Sheep naturally infected with Anaplasma ovis - evaluation of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers

Background: Anaplasmosis, also called gall sickness or tropical bovine ehrlichiosis, is an infectious disease caused by species belonging to the genus Anaplasma in domestic and wild animals in tropical and subtropical regions. Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum are important pathogens of sheep. A. ovis is considered the most common species affecting sheep. The infection is usually subclinical and progresses with high fever, anaemia, icterus, weight loss and abortions. This study aimed to investigate changes in cardiac damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant status, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in sheep naturally infected with A. ovis. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, a total of 40 animals, including 20 healthy sheep and 20 sheep infected with anaplasmosis, were used. A. ovis was diagnosed based on clinical findings and peripheral blood smear. Blood smears were prepared from the ear vein. The smears were stained with Giemsa and examined for the presence of Anaplasma spp. Infection was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and the MSP-4 gene region was amplified as A. ovis specific target gene. Twenty clinically healthy sheep of the same age group, reared under the same conditions and testing negative in the molecular assessment were used as controls. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein and and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum stored at -20°C until the analysis stage. Serum samples were used for the analysis of cardiac damage markers [troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], cytokines [interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp)]. cTnI and CK-MB levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, SAA and Hp levels were measured by an ELISA reader. LDH, AST and CRP levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. cTnI and LDH levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The concentration of AST was decreased in infected animals. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT and GPx levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory parameters such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10 and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). Hp level were significantly increased in the infected group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in CK-MB, SAA and CRP concentrations in the infected animals (P > 0.05). Discussion: Ovine anaplasmosis is an obligate intracellular arthropod disease that causes widespread changes in haematobiochemical, immune response and oxidative stress parameters. Cardiac damage is often overlooked in field conditions due to the lack of adequate knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Our results showed that A. ovis infection leads to significant changes in cardiac biomarkers and that the parasite can cause cardiac dysfunction. This is the first report on cardiac damage markers in Anaplasma-infected sheep. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers that may cause functional disorders were also found to be increased. Thus, measuring markers of cardiac function, oxidative stress and inflammation can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of ovine anaplasmosis.

Rubiadin exerts an acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effect in rodents

Abstract: Rubiadin is identified as a bioactive anthraquinone that exists in some quinone rich plants. The current research was carried out to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Rubiadin in acute and chronic inflammation test models in rodents. The anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin was examined in cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced edema as chronic and acute inflammation models in rats. TNF- level and histopathological changes were assessed using sampled foot tissue of rat in the acute model. Also, the IL-1 level was assessed in the chronic model. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukeys) analysis was used for comparing the groups. Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a significant reduction in TNF level and the paw edema compared to the control group in carrageenan test. Also, it was observed that the anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) is comparable to mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) as the standard drug. Rubiadin was effective in granuloma induced by cotton pellet concerning the granuloma and transudate formation amount. Rubiadins anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a significant IL-1 decrease in this model. The results suggest that Rubiadin as a natural compound can possess significant peripheral anti-inflammatory impacts.

Resumo A rubiadina é identificada como uma antraquinona bioativa que existe em algumas plantas ricas em quinonas. A presente pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o potencial impacto anti-inflamatório da rubiadina em modelos de teste de inflamação aguda e crônica em roedores. A atividade anti-inflamatória da rubiadina foi examinada em granuloma induzido por pellet de algodão e edema induzido por carragenina como modelos de inflamação crônica e aguda em ratos. O nível de TNF- e as alterações histopatológicas foram avaliados usando amostra de tecido do pé de rato no modelo agudo. Além disso, o nível de IL-1 foi avaliado no modelo crônico. A análise ANOVA de uma via (post hoc de Tukey) foi usada para comparar os grupos. A rubiadina (0,5 mg / kg, i.p.) induziu uma redução significativa no nível de TNF e no edema da pata em comparação com o grupo de controle no teste de carragenina. Além disso, foi observado que a atividade anti-inflamatória da rubiadina (0,5 mg / kg, i.p.) é comparável ao ácido mefenâmico (30 mg/kg, i.p.) como o fármaco padrão. A rubiadina foi eficaz no granuloma induzido por pellet de algodão no que diz respeito à quantidade de granuloma e formação de transudato. Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios da rubiadina foram associados a uma redução significativa de IL-1 nesse modelo. Os resultados sugerem que a rubiadina como um composto natural pode ter impactos anti-inflamatórios periféricos significativos.

Circular RNA protein tyrosine kinase 2 aggravates pyroptosis and inflammation in septic lung tissue by promoting microRNA-766/eukaryotic initiation factor 5A axis-mediated ATP efflux

Purpose: Sepsis is characterized by an acute inflammatory response to infection, often with multiple organ failures, especially severe lung injury. This study was implemented to probe circular RNA (circRNA) protein tyrosine kinase 2 (circPTK2)-associated regulatory mechanisms in septic acute lung injury (ALI). Methods: A cecal ligation and puncture-based mouse model and an lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-based alveolar type II cell (RLE-6TN) model were generated to mimic sepsis. In the two models, inflammation- and pyroptosisrelated genes were measured. Results: The degree of lung injury in mice was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and the apoptosis was by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining. In addition, pyroptosis and toxicity were detected in cells. Finally, the binding relationship between circPTK2, miR-766, and eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) was detected. Data indicated that circPTK2 and eIF5A were up-regulated and miR-766 was down-regulated in LPS-treated RLE-6TN cells and lung tissue of septic mice. Lung injury in septic mice was ameliorated after inhibition of circPTK2. Conclusion: It was confirmed in the cell model that knockdown of circPTK2 effectively ameliorated LPS-induced ATP efflux, pyroptosis, and inflammation. Mechanistically, circPTK2 mediated eIF5A expression by competitively adsorbing miR-766. Taken together, circPTK2/ miR-766/eIF5A axis ameliorates septic ALI, developing a novel therapeutic target for the disease.

