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A anestesia local tem sido recomendada para intervenções cirúrgicas quando se procura evitar a anestesia geral do animal com o intuito de minimizar os riscos, que podem ocorrer durante o aprofundamento do plano anestésico, além de promover uma rápida recuperação. O presente trabalho descreve o caso de um jabuti piranga (C. carbonarius) submetido à contenção química associada a bloqueio anestésico em plexo braquial para realização da excisão cirúrgica de um abcesso em membro tórácico direito, sendo apresentadas considerações sobre a aplicabilidade desta técnica em quelônios com destaque para os cuidados a serem tomados pelo anestesista durante a intervenção.(AU)

Local anesthesia has been recommended for surgical interventions when trying to avoid the need of general anesthesia of the animal and to minimize any risks that may occur during the deepening of the anesthetic plane, in addition to promoting a quick recovery. The present work describes the case of a tortoise (C. carbonarius) submitted to chemical restraint associated whit anesthesic blockage in the brachial plexus during surgical intervention to remove an abscess in the right thoracic limb, presenting considerations about the applicability of this technique in chelonians, with emphasis on the care to be taken by the anesthesiologist during the intervention.(AU)

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Background: The anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of reptiles make anesthesia in chelonians particularly challenging. Specific literature regarding safe anesthetic protocols that provide immobilization, antinociception, amnesia, and unconsciousness are scarce. Thus, this paper aims to report the case of a red-footed tortoise submitted to long-duration general anesthesia to celiotomy for foreign body removal. Case: An adult red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria), 5.9 kg, was admitted due to hyporexia after ingesting a metallic fishhook. Serial radiographs confirmed the diagnosis and location of the foreign body in the stomach. The animal was premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 6 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly. After 90 min we inserted a 22G jugular catheter and proceeded to anesthesia induction with 5 mg/kg propofol. We intubated the animal with a 2.5 mm uncuffed endotracheal and started fluid therapy at a rate of 5 mL/kg/h. Surgical anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 0.21 oxygen, in a non-rebreathing circuit (baraka), under spontaneous breathing. Expired isoflurane was maintained between 3 and 4.5%. Due to reduced respiratory rate and hypercapnia, we opted for implementing manually-assisted positive pressure ventilation. Morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered at 10 and 87 min after the beginning of the surgery for further analgesia when the isoflurane requirement increased significantly. We did not detect any alterations in heart and body temperature. Surgical anesthesia lasted 6 h. During anesthesia recovery, voluntary head retraction and coordinated movement of the limbs occurred at 240 and 540 min after the extubation, respectively. In 2 days, the patient returned to voluntary feeding, being very active and responsive to stimulus. The post-surgical hematologic evaluation was unremarkable. Discussion: Pre-anesthetic medication aimed to promote sedation and preemptive analgesia. Due to its minimal cardiorespiratory depression, we chose the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and butorphanol. Dexmedetomidine reduced the ketamine dose and caused sufficient muscle relaxation and immobilization to perform the jugular catheter placement. Butorphanol is an agonist-antagonist opioid; that is why we decided to add it to the protocol for antinociception. However, due to signs of nociceptive response (increased isoflurane requirements and heart rate), and considering the evidence of a predominance of µ receptors in reptiles, we administered low-dose morphine twice during the procedure. Propofol was chosen as an induction agent at a dose sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. Since reptilians often show apnea in the presence of 100% oxygen, we used a 0.21 oxygen fraction. Despite this, the patient showed respiratory depression. Due to right to left cardiac shunt, sudden changes in the direction of the blood can lead to very rapid changes in the serum concentrations of isoflurane, which leads to frequent oscillations in the anesthetic depth and consequently the need for vaporizer adjustments, which may justify the high expired isoflurane fraction during the procedure. Despite that, physiological parameters were maintained within normal ranges for the species, with slight variations during the surgical procedure. We conclude that the proposed anesthetic protocol is safe for long-duration anesthesia in chelonians, ensuring cardiovascular and respiratory stability. Thus, this report may help veterinarians to perform safe anesthesia in tortoises submitted to invasive surgical procedures.

