A comparison of the economic results obtained by Holstein steer calves with different feedlot arrival body weights / Uma comparação dos resultados econômicos obtidos por bezerros Holstein com diferentes pesos vivos na entrada do confinamento

ABSTRACT: The study compared the economic results between five groups of Holstein steers with different arrival body weights (ABW) but similar ages in the feedlot. The average ABW were 105, 112, 117, 123 and 129 kg (30, 90, 87, 60, and 30 calves, respectively) with an age of 113 ± 1d. The calves were randomly distributed using an unbalanced design. The calves were weighed upon arrival at the feedlot and subsequently on days 112, 224, and 361 of the study. The calves were fed a steam- flaked corn-based diets. A receiving diet (2.21 Mcal of NEm/kg DM) was provided during the initial 112 days of feeding. From day 112 until harvest all steers received a finishing diet (2.27 Mcal of NEm/kg DM). Because two different diets were used, two partial (day 1 to day 112 and day 113 to day 361), and one full period (day1 to day 361) feeding periods were evaluated. Statistical differences between the final weights of all the groups were observed, which allowed a profit estimation, obtained by subtracting the purchase cost of calves plus the total feed cost from the revenue obtained from the sale of the steers. Overall weight gain and feed intake were higher with increased ABW, feeding efficiency was better for intermediate ABW groups (112 and 117 kg), with the calves with ABW of 112 kg being the most profitable (USD 15.8 more profit than the 117 Kg. group)

RESUMO: O estudo comparou os resultados econômicos entre cinco grupos de bezerros de raça holandesa com pesos vivos de chegada diferente, mas com idades semelhante em confinamento. Os pesos corporais médios de chegada foram 105, 112, 123 e 129 kg (30, 90, 87, 60 e 30 bezerros, respectivamente) com idade de 113 ± 1-d. Os bezerros foram distribuídos em um desenho não balanceado completamente aleatório. Os bezerros foram pesados da chegada ao confinamento e, posteriormente, nos dias 112, 22 e 361 do estudo. Os bezerros foram alimentados com dietas à base de milho floculado. A dieta de adaptação (2,21 Mcal de NEm / kg MS) foi fornecida durante os 112 dias iniciais de ração. Após 112 até o final do estudo todos os novilhos receberam a dieta de terminação (2,27 Mcal de NEm /kg MS). Diante do exposto, foram avaliados dois períodos parciais de alimentação e um período completo (1 a 112, 113 a 361 e 1 a 361 d, respectivamente). O lucro de cada grupo foi estimado subtraindo o custo de compra dos bezerros mais o custo total da alimentação da receita obtida com a venda dos novilhos. O ganho de peso geral e o consumo de ração aumentaram com o aumento do ABW, mas a eficiência alimentar foi melhor para os grupos intermediários ABW (112 e 117 kg), sendo os novilhos com ABW de 112 kg os mais lucrativos (USD 15, 8 a mais do que o grupo de 117 kg.)

Performance and Carcass of Broiler Quails Fed Distillers' Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

This study determined the metabolizable energy of DDGS for broiler quails (Experiment I) and evaluated the effect of different dietary levels of DDGS on performance, carcass, organ weight, meat quality, and economic viability (Experiment II). In Experiment I, 72 broiler quails were randomly distributed into two treatments (reference or test diets). The experimental period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, followed by 5 days of total excreta collection. Experimental diets consisted of a reference or a test diet containing 800 g/kg reference diet and 200 g/kg DDGS. In experiment II, 432 unsexed broiler quails were randomly distributed into groups fed six levels of DDGS (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 g/kg). At 43 days of age, birds were slaughtered and evaluated for carcass yield, organ weight, and meat quality. Apparent metabolizable energy values corrected for nitrogen retention of DDGS were 2,488 and 2,466 kcal/kg for males and females, respectively. In the growth phase and the overall period, feed intake increased linearly (p=0.015 and 0.040) and feed conversion ratio worsened (p=0.038 and 0.001) with the inclusion of DDGS in the diet, respectively. A linear increasing (p=0.001) of gizzard weight was observed with increasing dietary DDGS levels, while the economic variables were affect depending on seasonal feedstocks prices. It is concluded that dietary levels up to 250 g/kg DDGS do not affect growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler quails. However, the prices of ingredients in the harvest and off-season period should be considered to determine the level of inclusion of DDGS.(AU)

Population density of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its response to some ecological phenomena in maize crop / Densidade populacional da lagarta-do-cartucho do outono, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith e Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), e a sua resposta a alguns fenômenos ecológicos na cultura do milho

The fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], is considered a serious invasive pest that poses a serious threat to world food security. It can completely devastate a whole country's cereal crops. Therefore, the present work is the 1st field trial in Egypt to elucidate some ecological aspects of S. frugiperda on maize plants (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow Corn cultivar) at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, throughout two sequential growing seasons of maize (2021-2022). Three insect parameters were used, i.e., egg masses, number of larvae, and percentage of damaged corn plants. Effects of certain climatic conditions and corn plant ages on S. frugiperda seasonal activity and damaged plants percentage were also estimated. S. frugiperda population initiated to attack maize plants from the 3rd week of June until the harvest in every season. S. frugiperda had two seasonal activity peaks in terms of egg masses numbers and three peaks regarding the larval population density/season. Its damage percentage increased with increasing plant age weekly. The mean of S. frugiperda egg masses were 2.83 ± 0.40 and 2.96 ± 0.45 mass /10 corn plants in 2021 and 2022, respectively. While, the overall mean larval populations were 13.41 ± 0.52 and 13.03 ± 0.46 larvae/10 plants, during the two growing seasons, respectively. Corn plant damage percentages reached 68.54 ± 2.71 and 60.42 ± 2.92% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The combined effects of both the weather conditions and maize plant ages were highly significant on egg masses, larvae population density, and damage percentage, and varied from one season to another. The mean daily maximum temperature was the most effective variable on egg masses and the larval population. Maize plant age had a clear effect on the damage percentage caused by the larvae in the field during the two years of the study. The dramatic spread of FAW and the consequent damage (that appeared in different countries of America, Africa, and Asia) mean that different management approaches must be sought for the small and large-scale producers by using available technologies for smallholder farmers will eliminate pest damage without access to reach to an economic Injury level. This information may assist the decision maker when planning the S. frugiperda IPM program for maize plants and its surveillance.

A lagarta-do-cartucho [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], é considerada uma séria praga invasora que representa uma séria ameaça à segurança alimentar mundial. Essa espécie pode devastar completamente as plantações de cereais de um país inteiro. Portanto, o presente trabalho é o primeiro ensaio de campo no Egito para elucidar alguns aspectos ecológicos de S. frugiperda em plantas de milho (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow Corn cultivar) no distrito de Esna, Luxor Governorate, Egito, ao longo de duas estações de crescimento sequencial de milho (2021 a 2022). Três parâmetros de insetos foram utilizados, isto é, massas de ovos, número de larvas e porcentagem de plantas de milho danificadas. Também foram estimados os efeitos de certas condições climáticas e idades das plantas de milho na atividade sazonal de S. frugiperda e na porcentagem de plantas danificadas. A população de S. frugiperda começou a atacar as plantas de milho a partir da terceira semana de junho até a colheita em todas as estações. S. frugiperda apresentou dois picos sazonais de atividade como o número de massas de ovos e três picos em relação à densidade populacional larval/estação. Seu percentual de dano aumentou semanalmente a partir do aumento da idade da planta. A média das massas de ovos de S. frugiperda foi de 2,83 ± 0,40 e 2,96 ± 0,45 massa/10 plantas de milho em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Enquanto, as populações larvais médias gerais foram de 13,41 ± 0,52 e 13,03 ± 0,46 larvas/10 plantas, durante as duas estações de crescimento, respectivamente. As porcentagens de danos às plantas de milho atingiram 68,54 ± 2,71 e 60,42 ± 2,92% em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Os efeitos combinados das condições climáticas e da idade das plantas de milho foram altamente significativos nas massas de ovos, densidade populacional de larvas e porcentagem de danos, e variaram de uma estação para outra. A temperatura média diária máxima foi a variável mais efetiva sobre as massas de ovos e a população larval. A idade da planta de milho influenciou visivelmente o percentual de dano causado pelas larvas no campo durante os dois anos de estudo. A propagação dramática da LFM e os danos consequentes (que apareceram em diferentes países da América, África e Ásia) significam que devem ser utilizadas diferentes abordagens de gestão para os pequenos e grandes produtores, a partir de tecnologias disponíveis para os pequenos agricultores eliminarem os danos causados pelas pragas sem acesso para chegar a um nível de dano econômico. Essas informações podem auxiliar o tomador de decisão no planejamento do programa MIP de S. frugiperda para plantas de milho e o seu monitoramento.

A comparison of the economic results obtained by Holstein steer calves with different feedlot arrival body weights / Uma comparação dos resultados econômicos obtidos por bezerros Holstein com diferentes pesos vivos na entrada do confinamento