Rubiadin exerts an acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effect in rodents / A Rubiadina exerce um efeito anti-inflamatório agudo e crônico em roedores

Rubiadin is identified as a bioactive anthraquinone that exists in some quinone rich plants. The current research was carried out to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Rubiadin in acute and chronic inflammation test models in rodents. The anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin was examined in cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced edema as chronic and acute inflammation models in rats. TNF-α level and histopathological changes were assessed using sampled foot tissue of rat in the acute model. Also, the IL-1β level was assessed in the chronic model. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukey’s) analysis was used for comparing the groups. Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a significant reduction in TNF α level and the paw edema compared to the control group in carrageenan test. Also, it was observed that the anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) is comparable to mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) as the standard drug. Rubiadin was effective in granuloma induced by cotton pellet concerning the granuloma and transudate formation amount. Rubiadin's anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a significant IL-1β decrease in this model. The results suggest that Rubiadin as a natural compound can possess significant peripheral anti-inflammatory impacts.

A rubiadina é identificada como uma antraquinona bioativa que existe em algumas plantas ricas em quinonas. A presente pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o potencial impacto anti-inflamatório da rubiadina em modelos de teste de inflamação aguda e crônica em roedores. A atividade anti-inflamatória da rubiadina foi examinada em granuloma induzido por pellet de algodão e edema induzido por carragenina como modelos de inflamação crônica e aguda em ratos. O nível de TNF-α e as alterações histopatológicas foram avaliados usando amostra de tecido do pé de rato no modelo agudo. Além disso, o nível de IL-1β foi avaliado no modelo crônico. A análise ANOVA de uma via (post hoc de Tukey) foi usada para comparar os grupos. A rubiadina (0,5 mg / kg, i.p.) induziu uma redução significativa no nível de TNF α e no edema da pata em comparação com o grupo de controle no teste de carragenina. Além disso, foi observado que a atividade anti-inflamatória da rubiadina (0,5 mg / kg, i.p.) é comparável ao ácido mefenâmico (30 mg/kg, i.p.) como o fármaco padrão. A rubiadina foi eficaz no granuloma induzido por pellet de algodão no que diz respeito à quantidade de granuloma e formação de transudato. Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios da rubiadina foram associados a uma redução significativa de IL-1β nesse modelo. Os resultados sugerem que a rubiadina como um composto natural pode ter impactos anti-inflamatórios periféricos significativos.

Rubiadin exerts an acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effect in rodents / A Rubiadina exerce um efeito anti-inflamatório agudo e crônico em roedores

Rubiadin is identified as a bioactive anthraquinone that exists in some quinone rich plants. The current research was carried out to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Rubiadin in acute and chronic inflammation test models in rodents. The anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin was examined in cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced edema as chronic and acute inflammation models in rats. TNF-α level and histopathological changes were assessed using sampled foot tissue of rat in the acute model. Also, the IL-1β level was assessed in the chronic model. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukeys) analysis was used for comparing the groups. Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a significant reduction in TNF α level and the paw edema compared to the control group in carrageenan test. Also, it was observed that the anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) is comparable to mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) as the standard drug. Rubiadin was effective in granuloma induced by cotton pellet concerning the granuloma and transudate formation amount. Rubiadin's anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a significant IL-1β decrease in this model. The results suggest that Rubiadin as a natural compound can possess significant peripheral anti-inflammatory impacts.(AU)

A rubiadina é identificada como uma antraquinona bioativa que existe em algumas plantas ricas em quinonas. A presente pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o potencial impacto anti-inflamatório da rubiadina em modelos de teste de inflamação aguda e crônica em roedores. A atividade anti-inflamatória da rubiadina foi examinada em granuloma induzido por pellet de algodão e edema induzido por carragenina como modelos de inflamação crônica e aguda em ratos. O nível de TNF-α e as alterações histopatológicas foram avaliados usando amostra de tecido do pé de rato no modelo agudo. Além disso, o nível de IL-1β foi avaliado no modelo crônico. A análise ANOVA de uma via (post hoc de Tukey) foi usada para comparar os grupos. A rubiadina (0,5 mg / kg, i.p.) induziu uma redução significativa no nível de TNF α e no edema da pata em comparação com o grupo de controle no teste de carragenina. Além disso, foi observado que a atividade anti-inflamatória da rubiadina (0,5 mg / kg, i.p.) é comparável ao ácido mefenâmico (30 mg/kg, i.p.) como o fármaco padrão. A rubiadina foi eficaz no granuloma induzido por pellet de algodão no que diz respeito à quantidade de granuloma e formação de transudato. Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios da rubiadina foram associados a uma redução significativa de IL-1β nesse modelo. Os resultados sugerem que a rubiadina como um composto natural pode ter impactos anti-inflamatórios periféricos significativos.(AU)

Steroid-responsive myelitis in dogs - comparison with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis

Background: Myelitis is the inflammation of the spinal cord parenchyma alone, whereas meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) is a meningomyelitis in which the major lesions involve the meninges, not the spinal cord parenchyma, and respond well to glucocorticoid treatment. However, myelitis in dogs has rarely been reported, and myelitis with a good response to glucocorticoid treatment without relapse has not been reported. This report describes 5 cases of steroid-responsive myelitis (SRM) in dogs. Cases: Case 1. A 8-year-old intact female Cocker Spaniel presented with progressive nonambulatory paraplegia. Whole spinal parenchymal lesions were identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Mononuclear pleocytosis with increased total protein levels was the only abnormal finding on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Prednisolone (PDS) was administered followed by dose tapering according to therapeutic response. Cyclosporine was administered until the termination of PDS. Since then, no recurrence of neurological symptoms has been observed. Follow-up MRI and CSF analysis revealed resolution of previously observed abnormal findings. Case 2. A 2-year-old intact female Maltese presented with non-progressive paraparesis. A spinal parenchymal lesion in the lumbosacral region was observed on MRI. PDS was administered and slowly tapered at approximately 3-week intervals. No recurrence of neurological symptoms was observed after the treatment. Case 3. A 6-year-old intact female Miniature Pinscher presented with neck pain, along with leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Cervical spinal parenchyma lesions were revealed through MRI. Increased total protein concentration with mixed cell pleocytosis was observed on CSF analysis. Immunomodulatory therapy, similar to that in case 2, was initiated. A second MRI and CSF analysis revealed an improvement in the previously observed abnormalities. Case 4. A 2-year-old, intact female Toy Poodle presented with acute paraplegia and back pain. Lesions were observed in the spinal parenchyma at the T12-L3 levels on MRI. The treatment was conducted as in case 2. During treatment, neurological symptoms, including paraplegia and back pain, were not observed. Follow-up MRI revealed improvement in the spinal lesion. Case 5. A 6-month-old, castrated male Standard Poodle presented with progressive paraparesis. On MRI, lesions were observed in the T11-T13 regions. Immunomodulation therapy, similar to that in case 2, was initiated. No recurrence of neurological symptoms was observed after treatment initiation Discussion: SRM is similar to SRMA in terms of good steroid-responsiveness and noninfectious inflammation etiology; however, it does not exactly satisfy the diagnostic criteria for SRMA, nor does it progress similarly. The characteristics of SRM that do not satisfy the diagnostic criteria of SRMA include the absence of fever, C-reactive protein elevation, hyperglobulinemia, and relapse, and the presence of spinal parenchymal lesions without parenchymal or meningeal enhancement on MRI. It is also a seemingly different from spinal cord-only meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin due to its better treatment response and prognosis. However, the dogs in the present report with SRM satisfied the diagnostic criteria for transverse myelitis in human patients. Therefore, SRM, including good steroid responsiveness and good prognosis without relapse, may represent a novel type of meningomyelitis.

Extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis in a nondiabetic female cat - treatment with unilateral nephroureterectomy

Background: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute, severe necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissues that results in gas formation in the kidney, collecting system, or surroundings. EPN is a rare condition in veterinary medicine and occurs most frequently in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Although the prognosis of medical management in animals is poor, the standardized treatment protocol according to EPN severity is unclear. This report describes the first case of a nondiabetic female cat with extensive EPN and good prognosis following direct nephroureterectomy (NU). Case: A 10-year-old spayed female cat presented with the chief complaint of an acute loss of weight within 1 week, vomiting, and disorientation including stumbling, discoordination, circling, wobbling, head tilting, and difficulties in standing. At presentation, the patient had a body condition score of 1/9 and weighed 2.6 kg. Blood examination revealed leukocytosis, anemia, and hypoproteinemia. Abdominal radiography revealed severely decreased serosal details. A massive gas silhouette observed in the peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities, was diagnosed as abdominal free gas. Abdominal ultrasound showed an accumulation of moderately anechoic fluid mixed with gas and cyst-like capsules around the left kidney. Left partial ureteral obstruction and dilation were also observed. Computed tomography (CT) was performed without sedatives or anesthetic drugs. The findings showed severe inflammatory changes in the peritoneum and a loss of the normal inner structure in the left kidney. A pyelogram of the left kidney was not observed after injection of the contrast material. Diffuse fat stranding and free gas observed in the mesentery of the entire abdominal cavity and around the left kidney were considered septic peritonitis. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria and hematuria. Numerous neutrophils with rod-type bacteria were observed in the ascites. Following diagnostic examinations, the patient was diagnosed with extensive left EPN, including inflammatory ascites and abdominal free gas. Therefore, emergency NU of the nonfunctional left kidney and ruptured ureter and thorough abdominal lavage were conducted. Diffuse inflammation and a nephrolith were observed in the section of the harvested kidney. The nephrolith was composed of 100% calcium oxalate monohydrate. The realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was negative. Escherichia coli was detected in the ascites, and antibiotic therapy was administered following the antibiotic sensitivity test. The histological findings from the left kidney and ureter included marked chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The patient was discharged 4 days after surgery. During the 8-month follow-up period, the patient's condition improved. Discussion: This was a unique case of EPN in a nondiabetic cat and the first reported case of EPN with a ruptured ureter, including abdominal free gas, inflammatory ascites, and peritonitis. This patient had a bacterial urinary tract infection with E. coli, which is the most frequently isolated pathogen in humans. This gas-forming bacteria produced a massive amount of gas and inflammation that were considered to have ruptured the urinary tract, so that the gas was released into the abdomen. This case corresponded to class 3B, with two risk factors according to the human EPN classification system. Direct NU and abdominal lavage were performed as emergency surgeries. The patient stabilized gradually and showed a good prognosis. Immediate surgical intervention is recommended in animal patients showing the extensive EPN stage.

Biópsia endometrial na égua: importância no diagnóstico da subfertilidade e principais achados / Endometrial biopsy in the mare: importance in the diagnosis of subfertility and main findings

A biópsia endometrial na égua é uma técnica simples e bastante antiga. É uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico de patologia no endométrio nesta espécie utilizada para determinar o estágio do ciclo estral, para detectar a presença de inflamações agudas ou crônicas e para determina a possibilidade do útero levar a gestação a termo. Mais recentemente outras alterações tais como a má-diferenciação e as angiopatias, também estão sendo avaliadas em amostras de biópsia endometrial em éguas, uma vez que também podem interferir no prognóstico reprodutivo destas fêmeas. Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever a avaliação da biópsia endometrial e as principais alterações que ocorrem no endométrio das éguas.(AU)

Endometrial biopsy in the mare is a simple and quite old technique. It is an important tool for the diagnosis of pathology in the endometrium in this species, used to determine the stage of the estrous cycle, to detect the presence of acute or chronic inflammation and to determine the possibility of the uterus carrying the pregnancy to term. More recently, other alterations, such as poor differentiation and angiopathies, are also being evaluated in endometrial biopsy samples in mares, since they may also interfere with the reproductive prognosis of these females. This review aims to describe the evaluation of the endometrial biopsy and the main changes that occur in the endometrium of mares.(AU)

Evaluation of histo-toxicity of nimesulide in black kites (Milvus migrans): a pharmacodynamic study / Avaliação da histotoxicidade da nimesulida em milhafre-preto (Milvus migrans): um estudo farmacodinâmico