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Background: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in reptiles is a common condition seen in animal medicine, and is often causedby inappropriate husbandry. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of a surgical procedure for enterectomy ofthe small intestines, performed as treatment for an intussusception with cloacal protrusion that occurred in a red-earedslider (Trachemys scripta elegans) kept as a pet.Case: A 20-year-old red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) was taken into medical care after the owner’s observationof a cloacal protrusion that had started 72 h previously. During physical examination the protrusion was noted as an intestinalsegment of approximately 5 cm, which was not reducible. Complementary examinations, including radiography and hematological profiling, were performed and revealed no significant findings; therefore, it was decided that an exploratory celiotomywould be conducted. The patient was referred to the surgical unit for the procedure and underwent surgical anesthesia. Afterappropriate antisepsis of the surgical area, a plastron osteotomy was performed using a previously sterilized oscillatory saw ata 45º angulation. The celomatic membrane was subsequently incised to enable both cavity and intestinal inspection allowingobservation of the intussusception in the small intestine of the animal with the intussuscept segment protruding through thecloaca. The intussusception was undone, and an enterectomy was performed to remove the unviable intestine, using intestinalresection and subsequent anastomosis with simple interrupted sutures using 4-0 nylon, followed by intestinal reposition in thecavity. The celomatic membrane was closed using continuous suture with 4-0 nylon. The plastron fragment was then repositioned with the aid of eight...

Resumo

A ordem Testudines(tradicionalmente conhecida como Chelonia) é composta por tartarugas, jabutis e cágados. O casco é a característica mais distintiva de um quelônio, e sua porção dorsal é denominada carapaça e a porção ventral, plastrão. Dentre as alterações traumáticas ocorridas na clínica de testudíneos, fraturas de casco são as mais comuns. Assim que o animal chegar ao hospital ele deve ser avaliado imediatamente para determinar o prognóstico, a escolha do protocolo e procedimentos a ser realizados. As técnicas de fixação variam, porém todas tem o objetivo de estabilizar a fratura. Materiais comumente utilizados nessas técnicas incluem epóxi, parafusos de aço cirúrgico, cintas plásticas, fios de sutura, furadeira ortopédica e placas ortopédicas.

The order Testudines (traditionally known as Chelonia) is formed by fresh-water turtles,tortoises and turtles. The shell is the most distinctive characteristic of chelonians, and its dorsal portion is called carapace and the ventral portion is the plastron. Between the alterations occurred in the testudine clinic, the most common is the trauma of the shell. As soon as the animal arrives at the hospital it must be evaluated immediately to determine the prognosis, the right protocol and procedures to be done. The fixation techniques changes, but all of them have the objective of stabilizing the fracture. Materials commonly used in those techniques include epoxy, screws, cable ties, suture wire, orthopedic drill and bone plates.

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A eventração, que pode se produzir em qualquer local do abdômen, é caracterizada pela ausência do saco herniário, em função de rompimento doperitônio, e pela presença da pele. No presente caso se descreve uma eventração inguinal esquerda crônica associada a uma deformação da diálise femoral do membro direito num exemplar de tartaruga terrestre argentina fêmea de 30 anos de idade. A paciente foi remetida a consulta em função da existência de uma deformação mole e não dolorosa na fossa lombar esquerda e de claudicação de terceiro grau no membro posterior direito. O diagnóstico da presença de eventração de um dos lóbulos da bexiga e de alças de oviduto foi obtido com ajuda de exame ultrassonográfico. Este artigo descreve o procedimento anestésico e a técnica cirúrgica utilizada para a abordagem à cavidade celomática pela fossa lombar esquerda, assim como a resolução do defeito na parede celomática que o animal apresentava.