The study compared the economic results between five groups of Holstein steers with different arrival body weights (ABW) but similar ages in the feedlot. The average ABW were 105, 112, 117, 123 and 129 kg (30, 90, 87, 60, and 30 calves, respectively) with an age of 113 ± 1d. The calves were randomly distributed using an unbalanced design. The calves were weighed upon arrival at the feedlot and subsequently on days 112, 224, and 361 of the study. The calves were fed a steam- flaked corn-based diets. A receiving diet (2.21 Mcal of NEm/kg DM) was provided during the initial 112 days of feeding. From day 112 until harvest all steers received a finishing diet (2.27 Mcal of NEm/kg DM). Because two different diets were used, two partial (day 1 to day 112 and day 113 to day 361), and one full period (day1 to day 361) feeding periods were evaluated. Statistical differences between the final weights of all the groups were observed, which allowed a profit estimation, obtained by subtracting the purchase cost of calves plus the total feed cost from the revenue obtained from the sale of the steers. Overall weight gain and feed intake were higher with increased ABW, feeding efficiency was better for intermediate ABW groups (112 and 117 kg), with the calves with ABW of 112 kg being the most profitable (USD 15.8 more profit than the 117 Kg. group)

O estudo comparou os resultados econômicos entre cinco grupos de bezerros de raça holandesa com pesos vivos de chegada diferente, mas com idades semelhante em confinamento. Os pesos corporais médios de chegada foram 105, 112, 123 e 129 kg (30, 90, 87, 60 e 30 bezerros, respectivamente) com idade de 113 ± 1-d. Os bezerros foram distribuídos em um desenho não balanceado completamente aleatório. Os bezerros foram pesados da chegada ao confinamento e, posteriormente, nos dias 112, 22 e 361 do estudo. Os bezerros foram alimentados com dietas à base de milho floculado. A dieta de adaptação (2,21 Mcal de NEm / kg MS) foi fornecida durante os 112 dias iniciais de ração. Após 112 até o final do estudo todos os novilhos receberam a dieta de terminação (2,27 Mcal de NEm /kg MS). Diante do exposto, foram avaliados dois períodos parciais de alimentação e um período completo (1 a 112, 113 a 361 e 1 a 361 d, respectivamente). O lucro de cada grupo foi estimado subtraindo o custo de compra dos bezerros mais o custo total da alimentação da receita obtida com a venda dos novilhos. O ganho de peso geral e o consumo de ração aumentaram com o aumento do ABW, mas a eficiência alimentar foi melhor para os grupos intermediários ABW (112 e 117 kg), sendo os novilhos com ABW de 112 kg os mais lucrativos (USD 15, 8 a mais do que o grupo de 117 kg.)

Comparative growth and performance of two generations of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The growth of generations of the Genomar Supreme Tilapia (GST) strain, specifically G20 and G25, was evaluated. Tilapias 8 g were reared in a recirculating aquaculture system with 0.25 m³ tanks, 80 fish m-³, with four replicates. During growth, eight fish from each tank were weighed and measured at day 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210. Survival, weight gain, feed conversion and batch homogeneity were determined. Weight-age data were fit to Gompertz model. In addition, absolute and relative growth rates and weight and age at inflection were determined. Final weight showed 26.7% higher in G25 when compared to G20 (920.05 and 725.87 g, respectively). The feed conversion and homogeneity indexes were better in G25 than G20. The estimate of asymptotic weight was higher in G25 (1202.0 g) when compared to G20 (912.7 g). G20 presented smaller weight (335.76 g), age (108.87 days) and absolute growth rate (4.87 g day-1) when compared with G25 (442.19 g, 113.77 days and 6.41 g day-1). Carcass characteristics were similar, but G25 presented about 25% higher fillet weight than G20. After five years in the GST breeding program, results indicated that a sustained improvement of harvest weight was achieved, as well as 6 to 10% gain in performance by generation.(AU)

Maturation and quality of 'BRS Magna' grapes influenced by rootstocks in rainy season

Seasonal variations and production factors can influence the quality of grapes. Considering the Sub-middle region of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil, differentiated by production in rainy and warmer periods of the year, the climatic conditions in each season affect the duration of the phenological phases and quality of the grapes. The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in the quality components during maturation of 'BRS Magna' grapes on different rootstocks, in rainy seasons under tropical conditions, as a support to define the harvest time. The experiment was conducted in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil, from Jan to Apr 2017 (cycle 1) and Dec 2017 to Apr 2018 (cycle 2) evaluating rootstocks and age of the fruits. Bunches were picked from the start of maturation to the harvest: 49, 56, 61, 64 and 68 days after fruit set (DAF) for cycle 1, and 35, 41, 48, 55, 61, and 66 DAF for cycle 2. In cycle 1 'IAC 572' and 'Paulsen 1103' rootstocks provided higher sugar contents in grapes, which was only repeated in cycle 2 for 'Paulsen 1103'. The accumulation of anthocyanins and yellow flavonoids was favored by 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 572' rootstocks in cycle 1, and by 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 766' in cycle 2. A higher content of polyphenols was conferred on 'IAC 572' in cycle 1 and on 'IAC 766' in cycle 2, which also had a greater antioxidant capacity. Although there were differences between rootstocks, harvesting at approximately 64 DAF maximized grape quality for all treatments.(AU)

Anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and forage at two harvesting ages / Co-digestão anaeróbia dos dejetos de suínos e forragem em duas idades de colheita

The co-digestion of swine manure with vegetable waste is an alternative that can increase the production of biogas and methane generated by the isolated digestion of manure. However, recommendations that are based on the best ratio between manure and forage, as well as the age of harvest, are still scarce in the literature. This study was conducted to evaluate inclusions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of the total solids (TS) of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) harvested at two ages medium age (MA) at 45 days of growth and advanced age (AA) at 90 days in co-digestion with swine manure, using an entirely randomized design in a 5x2 factorial scheme. Batch digesters were used and biogas production was monitored for 12 weeks. There was influence of forage age (P <0.05) on the degradation of solids and neutral detergent fiber, with higher values for the substrates containing MA forage. The highest CH4 yields were obtained by the substrates containing MA forage in the inclusion of 27.7 and 31.6%, being 253.7 and 222.2 L of CH4 per Kg of total or volatile solids. The age of the forages influenced the onset and persistence of biogas production, being advantageous only in the inclusion of 25% of MA forage. The AA forage inclusion is not recommended for co-digestion with swine manure.

A co-digestão dos dejetos suínos associados a resíduos vegetais é uma alternativa que pode elevar as produções de biogás e metano alcançadas pela digestão isolada do dejeto. No entanto, recomendações que se baseiem na melhor proporção entre dejeto e forragem, assim como na idade de colheita ainda são escassas na literatura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar inclusões crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% dos sólidos totais (ST) de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) colhido em duas idades de corte mediana (MA) aos 45 dias de crescimento e avançada (AA) aos 90 dias, empregado em co-digestão com o dejeto suíno, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2. Foram utilizados biodigestores batelada de bancada, sendo as produções de biogás acompanhadas durante 12 semanas. Houve influência da idade da forragem (P<0,05) na degradação de sólidos e fibra em detergente neutro, com maiores valores para os substratos que continham a forragem MA. Os maiores rendimentos de CH4 foram alcançados pelos substratos que continham forragem MA na inclusão de 27,7 e 31,6 %, sendo de 253,7 e 222,2 L de CH4 por Kg de ST ou sólido volátil adicionado. A idade das forragens influenciou o início e a persistência das produções de biogás ao longo do período de digestão, sendo vantajosa apenas na inclusão de 25% de forragem com MA.

Yield and nutritional value of biomass sorghum (BRS 716) managed in different row spacing and maturity at harvest in the semiarid region of Brazil / Rendimento e valor nutritivo do sorgo biomassa (BRS 716) manejado em diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas de plantio e idades de corte em uma região semiárida do Brasil

The objective was to evaluate the structural, yield and nutritional characteristics of biomass sorghum BRS 716 managed in different row planting spacing and harvest age in a semiarid region of Brazil. Three row spacing (45, 70 and 90 cm; plots) and four maturity at harvest (70, 100, 130 and 160 days; subplots) were evaluated following a randomized block design in a 3 x 4 split plot arrangement, with eight blocks. The useful area was 3 x 15 m. Variation in soil fertility in the area was the blocking factor. There was interaction between row spacing and maturity at harvest (P < 0.05) on plant height (P = 0.01), dry matter yield (DMY; P < 0.01) and proportion of senescent material (P = 0.01). The DMY observed at the age of 160 days and spacing of 90 cm was 41.40% higher than the DMY at the same age and in spacings of 45 and 70 cm (mean of 21.45 t/ha). As the maturity at harvest increased, there was a reduction in the crude protein content (P < 0.01), potential degradability (P < 0.01) and effective degradability (P < 0.01) of dry matter, and the content of non-fiber carbohydrates (P < 0.01), total digestible nutrients (P < 0.01) and the readily soluble fraction (P < 0.01) of the dry matter increased. Considering the yield and nutritional characteristics of biomass sorghum BRS 716 managed in the semiarid region for silage production, the row spacing of 90 cm and the maturity at harvest of 160 days after planting are recommended.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características estruturais, produtivas e nutricionais do sorgo biomassa BRS 716 manejado em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio e idade de corte em região semiárida do Brasil. Foram avaliados três espaçamentos entre linhas de plantio (45, 70 e 90 cm; parcelas) e quatro de idades de corte (70, 100, 130 e 160 dias; subparcelas) seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 3 x 4 com oito blocos. A área útil da parcela foi de 3 x15 m. A variação da fertilidade do solo da área foi o fator de blocagem. Houve interação do espaçamento de plantio e as idades de corte estudadas (P < 0,05) sobre a altura das plantas (P=0,01), produção de matéria seca (PMS; P < 0,01) e proporção de material senescente (P=0,01). A PMS verificada na idade de 160 dias e espaçamento de 90 cm foi 41,40% superior a PMS verificada na mesma idade e nos espaçamentos de 45 e 70 cm (média de 21,45 t/ha). A medida de que aumentou a idade de corte houve redução no teor de proteína bruta (P < 0.01), degradabilidade potencial (P < 0.01) e degradabilidade efetiva (P < 0.01) da matéria seca e aumentou o teor de carboidratos não fibrosos (P < 0.01), nutrientes digestíveis totais (P < 0.01) e a fração prontamente solúvel (P < 0.01) da matéria seca. Considerando-se as características produtivas e nutricionais do sorgo biomassa BRS 716 manejado na região semiárida para produção de silagem, recomenda-se o espaçamento entre linhas de plantio de 90 cm e a idade de corte de 160 dias após o plantio.(AU)

