Effect of temperature on embryonic development and first exogenous feeding of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento embrionário e na primeira alimentação exógena do goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Goldfish or Kinguio is a widely marketed species worldwide due to the ornamental market. There is some lack of acknowledgment of the production of the species under specific climatic conditions. To evaluate the effect of temperature on embryonic development and the first exogenous feeding of goldfish, an experiment was proposed. Fifteen incubators, organized in five treatments (18, 22, 26, 30, and 34 °C) with three replications each, were used to keep the fertilized goldfish eggs until the first exogenous feeding of the larvae. The main development events were observed to understand the possible effects of these temperatures on embryos and larvae of the species. Temperature influences embryo development and the time of first exogenous feeding of goldfish. The temperature of 34 °C was lethal to the species causing 100% of anomalies in the embryos and larvae. The experiment data allow us to conclude that the species presents a maximum thermal limit during embryogenesis, and these data are important to the aquaculture industry and to understand the effect of climate changes on goldfish. The data obtained in this experiment will assist in the management of invasive species and production of the species (aquaculture).

O peixe dourado ou Kinguio é uma espécie amplamente comercializada em todo o mundo devido ao mercado ornamental. Existe alguma falta de conhecimento da produção da espécie em condições climáticas específicas. Para avaliar o efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento embrionário e na primeira alimentação exógena do Kinguio, um experimento foi proposto. Quinze incubadoras, organizadas em cinco tratamentos (18, 22, 26, 30 e 34 °C) com três repetições cada, foram utilizadas para manter os ovos fertilizados de Kinguio até a primeira alimentação exógena das larvas. Os principais eventos do desenvolvimento foram observados para entender os possíveis efeitos dessas temperaturas em embriões e larvas da espécie. A temperatura influencia o desenvolvimento do embrião e o tempo da primeira alimentação exógena do Kinguio. A temperatura de 34°C foi letal para a espécie causando 100% de anomalias nos embriões e larvas. Os dados do experimento permitem concluir que a espécie apresenta um limite térmico máximo durante a embriogênese, sendo esses dados importantes para a indústria da aquicultura e para entender o efeito das mudanças climáticas no Kinguio. Os dados obtidos neste experimento auxiliarão no manejo de espécies invasoras e na produção da espécie (aquicultura).

Effect of heat stress and solar radiation on dry matter intake, biochemical indicators, production, and quality of Holstein and Jersey cows' milk / Efeito do estresse calórico e da insolação sobre consumo, indicadores bioquímicos, produção e qualidade do leite de vacas Holandês e Jersey

The objective of this work was to compare the dry matter intake, milk yield and quality, physiological and biochemical parameters in Holstein (n=10) and Jersey (n=10) cows under heat stress and insolation, in two treatments: CL - cooling by ventilation and sprinkling and HS - heat stress and insolation. Data were submitted to ANOVA. There was an interaction between treatment and breed and day effect for dry matter intake. For consumption in % of body weight, CL and Jersey cows consumed more. CL cows produced more milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk. Feed efficiency was similar between treatments and breeds. Fat, lactose, total solids, and somatic cell score did not differ. The concentration of milk urea nitrogen was higher for CL cows. Milk from Holstein cows had greater stability to alcohol, and from HT cows had a greater freezing point of milk. HT cows had higher respiratory rates in the morning and surface temperatures in the afternoon. There were no differences in beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations. Heat stress, with insulation, reduces intake, especially in Holstein cows, as well as milk production and increases the freezing point of milk, respiratory rate, and surface temperature.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o consumo de matéria seca, a produção e a qualidade do leite, os parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos em vacas das raças Holandesa (n=10) e Jersey (n=10) sob estresse calórico e insolação, em dois tratamentos: CL - resfriamento por ventilação e aspersão; HS - estresse térmico e insolação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Houve interação entre tratamento e raça e efeito de dia para consumo de matéria seca. Para consumo em % de peso vivo, vacas CL e Jersey consumiram mais. Vacas CL produziram mais leite e leite corrigido a 3,5% de gordura. A eficiência alimentar foi similar entre tratamentos e raças. Teores de gordura, lactose, sólidos totais e escore de células somáticas não diferiram. A concentração de nitrogênio ureico do leite foi maior para vacas CL. O leite das vacas Holandesas apresentou maior estabilidade ao álcool, e de vacas HT maior crioscopia. Vacas HT apresentaram maior frequência respiratória de manhã e temperatura superficial à tarde. Não houve diferenças para concentração de beta-hidroxibutirato e glicose. O estresse calórico, com insolação, reduz o consumo, especialmente em vacas Holandesas, bem como a produção de leite, com aumento da crioscopia, elevando a frequência respiratória e a temperatura superficial.