The present experimental work was conducted to elucidate the toxicity of nimesulide at three different doses in black kites (Milvus migrans). M. migrans is one of the most common raptors near human habitations. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether nimesulide is similarly hazardous to raptors as was diclofenac sodium and to investigate the acute oral toxicity of nimesulide in these birds. For this study, eight adult male black kites (M. migrans) were randomly divided into four groups. M. migrans in the control group (n = 02) were not treated with nimesulide. The other three groups were given nimesulide doses. The birds in the first (n = 02) were declared the control group. The second (n = 02), third (n = 02), and fourth groups were administered nimesulide at a low, medium, and high dose of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg live body weight of bird/day, respectively, for 10 days. Nimesulide-addled birds became listless and despondent, then anorexic. The birds were standing there with their eyes closed and showing no signs of life. There was an increase in saliva production, a slowing of breathing, and dilated pupils. No clinical signs were observed in the control group. No mortality was seen in the control or treated groups. The control group did not show lesions of gout, but black kites intoxicated with nimesulide at 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg live body weight of bird/day showed inflammation, apoptosis, hemorrhage, necrosis, and leukocytic infiltration tissues of the liver, kidney, and heart of black kites (M. migrans) treated with different concentrations of nimesulide. The treated groups also showed apoptosis of myofibrils and hyperplasia. The hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, necrosis of skeletal muscles and hemorrhage were prominent in the muscles of black kites (M. migrans) intoxicated with nimesulide. All observed histological alterations got worse in a dose-related way. There was no significant difference in AST, ALT, ALP, serum uric acid, but a significant difference was observed in the values of serum urea (p = 0.001) and serum creatinine (p = 0.019).

O presente trabalho experimental foi conduzido para elucidar a toxicidade da Nimesulida em três doses diferentes em milhafres (Milvus migrans). M. migrans é uma das aves de rapina mais comuns perto de habitações humanas. O objetivo da presente investigação foi determinar se a Nimesulida é igualmente perigosa para as aves de rapina como foi o diclofenaco sódico e investigar a toxicidade oral aguda do fármaco nessas aves. Para este estudo, 8 milhafres machos adultos (M. migrans) foram aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos. M. migrans no grupo controle (n = 2) não foram tratados com Nimesulida. Os outros 3 grupos receberam doses do fármaco. As aves do primeiro grupo (n = 2) foram declaradas o grupo controle. O segundo (n = 2), terceiro (n = 2) e quarto grupos receberam Nimesulida nas doses baixa, média e alta de 2, 4 e 6 mg/kg de peso corporal vivo da ave/dia, respectivamente, por 10 dias. Aves confusas com Nimesulida tornaram-se apáticas e desanimadas, depois anoréxicas. Os pássaros estavam parados com os olhos fechados e sem sinais de vida. Houve um aumento na produção de saliva, lentidão na respiração e pupilas dilatadas. Nenhum sinal clínico foi observado no grupo controle. Nenhuma mortalidade foi observada nos grupos de controle ou tratados. O grupo controle não apresentou lesões de gota, mas os milhafres intoxicados com Nimesulida nas doses de 2, 4 e 6 mg/kg peso vivo da ave/dia apresentaram inflamação, apoptose, hemorragia, necrose e infiltração leucocitária nos tecidos do fígado, rim e coração de milhafre-preto tratados com diferentes concentrações de Nimesulida. Os grupos tratados também apresentaram apoptose de miofibrilas e hiperplasia. A hipertrofia, atrofia, fibrose, necrose da musculatura esquelética e hemorragia foram proeminentes nos músculos de milhafres negros intoxicados com o fármaco. Todas as alterações histológicas observadas pioraram de forma dose-dependente. Não houve diferença significativa em AST, ALT, ALP, ácido úrico sérico, no entanto, foi observada diferença significativa nos valores de ureia sérica (p = 0,001) e creatinina sérica (p = 0,019).

Polineuropatia motora em cão adulto / Motor polyneuropathy in an adult dog

Background: Nonambulatory flaccid tetraparesis can be the result of diseases of the peripheral nervous system and it is characterized by generalized lower motor neuron (LMN) signs, as weakness, tetraparesis/tetraplegia, decreased muscle tone and reflexes. The term polyneuropathy is used for dysfunction of multiple peripheral nerves. In Brazil, there are several etiologies for polyneuropathy in dogs, such as acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, botulism and myasthenia gravis. Toxoplasma gondii is an uncommon cause of LMN diseases in dogs. The aim of this report was to describe a case of flaccid tetraplegia toxoplasmosis in an adult dog with a Toxoplasma gondii serology with a markedly elevated IgG titer of 1:4096. Case: A 4-year-old intact mongrel male dog, weighing 19.6 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) with a 5-day history of weakness that progressed to tetraparesis. Physical examination revealed no significant changes other than the dull and unkempt coat. Neurologic examination revealed severe tetraparesis that was worse in the pelvic limbs, with decreased muscle tone in all four limbs. Postural reactions and the interdigital reflex were absent in all four limbs, as was the patellar reflex, but pain perception was present. There were no clinical signs of dysfunction on examination of the cranial nerves. Laboratory tests were performed, and creatine kinase was elevated (819 U/L). Blood was drawn to look for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum class IgG using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The antibody titer for Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) was 1:4096. A chest radiograph was performed to look for megaesophagus, and a pulmonary pattern suggestive of mild diffuse pneumonia was observed. Treatment was performed with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, and the dog's condition improved slightly. Discussion: Based on lower motor neuron findings, the neurologic lesion was localized in the nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, or muscles. The most important diseases in the list of differential diagnoses were immune-mediated or infectious polyradiculoneuritis (toxoplasmosis, neosporosis), myasthenia gravis, toxic polyneuropathy (botulism, chronic organophosphate poisoning), and paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. Among these differential diagnoses, polyradiculoneuritis is one of the most common. It is an idiopathic inflammatory disease. Exposure to raccoon saliva (in the U.S.), vaccination, or infection have been proposed as precipitating causes, but the triggers of this disease remain unknown. Serology for neosporosis was negative, while IgG titers for toxoplasmosis were 1:4096. In a previous study, dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis were more likely to have T. gondii IgG serum antibody titers than dogs without neurologic signs. Infection with the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum can cause intense polyradiculoneuritis in dogs accompanied by myositis, especially in puppies. One treatment trial was based on the administration of sulfonamide-trimethoprim with pyrimethamine, whose efficacy in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in dogs has also been reported in the literature. Neurologic deficits improved slightly, and there is a possibility that certain signs may not disappear completely because of the permanent damage caused by inflammation of the nervous system, as observed in the present case. The case had the limitation that it was not possible to perform other laboratory tests to demonstrate histopathologically the presence of Toxoplasma gondii organisms in muscles or nerves. Recovery of normal function is less likely in protozoan polyradiculoneuritis than in noninfectious polyradiculoneuritis. Thus, in the present case, the main suspicion was polyradiculoneuritis secondary to toxoplasmosis. Although it is a rare condition, it is important to consider toxoplasmosis in dogs with LMN-type tetraparesis or tetraplegia.