Bromatological composition and dry matter production of corn hydroponic fodder

The objective was to evaluate sowing density influence on hydroponic corn fodder bromatological composition, harvested in different ages raised on grass mix substrate. The experimental design used was completely randomized with six replications for each treatment, using 2.0 m² plots (1.0 x 2.0 m). The densities were distributed into factorial array (4x4), consisting in four sowing densities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg m-²) and four cutting ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 days). The dry matter content (DMC) and production (DMP) and crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Fiber neutral detergent (FND) and ethereal extract (EE) were analyzed each cutting age. In terms of DMP (kg m-²), EE (%) and DMC (kg m-²), it is recommended to use the density 1.0 kg m-² with cutting age of 25 days. Regarding CP (%) the best result was at 15 days of cut and density 2.5 kg m-² and the values for FND (%) and ADF (%) were higher at 25 days at 2.0 kg density 2,0 kg m-². The choice of both best harvesting age and density will depend on what is desired of the nutritional forage (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, DMC and DMP) as well its destination, since very close values were found in all analyzes, regardless of density and age of harvest analyzed.(AU)

Bromatological composition and dry matter production of corn hydroponic fodder

The objective was to evaluate sowing density influence on hydroponic corn fodder bromatological composition, harvested in different ages raised on grass mix substrate. The experimental design used was completely randomized with six replications for each treatment, using 2.0 m² plots (1.0 x 2.0 m). The densities were distributed into factorial array (4x4), consisting in four sowing densities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg m-²) and four cutting ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 days). The dry matter content (DMC) and production (DMP) and crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Fiber neutral detergent (FND) and ethereal extract (EE) were analyzed each cutting age. In terms of DMP (kg m-²), EE (%) and DMC (kg m-²), it is recommended to use the density 1.0 kg m-² with cutting age of 25 days. Regarding CP (%) the best result was at 15 days of cut and density 2.5 kg m-² and the values for FND (%) and ADF (%) were higher at 25 days at 2.0 kg density 2,0 kg m-². The choice of both best harvesting age and density will depend on what is desired of the nutritional forage (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, DMC and DMP) as well its destination, since very close values were found in all analyzes, regardless of density and age of harvest analyzed.

Valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido em diferentes idades de rebrota / [Nutritional value of fresh elephantgrass harvested at different regrowth ages]

Avaliou-se o valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido aos 56, 84 e 112 dias de idade, por meio do consumo e da digestibilidade em ovinos, da degradabilidade in situ e da cinética da fermentação ruminal. O capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias proporcionou maiores valores de consumo da MS (1204,81g/dia), da EB (4910,41kcal/dia), da ED (3436,21kcal/dia) e da PB (130,90g/dia). Para o capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias, ainda foram observados os maiores valores de digestibilidade da MS (70,64%), da EB (70,11%), da PB (68,96%), da FDN (71,4%) e do conteúdo ED (2,86Mcal/kg MS). Com o avanço da idade de corte, houve redução da degradabilidade potencial da MS (77,99% x 68,33%), da PB (84,80% x 56,52%) e da FDN (72,18% x 64,33%), para as idades de corte de 56 e 112 dias, respectivamente. O capim cortado aos 56 dias apresentou maior valor de produção cumulativa de gases (210,50mL/g de MS) e de degradabilidade da matéria seca (63,9%) após 96 horas de fermentação. O capim-elefante verde deve ser colhido aos 56 dias de rebrota em razão das características nutricionais apresentadas.(AU)

The nutritional value of fresh elephant grass harvested at 56, 84 and 112 days of age was evaluated by intake and digestibility in sheep, in situ degradability, and ruminal fermentation's kinetics. The elephant grass harvested at 56 days provided higher DM intake (1204.81g/day), GE (4910.41kcal/day), DE (3436.21kcal/day), and CP (130.90g/day) values. Furthermore, the highest DM (70.64%), GE (70.11%), DE (2.86%) and CP (68.96%) digestibility values were observed at 56 days. With the increase in the harvest age there was a reduction in the DM (77.99 x 68.33%), CP (84.80 x 56.52%) and NDF (72.18 x 64.33%) potential degradability in the treatments 56 and 112 days, respectively. Higher values of cumulative gas production (210,50mL/g DM) and DM degradability for elephant grass were observed at 56 days, after 96 hours of fermentation. The fresh elephant grass should be harvested at 56 days of regrowth due to the nutritional characteristics found in this study.(AU)