Eventration is a separation of the musculoaponeurotic layers of the abdominal wall resulting in protrusion of abdominal contents, and characterized by the absence of the hernial sac and intact skin. We describe a case of chronic left sided eventration associated with deformity of the right femoral fossa in a 30-year-old female Argentine land tortoise. The animal was referred for evaluation of a soft and non-painful deformity of the left lumbar fossa and third degree lameness of the left posterior limb. Eventration of one bladder lobe and oviduct loops was diagnosed by ultrasonography. We describe the anesthetic protocol and the surgical technique used in the treatment with approach to the coelomic cavity through the prefemoral fossa, as well as the resolution of the abdominal wall defect.

Una eventración puede producirse en cualquier lugar del abdómen, y está caracterizada por la ausencia del saco herniario, generalmente por ruptura delperitoneo parietal, y por la presencia de piel. Este relato presenta el caso de una eventración inguinal izquierda crónica, además de una deformación de la diáfisis femoral del miembro derecho de un ejemplar hembra de una tortuga terrestre argentina de 30 años. La paciente fue derivada para consulta por una deformación blanda indolora en la fosa lumbar izquierda, y claudicación de tercer grado en el miembro posterior derecho. La ultrasonografía permitió diagnosticar la eventración de uno de los lóbulos de la vejiga y alzas del oviducto. Este articulo describe el procedimiento anestésico y la técnica quirúrgica utilizada para el abordaje a la cavidad celomática a través de la fosa lumbar izquierda, así como también la resolución del defecto en la pared abdominal que presentaba el paciente.

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Um exemplar adulto de jabuti-piranga(Geochelonecarbonaria), do sexo masculino, pesando 3,94 kg,foi atendido no Serviço de Medicina de Animais Selvagens do Hospital Veterinário. O paciente apresentava desfiguração facial oriunda de trauma. Mediante exame físico e radiográfico constatou-se a presença de fratura no ramo mandibular esquerdo. O animal foi encaminhado para o setor de ortopedia para procedimento cirúrgico. Como preparo pré-operatório o animal foi medicado com enrofloxacina (15 mg/kg, 1M) e mantido em ambiente climatizado (35°C) durante72 horas, visando a prevenção de infecção e elevação da taxa metabólica. Foi então anestesiado commedicação pré-anestésica de Tiletamina - zotazepant), para a indução foi utilizado propofol O e na manutenção isotluoranof). Na correção da fratura optou-se por uma técnica que se associou cerclagem óssea com fio de nylon 2.0 e cobertura da linha de fratura com resina odontológica. Orifícios para a passagem do fio foram realizados nos segmentos ósseos, mediante emprego de broca conectado a equipamento de alta rotação. Realizou-se a cerclagem das fraturas e o animal foi mantido em observação por um período de quatro dias, o paciente não apresentou sinais de necrose ou outras complicações pós-operatórias, e sua condição clínica manteve-se estável. A remoção das placas ocorreu ao final de 30 dias, período em que se confirmou a consolidação óssea.

An adult specimen of tortoise-piranga (Geochelonecarbonaria), male, weighing 3.94 kg, wastreated at the Wild Animal Medicine Department of Veterinary Hospital. The patient had facial disfigure mentarising from trauma. By physical and radiographic examination showed the presence of fracture in the left mandibular branch. The animal was referred to the orthopedic sector to surgery, as preoperative preparation the animal was treated with enrofloxacin (15 mg/kg, 1M) and kept in air-conditioned environment (35°C) for72 hours, preventing infection and increase in metabolic rate. It was then anesthetized with premedication of Tiletamine - zolazepan, for the induction was used propofol and isoflurane maintenance. In fracturecorrection opted for a technique that was associated bone cerclage with nylon 2.0 wire and fracture linecoverage with dental resin. Holes for the passage of the wire were performed in bone segments through drill employment connected to high speed equipment. Held cerclage fractures and the animal was kept under observation for a period of four days, the patient had no signs of necrosis or other postoperative complications,and their clinical condition remained stable. The removal ofthe plates occurred at the end of 30 days, during which it was confirmed bone healing.

Un ejemplar adulto de tortuga piranga (Geochelonecarbonaria), macho, con un peso de 3,94kg, fue atendido en el Servi cio de Medicina Animal Salvaje dei Hospital Veterinario. El paciente tenía desfiguración facial resultante de trauma. Por el examen físico y radiológico mostró la presencia de una fractura en la rama mandibular izquierda. El animal se refiere ai sector ortopédico de la cirugía, como la preparación preoperatoria el animal fue tratado con enrofloxacina (15 mg/kg, LM) y se mantuvieron enambiente de aire acondicionado (35°C) durante 72 horas, la prevención de la infección y aumento de la tas ametabólica. A continuación, se anestesió con premedicación de Tiletamina - zolazepan, fue utilizado para la inducción de propofol y el mantenimiento con isoflurano. En fractura corrección optó por una técnicaque se asoció el cerclaje hueso con nylon 2,0 alambre y cobertura de la línea de fractura con resina dental. Los agujeros para el paso dei alambre se realizaron en segmentos de hueso através del empleo de perforación conectado a un equipo de alta velocidad. Celebrada fracturas de cerclaje y el animal se mantuvo enobservación durante un período de cuatro días, el paciente no tenía signos de necrosis o de otras complicaciones post operatorias, y su condición clínica se mantuvo estable. La eliminación de las placas seprodujo al final de 30 días, durante los cuales se confirmó la curación del hueso.

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Para avaliar a morfologia do tubo digestório da tartaruga verde (Chelonia mydas) 10 animais, 9 juvenis e 1 adulto, foram analisados. A retirada dos órgãos digestórios procedeu-se após abertura do plastrão. A descrição e a medida do comprimento de cada órgão [esôfago, estômago, intestino delgado (ID) e intestino grosso (IG)] foram realizadas com o tubo digestório aberto. Os resultados mostraram que tanto nos animais juvenis como no adulto, o esôfago foi marcado pela presença de papilas pontiagudas em sua mucosa interna. O estômago apresentou aspecto saculiforme com fundo cego. No ID foi observado pregas reticulares na mucosa duodenal, enquanto o jejuno e do íleo mostrou pregas retilíneas longitudinais. O IG foi marcado pela alternância de regiões abauladas (haustros ou saculações) e estreitamentos. A microscopia do tudo digestório em C. mydas revelou esôfago com mucosa pregueada revestida por epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado. O estômago mostrou-se dividido em regiões: cárdica, fúndica, pilórica, as quais diferiam quanto ao número de glândulas e disposição da camada muscular. O ID apresentou-se marcado por vilosidades, e o IG por mucosa pregueada contendo glândulas na lâmina própria. A morfologia do tubo digestório da tartaruga verde mostrou-se adaptada ao seu hábito alimentar, possuindo especializações e um longo trato digestório que promove o aumento da superfície de absorção, já que seu alimento é de difícil digestão.

The morphology of the digestive tube of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) was evaluated. Nine young e 1 adult turtles were analyzed. The digestive organs withdrew occurred after plastron opening. The length's description and measurement from each organ [esophagus, stomach, small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI)] were made with digestive tube opened. The results showed that in both the adult and young animals, the esophagus from all species were marked by the presence of pointed papillae on internal mucous. The stomach presented saclike shape with blind fund. In the SI, reticular pleats in the duodenal mucous membrane have been observed, while the jejune and the ileum showed rectilinear longitudinal pleats. The LI was marked by the alternation of arched areas (haustra or sacculations) and narrowings. The microscopy of digestive tube from C. mydas revealed esophagus with folded mucous covered by keratinized and stratified squamous epitheliums. The stomach was divided in regions: cardiac, fundic e pyloric which differed as to the number of glands and the muscle layer's arrangement. The SI presented marked by microvillus, and LI by folded mucous with glands the lamina propria. The morphology of the tube digestive of the green turtle showed to be adapted to your eating habits. A long the digestive tract and specializations provide greater area of absorption and more efficiency in digestion in this species.