Effects of Supplementation of Zinc, Manganese, or Copper and Different Phytase Levels in Serum and Bone Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases of Broiler Chicks

The knowledge of biological trace minerals and phytase requirements for modern broiler genotypes is not established and the pressure to reduce their usage in animal feeding due to environmental issues is increasing. Here, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) of the tibia and serum of broilers fed with diets containing various levels of phytase and reduced levels of zinc, manganese, and copper was evaluated. The experiment was performed using 1,200 male Cobb broilers raised according to standard commercial husbandry techniques. Data were analyzed as a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four concentrations of zinc (0.34, 0.49, 0.64, and 0.79 ppm), manganese (0.18, 0.43, 0.68, and 0.93 ppm), or copper (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.18 ppm) and three concentrations of phytase (0, 500, and 1,000 FTU/kg) for age periods of 1-21 and 36-42 days. While the dietary supplementation with copper did not induce a significant effect in bone tissue biochemical markers, serum TRAP activity of 42-day old broilers increased with higher copper levels. Increasing dietary zinc levels linearly increased ALP activity in tibia growth, suggesting that zinc is essential for longitudinal bone growth. Phytase significantly promoted the increase of TRAP and ALP activities, suggesting that manganese increased growth plate activity, accelerated calcification, and remodeled the newly formed tissue into trabecular bone. Although not every enzymatic activity was affected by the treatments, the phytase use, along with trace minerals, improved the animal response to the rapid growth required nowadays and provided the nutrients for adequate bone metabolism.(AU)

L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor / L-glutamine and zinc in diets for chickens created under natural conditions of heat

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor sobre o desempenho produtivo nos períodos de 1 a 7 e de 1 a 21 dias de idade; e o peso dos órgãos digestivos e do coração aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 630 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados em esquema 2 (1 e 2% de L-glutamina) x 3 (0, 90, e 120 mg de zinco/kg de ração) + 1 (dieta controle), totalizando sete tratamentos e cinco repetições com 18 aves cada. A suplementação combinada de L-glutamina e zinco não influenciou as variáveis avaliadas, porém a suplementação isolada de L-glutamina proporcionou maior viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva, além de maior peso de fígado e moela dos animais. Da mesma forma, o zinco de forma isolada interferiu de maneira linear decrescente nos pesos relativos do fígado, moela, pâncreas e coração. Concluem-se que dietas suplementadas com1% de L-glutamina melhoram a viabilidade criatória, o índice de eficiência produtiva, o peso de fígado e moela de frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade, bem como que a adição de zinco interfere no peso dos órgãos digestivos e coração das aves criadas em condições naturais de calor.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc in diets for broilers reared in natural conditions of heat on the productive performance in the periods from 1 to 7 and from 1 to 21 days of age and, weight of digestive organs and heart at 21 days of age. Six hundred and thirty Ross broiler chicks were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, in scheme 2 (1 and 2% L-glutamine) x 3 (0, 90, and 120 mg of zinc/kg of feed) + 1 (diet control), totaling seven treatments and five repetitions, with 18 birds each. The combined supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc did not influence the variables evaluated, however the isolated supplementation of L-glutamine provided greater creative viability and productive efficiency index in addition toa greater weight of liver and gizzard of the animals. Likewise, zinc alone interfered in a linear decreasing manner on the relative weights of the liver, gizzard, pancreas and heart. Diets supplemented with 1% L-glutamine improve the creative viability, the production efficiency index, the weight of liver and gizzards of broilers in the phase from1 to 21 days of age and the addition of zinc interferes in the weight of the digestive organs and heart of birds raised in natural heat.

L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor / L-glutamine and zinc in diets for chickens created under natural conditions of heat

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de L-glutamina e zinco em dietas para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de calor sobre o desempenho produtivo nos períodos de 1 a 7 e de 1 a 21 dias de idade; e o peso dos órgãos digestivos e do coração aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 630 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados em esquema 2 (1 e 2% de L-glutamina) x 3 (0, 90, e 120 mg de zinco/kg de ração) + 1 (dieta controle), totalizando sete tratamentos e cinco repetições com 18 aves cada. A suplementação combinada de L-glutamina e zinco não influenciou as variáveis avaliadas, porém a suplementação isolada de L-glutamina proporcionou maior viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva, além de maior peso de fígado e moela dos animais. Da mesma forma, o zinco de forma isolada interferiu de maneira linear decrescente nos pesos relativos do fígado, moela, pâncreas e coração. Concluem-se que dietas suplementadas com1% de L-glutamina melhoram a viabilidade criatória, o índice de eficiência produtiva, o peso de fígado e moela de frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade, bem como que a adição de zinco interfere no peso dos órgãos digestivos e coração das aves criadas em condições naturais de calor.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc in diets for broilers reared in natural conditions of heat on the productive performance in the periods from 1 to 7 and from 1 to 21 days of age and, weight of digestive organs and heart at 21 days of age. Six hundred and thirty Ross broiler chicks were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, in scheme 2 (1 and 2% L-glutamine) x 3 (0, 90, and 120 mg of zinc/kg of feed) + 1 (diet control), totaling seven treatments and five repetitions, with 18 birds each. The combined supplementation of L-glutamine and zinc did not influence the variables evaluated, however the isolated supplementation of L-glutamine provided greater creative viability and productive efficiency index in addition toa greater weight of liver and gizzard of the animals. Likewise, zinc alone interfered in a linear decreasing manner on the relative weights of the liver, gizzard, pancreas and heart. Diets supplemented with 1% L-glutamine improve the creative viability, the production efficiency index, the weight of liver and gizzards of broilers in the phase from1 to 21 days of age and the addition of zinc interferes in the weight of the digestive organs and heart of birds raised in natural heat.(AU)

Effects of dietary zinc levels on the growth performance, organ zinc content, and zinc retention in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal zinc (Zn) requirement of broiler chickens based on Zn retention. On the day of hatch, 350 male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to seven treatments with five replicates of ten birds each. Zinc was supplemented as ZnSO4·7H2O at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 mg/kg in the starter diet (fed from 1 to 21 d of age) and at 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, or 96 mg/kg in the grower diet (fed from 22 to 42 d of age). The analyzed Zn levels were 34.98 and 27.57 mg/kg in the basal starter and grower diets, respectively. Supplemental Zn levels did not influence body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or liver Zn content of broilers at 21 and 42 d of age (p>0.05). Tibia ash Zn content of 21-d-old broilers increased when Zn supplementation level increased from 0 to 40 mg/kg Zn in (p<0.05). The highest breast muscle Zn content in 42-d-old broilers was observed when 100 and 80 mg Zn/kg was supplemented in the starter and grower diets, respectively. Fecal Zn content, Zn intake, Zn excretion, and Zn retention of 31- to 33-d-old broilers linearly increased with supplemental Zn levels (p<0.05). Zinc retention values, calculated as the difference between Zn intake and Zn excretion, were negative, about zero, and positive when starter/grower diets were supplemented with 0/0 and 20/16, 40/32, and 60/48 and 120/96 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that supplementing 40 and 32 mg Zn/kg in starter and grower diets, respectively, promote the growth performance of broiler chickens, while reduce Zn excretion in the environment.(AU)

Effects of dietary zinc levels on the growth performance, organ zinc content, and zinc retention in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal zinc (Zn) requirement of broiler chickens based on Zn retention. On the day of hatch, 350 male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to seven treatments with five replicates of ten birds each. Zinc was supplemented as ZnSO4·7H2O at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 mg/kg in the starter diet (fed from 1 to 21 d of age) and at 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, or 96 mg/kg in the grower diet (fed from 22 to 42 d of age). The analyzed Zn levels were 34.98 and 27.57 mg/kg in the basal starter and grower diets, respectively. Supplemental Zn levels did not influence body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or liver Zn content of broilers at 21 and 42 d of age (p>0.05). Tibia ash Zn content of 21-d-old broilers increased when Zn supplementation level increased from 0 to 40 mg/kg Zn in (p<0.05). The highest breast muscle Zn content in 42-d-old broilers was observed when 100 and 80 mg Zn/kg was supplemented in the starter and grower diets, respectively. Fecal Zn content, Zn intake, Zn excretion, and Zn retention of 31- to 33-d-old broilers linearly increased with supplemental Zn levels (p<0.05). Zinc retention values, calculated as the difference between Zn intake and Zn excretion, were negative, about zero, and positive when starter/grower diets were supplemented with 0/0 and 20/16, 40/32, and 60/48 and 120/96 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that supplementing 40 and 32 mg Zn/kg in starter and grower diets, respectively, promote the growth performance of broiler chickens, while reduce Zn excretion in the environment.

Effects of cadmium and zinc on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the sea-bob shrimp, according to the temperature / Efeito do cádmio e zinco na excreção de amônia e consumo de oxigênio do camarão sete-barbas, de acordo com a temperatura

Penaeid shrimps are important resources for worldwide fisheries and aquaculture. In Brazil, Xiphopenaeus kroyeriis an important commercially exploited species, and is an ideal animal for studying the impairment caused by the effects of heavy metals that are often detected in coastal areas. The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of Cd and Zn to X.kroyeriand to investigate their effects on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion in different temperatures (25 ºC, 20 ºC, 15 ºC), which have not been carried out in this species before. First of all, we examined the acute toxicity of Cd and Zn to X. kroyeri24, 48, 72, and 96-h medium lethal concentration (LC50). Furthermore, we also found that exposure of shrimp to Cd and Zn caused an inhibition in oxygen consumption of 52.50% and 52.63%, respectively, relative to the control. However, after separate exposure to Cd and Zn, elevations in ammonium excretion were obtained, which were 85.00% and 89.47% higher than the control, respectively. The results shown that Cd and Zn performs higher toxicities toX. kroyeriat higher temperature.(AU)

Os camarões são importantes recursos marinhos explorados pela pesca e aquicultura. No Brasil, Xiphopenaeus kroyerié uma importante espécie comercialmente explorada e um animal ideal para estudar o impacto causado por efeitos de metais pesados que frequentemente são detectados em áreas costeiras. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade aguda do Cd e Zn para o X. kroyerie investigar seus efeitos no consumo de oxigênio e na excreção de amônia em diferentes temperaturas, uma vez que tais parâmetros ainda não foram determinados para a referida espécie. Primeiramente, foram determinadas a toxicidade aguda (LC50) do Cd e Zn, para X.kroyeripor um período de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas em três temperaturas (25 ºC, 20 ºC, 15 ºC). Os resultados revelaram que para camarões expostos ao Cd e Zn houve uma inibição do consumo de oxigênio de 52,50% e 52,63%, respectivamente, para a mais baixa temperatura (15 °C). Entretanto, para a excreção de amônia, houve um aumento de 85,00% e 89,47%para a mais alta concentração e temperatura utilizadas em relação ao controle. Conclui-se, portanto, que as toxicidades de Cd e Zn foram mais altas nas temperaturas e concentrações mais elevadas.(AU)

Avaliação dos efeitos do tratamento com zinco orgânico sobre a reprodução e no comportamento de ratas (Rattus norvegicus) / Evaluation of the organic zinc treatment effects in female rat (Rattus norvegicus) reproduction and behaviour / Evaluación de los efectos del tratamiento con zinc orgánico sobre la reproducción y comportamiento de ratas (Rattus norvegicus)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com zinco orgânico no desempenho reprodutivo e no comportamento, por meio de testes de natação forçada, campo aberto e sono induzido por barbitúrico. Foram utilizadas 21 ratas Wistar (Rattus norvegicus), distribuídas em três grupos de sete animals cada, acomodadas em caixas individuais, submetidas a diferentes tratamentos: SZn (controle - sem zinco); ZnP (zinco na forma quelada, por via intramuscular); ZnO (zinco orgânico na dieta, 5 mg/kg). Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos SZn (10,4 ± 2,4 filhotes), ZnP (6,9 ± 2,6 filhotes) e ZnO (3,3 ± 2,6 filhotes), com relação ao desempenho reprodutivo. No teste de desespero comportamental, os tempos de imobilidade dos animals tratados com SZn (91,1 ± 15 seg.), ZnP (71,2 ± 17 seg.) e ZnO (79,9 ± 20 seg.) não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (p > 0,05). Na avaliação hipno-sedativa, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas (p > 0,05) no tempo de indução (SZn = 6,6 ± 2; ZnP = 5,3 ± 2; ZnO = 3,6 ± 0,3 min.), nem no tempo de recuperação (SZn = 295 ± 15; ZnP = 320 ± 34; ZnO = 355 ± 38 min.). Os outros parâmetros comportamentais avaliados (número de levantamentos, auto-limpeza, tempo na periferia e número de quadrados invadidos) também não foram influenciados (p > 0,05). Concluiu-se que o zinco, na forma orgânica, administrado via parenteral ou oral, não influencia a reprodução nem o comportamento de ratas.(AU)

This article aims at evaluating the effects of the organic zinc treatment over the reproductive performance and behavior through forced swimming tests, open field, and barbiturate-induced sleep. 21 female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used, distributed into three groups of seven animals, placed in individual boxes, and submitted to different treatments: SZn (control- without zinc), ZnP (zinc for intramuscular administration), and ZnO (organic zinc in the diet, 5 mg/kg). Statistic differences were not observed (p> 0,05) among the treatments SZn (10.4 ± 2.4 nestlings), ZnP (6.9 ± 2.6 nestlings), and ZnO (3.3 ± 2.6 nestlings), in relation to the number ofnestlings. In the behavioral despair test, the immobility time of the animals treated with SZn (91.1 ± 15 seg.), ZnP (71.2 ± 17 seg.), and ZnO (79.9 ± 20 seg) did not present any statistic differences (p > 0,05). Statistic differences (p> 0,05) were neither present at the induction time (SZn = 6.6 ± 2; ZnP = 5.3 ± 2; ZnO = 3.6 ± 0.3 min), nor in the recovery time (SZn = 295 ± 15; ZnP = 320 ± 34; ZnO = 355 ± 38 min) at the hypno-sedative evaluation. The other behavioral parameters evaluated (number of risings, self-cleaning, time in the periphery, and number of invaded squares) were not altered as well. It was concluded that zinc, in its organic form, either parenterally or orally administered, neither influences the reproduction nor the behavior of female rats.(AU)

Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del tratamiento con zinc orgánico en el desempeño reproductivo y en el comportamiento de ratas, por medio de testes de natación forzada, campo abierto y sueño inducido por barbitúrico. Fueron utilizadas 21 ratas Wistar (Rattus norvegicus), distribuidas en tres grupos de siete animales cada, acomodadas en cajas individuales sometidas a diferentes tratamientos: SZn (control sin zinc); ZnP (zinc en la forma quelada, por vía intramuscular); ZnO (zinc orgánico en la dieta, 5 mg/kg). No fueron observados diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos SZn (10,4 ± 2,4 crías), ZnP (6,9 ± 2,6 crías) y ZnO (3,3 ± 2,6 crías), con relación al desempeño reproductivo. En el test de desesperación comportamental los tiempos de inmovilidad de los animales tratados con SZn (91,1 ± 15 seg.), ZnP (71,2 ± 17 seg.) y ZnO (79,9 ± 20 seg.) no presentaron diferencias estadísticas (p > 0,05). En la evaluación de actividad sedante, no fueron observadas diferencias estadísticas (p > 0,05) en el tiempo de inducción (SZn = 6,6 ± 2 ; ZnP = 5,3 ± 2 ; ZnO = 3,6 ± 0,3 min.), ni en el tiempo de recuperación (SZn = 295 ± 15 ; ZnP = 320 ± 34 ; ZnO = 355 ± 38 min.). Otros parámetros de comportamientos evaluados (número de levantamientos, autolimpieza, tiempo en la periferia y número de cuadrados invadidos) también no fueron infl uenciados (p > 0,05) . Se concluyó que el zinc, en la forma orgánica, administrado vía parenteral o oral, no infl ui en la reproducción ni en el comportamiento de ratas.(AU)