Perdas na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar em resposta a diferentes velocidades da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário / Losses on the mechanized harvest of sugar cane in response to different harvester speeds and rotation of primary extractor

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as perdas visíveis e invisíveis na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar mediante uso de diferentes velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário em canavial de primeiro corte, com terreno a 7% de declividade. O ensaio foi conduzido em Junho de 2014, por ocasião da colheita mecanizada em canavial de primeiro corte (cana de ano), com estimativa de produtividade de 75 t ha-¹ no município de Pacaembu, São Paulo. O canavial era formado pela variedade RB96-5902,com 12 meses de idade, em espaçamento de 1,4 metros entre linhas. A colheita foi realizada utilizando uma colhedora da marca John Deere, modelo 3520 acompanhada de um trator, acoplado ao transbordo. Os tratamentos avaliados correspondem a combinações de duas velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora (km h-¹) e duas velocidades de rotação do extrator primário (rpm), além das velocidades habitualmente utilizadas pela usina, como testemunha: 3 km h-¹ a 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ a 950 rpm (testemunha), 6 km h-¹ a 700 rpm e 6 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm. As Variáveis respostas analisadas foram as perdas nas formas de tocos, despontes, toletes, pedaços, canas inteiras, estilhaços e perdas totais, em t ha-¹ e a porcentagem total de perdas. Foram observadas respostas significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para todas as formas de perdas em função dos tratamentos, com exceção para as perdas nas formas de cana inteira e despontes. Concluiu-se que o aumento da rotação do extrator primário e redução na velocidade de locomoção da colhedora tendem a ocasionar aumento nas perdas de cana-de-açúcar, sendo, nas condições do presente estudo, indicada a velocidade de 3 km h-¹ com rotação do extrator primário de 1200 rpm.

The present study aimed to evaluate the visible and invisible losses in mechanized harvesting of sugarcane by using different speeds of the harvester's displacement and rotation of the primary extractor in first-cut cane fields, with 7% slope. The trial was conducted in June 2014, at the time of mechanical harvesting in first-crop cane (cane of year), with a productivity estimate of 75 t ha-¹in the city of Pacaembu, São Paulo. The sugarcane was formed by the variety RB96-5902, with 12 months of age, in spacing of 1.4 meters between rows. Harvesting was performed using a John Deere harvester, model 3520 accompanied by a tractor, coupled to the transhipment. The treatments evaluated correspond to combinations of two speeds of displacement of the harvester (km h-¹) and two speeds of rotation of the primary extractor (rpm), in addition to the speeds usually used by the plant as a control: 3 km h-¹ at 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ at 950 rpm (control), 6 km h-¹ at 700 rpm and 6 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm. The analyzed variables were the losses in the forms of stumps, bluffs, billets, pieces, whole reeds, shards and total losses, in t ha-¹ and the total percentage of losses. Significant responses (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for all forms of losses as a function of treatments, except for losses in whole cane and shoot forms. It was concluded that the increase of the rotation of the primary extractor and reduction in the speed of locomotion of the harvester tend to cause an increase in the losses of sugarcane, being, in the conditions of the present study, indicated the speed of 3 km h-¹with rotation of the primary extractor of 1200 rpm.

Perdas na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar em resposta a diferentes velocidades da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário / Losses on the mechanized harvest of sugar cane in response to different harvester speeds and rotation of primary extractor