Calves with arthritis - changes in antioxidant parameters

Background: In a healthy organism, oxidants and antioxidants are in balance. However, in cases such as inflammation, infection, and stress, this balance is disrupted in favor of oxidants, creating oxidative stress that can cause damage to cells or tissues. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance, especially in inflammatory diseases, plays an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and developing treatment strategies. This study, it was aimed to reveal the oxidant status in inflammatory disease of calves with septic and aseptic arthritis. Materials, Methods & Results: The material of the study consisted of 21 calves up to 2 months old, of different races and genders, 14 (9 male, 5 female) with arthritis and 7 healthy (control, 5 male, 2 female). Of the calves with arthritis, 11 were septic and 3 were acute aseptic. In the calves with arthritis, the affected joint or joints were determined by clinical examinations. By palpating the joints, swelling, local temperature increase, tension in the joint capsule, presence of pain, and the presence and severity of lameness were examined. The color, clarity, viscosity, odor, and clot formation of the synovial fluid were examined and determined to be septic or aseptic. To determine the antioxidant status, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most important oxidative stress marker, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluta-thione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), which are the enzymatic antioxidant enzymes, were measured spectro-photometrically in serum samples. Vitamin E, C, and A levels, which are nonenzymatic antioxidants, were also measured colorimetrically. In the clinical examination, lameness was detected in the relevant extremity of all patients with arthritis. In the macroscopic examination of the synovial fluids taken from animals with arthritis, the colors of the synovial fluids varied between yellow and yellow tones in 11 cases; in 3 cases, it was determined that they were red and brown. It was observed that the colors of the synovial fluids were transparent in the subjects in the control group. It was observed that the synovial fluid clarity of the calves with arthritis was lost, with severe turbidity (+++) in 3 cases, moderately turbid (++) in 6 cases, slightly turbid (+) in 2 cases, and clear (-) in 3 cases. It was observed that the viscosity of synovial fluid taken from calves with arthritis decreased in varying degrees according to the severity of the disease, severe (+++) in 5 cases, moderately decreased (++) in 4 cases, slightly decreased (+) in 2 cases, and normal in 3 cases. It was determined that the viscosity of the synovial fluid taken from the calves in the control group was normal. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MDA (P < 0.01), SOD (P < 0.01), GSH-Px (P < 0.05), vitamin E (P < 0.001), and vitamin C (P < 0.01), while MDA levels increased in calves with arthritis, SOD and GSH-Px activities and vitamin E and C levels decreased significantly. Although there was no statistically significant difference in CAT (P > 0.05) enzyme activity, it was determined that it was at a lower level in calves with arthritis, and there was no significant difference be-tween the groups in terms of vitamin A (P > 0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the study, there is an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant status in calves with arthritis. It is thought that these changes may be due to efforts to reduce tissue damage by reducing lipid peroxidation. As a result, it was determined that oxidant and antioxidant balance was impaired in calves with arthritis, and oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation developed due to the increase in free radicals. It is thought that giving additional antioxidants to the calves may contribute to the recovery of the disease and reduce treatment costs.

Effects of 48-hour feed deprivation on acute-phase response in horses / Efeitos da privação alimentar de 48 horas na resposta de fase aguda em cavalos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on acute-phase response in horses. Twenty horses were deprived of food for 48 h and others 12 animals (control) had free access to water and hay. They were closely monitored and examined, and blood samples were taken at the beginning (0) of the study and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 hours afterward. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05. The horses tolerated feed restriction without serious clinical complications. Feed restriction induced an increase in the acute-phase response by elevating serum concentrations of α2-macroglobulin (24-38 h), ceruloplasmin (36-48 h), α1-antitrypsin (30-48 h), α1-acid glycoprotein (42-48 h) and haptoglobin (42-48 h). Nutrient deprivation raised the levels of circulating cortisol, which acts on the innate immune system, which then induces the acute-phase response. In conclusion, food restriction is a physical stressor for horses, capable of inducing an acute-phase protein reaction, characterized by increased production of α2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, α1- antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar na resposta de fase aguda em equinos. Vinte cavalos foram submetidos à restrição alimentar por 48 h enquanto outros 12 animais (controle) tiveram livre acesso à água e alimento. Os animais foram monitorados, examinados e amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início (0) do estudo e com 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 e 48 horas de restrição alimentar. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância bidirecional com medidas repetidas e a significância estatística foi P ≤ 0,05. Os cavalos toleraram a restrição alimentar sem complicações clínicas relevantes. A restrição alimentar induziu uma resposta de fase aguda caracterizada pela elevação das concentrações séricas de α2-macroglobulina (24-38 h), ceruloplasmina (36-48 h), α1-antitripsina (30-48 h), α1-glicoproteína ácida (42-48 h) e haptoglobina (42-48 h). A privação de nutrientes eleva os níveis de cortisol circulante, que atua no sistema imunológico inato o qual, então induz a resposta de fase aguda. Em conclusão, a restrição alimentar é um fator estressor físico para equinos, capaz de induzir uma reação proteica de fase aguda, caracterizada pelo aumento na produção de α2-macroglobulina, ceruloplasmina, α1-antitripsina, α1-glicoproteína ácida e haptoglobina.