Production of lettuce cultivars in greenhouse in Humaitá, southern Amazonas state / Produção de cultivares de alface em casa de vegetação em Humaitá, sul do estado do Amazonas

Lettuce is the main leafy vegetable commercialized in Brazil and it is cultivated in many different environment conditions and regions. But, under high temperature and high light intensity lettuce plants tend to early flowering, making it difficult to obtain high-quality lettuce harvest. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the productive performance of lettuce cultivars in a greenhouse in the municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas state (AM). The cultivars used were Rafaela and Hanson, Veneranda, Mônica SF 31, Simpson, Solaris, Elba, Quatro Estações and Babá de Verão. The lettuce seedlings were transplanted 24 days after sowing into a greenhouse covered by 100 micra polyethylene transparent agrofilm. It was used bed with 33-m-long and 1-m-wide, using 30 cm x 30cm spacing between plants. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. The parameters evaluated 32 days after transplanting were plant diameter, number of leaves, stem length and shoot dry mass. Cultivars Babá de Verão and Elba presented a better agronomic performance for cultivation in greenhouse in municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas state.

A alface é a principal folhosa comercializada no Brasil, sendo cultivada em muitas regiões e ambientais diferentes. Entretanto, sob altas temperaturas e elevada intensidade luminosa as plantas de alface tendem ao florescimento precoce, dificultando a obtenção de uma colheita de alface de alta qualidade. Assim, no presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de cultivares de alface em ambiente protegido no município de Humaitá, estado do Amazonas (AM). As cultivares usadas foram Rafaela e Hanson, Veneranda, Mônica SF 31, Simpson, Solaris, Elba, Quatro estações e Baba de Verão. As mudas de alface foram transplantadas 24 dias após a semeadura para casa de vegetação coberta com agrofilme de polietileno transparente de 100 micra. Foi utilizado canteiro com 33 m de comprimento e 1 m de largura, utilizando-se espaçamento de 30 cm x 30 cm entre plantas. O experimento foi conduzido utilizando-se delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com 4 repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados 32 dias após o transplantio foram o diâmetro da planta, número de folhas, comprimento do caule e massa seca da parte aérea. As cultivares Baba de Verão e Elba apresentaram melhor desempenho agronômico para o cultivo protegido no município de Humaitá, estado do Amazonas.

Simple physiological indicators of ½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper crossbred sheep raised in the municipality of Mirador, Maranhão, Brazil / Indicadores fisiológicos simples de ovinos mestiços 1/2 Santa Inês X 1/2 Dorper criados no município de Mirador, Maranhão, Brasil

In this study we aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental differences caused by day shifts on the physiological indicators of crossbred ½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper sheep raised in a semi-intensive system. For this, 12 animals with an average weight of 35.00 ± 5.00 kg were allocated in a completely randomized design, with two treatments (morning shift and afternoon shift) and six replicates per treatment. The environmental variables (temperature (ºC) and relative humidity (%)) were collected using a digital thermo-hygrometer. The black globe temperature and humidity index was calculated using temperature values of the black globe thermometer and dew point. The following physiological indicators were measured in the animals: respiratory rate (mov/min); heart rate (beats/min); rectal temperature (ºC); and surface temperature (ºC). In the morning shift, the average values of air temperature and relative humidity were 31.71ºC and 88.66%, respectively. In the afternoon, the average air temperature was 33.91ºC, while the relative humidity was 62.66%. The highest mean globe temperature and humidity index was observed in the afternoon shift (87.75). The physiological indicators showed the highest mean values in the afternoon shift: respiratory rate 73.72 mov/min; heart rate 81.27 beats/min; rectal temperature 39.98ºC; surface temperature 34.76ºC. The crossbred ½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper sheep reared in a semi-intensive system showed signs of thermal discomfort.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a influência das diferenças ambientais proporcionadas pelos turnos do dia sobre os indicadores fisiológicos de ovinos mestiços ½Santa Inês × ½Dorper criados em sistema semi-intensivo. Para isso, foram utilizados 12 animais, com peso médio de 35,00 ± 5,00 Kg, alocados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (turno manhã e turno tarde) e seis repetições por tratamento. As variáveis ambientais, temperatura (ºC) e umidade relativa do ar (%), foram coletadas com o uso de um termo-higrômetro digital. O índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade foi calculado usando os valores da temperatura do termômetro de globo negro e do ponto de orvalho. Os indicadores fisiológicos mensurados nos animais foram às frequências, respiratória (mov./min.) e cardíaca (bat./min.), a temperatura retal (ºC) e a temperatura superficial (ºC). As médias para temperatura do ar foram, respectivamente, 31,71ºC e 33,91ºC para os turnos manhã e tarde, enquanto que a umidade relativa do ar foi de 88,66% e 62,66%, nessa mesma ordem. A média para o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade foi superior no turno tarde, com valor igual a 87,75. Os indicadores fisiológicos apresentaram maiores médias para o turno tarde, apresentando valores de 73,72 mov./min., 81,27 bat./min., 39,98ºC e 34,76ºC para frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal e temperatura superficial, respectivamente. Os ovinos mestiços ½Santa Inês x ½Dorper criados em sistema semi-intensivo apresentaram sinais de desconforto término.

