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Acute abdomen cases are among the most prevalent and challenging illnesses in equine medicine. The diagnosis includes anamnesis and detailed clinical evaluation of the patient, allowing the gathering of several important information and, additionally, the use of complementary exams helps to define the diagnosis and prognosis of each case. This research applied the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in data referring to clinical examination information and outcome of horses with colic referred to a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifty eight horses were included in the analysis and, it was possible to identify significant differences between the groups, survivors and non-survivors. Related to clinical signs, non-survivor cases are distinguished by severe pain, lack of motility, mucosal alteration, capillary refill time greater than 2sec, heart rate more than 48bpm and presence of nasogastric reflux. As complementary exams, hematocrits and blood lactate demonstrate significative difference among the groups. The cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate, mucosal color and capillary refill time, were the variables with the greatest contribution to discriminate animals that non-survive from those that were discharged. Thus, clinical evaluation should not be underestimated and complementary exams should be used in conjunction to seek a better prognosis. The MCA allowed to visualize the data and predict the outcome of the patients.

Os casos de abdome agudo estão entre as doenças mais prevalentes e desafiadoras na medicina equina. O diagnóstico inclui a realização de anamnese e avaliação clínica detalhada do paciente, permitindo a coleta de diversas informações importantes e, adicionalmente, a utilização de exames complementares ajuda a definir o diagnóstico e prognóstico de cada caso. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi aplicar a análise de correspondência múltipla (ACM) em dados referentes ao exame clínico e desfecho de cavalos com cólica encaminhados para um hospital no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram incluídos 58 cavalos na análise e foi possível identificar diferenças significativas entre os grupos, sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Relacionado aos sinais clínicos, os casos de óbito distinguem-se por dor intensa, falta de motilidade, alteração da mucosa, tempo de preenchimento capilar maior que 2seg., frequência cardíaca maior que 48bpm e presença de refluxo nasogástrico. Como exames complementares, o hematócrito e o lactato sanguíneo demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares, como batimento cardíaco, coloração de mucosas e tempo de preenchimento capilar, foram as variáveis com maior contribuição para diferenciar animais que não sobreviveram dos que receberam alta hospitalar. Assim, a avaliação clínica não deve ser subestimada e os exames complementares devem ser utilizados em conjunto para buscar um melhor prognóstico. A ACM permitiu visualizar os dados e prever o desfecho dos pacientes.

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This study aimed to report a leiomyosarcoma associated with acute abdomen and uterine torsion in an 8-year-old, nulliparous, white-collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) kept under human care. The animal presented a two-day clinical history of abdominal bulging, vaginal discharge, and acute abdomen. Ultrasound findings indicated an intrabdominal tumor, and an exploratory laparotomy followed by an emergency ovariohysterectomy was performed to remove the tumor. Grossly, the right horn exhibited a firm, friable tumor measuring 23cm in diameter and weighing 9.3kg. On the cut surface, the tumor drained a foul-smelling fluid and bloody content. The tumor wall was 6cm thick, dark red, firm, and had a brittle, soft, yellow fibrillar material firmly adhered to its surface. Microscopically, the lesion consisted of malignant proliferation of leiomyocytes with necrosis and hemorrhage of the endometrium and myometrium. The cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells was strongly immunopositive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin but negative for cytokeratin and desmin. Leiomyosarcoma is uncommon in Tayassuidae, and its clinicopathological presentation may be concomitant with acute abdomen, uterine torsion, and pyometra. These conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis of reproductive diseases observed in female peccaries.

Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar um leiomiossarcoma associado a abdome agudo e torção uterina em uma cateta (Tayassu tajacu) de oito anos, nulípara, mantida sob cuidados humanos. O animal apresentou uma história clínica de dois dias de aumento de volume abdominal, secreção vaginal e abdome agudo. Achados de ultrassonografia indicaram um tumor intrabdominal, e uma laparotomia exploratória seguida de ovariohisterectomia de emergência foi realizada para remover o tumor. Macroscopicamente, o corno direito do útero exibia um tumor firme, friável medindo 23cm de diâmetro e pesava 9,3kg. Na superfície de corte, o tumor drenava um fluido de odor fétido e conteúdo sanguinolento. A parede do tumor tinha 6cm de espessura, era de cor vermelha escura e firme, e apresentava um material fibrilar amarelo, friável e macio aderido firmemente à sua superfície. Microscopicamente, a lesão consistia em proliferação maligna dos leiomiócitos acompanhada de necrose e hemorragia difusas de endométrio e miométrio. O citoplasma das células neoplásicas foi fortemente imunopositivo para vimentina e actina de músculo liso e negativo para citoqueratina e desmina. Leiomiossarcomas são raros em Tayassuidae e sua apresentação clinicopatológica pode ser concomitante com abdome agudo, torção uterina e piometra. Essas condições devem ser incluídas no diagnóstico diferencial de doenças reprodutivas observadas em catetas.

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The intussusception of the large intestine in adult horses has been poorly reported. The aim of this study is to report a case of an acute abdomen due to cecocolic intussusception in a Brazilian Sport Horse mare, aged eight, after the administration of imidocarb dipropionate. The drug used for the treatment of piroplasmosis caused a state of dysmotility in the large intestine and subsequent abdominal discomfort. Surgical intervention was necessary, performed through a median celiotomy, opting for partial typhlectomy due to tissue and circulatory compromise. The postoperative evolution was satisfactory and without serious complications, with a good short- and long-term prognosis, as the patient continued to perform its athletic functions.

A intussuscepção do intestino grosso em cavalos adultos tem sido pouco relatada. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de abdome agudo devido à intussuscepção cecocólica em uma égua da raça Sport Horse brasileira, com oito anos de idade, após a administração de dipropionato de imidocarb. O medicamento usado para o tratamento da piroplasmose causou um estado de dismotilidade no intestino grosso e subsequente desconforto abdominal. Foi necessária intervenção cirúrgica, realizada por celiotomia mediana, e optou-se pela tiflectomia parcial devido ao comprometimento tecidual e circulatório. A evolução pós-operatória foi satisfatória e sem complicações graves, com bom prognóstico a curto e longo prazo, já que o paciente continua exercendo suas funções atléticas.

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A síndrome cólica, também conhecida por abdômen agudo, é caracterizada por uma dor aguda de origem abdominal e sinais sistêmicos que frequentemente podem levar o equino acometido a óbito. Sua ocorrência está relacionada a diversos fatores interligados, principalmente, ao manejo errôneo e as particularidades anatômicas dessa espécie. Existem diferentes tipos de cólica, sendo uma delas enterolitiase. O diagnóstico da enfermidade é realizado através de anamnese, sinais clínicos, sondagem nasogástrica, exames laboratoriais, paracentese, exame ultrassonográfico e radiográfico. Dessa forma, devido ao alto índice de óbitos, esta patologia, é considerada uma emergência médica e se faz indispensável o tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico por médicos veterinários. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se relatar e discutir um caso de síndrome cólica por enterolitíase em um equino da raça Pônei Brasileiro, o qual foi atendido no Setor de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), abrangendo aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos, prognóstico e tratamento estabelecido diante da ocorrência dessa patologia.

The colic syndrome, also known as acute abdomen, is characterized by acute abdominal pain and systemic signs that can often lead the affected horse to death. Its occurrence is related to several linked factors, mainly to the wrong management and anatomical particularities of this species. There are different types of colic, one of which is enterolithiasis. The diagnosis of the disease is carried out through anamnesis, clinical signs, nasogastric tube, laboratory tests, paracentesis, and ultrasound and radiographic examination. Therefore, due to the high rate of deaths this pathology is considered a medical emergency, and clinical and/or surgical treatment by veterinarians is essential. The present work aimed to report and discuss a case of colic syndrome due to enterolithiasis in a Brazilian Pony horse, which was attended at the Large Animals Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF), covering clinical aspects, diagnoses, prognosis, and the treatment established in the face of the occurrence of this pathology.

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Intra-abdominal or intrascrotal testicular torsion in dogs occurs due to spermatic cord rotation. Dogs with testicular torsion commonly present severe pain and require surgical intervention. Torsion of intra-abdominal retained testicles in cryptorchid adult dogs is often associated with the presence of testicular neoplasia. Herein, we reported the case of a 5-year-old male poodle with uncommon intra-abdominal testicular torsion (ITT) of a non-neoplastic testicle. The dog was referred to the veterinary hospital with acute abdominal pain in the hypogastric region. An intra-abdominal gonad and alterations compatible with testicular torsion were visualized during ultrasound examination. Orchiectomy and histopathological analysis of the testes confirmed the diagnosis of ITT in the absence of neoplasia. The patient recovered uneventfully from the situation. This report showed that ITT can occur in adult dogs in the absence of testicular neoplasia and reinforce the message that it should be included as a differential diagnosis in cases of acute abdominal pain in cryptorchid dogs. Furthermore, the ultrasound examination in this case of pain in the hypogastric region was decisive for the diagnosis of ITT.

A torção testicular intra-abdominal ou intra-escrotal em cães ocorre devido à rotação do cordão espermático. Os cães com torção testicular apresentam comumente dor intensa e necessitam de intervenção cirúrgica. Em cães adultos, a torção de testículos retidos no abdômen está geralmente associada à presença de neoplasia testicular. Este relato descreve um caso incomum de cão macho, de cinco anos de idade, da raça Poodle, encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário com dor abdominal aguda na região hipogástrica. Durante o exame ecográfico, foi possível evidenciar um testículo e alterações compatíveis com torção testicular. A orquiectomia intra-abdominal e posterior análise histopatológica confirmaram a ITT sem neoplasia associada. O paciente apresentou evolução clínica satisfatória. Este relato mostra que a ITT na ausência de neoplasia pode ocorrer em cães adultos, reforçando a mensagem de que deve ser considerada como um diferencial diagnóstico em casos de dor abdominal aguda. Além disso, o exame ultrassonográfico realizado neste caso de dor na região hipogástrica foi decisivo para o diagnóstico de ITT.