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as perdas visíveis e invisíveis na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar mediante uso de diferentes velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário em canavial de primeiro corte, com terreno a 7% de declividade. O ensaio foi conduzido em Junho de 2014, por ocasião da colheita mecanizada em canavial de primeiro corte (cana de ano), com estimativa de produtividade de 75 t ha-¹ no município de Pacaembu, São Paulo. O canavial era formado pela variedade RB96-5902,com 12 meses de idade, em espaçamento de 1,4 metros entre linhas. A colheita foi realizada utilizando uma colhedora da marca John Deere, modelo 3520 acompanhada de um trator, acoplado ao transbordo. Os tratamentos avaliados correspondem a combinações de duas velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora (km h-¹) e duas velocidades de rotação do extrator primário (rpm), além das velocidades habitualmente utilizadas pela usina, como testemunha: 3 km h-¹ a 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ a 950 rpm (testemunha), 6 km h-¹ a 700 rpm e 6 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm. As Variáveis respostas analisadas foram as perdas nas formas de tocos, despontes, toletes, pedaços, canas inteiras, estilhaços e perdas totais, em t ha-¹ e a porcentagem total de perdas. Foram observadas respostas significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para todas as formas de perdas em função dos tratamentos, com exceção para as perdas nas formas de cana inteira e despontes. Concluiu-se que o aumento da rotação do extrator primário e redução na velocidade de locomoção da colhedora tendem a ocasionar aumento nas perdas de cana-de-açúcar, sendo, nas condições do presente estudo, indicada a velocidade de 3 km h-¹ com rotação do extrator primário de 1200 rpm.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the visible and invisible losses in mechanized harvesting of sugarcane by using different speeds of the harvester's displacement and rotation of the primary extractor in first-cut cane fields, with 7% slope. The trial was conducted in June 2014, at the time of mechanical harvesting in first-crop cane (cane of year), with a productivity estimate of 75 t ha-¹in the city of Pacaembu, São Paulo. The sugarcane was formed by the variety RB96-5902, with 12 months of age, in spacing of 1.4 meters between rows. Harvesting was performed using a John Deere harvester, model 3520 accompanied by a tractor, coupled to the transhipment. The treatments evaluated correspond to combinations of two speeds of displacement of the harvester (km h-¹) and two speeds of rotation of the primary extractor (rpm), in addition to the speeds usually used by the plant as a control: 3 km h-¹ at 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ at 950 rpm (control), 6 km h-¹ at 700 rpm and 6 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm. The analyzed variables were the losses in the forms of stumps, bluffs, billets, pieces, whole reeds, shards and total losses, in t ha-¹ and the total percentage of losses. Significant responses (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for all forms of losses as a function of treatments, except for losses in whole cane and shoot forms. It was concluded that the increase of the rotation of the primary extractor and reduction in the speed of locomotion of the harvester tend to cause an increase in the losses of sugarcane, being, in the conditions of the present study, indicated the speed of 3 km h-¹with rotation of the primary extractor of 1200 rpm.(AU)

Productivity and nutritional value of elephant grass BRS Canará forage / Produtividade e valor nutricional da forragem de capim-elefante BRS Canará

The goal was to determine the ideal cutting age of elephant grass BRS Canará for forage production in the dry and rainy seasons. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks, with five treatments (42, 56, 70, 84, and 98 days in the dry season and 42, 60, 76, 91, and 105 days of regrowth in the rainy season) and four replications each. Agronomic, morphological, and chemical characteristics were evaluated. In the dry season, there was a significant quadratic response for plant height and leaf blade length. For the other characteristics, a significant linear response was observed, except stem diameter. In the rainy season, a quadratic response for the leaf blade length, leaf blade width, and leaf:stem ratio was observed. For the other characteristics, there was a significant linear effect, except for the percentage of dead material. In the dry season, a verified linear response was observed for the chemical characteristics, except neutral detergent insoluble protein. In the rainy season, a linear response was verified for all evaluated characteristics, except acid detergent insoluble protein. Elephant grass BRS Canará for forage production should be cut between 70 and 85 days in the dry season and between 60 and 70 days of regrowth in the rainy season.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a idade de corte ideal do capim-elefante BRS Canará para produção de forragem no período da seca e das águas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (42, 56, 70, 84 e 98 dias no período da seca e 42, 60, 76, 91 e 105 dias no período das águas) e quatro repetições cada. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas, morfológicas e químicas. No período da seca verificou-se resposta quadrática significativa para altura de planta e comprimento de lâmina foliar. Para as demais características constatou-se resposta linear significativa, com exceção de diâmetro de colmo. No período das águas verificou-se resposta quadrática para comprimento de lâmina foliar, largura de lâmina foliar e relação folha: colmo. Para as demais características verificaram-se efeito linear significativo, com exceção de porcentagem de material senescente. Na seca verificou-se resposta linear das características químicas, exceto para proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro (% MS). No período das águas, verificou-se resposta linear para todas as características avaliadas, exceto para proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (% PB). O capim-elefante BRS Canará para produção de forragem deve ser cortado entre 70 e 85 dias no período da seca e entre 60 e 70 dias no período das águas.(AU)

Productivity and nutritional value of elephant grass BRS Canará forage / Produtividade e valor nutricional da forragem de capim-elefante BRS Canará

The goal was to determine the ideal cutting age of elephant grass BRS Canará for forage production in the dry and rainy seasons. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks, with five treatments (42, 56, 70, 84, and 98 days in the dry season and 42, 60, 76, 91, and 105 days of regrowth in the rainy season) and four replications each. Agronomic, morphological, and chemical characteristics were evaluated. In the dry season, there was a significant quadratic response for plant height and leaf blade length. For the other characteristics, a significant linear response was observed, except stem diameter. In the rainy season, a quadratic response for the leaf blade length, leaf blade width, and leaf:stem ratio was observed. For the other characteristics, there was a significant linear effect, except for the percentage of dead material. In the dry season, a verified linear response was observed for the chemical characteristics, except neutral detergent insoluble protein. In the rainy season, a linear response was verified for all evaluated characteristics, except acid detergent insoluble protein. Elephant grass BRS Canará for forage production should be cut between 70 and 85 days in the dry season and between 60 and 70 days of regrowth in the rainy season.