Influence of microclimate on ketosis, mastitis and diseases of cow reproductive organs

This study investigated the influence of the farm microclimate parameters in different seasons on the incidence of ketosis, foot diseases, reproductive diseases, and mastitis in three dairy farms of North Kazakhstan. Microclimate parameters were recorded in four seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The average temperature was 1.2 °C above the established norm in summer and 1.7 °C below the established norm in winter. The humidity was below the norm by 9.7% and 1.6% in summer and autumn, respectively, and above the norm by 9.6 % and 6.6 % in winter and spring, respectively. The airflow was 0.1 m/s lower than the norm in summer, winter, and spring. The general illumination was 3.8 and 2.6 LUX lower than the norm in winter and spring, respectively. The average morbidity (cumulative incidence of all four diseases) was 63.8% (highest) in the winter, followed by spring (60.0%). Average morbidity was considerably less in summer and autumn at 46.7% and 37.1%, respectively. Study results indicate that minor deviations in microclimate parameters from the norms, particularly in winter and spring, can considerably impact the disease incidence on dairy farms in Kazakhstan. The farm management should strive to maintain microclimate conditions on the farm as close to the norm as possible during different seasons to avoid losses from livestock morbidity.

Yeast chromium and digestible lysine levels in finishing pigs subjected to high ambient temperatures / Níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível para suínos em terminação sob temperaturas ambientais elevadas

This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast and digestible lysine levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Sixty-four barrows with an initial weight of 72.77 ± 7.20 kg and final weight of 119.44 ± 9.47 kg were used, distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with two levels of chromium yeast (Cr0: 0 ppb and Cr800: 800 ppb) and two levels of digestible lysine (L0: recommended level and L+10%: 10%). The recorded air temperature of 30.9 ± 3.7 ºC during the experimental period was considered as heat stress. Performance variables were not influenced (P>0.05); however, L+10% showed an increase (P<0.05) in daily digestible lysine intake. Carcass characteristics of the animals were not influenced (P>0.05) by the chromium or digestible lysine levels. Supplementation with 800 ppb of yeast chromium and a 10% increase in the level of digestible lysine, isolated or associated, did not improve the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, subjected to high ambient temperatures.

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível, desempenho e características de carcaça de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 64 machos castrados com peso inicial de 72,77 ± 7,20 kg e final de 119,44 ± 9,47 kg, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois níveis (Cr0: 0 ppb e Cr800: 800 ppb) e dois níveis de lisina digestível (L0: nível recomendado e L+10%: 10%). A temperatura do ar registrada de 30,9 ± 3,7 ºC durante o período experimental foi considerada como de estresse por calor. As variáveis de desempenho não foram influenciadas (P>0,05), contudo L+10% aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo de lisina digestível diário. As características de carcaça dos animais não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível. A suplementação de 800 ppb de cromo levedura, e o aumento em 10% do nível de lisina digestível, isolados ou associados, não melhoram o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação submetidos a temperaturas ambientais elevadas.

Assessing climate change effects on gladiola in Southern Brazil

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls’ Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mother’s Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mother’s Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.

Assessing climate change effects on gladiola in Southern Brazil

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mothers Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mothers Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.(AU)

Diferentes tipos de embalagens e qualidade do sêmen suíno criopreservado / Different types of packaging and quality of cryopreserved swine semen

Devido à alta sensibilidade do espermatozoide suíno à criopreservação, torna-se importante o estudo acerca dos danos provocados à célula, pela agressão térmica ocasionada durante este processo. Sendo assim, avaliou-se neste trabalho, a influência de diferentes embalagens, utilizadas para o armazenamento de sêmen suíno, sobre a qualidade do espermatozoide criopreservado. Foram utilizados animais híbridos, a coleta do sêmen foi feita pela técnica da mão enluvada. Foram analisados o vigor (0 a 5), a motilidade (0 a 100%), a taxa de degradação da motilidade e a integridade acrossomal. O sêmen foi congelado em palhetas de 0,5mL, criotubos de 2,0mL e macrotubos de 4 e 5mL. As amostras de sêmen suíno congelado em palhetas apresentaram os melhores resultados de vigor espermático (2,3), de motilidade (45,4%), de taxa de degradação da motilidade (56,5%) e de integridade acrossomal (60,6%), quando comparadas às amostras criopreservadas nos demais tipos de embalagens avaliadas (p<0,05). Somente para o parâmetro taxa de degradação da motilidade, o sêmen conservado em palhetas apresentou resultados similares ao conservado em macrotubo de 4mL (54,1%). Os resultados pós-descongelação indicaram que o sêmen envasado nas palhetas foi o que apresentou características condizentes com a possibilidade de serem utilizados nos protocolos de inseminação artificial, com possibilidades de bons resultados de fertilidade. Concluiu-se que embalagens que permitam uma maior velocidade de trocas de temperatura entre as células encontradas no bordo e no centro, favorecem a uma melhor qualidade do sêmen descongelado.