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Background: Despite being rare in domestic animals, pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the feline pancreas. Due non-specificity of clinical signs in cats and the late diagnosis of the neoplasm, it is necessary to understand this disease better, to contribute for the knowledge of its early recognition and treatment. Thus, this study aims to report a case of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a cat, focusing on the main clinical aspects, diagnosis, and prognosis of this disease, in addition to the description of the presentation of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Case: A 14-year-old male neutered mixed breed cat, was referred to the Feline Medicine Service (MedFel) of the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, with a history of hyporexia, constipation and increased abdominal volume for 3 days, besides mild difficulty in locomotion and progressive weight loss in the last 6 months. On the physical examination, the patient was alert, with a body condition score of 6/9; muscle condition score 1/4 and moderate dehydration of 7%. Popliteal lymph nodes were enlarged, and abdominal distension was evident. Around 200 mL of a slightly cloudy, straw-yellow liquid were drained from the abdominal cavity. After draining the fluid, a new abdominal palpation was performed, and there were fecal retention and a palpable mass in the right hypogastric region. The result of the cytological analysis of the fluid was consistent with a protein-rich transudate, suggesting neoplastic effusion of epithelial origin. Hematological and biochemical changes included leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytosis and azotemia. On abdominal ultrasound, the patient had free fluid in the abdominal cavity, and the gallbladder had discreet of biliary sludge. The intestines showed some corrugated segments with other segments lacking definition of its layers, and without peristaltic movements, suggesting intestinal neoplasia. Pancreas and adrenals were not visualized. On the chest X-ray, moderate opacification of lung fields with a diffuse interstitial pattern was observed, suggesting lung metastasis. The patient presented an acute worsening of the clinical condition and the owner requested euthanasia. The patient was referred for necropsy and based on the macroscopic and microscopic changes, the post-mortem diagnosis was metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Discussion: The clinical presentation of cats with exocrine pancreatic neoplasia is nonspecific, as clinical signs are common to several diseases, such as anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss with normal appetite, jaundice, depression, and lethargy. Complementary blood tests also do not provide data that could lead to the suspicion of pancreatic neoplastic disease. In the present case, the diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis was only possible post mortem. The pancreas is a difficult organ to assess adequately using most diagnostic imaging methods, so histopathology is still the method of choice for differentiating pancreatic tissue comorbidities. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy should be instituted to provide tissue samples from the pancreas and its metastases for histopathological diagnosis, whenever ultrasound or other imaging methods indicate suspicious abdominal changes. The literature reports that less than 10% of affected cats treated with complete surgical removal of the mass and chemotherapy alone will survive more than a year, and the average time for untreated cats is only 6 days. The prognosis of this disease is bad and most cats are euthanized, due to rapid clinical worsening. Therefore, diagnosis is essential to determine an adequate prognosis in advanced cases and to support therapeutic decisions or euthanasia.

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This was a retrospective case study of colic syndrome of cecal origin in 159 horses treated at a reference Veterinary Center between June 2015 and July 2021. The data studied were breed, age, sex, clinical examinations of the initial emergency care, treatment protocols (clinical and/or surgical) and resolution (hospital discharge, euthanasia or death). It was observed that 7.55% (n = 12) of the cases corresponded to colic syndrome of cecal origin, where 75% (n = 9) had heart rate within the physiological range for the species, as well as 50% (n = 6) for capillary refill time values, 33.33% (n = 4) for pink mucosa, 41.67% (n = 5) for rectal temperature, and 16.67% (n = 2) on abdominal auscultation. In 58.34% (n = 7) of patients, pain could be controlled with analgesics, with recurrence in 41.67% (n = 5). All treated cases were cecal impaction, where 58.33% (n = 7) ruptured the cecum. In 75% (n = 9) of the cases, surgical treatment was performed. Regarding the general resolution of cases, 41.67% (n = 5) of the animals were discharged. Therefore, it is concluded that despite the increase in the diagnosis of colic of cecal origin, this disease is still rare (7.55%) and has a high potential for death since there are few clinical alterations, making its early diagnosis difficult.(AU)

Este foi um estudo retrospectivo dos casos de síndrome cólica de origem cecal em 159 cavalos atendidos em um Centro Veterinário de referência entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2021. Os dados estudados foram raça, idade, sexo, exames clínicos do atendimento inicial de emergência, protocolos de tratamento (clínico e/ou cirúrgica) e resolução (alta hospitalar, eutanásia ou óbito). Observou-se que 7,55% (n = 12) dos casos correspondiam à síndrome cólica de origem cecal, onde 75% (n = 9) apresentavam frequência cardíaca dentro da faixa fisiológica para a espécie, assim como 50% (n = 6) para valores de tempo de enchimento capilar, 33,33% (n = 4) para mucosa rosada, 41,67% (n = 5) para temperatura retal e 16,67% (n = 2) para ausculta abdominal. Em 58,34% (n = 7) dos pacientes, a dor pôde ser controlada com analgésicos, com recidiva em 41,67% (n = 5). Todos os casos tratados foram de impactação cecal, onde 58,33% (n = 7) romperam o ceco. Em 75% (n = 9) dos casos, o tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado. Em relação à resolução geral dos casos, 41,67% (n = 5) dos animais tiveram alta. Portanto, conclui-se que apesar do aumento do diagnóstico de cólica de origem cecal, esta enfermidade ainda é rara (7,55%) e apresenta um alto potencial de óbito visto que há poucas alterações clínicas dificultando seu diagnóstico precoce.(AU)