Objetivou-se determinar a idade de corte ideal do capim-elefante BRS Canará para produção de forragem no período da seca e das águas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (42, 56, 70, 84 e 98 dias no período da seca e 42, 60, 76, 91 e 105 dias no período das águas) e quatro repetições cada. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas, morfológicas e químicas. No período da seca verificou-se resposta quadrática significativa para altura de planta e comprimento de lâmina foliar. Para as demais características constatou-se resposta linear significativa, com exceção de diâmetro de colmo. No período das águas verificou-se resposta quadrática para comprimento de lâmina foliar, largura de lâmina foliar e relação folha: colmo. Para as demais características verificaram-se efeito linear significativo, com exceção de porcentagem de material senescente. Na seca verificou-se resposta linear das características químicas, exceto para proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro (% MS). No período das águas, verificou-se resposta linear para todas as características avaliadas, exceto para proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (% PB). O capim-elefante BRS Canará para produção de forragem deve ser cortado entre 70 e 85 dias no período da seca e entre 60 e 70 dias no período das águas.

Comparison of aquatic macrophyte community structure between natural wetlands and rice fields with different cultivation ages / Comparação da estrutura da comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas entre áreas úmidas naturais e arrozais com diferentes tempos de cultivo

Recent studies indicate that rice fields contribute to the conservation of aquatic plants, however, repeated cultivation can reduce the species diversity harbored by rice fields. Repeated tillage, agrochemical application and environmental homogeneity can reduce plant diversity and select for species more tolerant to disturbance. Our hypotheses were: 1) macrophyte richness and biomass decrease with increased rice crop age; and 2) macrophyte species of rice fields are a subsample of natural wetlands and species loss will increase with crop age. We investigated three rice fields of each different ages (old, intermediate and new ones) and three natural intermittent wetlands for this study. Each area was sampled four times throughout the rice cultivation cycle (off-season, initial growth, final growth and post-harvest). Our results showed that the mean macrophyte richness and biomass were similar between rice fields of different ages and lower than that of natural wetlands. Although species composition in the different-aged rice fields was not markedly different, there was nestedness in the rice fields as age increased. In this study, we verified that macrophyte richness and biomass in rice fields was lower than natural wetlands and the species composition was different among wetland types (rice fields and natural wetlands), however our hypothesis that species richness and biomass will decrease with crop age was not confirmed. All rice crops had similar macrophyte assemblage structure (richness, biomass and species composition). [...](AU)

Estudos recentes indicam que arrozais contribuem para a conservação de plantas aquáticas, entretanto cultivos repetidos podem reduzir a diversidade de espécies nos arrozais. Cultivos repetidos, aplicação de agrotóxicos e homogeneização ambiental podem reduzir a diversidade de plantas e selecionar espécies mais tolerantes a perturbações. Nossas hipóteses foram: 1) a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas reduzem com o aumento do tempo de cultivo dos arrozais; e 2) as espécies de macrófitas aquáticas dos arrozais são subamostras das áreas úmidas naturais e a perda de espécies aumentará com o tempo de cultivo. Nós investigamos três arrozais de cada uma das diferentes idades (antigos, intermediários e novos) e três áreas úmidas naturais temporárias. Cada área foi amostrada quatro vezes ao longo do ciclo de cultivo (resteva, crescimento inicial, crescimento final e pós-colheita). Nossos resultados indicaram que a riqueza e a biomassa média de macrófitas foram similares entre os arrozais de diferentes idades e menor do que nas áreas úmidas naturais. Embora a composição de espécies nos arrozais de diferentes idades não tenha sido marcadamente diferente, houve aninhamento nos arrozais e este aumentou com tempo de cultivo do arrozal. Neste estudo, nós verificamos que a riqueza e biomassa de macrófitas nos arrozais eram menores que nas áreas úmidas naturais e a composição de espécies era diferente entre os tipos de áreas úmidas (arrozais e áreas úmidas naturais), entretanto nossa hipótese de que a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas diminuiriam com a idade do cultivo não foi confirmada. Todos os arrozais foram similares quanto à estrutura da assembleia de macrófitas (riqueza, biomassa e composição de espécies).[...](AU)

Vascular and ventilatory mechanical responses in three different stages of pulmonary development in the rabbit model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Purpose: To evaluate the vascular ventilatory response in different stages of lung development and to compare them to the neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a rabbit model. