas da marca comercial A. Listeria monocytogenes foi detectada em 3,3% (3/90) das amostras das marcas B e C. Além disso, 7,7% (7/90) das amostras apresentaram SCP acima do número permitido pela legislação. Apesar da grande maioria dos salames comercializados em feiras livres estarem de acordo com a legislação, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes e SCP ≥ 5 × 103 cfu.g-1 podem estar presentes nesse alimento pronto para o consumo. Dessa forma, o controle nas indústrias e a educação dos consumidores sobre a prevenção de doenças transmitidas por alimentos devem ser mantidos.(AU)

Levantamento de agentes causadores de mastite e sua resistência a antibióticos / Survey agents of mastitis causes and their resistance to antibiotics

Dentre as enfermidades que acometem o rebanho leiteiro a mastite é a que apresenta o maior impacto econômico, assim com o objetivo de identificar os agentes causadores de mastite e de avaliar a sua resistência a antibióticos, analisou-se 119 amostras de leite, coletadas de 47 unidades produtoras distribuídas em 10 municípios da microrregião de Pelotas no RS. Das amostras analisadas, 76,7% agentes foram classificados como Gram positivos (G+) e 23,3% como Gram negativos (G-) . Das amostras G+ analisados, os que obtiveram maior resistência por parte dos microrganismos isolados, classificados como Gram positivos, foram trimetropin (70% ), seguido da penicilina (65,2%). Já os antimicrobianos com maior resistência por parte dos isolados de G-, foram cefalotina (85,7%), seguido de trimetropin (80,9%). Por fim, as 16 amostras de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, foram 100% resistentes a estreptomicina. Verifica-se assim a importância de um adequado manejo para o correto uso dessas drogas.(AU)

Levantamento de agentes causadores de mastite e sua resistência a antibióticos / Survey agents of mastitis causes and their resistance to antibiotics

Dentre as enfermidades que acometem o rebanho leiteiro a mastite é a que apresenta o maior impacto econômico, assim com o objetivo de identificar os agentes causadores de mastite e de avaliar a sua resistência a antibióticos, analisou-se 119 amostras de leite, coletadas de 47 unidades produtoras distribuídas em 10 municípios da microrregião de Pelotas no RS. Das amostras analisadas, 76,7% agentes foram classificados como Gram positivos (G+) e 23,3% como Gram negativos (G-) . Das amostras G+ analisados, os que obtiveram maior resistência por parte dos microrganismos isolados, classificados como Gram positivos, foram trimetropin (70% ), seguido da penicilina (65,2%). Já os antimicrobianos com maior resistência por parte dos isolados de G-, foram cefalotina (85,7%), seguido de trimetropin (80,9%). Por fim, as 16 amostras de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, foram 100% resistentes a estreptomicina. Verifica-se assim a importância de um adequado manejo para o correto uso dessas drogas.

Caracterização fenotípica pela técnica de MALDI-TOF de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa isolados de mastite bovina em rebanhos leiteiros do Sul de Minas Gerais / Phenotypic characterization by the MALDI-TOF technique of Staphylococcus coagulase negative isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy herds of the South of Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa em leite de vacas leiteiras com mastite por testes fenotípicos e pela técnica de MALDI-TOF MS. Foram utilizadas 85 isolados de estafilococos provenientes de leite de vacas com mastite. Todos os isolados foram caracterizados fenotipicamente por avaliação da morfologia das colônias, coloração de Gram, testes de oxidase, catalase e coagulase. Posteriormente, foram analisados os espectros de proteínas gerados no MALDI-TOF MS, seguida pela separação e detecção de íons pelo tempo de voo (TOF).Foram identificadas sete espécies, sendo a de maior ocorrência S. chromogenes 65 (76%), seguida por, S. hyicus 5 (6%), S. epidermidis 4 (5%).A técnica de MALDI-TOF demonstrou-se efetiva na caracterização de espécies de Staphylococcus causadores de mastite bovina.(AU)

Caracterização fenotípica pela técnica de MALDI-TOF de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa isolados de mastite bovina em rebanhos leiteiros do Sul de Minas Gerais / Phenotypic characterization by the MALDI-TOF technique of Staphylococcus coagulase negative isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy herds of the South of Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa em leite de vacas leiteiras com mastite por testes fenotípicos e pela técnica de MALDI-TOF MS. Foram utilizadas 85 isolados de estafilococos provenientes de leite de vacas com mastite. Todos os isolados foram caracterizados fenotipicamente por avaliação da morfologia das colônias, coloração de Gram, testes de oxidase, catalase e coagulase. Posteriormente, foram analisados os espectros de proteínas gerados no MALDI-TOF MS, seguida pela separação e detecção de íons pelo tempo de voo (TOF).Foram identificadas sete espécies, sendo a de maior ocorrência S. chromogenes 65 (76%), seguida por, S. hyicus 5 (6%), S. epidermidis 4 (5%).A técnica de MALDI-TOF demonstrou-se efetiva na caracterização de espécies de Staphylococcus causadores de mastite bovina.

Mammary botryomycosis: two concomitant cases in mares: case report / Botriomicose mamária: dois casos concomitantes em éguas: relato de caso

Mammary disorders in mares are rare and usually only one animal per paddock is affected. In this report, two mares with 7 and 9 years old, were concomitantly diagnosis of chronic pyogranulomatous mastitis, associated with the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction, indicative of botryomycosis a rare, chronic suppurative disease with microabscess formation, characterized by in vivo formation of eosinophilic materials around microorganisms or biologically inert material. Various bacteria can cause botryomycosis in horses, and the most frequently isolated one is Staphylococcussp., particularly S. aureus. This report confirms the role of Staphylococcus sp.; however, specifically S. hyicus and S. cohnii that prior to the current report, had not been associated with cases of botryomycosis.(AU)

Enfermidades mamárias em éguas são raras e, normalmente, apenas um animal é afetado. Neste relato, duas éguas, de sete e nove anos, foram diagnosticadas concomitantemente com mastite crônica piogranulomatosa, associada com reação de Splendore - Hoeppli, indicativa de botriomicose, uma doença crônica supurativa rara, com formação de microabscessos caracterizados pela presença de material eosinofílico em torno dos microrganismos ou de material biologicamente inerte. Várias bactérias podem causar botriomicose em cavalos, sendo Staphylococcus sp., particularmente S. aureus, as mais frequentemente isoladas. Este relato confirma o papel do Staphylococcus sp, no entanto este é o primeiro relato em que S. hyicus e S. cohnii foram identificados em lesões relacionadas à botriomicose.(AU)

Mammary botryomycosis: two concomitant cases in mares: case report / Botriomicose mamária: dois casos concomitantes em éguas: relato de caso

Mammary disorders in mares are rare and usually only one animal per paddock is affected. In this report, two mares with 7 and 9 years old, were concomitantly diagnosis of chronic pyogranulomatous mastitis, associated with the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction, indicative of botryomycosis a rare, chronic suppurative disease with microabscess formation, characterized by in vivo formation of eosinophilic materials around microorganisms or biologically inert material. Various bacteria can cause botryomycosis in horses, and the most frequently isolated one is Staphylococcussp., particularly S. aureus. This report confirms the role of Staphylococcus sp.; however, specifically S. hyicus and S. cohnii that prior to the current report, had not been associated with cases of botryomycosis.(AU)

Enfermidades mamárias em éguas são raras e, normalmente, apenas um animal é afetado. Neste relato, duas éguas, de sete e nove anos, foram diagnosticadas concomitantemente com mastite crônica piogranulomatosa, associada com reação de Splendore - Hoeppli, indicativa de botriomicose, uma doença crônica supurativa rara, com formação de microabscessos caracterizados pela presença de material eosinofílico em torno dos microrganismos ou de material biologicamente inerte. Várias bactérias podem causar botriomicose em cavalos, sendo Staphylococcus sp., particularmente S. aureus, as mais frequentemente isoladas. Este relato confirma o papel do Staphylococcus sp, no entanto este é o primeiro relato em que S. hyicus e S. cohnii foram identificados em lesões relacionadas à botriomicose.(AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana Hayne frente às Staphylococcus spp. e avaliação de seu potencial como desinfetante em cabras / In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne leaf on strains of Staphylococcus spp. and evaluation of its potential as a disinfectant in goats

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antisséptica do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana (Jatobá). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia da UNIVASF, na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando diferentes diluentes, sendo estes: álcool etílico absoluto e a água destilada. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. A CBM média do extrato diluído em etanol foi de 358µg/µL e do extrato diluído em água destilada foi igual a 520,82µg/mL. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto à inibição bacteriana para o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto ou água destilada autoclavada. Ao comparar a atividade do extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto e a relação com a presença do gene blaZ, observou-se que os isolados negativos para o gene pesquisado apresentaram uma CBM igual a 412,3µg/mL, e, quando comparadas aos que foram positivos para o gene blaZ, que foi de 308,80µg/mL, contudo sem diferença estatística. Quanto à inibição das bactérias utilizando extrato aquoso, a atividade foi igual para as bactérias com ou sem o gene (520,82µg/mL). Desse modo, tanto o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto quanto em agua destilada autoclavada demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana, sugerindo que ocorreu extração de substâncias bioativas. Em relação ao potencial antisséptico, H. martiana teve ação pareada com o cloro, contudo aquele agiu mais rapidamente, enquanto o cloro agiu de modo ideal uma hora após a aplicação; ambos os resultados destacam que o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de H. martiana possui potencial de combate à proliferação de bactérias ambientais e infecciosas, surgindo como uma forma de prevenir a mastite.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of the crude ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana leaves. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of UNIVASF, city of Petrolina, state o Pernambuco. The extracts were prepared using different solvents, such as absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) techniques were used. All assays were performed in triplicate. The average of MBC extract diluted in ethanol was 358µg/mL, and the extract diluted in distilled water was equal to 520.82µg/mL. There was no difference (P<0.05) and bacterial inhibition to extract diluted in absolute ethanol or autoclaved distilled water. Comparing the activity of the extract diluted in ethanol and the relation with the presence of blaZ gene, it was observed that the negative strains for there searched gene showed a MBC equal to 412.3µg/mL in relation to those that were positive for blaZ gene, that was 308.80µg/µL, and, however, there was no statistical difference. The bacterial inhibition activity using an aqueous extract was equal for the bacteria that had or not the blaZ gene (520.82µg/mL). Thus, the extract diluted in absolute ethanol in autoclaved distilled water as demonstrated antimicrobial activity, suggesting that occurred extraction of bioactive substances. Regarding the antiseptic potential, H. martiana had the same action of chlorine, although, this acted immediately, while the chlorine action happened properly an hour after the application. Both results pointed out that the crude ethanolic extract of H. martiana leaves has potential to combat the proliferation of environmental and infectious bacteria, emerging as a way to prevent mastitis.(AU)

Mammary gland health of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and evaluation of a dry-off terapy with gentamicin / Sanidade da glândula mamária de ovelhas Santa Inês na secagem e no puerpério e avaliação da terapia intramamária com gentamicina na secagem

Mastitis represents an important health problem for Santa Inês breed, causing losses to the producer, due to loss of ewes or the decrease in weight gain of lambs. The aim of this work was to assess the health of the mammary gland of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and to investigate the efficacy of a dry-off therapy with gentamicin. In this study, 64 ewes were divided in a control group (GC) and treatment group (GT), and the health of the mammary gland was assessed at the drying and puerperium. The GT ewes received 250mg of gentamicin (Gentocin® DryCow/Schering-Plough, product indicated for use in dairy cows) in each mammary half. For diagnosis, clinical examination, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count and milk culture was performed. In the GC, of the 45 (70.3%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, 12 developed subclinical mastitis and nine clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, among 51 (79.7%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, six developed subclinical mastitis and 11 clinical mastitis at the puerperium. No association was observed between treatment and the occurrence of mastitis at puerperium. Of the 19 (29.7%) mammary halves of the GC that presented subclinical mastitis at the drying, three remained with subclinical mastitis and five developed clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, of the 13 (20.3%) mammary halves that had subclinical mastitis at the drying, four remained with subclinical mastitis and four developed clinical mastitis. No association was observed between treatment and cure or persistence of mastitis at the puerperium. The main microorganisms isolated, at the drying and puerperium, from animals with subclinical or clinical mastitis were Staphylococcus spp., predominantly coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CSN). At the puerperium, 29 cases of clinical mastitis occurred, 19 with isolation, where 10 were CNS and six S. aureus. Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated in one case of subclinical mastitis and other of clinical mastitis. News protocols and different ways of handling at drying and at puerperium must be investigated.(AU)

A mastite é um problema sanitário importante em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, ocasionando prejuízo ao produtor em virtude do descarte de matrizes e da queda no ganho de peso dos cordeiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a saúde da glândula mamária de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês na secagem e no puerpério e pesquisar a eficácia da terapia intramamária com gentamicina na secagem. Sessenta e quatro ovelhas foram divididas em grupos controle (GC) e tratamento (GT), cada um contendo 32 animais, e a saúde da glândula mamária avaliada na secagem e no puerpério. As ovelhas do GT receberam 250mg de gentamicina (Gentocin® Mastite Vaca Seca/ Schering-Plough Veterinária, produto indicado pela empresa para utilização em vacas de leite) em cada metade mamária. Para o diagnóstico, foram realizados exame físico da glândula mamária, California Mastitis Test, contagem de células somáticas e cultura do leite. No GC, das 45 (70,3%) metades mamárias sadias na secagem, 12 desenvolveram mastite subclínica e nove mastite clínica no puerpério. No GT, das 51 (79,7%) metades mamárias sadias na secagem, seis desenvolveram mastite subclínica e 11 mastite clínica no puerpério. Não houve associação entre o tratamento e a ocorrência de mastite no puerpério. Das 19 (29,7%) metades mamárias do GC que apresentaram mastite subclínica na secagem, três permaneceram com mastite subclínica e cinco desenvolveram mastite clínica no puerpério. No GT, das 13 (20,3%) metades mamárias com mastite subclínica na secagem, quatro permaneceram com mastite subclínica e quatro desenvolveram mastite clínica. Não houve associação entre o tratamento e a cura ou persistência da mastite no puerpério. Os principais micro-organismos isolados, na secagem e puerpério, de animais com mastite subclínica ou clínica foram Staphylococcus spp., com predominância de Staphylococcus Coagulase Negativa (SCN). No puerpério, ocorreram 29 casos de mastite clínica, sendo 19 com isolamento, 10 com SCN e seis com S. aureus. Mannheimia haemolytica foi isolado em um caso de mastite subclínica e um caso de mastite clínica. Novos protocolos e diferentes formas de manejo na secagem e no puerpério devem ser pesquisados.(AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana Hayne frente às Staphylococcus spp. e avaliação de seu potencial como desinfetante em cabras / In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne leaf on strains of Staphylococcus spp. and evaluation of its potential as a disinfectant in goats

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antisséptica do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana (Jatobá). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia da UNIVASF, na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando diferentes diluentes, sendo estes: álcool etílico absoluto e a água destilada. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. A CBM média do extrato diluído em etanol foi de 358µg/µL e do extrato diluído em água destilada foi igual a 520,82µg/mL. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto à inibição bacteriana para o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto ou água destilada autoclavada. Ao comparar a atividade do extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto e a relação com a presença do gene blaZ, observou-se que os isolados negativos para o gene pesquisado apresentaram uma CBM igual a 412,3µg/mL, e, quando comparadas aos que foram positivos para o gene blaZ, que foi de 308,80µg/mL, contudo sem diferença estatística. Quanto à inibição das bactérias utilizando extrato aquoso, a atividade foi igual para as bactérias com ou sem o gene (520,82µg/mL). Desse modo, tanto o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto quanto em agua destilada autoclavada demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana, sugerindo que ocorreu extração de substâncias bioativas. Em relação ao potencial antisséptico, H. martiana teve ação pareada com o cloro, contudo aquele agiu mais rapidamente, enquanto o cloro agiu de modo ideal uma hora após a aplicação; ambos os resultados destacam que o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de H. martiana possui potencial de combate à proliferação de bactérias ambientais e infecciosas, surgindo como uma forma de prevenir a mastite.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of the crude ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana leaves. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of UNIVASF, city of Petrolina, state o Pernambuco. The extracts were prepared using different solvents, such as absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) techniques were used. All assays were performed in triplicate. The average of MBC extract diluted in ethanol was 358µg/mL, and the extract diluted in distilled water was equal to 520.82µg/mL. There was no difference (P<0.05) and bacterial inhibition to extract diluted in absolute ethanol or autoclaved distilled water. Comparing the activity of the extract diluted in ethanol and the relation with the presence of blaZ gene, it was observed that the negative strains for there searched gene showed a MBC equal to 412.3µg/mL in relation to those that were positive for blaZ gene, that was 308.80µg/µL, and, however, there was no statistical difference. The bacterial inhibition activity using an aqueous extract was equal for the bacteria that had or not the blaZ gene (520.82µg/mL). Thus, the extract diluted in absolute ethanol in autoclaved distilled water as demonstrated antimicrobial activity, suggesting that occurred extraction of bioactive substances. Regarding the antiseptic potential, H. martiana had the same action of chlorine, although, this acted immediately, while the chlorine action happened properly an hour after the application. Both results pointed out that the crude ethanolic extract of H. martiana leaves has potential to combat the proliferation of environmental and infectious bacteria, emerging as a way to prevent mastitis.(AU)

Mammary gland health of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and evaluation of a dry-off terapy with gentamicin / Sanidade da glândula mamária de ovelhas Santa Inês na secagem e no puerpério e avaliação da terapia intramamária com gentamicina na secagem

Mastitis represents an important health problem for Santa Inês breed, causing losses to the producer, due to loss of ewes or the decrease in weight gain of lambs. The aim of this work was to assess the health of the mammary gland of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and to investigate the efficacy of a dry-off therapy with gentamicin. In this study, 64 ewes were divided in a control group (GC) and treatment group (GT), and the health of the mammary gland was assessed at the drying and puerperium. The GT ewes received 250mg of gentamicin (Gentocin® DryCow/Schering-Plough, product indicated for use in dairy cows) in each mammary half. For diagnosis, clinical examination, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count and milk culture was performed. In the GC, of the 45 (70.3%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, 12 developed subclinical mastitis and nine clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, among 51 (79.7%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, six developed subclinical mastitis and 11 clinical mastitis at the puerperium. No association was observed between treatment and the occurrence of mastitis at puerperium. Of the 19 (29.7%) mammary halves of the GC that presented subclinical mastitis at the drying, three remained with subclinical mastitis and five developed clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, of the 13 (20.3%) mammary halves that had subclinical mastitis at the drying, four remained with subclinical mastitis and four developed clinical mastitis. No association was observed between treatment and cure or persistence of mastitis at the puerperium. The main microorganisms isolated, at the drying and puerperium, from animals with subclinical or clinical mastitis were Staphylococcus spp., predominantly coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CSN). At the puerperium, 29 cases of clinical mastitis occurred, 19 with isolation, where 10 were CNS and six S. aureus. Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated in one case of subclinical mastitis and other of clinical mastitis. News protocols and different ways of handling at drying and at puerperium must be investigated.(AU)

A mastite é um problema sanitário importante em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, ocasionando prejuízo ao produtor em virtude do descarte de matrizes e da queda no ganho de peso dos cordeiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a saúde da glândula mamária de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês na secagem e no puerpério e pesquisar a eficácia da terapia intramamária com gentamicina na secagem. Sessenta e quatro ovelhas foram divididas em grupos controle (GC) e tratamento (GT), cada um contendo 32 animais, e a saúde da glândula mamária avaliada na secagem e no puerpério. As ovelhas do GT receberam 250mg de gentamicina (Gentocin® Mastite Vaca Seca/ Schering-Plough Veterinária, produto indicado pela empresa para utilização em vacas de leite) em cada metade mamária. Para o diagnóstico, foram realizados exame físico da glândula mamária, California Mastitis Test, contagem de células somáticas e cultura do leite. No GC, das 45 (70,3%) metades mamárias sadias na secagem, 12 desenvolveram mastite subclínica e nove mastite clínica no puerpério. No GT, das 51 (79,7%) metades mamárias sadias na secagem, seis desenvolveram mastite subclínica e 11 mastite clínica no puerpério. Não houve associação entre o tratamento e a ocorrência de mastite no puerpério. Das 19 (29,7%) metades mamárias do GC que apresentaram mastite subclínica na secagem, três permaneceram com mastite subclínica e cinco desenvolveram mastite clínica no puerpério. No GT, das 13 (20,3%) metades mamárias com mastite subclínica na secagem, quatro permaneceram com mastite subclínica e quatro desenvolveram mastite clínica. Não houve associação entre o tratamento e a cura ou persistência da mastite no puerpério. Os principais micro-organismos isolados, na secagem e puerpério, de animais com mastite subclínica ou clínica foram Staphylococcus spp., com predominância de Staphylococcus Coagulase Negativa (SCN). No puerpério, ocorreram 29 casos de mastite clínica, sendo 19 com isolamento, 10 com SCN e seis com S. aureus. Mannheimia haemolytica foi isolado em um caso de mastite subclínica e um caso de mastite clínica. Novos protocolos e diferentes formas de manejo na secagem e no puerpério devem ser pesquisados.(AU)

Pocilgas de espera como fonte de contaminação por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de suínos destinados ao abate / Holding pens as sources of contamination of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus to pigs waiting for slaughter

Background: Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus (SCP) are important pathogens related to foodborne illness associated with pork consumption. The isolation of SCP from pork products has been reported in several countries, including Brazil. Therefore, the identification of the sources of contamination of the pork products is fundamental to ensure the food safety. Although the animals remain in the holding pens during the pre-slaughter, these facilities have not been studied as a possible source of contamination for pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of holding pens as sources of contamination of SCP to pigs and to identify other sources in the slaughter flowchart.Materials, Methods & Results: It was followed four pigs from ten different lots sent to slaughter. Prior to slaughter, samples were collected from the floors of the holding pens in the slaughterhouse. During slaughter, samples from seven different points were collected: 1) stool from the rectum immediately after stunning; 2) external surface of the carcass after dehairing; 3) internal surface of the carcass after evisceration; 4) external surface of the half-carcass prior to entry into the cold chamber; 5) tongue surface; 6) jowls; and 7) mesenteric lymph nodes. The strains were obtained through microbiological analysis. To compare the similarity between the strains, rep-PCR was performed. Of the ten samples collected in the holding pens, four (40%) were contaminated with SCP. At slaughter, 280 samples were collected and 56 (20%) SCP isolates were obtained. The lymph nodes were the point of greatest isolation (19.6%), followed by the surface of the carcass at the entrance to the cold chamber (17.8%), the rectum after desensitization (16.1%), carcass surface after opening of the abdominal cavity (16.1%), jowls (12.5%), carcass surface after dehairing (8.9%) and tongue surface (8.9%).[...]

Pocilgas de espera como fonte de contaminação por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de suínos destinados ao abate / Holding pens as sources of contamination of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus to pigs waiting for slaughter

Background: Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus (SCP) are important pathogens related to foodborne illness associated with pork consumption. The isolation of SCP from pork products has been reported in several countries, including Brazil. Therefore, the identification of the sources of contamination of the pork products is fundamental to ensure the food safety. Although the animals remain in the holding pens during the pre-slaughter, these facilities have not been studied as a possible source of contamination for pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of holding pens as sources of contamination of SCP to pigs and to identify other sources in the slaughter flowchart.Materials, Methods & Results: It was followed four pigs from ten different lots sent to slaughter. Prior to slaughter, samples were collected from the floors of the holding pens in the slaughterhouse. During slaughter, samples from seven different points were collected: 1) stool from the rectum immediately after stunning; 2) external surface of the carcass after dehairing; 3) internal surface of the carcass after evisceration; 4) external surface of the half-carcass prior to entry into the cold chamber; 5) tongue surface; 6) jowls; and 7) mesenteric lymph nodes. The strains were obtained through microbiological analysis. To compare the similarity between the strains, rep-PCR was performed. Of the ten samples collected in the holding pens, four (40%) were contaminated with SCP. At slaughter, 280 samples were collected and 56 (20%) SCP isolates were obtained. The lymph nodes were the point of greatest isolation (19.6%), followed by the surface of the carcass at the entrance to the cold chamber (17.8%), the rectum after desensitization (16.1%), carcass surface after opening of the abdominal cavity (16.1%), jowls (12.5%), carcass surface after dehairing (8.9%) and tongue surface (8.9%).[...](AU)

Endocardite por Staphylococcus sp. em bovino e ovino causando osteoartrite e sepse como desfechos incomuns / Endocarditis by Staphylococcus sp. in cow and sheep leading to osteoarthritis and sepsis as unusual outcomes

Background: Endocarditis is one of the most important heart diseases in cattle and a rare disease in sheep. This illness could be caused by any bacteria when related to bacteremia, being Staphylococcus aureus one uncommon cause for this disorder in ruminants. The clinical sings at the early stages are unspecific and many cases are only diagnosed just at the final stages of the disease, resulting in heart insufficiency with bad prognosis. The aim of this study is to report two cases of endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus spp. leading to sepsis in a sheep and osteoarthritis in a cow, showing the importance of this bacteria in the pathogenesis of this disease.Cases: Case 1. A 8-month-old sheep, female, Texel showed lameness in the left thoracic limb, and even treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug had anorexia, locomotion difficulty and on the day before of death showed neurological sings, with less than one week of total clinical course. At necropsy, in the heart was observed thrombus in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves and pale areas in the myocardium. Multiples abscesses were observed in the lungs, liver and kidneys and infarcts in kidneys, spleen and brain. At the histopathology exam was observed in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves subacute endocarditis with intralesional coccoids bacteria Gram positives. There were multifocal fibrinonecrotic myocarditis, abscess in lung, liver and kidney with intralesional bacterial myriads. In kidneys, spleen and brain was observed thrombosis associated to multiple infarct areas. Samples of cardiac thrombus, heart, spleen, kidney and meningeal swabs were submitted for bacterial cultivation and was isolated Staphylococcus aureus in all samples, in pure culture. Case 2. A 2-year-old cow, female, mixed breed Angus and Charolais showed a wound in the distal part of the thoracic limb that was done topical treatment.[...](AU)

Endocardite por Staphylococcus sp. em bovino e ovino causando osteoartrite e sepse como desfechos incomuns / Endocarditis by Staphylococcus sp. in cow and sheep leading to osteoarthritis and sepsis as unusual outcomes