Due to high sensitivity of the swine spermatozoa to cryopreservation, it is important to study the damage caused to the cell by thermal aggression during this process. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of different packages used for the storage of swine semen on the quality of cryopreserved spermatozoa. Hybrid animals were used, and semen collection was made by the gloved hand technique. The vigor (0 the 5), motility (0 the 100%), rate of motility degradation and acrosome integrity were analyzed. The semen was frozen in straws of 0.5mL, cryotubes of 2.0mL and macrotubes of 4 and 5mL. The swine semen samples frozen in straws showed the best results in sperm vigor (2.3), motility (45.4%), motility degradation rate (56.5%) and acrosomal integrity (60.6%), when compared to the cryopreserved samples in the other types of packaging evaluated (p<0.05). Only for the motility degradation rate parameter, the semen preserved in straws showed results similar to the one conserved in a 4 mL macrotube (54.1%). The results after thawing indicated that the semen packed in straws was the one that presented consistent characteristics with the possibility of being used in artificial insemination protocols with possibilities of good fertility results. It was concluded that packages that allow a higher speed of temperature changes between the cells found on the edge and in the center of them, favor a better quality of the thawed semen.

Efficiency of cooling systems in broiler houses during hot days / Eficiência dos sistemas de resfriamento em aviários durante dias quentes

This study evaluated: (1) the vulnerability of broiler houses with different cooling systems, and (2) the spatial distribution of environmental variables during hot days. Four potentially vulnerable commercial broiler houses in southern Brazil were selected according to the following parameters: absence or presence of different cooling systems, broilers older than 28 days, and outside air dry-bulb temperature over 30°C. Broiler house vulnerability was classified according to the cooling and mechanical ventilation system: cellulose pad cooling (CPC), sprinkling (SPK), fogging (FOG), and mechanical ventilation without evaporative cooling system (VTL). The air dry-bulb temperature (Tdb, °C) and relative humidity (RH, %) were recorded every 10 min. For each broiler house, we evaluated: (1) relative cooling efficiency (RCE) and (2) inside spatial distribution of microclimate variables using a geostatistical technique. The CPC and SPK did not differ (P<0.05) in RCE (81.6% and 80.7%, respectively), but both differed from FOG (23.8%) and VLT (1.87%) systems. The highest variations in indoor Tdb were recorded in the FOG (7 °C), followed by the SPK (4 °C) and CPC (3 °C). In the CPC, there was an increase in RH from the middle to the end of the broiler house near the exhaust fans. In conclusion, the relative cooling efficiency and the inside spatial distributions of environmental variables in the broiler houses were influenced by the existing cooling system.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram (1) comparar a vulnerabilidade de aviários com diferentes sistemas de resfriamento, e (2) avaliar a distribuição espacial interna das variáveis ambientais durante dias quentes. Quatro aviários comerciais potencialmente vulneráveis no sul do Brasil foram selecionados de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros de elegibilidade: ausência ou presença de diferentes sistemas de resfriamento; frangos de corte com mais de 28 dias de idade; e temperatura de bulbo seco do ar externa acima de 30 °C. A vulnerabilidade do aviário foi classificada de acordo com o sistema de resfriamento e ventilação mecânica, sendo: resfriamento por pad cooling (CPC), aspersão (SPK), nebulização (FOG) e ventilação mecânica sem sistema de resfriamento evaporativo (VTL). A temperatura de bulbo seco do ar (Tbs, °C) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR, %) foram coletadas por registradores de dados autônomos a cada 10 min. Para cada aviário foram avaliados: (1) eficiência relativa de resfriamento (RCE) e (2) distribuição espacial interna das variáveis ambientais por técnica de geoestatística. O CPC e SPK não diferiram (P>0,05) na RCE (81,6% e 80,7% respectivamente), mas ambos diferiram do FOG (23,8%) e VLT (1,87%). As maiores variações na Tbs do ar interno foram registradas no FOG (7 °C), seguido pelo SPK (4 °C) e CPC (3 °C). No CPC, houve um aumento da umidade relativa do meio para o final do aviário, próximo aos exaustores. Em conclusão, a eficiência relativa de resfriamento, assim como a distribuição espacial das variáveis ambientais internas foram influenciadas pelo sistema de resfriamento de cada aviário.

Efficiency of cooling systems in broiler houses during hot days / Eficiência dos sistemas de resfriamento em aviários durante dias quentes

This study evaluated: (1) the vulnerability of broiler houses with different cooling systems, and (2) the spatial distribution of environmental variables during hot days. Four potentially vulnerable commercial broiler houses in southern Brazil were selected according to the following parameters: absence or presence of different cooling systems, broilers older than 28 days, and outside air dry-bulb temperature over 30°C. Broiler house vulnerability was classified according to the cooling and mechanical ventilation system: cellulose pad cooling (CPC), sprinkling (SPK), fogging (FOG), and mechanical ventilation without evaporative cooling system (VTL). The air dry-bulb temperature (Tdb, °C) and relative humidity (RH, %) were recorded every 10 min. For each broiler house, we evaluated: (1) relative cooling efficiency (RCE) and (2) inside spatial distribution of microclimate variables using a geostatistical technique. The CPC and SPK did not differ (P<0.05) in RCE (81.6% and 80.7%, respectively), but both differed from FOG (23.8%) and VLT (1.87%) systems. The highest variations in indoor Tdb were recorded in the FOG (7 °C), followed by the SPK (4 °C) and CPC (3 °C). In the CPC, there was an increase in RH from the middle to the end of the broiler house near the exhaust fans. In conclusion, the relative cooling efficiency and the inside spatial distributions of environmental variables in the broiler houses were influenced by the existing cooling system.(AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo foram (1) comparar a vulnerabilidade de aviários com diferentes sistemas de resfriamento, e (2) avaliar a distribuição espacial interna das variáveis ambientais durante dias quentes. Quatro aviários comerciais potencialmente vulneráveis no sul do Brasil foram selecionados de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros de elegibilidade: ausência ou presença de diferentes sistemas de resfriamento; frangos de corte com mais de 28 dias de idade; e temperatura de bulbo seco do ar externa acima de 30 °C. A vulnerabilidade do aviário foi classificada de acordo com o sistema de resfriamento e ventilação mecânica, sendo: resfriamento por pad cooling (CPC), aspersão (SPK), nebulização (FOG) e ventilação mecânica sem sistema de resfriamento evaporativo (VTL). A temperatura de bulbo seco do ar (Tbs, °C) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR, %) foram coletadas por registradores de dados autônomos a cada 10 min. Para cada aviário foram avaliados: (1) eficiência relativa de resfriamento (RCE) e (2) distribuição espacial interna das variáveis ambientais por técnica de geoestatística. O CPC e SPK não diferiram (P>0,05) na RCE (81,6% e 80,7% respectivamente), mas ambos diferiram do FOG (23,8%) e VLT (1,87%). As maiores variações na Tbs do ar interno foram registradas no FOG (7 °C), seguido pelo SPK (4 °C) e CPC (3 °C). No CPC, houve um aumento da umidade relativa do meio para o final do aviário, próximo aos exaustores. Em conclusão, a eficiência relativa de resfriamento, assim como a distribuição espacial das variáveis ambientais internas foram influenciadas pelo sistema de resfriamento de cada aviário.(AU)

Microrganismos psicrotróficos em leites submetidos à ultra alta temperatura adquiridos em Curitiba, Paraná / Psychrotrophic bacteria in ultra-high-temperature milk acquired in Curitiba, Paraná

O tratamento do leite em ultra alta temperatura (UAT) possibilita a eliminação de patógenos e aumento do tempo de prateleira, no entanto, bactérias psicrotróficas são associadas a efeitos negativos no produto, como lipólise, rancificação e a geleificação. Resultado da resistência de alguns esporos ao processamento, e à possível atividade residual de enzimas termorresistentes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi enumerar bactérias psicrotróficas e realizar a prova de lactofermentação em leites UAT comercializados na região de Curitiba, Paraná. Foram adquiridas 60 amostras de duas marcas (30 da marca A e 30 da marca B) quinzenalmente em três diferentes momentos. Em cada momento 10 amostras de um mesmo lote eram separadas em dois grupos (D0 e D7), sendo D0: cinco amostras avaliadas no dia da compra, e D7: cinco amostras avaliadas após incubação a 37± 1ºC/7 dias e analisadas quanto à enumeração de bactérias psicrotróficas, coloração de Gram e prova da lactofermentação. Em D0, uma (3,4%) amostra (marca A) apresentou crescimento de psicrotróficos (2,50 x 105 UFC/mL), Gram negativos. As amostras da marca B não apresentaram crescimento microbiano. Vinte e cinco (83,3%) amostras não formaram coágulo, e cinco (16,7%) produziram coágulo esponjoso. Em D7, nenhuma amostra apresentou contagem bacteriana, 20 (66,7%) não produziram coágulo e 10 (33,3%) produziram coágulo esponjoso. O processo UAT utilizado pela marca A não garantiu efetividade na redução de bactérias psicrotróficas, e o resultado do teste de lactofermentação indica a possível contaminação por coliformes em ambas as marcas. Ainda, a ausência de coágulos em diversas amostras pode ser um indicativo do uso de conservantes, o que é considerado fraude.

The beneficial effects of ultra-pasteurization milk treatment include elimination of milk pathogens, besides increasing the product's shelf-life, however, psychrotrophic bacteria are associated with several negative effects in the final product such as lipolysis, rancidification and gelation. This results from heat-resistant spores and its possible residual extracellular heat-resistant enzymes activity. With that in mind, this paper aimed to quantify psychrotrophic bacteria and perform a milk clotting test in UHT milk sold in Curitiba, Paraná. 60 samples from two brands were acquired (30 from A brand and 30 from B brand) each 15 days in different moments. Each time, 10 samples from a same batch were separated in two groups (D0 and D7), being D0: five samples analyzed in the purchase day, and D7: five samples analyzed after incubation at 37± 1ºC/7 days and evaluated regarding enumeration of psychrotrophic bacteria, Gram staining and milk clotting test. The heat-treating process effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing 30 samples from each brand, A and B, totalizing 60, being 10 from each different production batches, through the surface inoculation method in PCA, milk clotting test and classification of the isolated colonies by the Gram method. In D0, one (3,4%) sample (from A brand) resulted in Gram negative psychrotrophic growing (2,50 x 105 UFC/mL) . Samples from B brand did not result in bacterial growth. 25 samples (83,3%) did not clot, and five (16,7%) produced sponge clots. In D7, none of the samples presented bacterial growth, 20 (66,7%) did not clot and 10 (33,3%) produced sponge clots. Mesophilic bacterial culture was not done. The A brand UHT process did not grant sterilization regarding psychrotrophic bacteria, and the milk clotting results indicate possible coliforms contamination in both brands. Furthermore, clot absence in several samples could indicate preservatives usage, which is considered fraud.

Microrganismos psicrotróficos em leites submetidos à ultra alta temperatura adquiridos em Curitiba, Paraná / Psychrotrophic bacteria in ultra-high-temperature milk acquired in Curitiba, Paraná

O tratamento do leite em ultra alta temperatura (UAT) possibilita a eliminação de patógenos e aumento do tempo de prateleira, no entanto, bactérias psicrotróficas são associadas a efeitos negativos no produto, como lipólise, rancificação e a geleificação. Resultado da resistência de alguns esporos ao processamento, e à possível atividade residual de enzimas termorresistentes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi enumerar bactérias psicrotróficas e realizar a prova de lactofermentação em leites UAT comercializados na região de Curitiba, Paraná. Foram adquiridas 60 amostras de duas marcas (30 da marca A e 30 da marca B) quinzenalmente em três diferentes momentos. Em cada momento 10 amostras de um mesmo lote eram separadas em dois grupos (D0 e D7), sendo D0: cinco amostras avaliadas no dia da compra, e D7: cinco amostras avaliadas após incubação a 37± 1ºC/7 dias e analisadas quanto à enumeração de bactérias psicrotróficas, coloração de Gram e prova da lactofermentação. Em D0, uma (3,4%) amostra (marca A) apresentou crescimento de psicrotróficos (2,50 x 105 UFC/mL), Gram negativos. As amostras da marca B não apresentaram crescimento microbiano. Vinte e cinco (83,3%) amostras não formaram coágulo, e cinco (16,7%) produziram coágulo esponjoso. Em D7, nenhuma amostra apresentou contagem bacteriana, 20 (66,7%) não produziram coágulo e 10 (33,3%) produziram coágulo esponjoso. O processo UAT utilizado pela marca A não garantiu efetividade na redução de bactérias psicrotróficas, e o resultado do teste de lactofermentação indica a possível contaminação por coliformes em ambas as marcas. Ainda, a ausência de coágulos em diversas amostras pode ser um indicativo do uso de conservantes, o que é considerado fraude.(AU)

The beneficial effects of ultra-pasteurization milk treatment include elimination of milk pathogens, besides increasing the product's shelf-life, however, psychrotrophic bacteria are associated with several negative effects in the final product such as lipolysis, rancidification and gelation. This results from heat-resistant spores and its possible residual extracellular heat-resistant enzymes activity. With that in mind, this paper aimed to quantify psychrotrophic bacteria and perform a milk clotting test in UHT milk sold in Curitiba, Paraná. 60 samples from two brands were acquired (30 from A brand and 30 from B brand) each 15 days in different moments. Each time, 10 samples from a same batch were separated in two groups (D0 and D7), being D0: five samples analyzed in the purchase day, and D7: five samples analyzed after incubation at 37± 1ºC/7 days and evaluated regarding enumeration of psychrotrophic bacteria, Gram staining and milk clotting test. The heat-treating process effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing 30 samples from each brand, A and B, totalizing 60, being 10 from each different production batches, through the surface inoculation method in PCA, milk clotting test and classification of the isolated colonies by the Gram method. In D0, one (3,4%) sample (from A brand) resulted in Gram negative psychrotrophic growing (2,50 x 105 UFC/mL) . Samples from B brand did not result in bacterial growth. 25 samples (83,3%) did not clot, and five (16,7%) produced sponge clots. In D7, none of the samples presented bacterial growth, 20 (66,7%) did not clot and 10 (33,3%) produced sponge clots. Mesophilic bacterial culture was not done. The A brand UHT process did not grant sterilization regarding psychrotrophic bacteria, and the milk clotting results indicate possible coliforms contamination in both brands. Furthermore, clot absence in several samples could indicate preservatives usage, which is considered fraud.(AU)

Temporal variations in the air, soil, and fiddler crab (Austruca perplexa) burrow temperatures in southern Thailand