Tarantula cubensis extract (Theranekron®) inhibits inflammation in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats / [Extrato de tarântula cubensis (Theranekron®) inibe a inflamação no edema induzido por algas vermelhas na pata de ratos]

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of alcoholic extract of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) in experimentally induced inflammation in rats. Fifty-four adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into nine groups. Paw edema was induced by 0.2mL subplantar (s.p.) injection of 1% carrageenan (CAR) into the right hind paw. Rats were treated with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin (INDO) (10mg/kg, p.o.) or TCAE at different doses (1, 10 or 100µg/kg) injected s.c. for systemic or s.p. for local anti-inflammatory effect. Saline was used as control. Changes in paw thickness, volume, and weight were calculated as percentages. Formalin-fixed paws were used for histopathological examination. We detected that TCAE applied s.c. at 10µg/kg and 100µg/kg doses resulted in thinner paw thickness, lower paw volume, and lower paw weights four hours after the induction of inflammation when compared with the INDO group (p<0.05). The paw edema inhibitory effect of TCAE applied at a dose of 10µg/kg, s.c. was 68% when compared with the INDO which had an inhibitory effect of 56%. These results were verified with similar histopathological findings. The anti-inflammatory feature of 10µg/kg of TCAE given systematically was similar to the effects of INDO. Our results suggest that TCAE has anti-inflammatory effects by reducing edema and decreasing inflammatory reaction. These results may be attributed to the inhibition of the production of proinflammatory mediators. Thus, TCAE may be considered as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for treating acute inflammatory conditions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito anti-inflamatório do extrato alcoólico de Tarantula cubensis (TCAE) na inflamação induzida experimentalmente em ratos. Cinqüenta e quatro ratos Sprague-Dawley adultos machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em nove grupos. O edema da pata foi induzido pela injeção de 0,2mL de subplantar (s.p.) de 1% de carragena (CAR) na pata traseira direita. Ratos foram tratados com o medicamento antiinflamatório não esteróide (NSAID) indometacina (INDO) (10mg/kg, p.o.) ou TCAE em doses diferentes (1, 10 ou 100µg/kg) injetado s.c. para efeito sistêmico ou s.p. para efeito antiinflamatório local. A soro fisiológico foi usado como controle. As mudanças na espessura da pata, volume e peso foram calculadas como porcentagens. As patas fixadas com fórmalina foram usadas para exame histopatológico. Detectamos que o TCAE aplicado s.c. em doses de 10µg/kg e 100µg/kg resultou em menor espessura da pata, menor volume da pata e menor peso da pata quatro horas após a indução da inflamação quando comparado com o grupo INDO (p<0,05). O efeito inibidor do edema da pata de TCAE aplicado na dose de 10µg/kg, s.c. foi de 68% quando comparado com o INDO que teve um efeito inibidor de 56%. Estes resultados foram verificados com resultados histopatológicos semelhantes. A característica anti-inflamatória de 10µg/kg de TCAE dada sistematicamente foi semelhante aos efeitos do INDO. Nossos resultados sugerem que o TCAE tem efeitos anti-inflamatórios reduzindo o edema e diminuindo a reação inflamatória. Estes resultados podem ser atribuídos à inibição da produção de mediadores pró-inflamatórios. Assim, o TCAE pode ser considerado como um agente antiinflamatório potencial para o tratamento de condições inflamatórias agudas.

Clinical safety of treatment with Zileuton, 5-Lox inhibitor, during acute inflammatory reaction in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Segurança clínica do tratamento com Zileuton, inibidor 5-Lox, durante reação inflamatória aguda em Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Zileuton is an inhibitor of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme that transforms essential fatty acid (EFA) substrates into leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4), but little is known about the use of this drug in teleost fish. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical safety of treatments with 2,25 mg and 4,50 mg of zileuton/Kg-1 (bodyweight), administered orally in the diet, through biochemical and hematological analysis during the acute inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), induced by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterins. The study used eighty tilapias, conditioned in 20 tanks (n=4), constituting the following treatments: T0 (control), T1 (2,25 mg zileuton) and T2 (4,50 mg zileuton), being sampled eight animals per treatment in three periods: 6, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation, and a 10th group consisting of fish without any type of stimulus to obtain the reference values. In order to evaluate and determine the blood count and serum biochemical, it was necessary to collect blood samples. The hematology results of the tilapia treated with zileuton did not reveal alterations between tilapia subjected to different treatments and control fish (T0). The liver cytotoxicity analysis of tilapias treated with zileuton did not reveal significant (p≥0,05) alterations in AST and ALT serum enzymatic activity. The study of tilapia blood total protein showed decrease in the T1 group at 48 HPI. As the treatment time progressed, the results indicated decrease in the serum albumin levels for T2 group at 24 HPI. The determination of serum biochemichal of creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose did not differ statistically between treatments. The results observed in the hematological and biochemical analyzes allows to conclude that zileuton administered orally, at doses of 2,25 and 4,50 mg/Kg-1 (body weight) demonstrated to be clinically safe.(AU)

Relationship between vitamin D and physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis / Relação entre vitamina D e atividade física: revisão sistemática e meta análise

Vitamin D plays an important role in immune function and inflammation and the physical activity demonstrate relationship near to syntheses of vitamin D, considering to necessary to factors immunologics, environmental and physical. We searched five databases through February 20, 2021. Two reviewers screened the studies, collected data, assessed the risk of bias, and ranked the evidence for each outcome across the studies, independently and in duplicate. The prespecified endpoints of interest were Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Sunlight Exposure; Body Mass Index (BMI). We only included data from peer-reviewed articles in our primary analyses. In our primary analysis, there was a positive trend between serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml and body mass index, this result should be interpreted with caution, considering confidence intervals (RR 1.10 95% CI 0.37 to 1.83. We identified 4 high quality evidence that vitamin D levels and high physical activity required a direct relationship considering (four trials with 2,253) ; RR 0. (RR 0.0; 95% CI -0.15 to 0.15) (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.75. Although the evidence available so far, from observational studies of medium quality, can be seen as showing a trend towards an association between sufficient serum levels of 25(OH)D and physical activity, this relationship has been shown. have a stimulating effect on vitamin D synthesis, the relationship of low body mass index with sufficient vitamin D levels is not based on solid evidence. We await results from ongoing studies to determine this effectiveness.