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Background: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute, severe necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissues that results in gas formation in the kidney, collecting system, or surroundings. EPN is a rare condition in veterinary medicine and occurs most frequently in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Although the prognosis of medical management in animals is poor, the standardized treatment protocol according to EPN severity is unclear. This report describes the first case of a nondiabetic female cat with extensive EPN and good prognosis following direct nephroureterectomy (NU). Case: A 10-year-old spayed female cat presented with the chief complaint of an acute loss of weight within 1 week, vomiting, and disorientation including stumbling, discoordination, circling, wobbling, head tilting, and difficulties in standing. At presentation, the patient had a body condition score of 1/9 and weighed 2.6 kg. Blood examination revealed leukocytosis, anemia, and hypoproteinemia. Abdominal radiography revealed severely decreased serosal details. A massive gas silhouette observed in the peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities, was diagnosed as abdominal free gas. Abdominal ultrasound showed an accumulation of moderately anechoic fluid mixed with gas and cyst-like capsules around the left kidney. Left partial ureteral obstruction and dilation were also observed. Computed tomography (CT) was performed without sedatives or anesthetic drugs. The findings showed severe inflammatory changes in the peritoneum and a loss of the normal inner structure in the left kidney. A pyelogram of the left kidney was not observed after injection of the contrast material. Diffuse fat stranding and free gas observed in the mesentery of the entire abdominal cavity and around the left kidney were considered septic peritonitis. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria and hematuria. Numerous neutrophils with rod-type bacteria were observed in the ascites. Following diagnostic examinations, the patient was diagnosed with extensive left EPN, including inflammatory ascites and abdominal free gas. Therefore, emergency NU of the nonfunctional left kidney and ruptured ureter and thorough abdominal lavage were conducted. Diffuse inflammation and a nephrolith were observed in the section of the harvested kidney. The nephrolith was composed of 100% calcium oxalate monohydrate. The realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was negative. Escherichia coli was detected in the ascites, and antibiotic therapy was administered following the antibiotic sensitivity test. The histological findings from the left kidney and ureter included marked chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The patient was discharged 4 days after surgery. During the 8-month follow-up period, the patient's condition improved. Discussion: This was a unique case of EPN in a nondiabetic cat and the first reported case of EPN with a ruptured ureter, including abdominal free gas, inflammatory ascites, and peritonitis. This patient had a bacterial urinary tract infection with E. coli, which is the most frequently isolated pathogen in humans. This gas-forming bacteria produced a massive amount of gas and inflammation that were considered to have ruptured the urinary tract, so that the gas was released into the abdomen. This case corresponded to class 3B, with two risk factors according to the human EPN classification system. Direct NU and abdominal lavage were performed as emergency surgeries. The patient stabilized gradually and showed a good prognosis. Immediate surgical intervention is recommended in animal patients showing the extensive EPN stage.

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Background: Equine colic syndrome comprises numerous conditions associated with abdominal pain in horses. Impaction, a common cause of this manifestation, is strongly related to these animals' diet. Highly fibrous diets such as sugarcane can predispose horses to colic. The clinical condition can be worsened by fermentative processes, which lead to dysbiosis, circulatory disorders and even endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to report 4 cases of colic syndrome among 8 horses that underwent an experiment to adapt them to a sugarcane-based diet, and to correlate the animals' clinical conditions to the forage they ingested. Cases: Eight male castrated Mangalarga Marchador horses, between 5.5 and 7 years old, were subjected to an experiment to test the feasibility of sugarcane as forage. Four of these horses were taken to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital (HVGA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro for treatment of abdominal signs of discomfort a few days after the exclusive consumption of sugarcane, in a proportion of 1.75% of live weight in dry matter. The animals' symptoms ranged from behavioral signs indicative of pain to changes in vital parameters and structure of the feces, as well as changes revealed by transrectal palpation. Three of the 4 cases presented impaction in the small colon, and 1 of the horses also presented impaction in the right dorsal colon and rostral displacement of the pelvic flexure, with accumulation of contents in the right ventral colon and sternal flexure. Two of the cases were treated medically, while the other 2 required surgical intervention. The clinical condition of all the patients evolved favorably and they were discharged between 2 and 18 days. Discussion: Colic originating in the digestive system is a syndrome strongly associated with management, especially with respect to confinement, nutrition, and parasite control. During the experiment, 4 of the 8 horses fed with sugarcane presented with colic syndrome. The low quality of sugarcane fiber is due to the high degree of lignification of the plant cell wall, which favors accumulation of ingesta. The poor digestibility and sweet taste of this roughage favor increased consumption. Furthermore, its high sucrose content, associated with an increased rate of passage in the small intestine, alters the intestinal microbiome, and hence, the fermentation byproducts and pH of the ingesta. High intestinal content, allied to longer retention times in the colon and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, promote greater dryness of the ingesta, predisposing the occurrence of impactions in the most distal portion of the large intestine. Intestinal distension and mesenteric traction caused by the accumulation of contents and gases trigger pain, which can worsen due to displacement of the large colon. Small colon impaction, which is easily identified by transrectal palpation, evolves gradually and its treatment, both clinical and surgical, tends to have a favorable prognosis. The need for alternative food sources for horses is a growing demand; however, sugarcane as an exclusive roughage has been shown to be unsafe for horses. The low quality of the fiber and the high sucrose content of this forage can alter the digestive physiology of horses through changes in the passage rate, microbiome and motility of digesta, predisposing them to intestinal dysfunction, ingesta compaction and displacement of the large colon.