Background: Endocarditis is one of the most important heart diseases in cattle and a rare disease in sheep. This illness could be caused by any bacteria when related to bacteremia, being Staphylococcus aureus one uncommon cause for this disorder in ruminants. The clinical sings at the early stages are unspecific and many cases are only diagnosed just at the final stages of the disease, resulting in heart insufficiency with bad prognosis. The aim of this study is to report two cases of endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus spp. leading to sepsis in a sheep and osteoarthritis in a cow, showing the importance of this bacteria in the pathogenesis of this disease.Cases: Case 1. A 8-month-old sheep, female, Texel showed lameness in the left thoracic limb, and even treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug had anorexia, locomotion difficulty and on the day before of death showed neurological sings, with less than one week of total clinical course. At necropsy, in the heart was observed thrombus in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves and pale areas in the myocardium. Multiples abscesses were observed in the lungs, liver and kidneys and infarcts in kidneys, spleen and brain. At the histopathology exam was observed in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves subacute endocarditis with intralesional coccoids bacteria Gram positives. There were multifocal fibrinonecrotic myocarditis, abscess in lung, liver and kidney with intralesional bacterial myriads. In kidneys, spleen and brain was observed thrombosis associated to multiple infarct areas. Samples of cardiac thrombus, heart, spleen, kidney and meningeal swabs were submitted for bacterial cultivation and was isolated Staphylococcus aureus in all samples, in pure culture. Case 2. A 2-year-old cow, female, mixed breed Angus and Charolais showed a wound in the distal part of the thoracic limb that was done topical treatment.[...]

Description of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from canine pyoderma in Minas Gerais state, Brazil / Descrição de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius meticilina-resistentes de piodermite canina no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is of worldwide concern in veterinary medicine. The identification of resistant strains is necessary for proper treatment and the prevention of its propagation among animals. This study aimed to identify S. pseudintermedius isolated from canine pyoderma and evaluate their resistance profiles. Lesions from 25 dogs with pyoderma were sampled. Bacterial isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic analysis for identification of the causative agent. S. pseudintermedius isolates were subjected to SmaI macrorestriction analysis and PFGE for genetic grouping, and PCR to identify the presence of the mecA gene. Their resistance profiles against 12 antimicrobials were also assessed. According to the microbiological analysis, 70 of the 75 isolates obtained were S. pseudintermedius. The isolates presented PFGE patterns, with similarity varying between 84.6 and 100%, and were grouped into 19 clusters. Despite a high frequency of mecA-positive isolates (66 out 70), only 12 presented resistances to oxacillin. Multi-resistance was identified in 29 isolates. The high frequency of MRSP isolated in this study highlights the relevance of identifying resistant strains to lead proper clinical treatment.(AU)

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius meticilina-resistente (MRSP) é de preocupação mundial na medicina veterinária. A identificação de cepas resistentes é necessária a um tratamento adequado e à prevenção da sua propagação entre os animais. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar S. pseudintermedius isolados de piodermite canina e avaliar o perfil de resistência. Foram coletadas amostras de lesões de 25 cães com piodermite. Os isolados bacterianos foram submetidos a análises fenotípicas e genotípicas para identificação do agente causador. Isolados de S. pseudintermedius foram submetidos à análise de macrorrestrição por SmaI e PFGE para agrupamento genético e à PCR para identificar a presença do gene mecA. Seu perfil de resistência contra 12 antimicrobianos também foi avaliado. De acordo com a análise microbiológica, 70 dos 75 isolados obtidos foram identificados como S. pseudintermedius. Os isolados apresentaram padrões de PFGE com similaridade variando entre 84.6 e 100% e foram agrupados em 19 grupos genéticos. Apesar da frequência alta de isolados mecA positivos (66 em 70), apenas 12 apresentaram resistência à oxacilina. Multirresistência foi identificada em 29 isolados. A alta frequência de MRSP isolados neste estudo destaca a relevância de se identificarem cepas resistentes para se conduzir um tratamento clínico adequado.(AU)