A vitamina D desempenha um papel importante na função imunológica e na inflamação e a atividade física demonstra relação próxima à síntese de vitamina D, sendo necessária a fatores imunológicos, ambientais e físicos. Pesquisamos cinco bancos de dados até 20 de fevereiro de 2021. Dois revisores examinaram os estudos, coletaram dados, avaliaram o risco de viés e classificaram as evidências para cada resultado nos estudos, de forma independente e em duplicata. Os endpoints de interesse pré-especificados foram aptidão cardiorrespiratória; Exposição à luz solar; Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Incluímos apenas dados de artigos revisados ​​por pares em nossas análises primárias. Em nossa análise primária, houve uma tendência positiva entre 25(OH)D sérico <20 ng/ml e índice de massa corporal., esse resultado deve ser interpretado com cautela, considerando os intervalos de confiança (RR 1,10 IC 95% 0,37 a 1,83. Identificamos 4 evidências de alta qualidade de que níveis de vitamina D e atividade física alta exigiam uma relação direta considerando (quatro ensaios com 2.253) ; RR 0 . (RR 0,0; IC 95% -0,15 a 0,15) (RR 0,59; IC 95% 0,43 a 0,75. Embora as evidências disponíveis até agora, de estudos observacionais de qualidade média, possam ser vistas como uma tendência de associação entre níveis séricos suficientes de 25(OH)D e atividade física, essa relação foi demonstrada. têm um efeito estimulante na síntese de vitamina D, a relação de baixo índice de massa corporal com níveis suficientes de vitamina D não é baseada em evidências sólidas. Aguardamos resultados de estudos em andamento para determinar essa eficácia.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated pulmonary infections and in vitro amplification virulent rhamnolipid (rhlR) gene / Infecções pulmonares associadas a Pseudomonas aeruginosa e gene ramnolipídeo virulento (rhlR) da amplificação in vitro

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogenic bacterium with the ability to develop a strong communication pathway by quorum sensing system and different virulent factors. Among the various important secretions of P. aeruginosa rhamnolipid is important biological detergent, believed to be involved in the development of the biofilm and intercellular communication. It readily dissolves the lung surfactants that are then easily catalyzed by the phospholipases and in this way is involved in the acute pulmonary infection. Objective: research work was designed to investigate virulence and gene associated with virulence in P. aeruginosa responsible for pulmonary infections. Methods: In current study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of the rhlR (rhamnolipid encoding) gene of isolated strains. A number of assays were performed that ensured its virulent behavior. Disc diffusion method was used to check its antibiotic resistance. Isolated strains were resistant to a number of antibiotics applied. Result: It was found that males are more prone to respiratory infections as compared to females. Male members with age of 44-58 and 59-73 are at a higher risk, while females with age of 44-58 are also at a risk of pulmonary infections. Antibiotic resistance was observed by measuring zone of inhibition in strains GCU-SG-M4, GCU-SG-M3, GCU-SG-M5, GCU-SG-M2, GCU-SG-M1 and GCU-SG-M6. GCU-SG-M2 was resistant to fluconazole (FLU), clarithromycin (CLR), cefixime (CFM) and Penicillin (P10). No zone of inhibition was observed. But it showed unusual diffused zone around the Ak and MEM antibiotic discs. rhl R gene and 16s rRNA gene were characterized and analyzed. Conclusion: Findings from current study would help in raising awareness about antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa, and also the sequence of rhl R gene can be used as the diagnostic marker sequence to identify the virulent rhl R gene sequence from the samples when isolated from sputum of Pneumonia patients.

Antecedentes: Pseudomonas aeruginosa é uma bactéria patogênica oportunista comum, com a capacidade de desenvolver uma forte via de comunicação pelo sistema de detecção de quorum e diferentes fatores virulentos. Entre as várias secreções importantes de P. aeruginosa rhamnolipid, há um importante detergente biológico, que se acredita estar envolvido no desenvolvimento do biofilme e na comunicação intercelular. Dissolve rapidamente os surfactantes pulmonares que são facilmente catalisados pelas fosfolipases e, dessa maneira, estão envolvidos na infecção pulmonar aguda. Objetivo: O trabalho de pesquisa foi desenhado para investigar a virulência e o gene associado à virulência em P. aeruginosa responsável por infecções pulmonares. Métodos: No presente estudo, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para a detecção do gene rhlR (codificação ramnolipídeo) de cepas isoladas. Foram realizados vários ensaios que garantiram seu comportamento virulento. O método de difusão em disco foi utilizado para verificar sua resistência a antibióticos. As estirpes isoladas foram resistentes a vários antibióticos aplicados. Resultado: Verificou-se que os homens são mais propensos a infecções respiratórias em comparação às mulheres. Membros do sexo masculino com idade entre 44 e 58 e 59 e 73 anos correm maior risco, enquanto mulheres com idade entre 44 e 58 anos também correm risco de infecções pulmonares. A resistência aos antibióticos foi observada medindo a zona de inibição nas cepas GCU-SG-M4, GCU-SG-M3, GCU-SG-M5, GCUSG-M2, GCU-SG-M1 e GCU-SG-M6. O GCU-SG-M2 foi resistente ao fluconazol (FLU), claritromicina (CLR), cefixima (CFM) e penicilina (P10). Nenhuma zona de inibição foi observada. Mas se notou uma zona difusa incomum ao redor dos discos antibióticos Ak e MEM. Os genes rhl R e 16s rRNA foram caracterizados e analisados. Conclusão: As conclusões do presente estudo ajudariam a aumentar a conscientização sobre a resistência a antibióticos de P. aeruginosa e, também, a sequência do gene rhl R pode ser usada como sequência de diagnóstico para identificar a sequência virulenta do gene rhl R das amostras quando isoladas do escarro de pacientes com pneumonia.