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A anestesia locorregional, em pequenos animais, está em crescente utilização como forma de promover analgesia para procedimentos cirúrgicos, através do bloqueio reversível da condução do impulso nervoso. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o uso do bloqueio locorregional do plano serrátil (SP block) associado ao bloqueio locorregional do plano transverso do abdômen (TAP block) em uma cadela da raça Lhasa Apso. A associação de tais bloqueios visou à insensibilização da musculatura na região da cadeia mamária para um procedimento cirúrgico de mastectomia unilateral total. A cadela castrada, foi encaminhada para a mastectomia unilateral total direita, apresentando nódulos nas glândulas mamárias torácica caudal e inguinal. Os bloqueios foram realizados com a paciente em decúbito dorsal, utilizando-se bupivacaína a 0,25%. Em seguida, a paciente foi liberada para o procedimento, o qual foi monitorado. Os parâmetros de eletrocardiografia, frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, oximetria de pulso, pressão arterial oscilométrica (composta por pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e pressão arterial média), capnografia e temperatura esofágica foram anotados a cada dez minutos em uma ficha de avaliação anestésica. Durante a recuperação pós-operatória, foi realizada a avaliação de dor aguda por meio da escala de dor da Universidade de Melbourne. Os resultados demonstram que a associação do TAP block com o SP block foi eficiente em promover analgesia para uma mastectomia total unilateral de cadela.

Locoregional anesthesia in small animals is increasingly used as a way to promote analgesia for surgical procedures, through a reversible block of nerve impulse conduction. Thus, the objective of this study was to report the use of locoregional block of the serratus plane (SP block) associated with the locoregional block of the transverse abdominis plane (TAP block) in a bitch of the Lhasa Apso breed. The association of such blocks aimed to desensitize the musculature in the region of the mammary chain for a surgical procedure of total unilateral mastectomy. The castrated bitch was referred for total right unilateral mastectomy, showing nodules in the caudal thoracic and inguinal mammary glands. The blocks were performed with the patient in dorsal decubitus, using 0.25% bupivacaine. Then, the patient was released for the procedure, which was monitored. The parameters of electrocardiography, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse oximetry, oscillometric blood pressure (composed of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure), capnography, and esophageal temperature were recorded every 10 minutes in an anesthetic evaluation form. During the postoperative recovery, acute pain was evaluated using the pain scale of the University of Melbourne. The results demonstrate that the association of TAP block with SP block was efficient in promoting analgesia for a total unilateral mastectomy in a bitch.

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A doença gastrintestinal relacionada à areia, também conhecida como enteropatia arenosa, é uma enfermidade gastrintestinal comum nos equinos mantidos a campo em regiões com solo arenoso frouxo resultando em sinais clínicos variáveis incluindo dor abdominal aguda, perda de peso, diarréia intermitente e baixa performance. Este artigo tem por objetivo relatar três casos de diarreia crônica em equinos associada à enteropatia arenosa. Três equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, dois garanhões e uma égua, com idades variando de 3 a oito anos, e peso médio de 433,33 + 41,66 kg foram examinados para diagnóstico de diarreia crônica. Nenhum dos animais apresentou sinais clínicos de dor abdominal aguda ou cólica recorrente que necessitasse de atendimento emergencial nesse período. Os animais foram manejados clinicamente por meio da utilização de Psyllium em pó na dose de 1g/kg de peso vivo por via oral a cada 24 horas durante 21 dias, além do fornecimento de 8 gramas de probiótico comercial. O tratamento foi eficaz na resolução do quadro clínico dos três animais.

Sand related gastrointestinal disease, also known as sandy enteropathy, is a common gastrointestinal disease in horses kept in regions with loose sandy soil resulting in variable clinical signs including acute abdominal pain, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea and poor performance. This article aims to report three cases of chronic diarrhea in horses associated with sandy enteropathy. Three Quarter Horses, two stallions and one mare, with ages ranging from 3 to eight years, and a mean weight of 433.33 ± 41.66 kg were examined for diagnosis of chronic diarrhea. None of the animals showed clinical signs of acute abdominal pain or recurrent colic that required emergency care during this period. The animals were clinically managed using Psyllium powder at a dose of 1g/kg bodyweight orally every 24 hours for 21 days, in addition to providing 8 grams of commercial probiotic. The treatment was effective in resolving the clinical status of the three animals.

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Non-strangulated acquired hernias in stallions are rare, especially when the herniated content is not intestinal loops. Thus, the aim of the current study is to describe a case of acquired non-strangulated inguinoscrotal hernia in a stallion, whose herniated content was the omentum. The patient was a Criollo stallion with history of rhabdomyolysis, laminitis and bilateral scrotal volume increase observed in the left scrotal region. The animal presented pain in both thoracic limbs, abnormal blood test, especially hypoproteinemia, and mild pain during palpation in the left inguinal ring region. Hydrocele secondary to hypoproteinemia was suspected. After admission, the animal showed signs of acute abdomen, which were clinically reversed. With this, the animal was subjected to ultrasound examination of the scrotal region, whose findings suggested non-strangulated inguinal hernia, although the content could not be identified. Surgical treatment was chosen in order to identify the herniated content and remove the left testicle. Access to the affected scrotum was performed, in which the presence of fluid and a portion of the omentum was observed surrounding the testis and adhering to it. The animal was discharged after he recovered from the surgery and from laminitis. During the breeding season, the stallion remained with a herd of mares for natural mating. After 15 months of surgery, the animal was reassessed and showed no active signs of inflammatory and degenerative processes in the remaining testis. On this occasion, a pregnancy diagnosis was also performed, and all the mares were pregnant. It is concluded that the presence of omentum as a herniated content does not represent a surgical emergency but can make the reproductive prognosis reserved. In addition, removal of the affected testicle can benefit the spermatogenesis of the remaining testicle.(AU)

As hérnias adquiridas não estranguladas em garanhões são raras, principalmente quando o conteúdo herniado não é de alças intestinais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um caso de hérnia inguino escrotal adquirida e não estrangulada em garanhão, cujo conteúdo herniado era composto pelo omento. Foi atendido um garanhão da raça Crioula com histórico de rabdomiólise, laminite e aumento de volume escrotal bilateral, evidenciado na região escrotal esquerda. O animal apresentava dor nos membros torácicos, alterações na avaliação sanguínea, destacando-se a hipoproteinemia, e demonstrava dor leve à palpação na região do anel inguinal esquerdo. Suspeitou-se de hidrocele secundária a hipoproteinemia. Após a internação, o animal apresentou sinais de abdômen agudo, revertidos clinicamente. Com isso, realizou-se ultrassonografia da região escrotal, cujos achados sugeriram hérnia inguinal não estrangulada, sem que o conteúdo pudesse ser identificado. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico, com o intuito de identificação do conteúdo herniado e remoção do testículo esquerdo. Foi realizado acesso à bolsa escrotal afetada, na qual se observou presença de líquido e de uma porção do omento envolvendo o testículo e aderido a ele. O animal recebeu alta após restabelecimento da cirurgia e da laminite. Na propriedade, durante temporada reprodutiva, o garanhão permaneceu com uma manada de éguas para realização de monta natural. Passados 15 meses da cirurgia, o animal foi reavaliado e não demonstrou sinais ativos de processo inflamatório e degenerativos no testículo remanescente. Nessa ocasião, também foi realizado diagnóstico de gestação e todas as éguas encontravam-se prenhes. Conclui-se que a presença de omento como conteúdo herniado não representa uma emergência cirúrgica, mas pode tornar o prognóstico reprodutivo reservado. Ainda, a remoção do testículo afetado pode trazer benefícios à espermatogênese do remanescente.(AU)

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Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...

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An 11-year (2007-2018) survey of epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings of horses with primary gastric rupture (PGR) was conducted. Twenty horses presented PGR, nine (45%) horses were clinically evaluated, eleven (55%) were sent dead, and all animals were necropsied. PGR contributed to a prevalence of 0.31% (9/2,868) of all equid attendances, 1.83% (9/491) of colic cases, and 4.1% (20/487) of all equid necropsies. Highly fermentable feed (n=7), gastric impaction (n=4), and perforating gastric ulcer (n=1) were the main causes of PGR; whilst eight horses presented idiopathic gastric rupture. Clinically evaluated horses were tachycardic, tachypneic, febrile, dehydrated, with increased abdominal tension, abnormal mucous membranes and reduced to absent intestinal borborygmi. Improper dietary management, such as the ingestion of low-quality roughage and highly fermentable feedstuffs were detected as the main factors associated with PGR in Midwestern Brazil. It is important to raise awareness in horse owners about proper feed management to minimize PGR.(AU)

Foi realizado um levantamento de 11 anos (2007-2018) dos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de equinos com ruptura gástrica primária (RGP). Vinte equinos apresentaram RGP, dos quais nove (45%) foram avaliados clinicamente e 11 (55%) foram enviados mortos, sendo todos os animais necropsiados. A RGP contribuiu com prevalência de 0,31% de todos os atendimentos de equídeos (9/2.868), 1,83% (9/491) dos casos de cólica, e 4,1% (20/487) das necropsias em equídeos. Alimentos altamente fermentáveis (n=7), compactação gástrica (n=4) e perfuração de úlcera gástrica (n=1) foram as principais causas de RGP, enquanto oito equinos tiveram ruptura gástrica idiopática. Os equinos avaliados clinicamente apresentaram-se taquicárdicos, taquipneicos, febris, desidratados, com mucosas anormais, aumento da tensão abdominal e motilidade intestinal reduzida. O manejo inadequado da dieta, como a ingestão de forragens de baixa qualidade e alimentos altamente fermentáveis, foi o principal fator de risco associado à RGP no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. É importante aumentar a conscientização dos proprietários de equinos sobre o manejo alimentar adequado para minimizar a RGP.(AU)

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Colic syndrome is a condition of great importance in equine production, a syndrome considered to be complex and multifactorial in nature. In this way epidemiological studies have been acting to contribute to the identification of risk factors in the development of wind power. This study evaluated the clinical epidemiology of the colic syndrome according to race, gender, diagnosis, affected segment, therapeutic decision and outcome of the cases treated at the Veterinary Hospital "Dr Halim Atique", interior of São Paulo.  The medical records of the animals assisted from January 2004 to July 2018, whose complaint was abdominal discomfort, were evaluated. Of the 535 animals, the most affected breed was the Quarter Horses (69.3%) followed by the Mangalarga (6.9%); females (53.1%) were more prone to the development of the syndrome. Compaction (28.8%), gastritis (11.8%), followed by gas distension (10.3%) were the most frequent changes; the affected segments being the stomach (21.9%), major colon (17.2%), and small intestine (15.7%). Clinical treatment (64.7%) was the most instituted and in the outcome of the cases, the discharge (77.4%) prevailed. The study presents data that can support epidemiological research in the area, assisting in the identification of causal and predictive factors for the colic syndrome.

A síndrome cólica é uma afecção de grande importância na equideocultura, síndrome essa considerada de natureza complexa e multifatorial. Desta forma os estudos epidemiológicos vêm atuando para contribuir na identificação de fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da cólica. Este estudo avaliou a epidemiologia clínica da síndrome cólica de acordo com a raça, sexo, diagnóstico, segmento acometido, decisão terapêutica e desfecho dos casos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário “Dr Halim Atique”, interior de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os prontuários dos animais atendidos no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2018, cuja queixa foi o desconforto abdominal. Dos 535 animais, a raça mais acometida foi a Quarto de Milha (69,3%) seguido do Mangalarga (6,9%); quanto ao sexo, fêmeas (53,1%) se mostraram mais propensas ao desenvolvimento da síndrome. Compactação (28,8%), gastrite (11,8%) seguidoda distensão por gás (10,3%) foram às alterações mais frequentes; sendo os segmentos acometidos, o estômago (21,9%), cólon maior (17,2%) e intestino delgado (15,7%). O tratamento clínico (64,7%) foi o mais instituído e no desfecho dos casos, a alta (77,4%) prevaleceu. O estudo apresenta dados que podem subsidiar pesquisas epidemiológicas na área auxiliando na identificação de fatores causais e preditivos para a síndrome cólica.

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A mucocele de vesícula biliar se caracteriza pelo acúmulo anormal de bile semissólida na vesícula biliar. O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma cadela idosa, da raça yorkshire atendida em um Hospital Veterinário particular (Serviço Médico Veterinário – SEMEVE), com quadro de vômitos, anorexia, prostração e tremores, iniciados no dia do atendimento. Durante a anamnese, a tutora relatou que a paciente tinha sido diagnosticada há três anos com dislipidemia, sendo descartadas afecções endócrinas como causa do quadro. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava sensibilidade à palpação abdominal e discreta icterícia em esclera. Durante o ultrassom de abdômen foi diagnosticada a mucocele de vesícula biliar, através da ecogenicidade, padrão apresentado pela bile e histórico clínico do animal. O tratamento inicial foi com antibioticoterapia, fluidoterapia suplementada com vitamina b e potássio, analgésico, antiemético e protetor gástrico. Devido a piora do quadro apresentada nos exames, 48 horas após o internamento, foi realizada colecistectomia. No transcirúrgico identificou-se aderência do omento à vesícula biliar e líquido ao redor dela. Foi realizada cultura com antibiograma da bile e mantida a terapia alopática. O histopatológico da vesícula biliar apontou colecistite aguda supurada. A cultura isolou a bactéria Sthapylococcus intermedius. Após 60 dias de realizada a cirurgia, o animal encontrava-se clinicamente saudável e como os exames para controle apontaram resolução completa das alterações, foi dada alta médica.

The gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of semisolid bile in the gallbladder. This case repor is about a female dog, Yorkshire, attended on a private Veterinary Hospital (Serviço Médico Veterinário – SEMEVE). The dog had vomiting, anorexia, prostration and tremors that started on the day of the appointment. During the anamnesis, the tutor reported that the patient had been diagnosed with dyslipidemia three years before, however, endocrine disorders were ruled out as the cause of the condition. At the physical examination, the animal presented sensitivity to abdominal palpation and mild sclera jaundice. During the abdominal ultrasound it was diagnosed gallbladder mucocele, through echogenicity and the pattern presented by the bile associated with the clinical history of the animal. The initial treatment was with antibiotic therapy, fluid therapy supplemented with vitamin B and potassium, analgesic, antiemetic and gastric protector. Due to the worsening of the dog seen in the exams, 48 hours after admission, cholecystectomy was performed. In the transurgical procedure, omentum adherence to the gallbladder and fluid around it was identified. Culture with bile antibiogram was performed and allopathic therapy was maintained. The histopathology of the gallbladder showed acute suppurated cholecystitis. The culture isolated the bacterium Sthapylococcus intermedius. After 60 days of the surgery, the animal was clinically healthy and the tests for control showed complete resolution of the changes, so it was given medical discharge.

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Este trabalho apresenta pela primeira vez relatos de abdome agudo em cutia (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1758) criada em cativeiro no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS), Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Sabendo que no cativeiro o estresse, a concentração de organismos patogênicos e erros no manejo alimentar podem acarretar distúrbios gastrintestinais em animais silvestres, torna-se necessário a identificação das causas do óbito em animais criados nesta condição. Dessa forma, foi realizado em cinco cutias adultas, que vieram a óbito após apresentar quadro clínico de distensão e dor abdominal, inquietação como também prostração, o exame anatomopatológico, que consiste no exame externo do animal, abertura das cavidades torácica e abdominal e retirada dos órgãos, seguida de estudo macroscópico. Sendo possível diagnosticar como causa do abdome agudo e consequente óbito, vólvulo intestinal, isquemia intestinal por trombo na artéria mesentérica e obstrução do intestino por impactação alimentar.

This case presents for the first time reports of acute abdomen in red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1758) raised in captivity at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS), Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Knowing that in captivity stress, concentration of pathogenic organisms and errors in food management can lead to gastrointestinal disorders in wild animals, it is necessary to identify the causes of death in animals raised in this condition. Thus, it was performed in five adult women, who died after clinical presentation of distension and abdominal pain, restlessness as well as prostration, anatomopathological examination, which consists of the external examination of the animal, opening of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and withdrawal of the followed by macroscopic study. It is possible to diagnose as the cause of the acute abdomen and consequent death, intestinal volvulus, intestinal ischemia due to thrombus in the mesenteric artery and intestinal obstruction due to food impaction.

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Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA-USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, nº 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 IU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was...

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Background: Canine distemper has been classified as highly contagious for most of domestic and wild carnivores, and theinfection can be fatal. Canine distemper inclusion bodies, also denominated Lenz inclusion bodies, are large aggregatesof viral nucleocapsid particles that can be form in red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and epithelial cellsin many tissues during the acute phase of infection. Their presence in blood is transient and rarely encountered in lightmicroscopy but are pathognomonic when identified in blood smears. The objective of this study was to investigate thefrequency of distemper inclusions in erythrocytes according to the fraction of the sample used for blood smears.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with routine blood sample provided by the Veterinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. TheEDTA-K2 blood sample of a 40 days old male dog, mixed breed, no immunization records, presenting diarrhea, hyporexia,myoclonus and pustules in the abdomen, was selected. In a routine peripheral blood smear examination, several distemperinclusions were observed in the erythrocytes. From this sample, ten smears were performed using a whole blood (WB)and top erythrocyte fraction combined with buffy coat, denominated of expanded buffy coat (EBC). The EBC fraction wasobtained after centrifugation of EDTA whole blood in microhematocrit tubes at 9600 g for 5 min to obtained the packedcell volume (PCV) and buffy coat. After centrifugation, the blood cells are separated into three layers based on density:platelets (adjacent to supernatant), WBCs, and RBCs in the bottom. The PCV was measured and the microhematocrit tubewas ruptured 2% below the interface between leukocytes and plasma, deposited into a plastic microtubes, homogenized andused for blood smear preparation. All smears were stained with Diff-Quick Stain...

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Abstract Purpose: To evaluate agreement between pre- and post-laparoscopy gynecological diagnosis in order to demonstrate the rationality of this minimally invasive technique use in gynecological propaedeutics. Methods: Retrospective chart review study conducted between March 2010 and October 2016 based on a convenience sample. 315 patients undergoing surgical laparoscopy at the Center of Gynecologic Endoscopy and Family Planning of Botucatu Medical School/UNESP. Pre- and postoperative diagnoses were compared by the diagnosis agreement test considering the proportions of events. Results: Laparoscopy contributed to diagnosis in 59.6% of infertility cases (P>0.05), in 93.7% of chronic pelvic pain of undetermined origin (P<0.01) and conclusively elucidated the diagnosis of acute abdomen and the ruling out of tubo-ovarian abcess (P<0.05). Laparoscopy also increased the diagnosis of pelvic-abdominal adhesions in 76.7% (P>0.05). Conclusion: The use of laparoscopy considerably contributed to diagnostic elucidation, especially in cases of undetermined chronic pelvic pain.