Fiddler crabs live in an intertidal habitat and face several environmental constraints. Extreme environmental conditions, especially temperature affects their growth and reproduction. They use several strategies to deal with extreme temperatures. Among these, constructing burrows is important. Burrows act as a refuge during very high or low temperatures. This study investigates the temporal variations in air temperature, burrow temperature of large-sized male and female Austruca perplexa crabs, and the soil temperature near their burrows in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand (tropical climate). Air, burrow and soil temperatures were measured every 30 min in a day using temperature sensors. We observed that from 8:00 up to and including 17:30, burrow temperature was lower than soil temperature, but other times, burrow temperature was higher than soil temperature. In the case of air temperature, it was lower than soil or burrow temperatures most of the time in a day. When we compared temperatures among air, soil, and burrows at day (6:00 up to 17:30) and night (18:00 up to 5:30), burrow temperature was lower than soil temperature during the day but was higher at night. The air temperature was lower than soil or burrow temperatures on both day and night. This study shows that A. perplexa crab burrows can modulate the inside temperature and maintain a suitable temperature for the crabs.(AU)

Temporal variations in the air, soil, and fiddler crab (Austruca perplexa) burrow temperatures in southern Thailand

Fiddler crabs live in an intertidal habitat and face several environmental constraints. Extreme environmental conditions, especially temperature affects their growth and reproduction. They use several strategies to deal with extreme temperatures. Among these, constructing burrows is important. Burrows act as a refuge during very high or low temperatures. This study investigates the temporal variations in air temperature, burrow temperature of large-sized male and female Austruca perplexa crabs, and the soil temperature near their burrows in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand (tropical climate). Air, burrow and soil temperatures were measured every 30 min in a day using temperature sensors. We observed that from 8:00 up to and including 17:30, burrow temperature was lower than soil temperature, but other times, burrow temperature was higher than soil temperature. In the case of air temperature, it was lower than soil or burrow temperatures most of the time in a day. When we compared temperatures among air, soil, and burrows at day (6:00 up to 17:30) and night (18:00 up to 5:30), burrow temperature was lower than soil temperature during the day but was higher at night. The air temperature was lower than soil or burrow temperatures on both day and night. This study shows that A. perplexa crab burrows can modulate the inside temperature and maintain a suitable temperature for the crabs.

Brown Swiss cows are more heat resistant than Holstein cows under hot summer conditions of the continental climate of Ukraine

Finding livestock breeds that are resistant to high temperatures may be one of the strategies for mitigating the impact of global climate change on dairy farming. In this investigation, we studied the heat resistance of Holstein (HB) and Brown Swiss (BS) cows on two commercial dairy farms under the hot summer conditions of Ukraine. The physiological response of animals determined heat resistance by measuring rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) in the morning (from 4:00 to 6:00) in comfortable conditions and the afternoon (from 14:00 to 16:00), during heat load. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used to characterize weather conditions and microclimate in naturally ventilated rooms (NVBs). BS cows were found to be heat resistant. The reaction of HB cows to the heat was manifested by higher growth of RT and RR, and they suffered significant losses in the daily milk yield per cow in the summer. Further research will need to elucidate the biological and genetic mechanisms of the identified breed differences in heat tolerance of dairy cows.

Elevated temperature-humidity index induces physiological, blood and milk alterations in Holstein cows in a more pronounced manner than in ½ and ¾ Holstein × Gir

Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus cattle subspecies present different capabilities in coping with situations of elevated temperatures, the latter being more tolerant to heat stress. Thus, some breeding programs crossed these subspecies to produce a high producing yet heat-tolerant breed (Girolando). Nineteen Holstein (H100) and 19 Girolando cows [(½ Holstein × Gir (H50) and ¾ Holstein × Gir (H75)] with similar milk production were used in a six-day experiment to evaluate the consequences of heat stress due to shade deprivation on their physiological, blood and milk traits. Cows were exposed to a non-shaded environment between morning (06:00h; GMT -3:00) and evening milking (14:30h; GMT -3:00) with access to water ad libitum. Procedures were conducted before morning and evening milkings. Physiological parameters related to mechanisms of heat dissipation were measured, as well as the milk composition. Blood traits were evaluated. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Statistical procedures included analysis of variance, correlation, and principal factors. THI was elevated during the trial and negatively impacted physiological, milk, and blood parameters in H100, H75, and H50. Alterations in physiology, milk stability, milk composition, and blood traits were more pronounced in H100. Holstein cows presented changes in physiological parameters in a more pronounced manner and in some milk and blood traits related to the reduced capability of this breed in dealing with elevated THI. The similarity in milk production levels excludes this parameter as a justification for differences in heat tolerance, with genetic composition being the main reason for these results.

Effects of an injectable mineral supplement on physiological responses and milk production of heat-stressed Holstein cows

Summer heat stress in northwest Mexico compromises the physiological thermoregulation capacity and productive performance of lactating Holstein cows, and supplementation of minerals appears to reduce the adverse impact of heat stress in cattle. The objective herein was to evaluate the effects of an injectable mineral supplement containing phosphorus, selenium, potassium, magnesium, and copper on physiological responses, milk production, and milk composition of Holstein cows exposed to heat stress. Sixteen cows were blocked by parity and assigned to one of two treatments (n = 8) using a randomized complete block design: 1) control cows and 2) mineral-treated cows. All cows were exposed to environmental heat stress conditions (i.e., temperature-humidity index = 79.4 ± 4.3 units). No study variable was affected (P ≥ 0.20) by the treatment x sampling day interaction. While the mineral supplement did not affect any physiological variable in the afternoon, this treatment decreased breaths per min (P = 0.01) and most body surface temperatures (P ≤ 0.06; head, shoulder, leg, right-flank, and udder) in the morning. There was no effect (P = 0.37) of the mineral supplementation on milk yield but increased (P ≤ 0.03) the percentages of solids non-fat, protein, lactose, and density in the milk. In conclusion, Holstein cows' physiological thermoregulation and milk composition experiencing summer heat stress were improved by applying an injectable mineral supplement.

L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor / L-glutamine and zinc in diets for chickens created under natural conditions of heat

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor sobre o desempenho produtivo nos períodos de 1 a 7 e de 1 a 21 dias de idade; e o peso dos órgãos digestivos e do coração aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 630 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados em esquema 2 (1 e 2% de L-glutamina) x 3 (0, 90, e 120 mg de zinco/kg de ração) + 1 (dieta controle), totalizando sete tratamentos e cinco repetições com 18 aves cada. A suplementação combinada de L-glutamina e zinco não influenciou as variáveis avaliadas, porém a suplementação isolada de L-glutamina proporcionou maior viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva, além de maior peso de fígado e moela dos animais. Da mesma forma, o zinco de forma isolada interferiu de maneira linear decrescente nos pesos relativos do fígado, moela, pâncreas e coração. Concluem-se que dietas suplementadas com1% de L-glutamina melhoram a viabilidade criatória, o índice de eficiência produtiva, o peso de fígado e moela de frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade, bem como que a adição de zinco interfere no peso dos órgãos digestivos e coração das aves criadas em condições naturais de calor.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc in diets for broilers reared in natural conditions of heat on the productive performance in the periods from 1 to 7 and from 1 to 21 days of age and, weight of digestive organs and heart at 21 days of age. Six hundred and thirty Ross broiler chicks were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, in scheme 2 (1 and 2% L-glutamine) x 3 (0, 90, and 120 mg of zinc/kg of feed) + 1 (diet control), totaling seven treatments and five repetitions, with 18 birds each. The combined supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc did not influence the variables evaluated, however the isolated supplementation of L-glutamine provided greater creative viability and productive efficiency index in addition toa greater weight of liver and gizzard of the animals. Likewise, zinc alone interfered in a linear decreasing manner on the relative weights of the liver, gizzard, pancreas and heart. Diets supplemented with 1% L-glutamine improve the creative viability, the production efficiency index, the weight of liver and gizzards of broilers in the phase from1 to 21 days of age and the addition of zinc interferes in the weight of the digestive organs and heart of birds raised in natural heat.

L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor / L-glutamine and zinc in diets for chickens created under natural conditions of heat

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor sobre o desempenho produtivo nos períodos de 1 a 7 e de 1 a 21 dias de idade; e o peso dos órgãos digestivos e do coração aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 630 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados em esquema 2 (1 e 2% de L-glutamina) x 3 (0, 90, e 120 mg de zinco/kg de ração) + 1 (dieta controle), totalizando sete tratamentos e cinco repetições com 18 aves cada. A suplementação combinada de L-glutamina e zinco não influenciou as variáveis avaliadas, porém a suplementação isolada de L-glutamina proporcionou maior viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva, além de maior peso de fígado e moela dos animais. Da mesma forma, o zinco de forma isolada interferiu de maneira linear decrescente nos pesos relativos do fígado, moela, pâncreas e coração. Concluem-se que dietas suplementadas com1% de L-glutamina melhoram a viabilidade criatória, o índice de eficiência produtiva, o peso de fígado e moela de frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade, bem como que a adição de zinco interfere no peso dos órgãos digestivos e coração das aves criadas em condições naturais de calor.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc in diets for broilers reared in natural conditions of heat on the productive performance in the periods from 1 to 7 and from 1 to 21 days of age and, weight of digestive organs and heart at 21 days of age. Six hundred and thirty Ross broiler chicks were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, in scheme 2 (1 and 2% L-glutamine) x 3 (0, 90, and 120 mg of zinc/kg of feed) + 1 (diet control), totaling seven treatments and five repetitions, with 18 birds each. The combined supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc did not influence the variables evaluated, however the isolated supplementation of L-glutamine provided greater creative viability and productive efficiency index in addition toa greater weight of liver and gizzard of the animals. Likewise, zinc alone interfered in a linear decreasing manner on the relative weights of the liver, gizzard, pancreas and heart. Diets supplemented with 1% L-glutamine improve the creative viability, the production efficiency index, the weight of liver and gizzards of broilers in the phase from1 to 21 days of age and the addition of zinc interferes in the weight of the digestive organs and heart of birds raised in natural heat.(AU)