Canine facial eosinophilic furunculosis in a dog

Canine facial eosinophilic furunculosis (FEF) is a hyperacute dermatopathy especially of the nasal bridge of dogs and is probably associated with type I hypersensitivity secondary to arthropod bites. The aim of this study is to report on a FEF case in a four-year-old female free-roaming mixed-breed dog showing papules on the nasal bridge that evolved to an ulcerated plaque. No other clinical, hematological, or biochemical alterations were detected. Cytology revealed eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation associated with bacterial infection. Punch biopsies were obtained for histopathological and microbiological analysis. Histopathology revealed marked, acute, multifocal to coalescent granulomatous eosinophilic furunculosis, and mild, acute, multifocal eosinophilic folliculitis. Microbiology revealed growth of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp. Clinical and histopathological findings were suggestive of facial eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis. Complete remission of the lesions was obtained after treatment. This condition is hyperacute, progressive, with a papular and erosive to ulcerative pattern, good prognosis, and its development is linked to arthropod bites. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory therapy is effective in treating the disease.(AU)

Ulinastatin alleviates early brain injury after traumatic brain injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major public health problem and cause of death. Ulinastatin (UTI), a serine protease inhibitor, has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect and play a role in immunoregulation and organ protection by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the neuroprotective of UTI in TBI has not been confirmed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotection and potential molecular mechanisms of UTI in TBI-induced EBI in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Methods: The neurological score and brain water content were evaluated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, ROS and malondialdehyde detection to evaluate oxidative stress levels, and TUNEL staining and western blotting to examine neuronal damages and their related mechanisms. Results: Treatment with UTI markedly increased the neurological score; alleviated brain oedema; decreased the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor a, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) levels; inhibited oxidative stress; decreased caspase-3 and Bax protein expressions; and increased the Bcl-2 levels, indicating that UTI-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis ameliorated neuronal death after TBI. The neuroprotective capacity of UTI is partly dependent on the TLR4/NF-kB/p65 signalling pathway. Conclusions: Therefore, this study reveals that UTI improves neurological outcomes in mice and reduces neuronal death by protecting against neural neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Potential histopathological and immunological effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver / Efeitos histopatológicos e imunológicos potenciais do SARS-CoV-2 no fígado

The coronavirus disease outbreak of 2019 (COVID-19) poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. Lung injury is the most common complication of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, other organs, including the liver, can also be affected. Currently, there is limited evidence that liver impairment is associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinicians will need to determine whether liver injury is caused by an underlying liver condition, COVID-19 therapy, the virus directly, or immune-mediated inflammation or represents a complicated disease course in the context of COVID-19. To address the scarcity of data on histopathological changes and immunological effects on the liver with COVID-19 positivity, we analyze and summarize recent findings. We searched PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to December 1, 2021, identifying published studies with the search terms "Histopathology in COVID-19," "COVID-19," "Pathological changes in liver in COVID-19," "Liver pathology in COVID-19," "immunological effects in liver in COVID-19," and "SARS-CoV-2." This concise review will aid clinicians and researchers in better understanding the tissue histopathology and immunological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver, enabling improved care planning and avoiding future dangers.

O surto de doença por coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) representa uma séria ameaça à saúde pública em todo o mundo. A lesão pulmonar é a complicação mais comum da infecção por Coronavírus 2 da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SARS-CoV-2). No entanto, outros órgãos, incluindo o fígado, também podem ser afetados. Atualmente, há evidências limitadas de que a insuficiência hepática está associada à infecção grave por SARS-CoV-2. Os médicos precisarão determinar se a lesão hepática é causada por condição hepática subjacente, terapia COVID-19, vírus diretamente, inflamação imunomediada ou se representa um curso complicado da doença no contexto da COVID-19. Para abordar a escassez de dados sobre alterações histopatológicas e efeitos imunológicos no fígado com positividade para COVID-19, analisamos e resumimos os achados recentes. Pesquisamos os bancos de dados PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus e Web of Science até 1º de dezembro de 2021, identificando estudos publicados com os termos de pesquisa "Histopatologia em COVID-19", "COVID-19", "Alterações patológicas no fígado em COVID-19", "Patologia hepática em COVID-19", "Efeitos imunológicos no fígado em COVID-19" e "SARS-CoV-2". Esta revisão concisa ajudará médicos e pesquisadores a entender melhor a histopatologia do tecido e as consequências imunológicas do SARS-CoV-2 no fígado, permitindo um melhor planejamento de cuidados e evitando perigos futuros.

Toxic systemic reaction after bee stings in a bitch

Background: Bee sting poisonings are common in dogs, and toxic systemic presentation may represent a life-threatening condition. Apis mellifera venom is a complex mixture of melitin, apamine, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and degranulating peptides, that causes local injury at the site of inoculation and multiple organ complications, including hemolysis, kidney injury, muscular damage, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. The present work reports a complete and detailed description of a dog's systemic toxic reaction to bee stings, including history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, emergency care and development, as well as possible association with later immunomediated arthritis. Case: A 6-year-old female German Shepperd suffered multiple bee stings. First care was conducted by a veterinary at the site, where he only received promethazine, meloxicam and dexamethasone. After 24 h and significant progression of symptoms, the animal was forwarded to a specialized veterinary hospital. The patient was evaluated throughout 9 days, and presented intense edema, respiratory distress, tongue necrosis and grade II of acute kidney injury. Extensive laboratory exams were conducted throughout the hospitalization. Main laboratory findings included polycythemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia and monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Urinalysis evidenced turbid aspect, dark yellow color and intense proteinuria, reinforcing kidney damage. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified blood clots in the bladder, and liver with reduced echogenicity and echotexture, suggesting acute inflammation. Therapy aimed to stabilize the patient, control kidney damage and avoid anaphylaxis. Treatment included intensive care support, promethazine, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, dipyrone, methadone, metronidazole, ampicillin, clindamycin and tramadol. Following successful treatment, the animal presented immunomediated polyarthritis, possibly associated to both the poisoning and later diagnosed hemoparasitosis (both Erlichia and Babesia). Discussion: Massive bee attacks can cause severe complications, however, data regarding emergency care records are scarce. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, the patient presented toxic systemic reaction, including grade II of acute kidney injury and significant cardiorespiratory distress. Another important complication was tongue necrosis, that demanded attention and special supportive care, including feeding tube and specific feed. Treatment also focused in reducing edema and control possible anaphylaxis, providing analgesia and antibiotic therapy. Laboratory findings have been previously described, with evidence of immune-mediated reaction. Follow-up consultations revealed normal parameters, and an unusual presentation of claudication. Investigation concluded that polyarthritis could be responsible for such finding and may be a result of the deposition of immunomediated complexes in the joints, due in this case to the bee poisoning and later positive diagnosis for both Erlichia and Babesia. Systemic reactions to bee stings are complex, and full clinical and laboratory profile aid in both the prognosis and treatment options. Special attention must be given to tongue damage and supportive care is essential for maintaining feeding conditions. Arthritis should be considered as possible complication, reinforcing the importance of follow-up consultations.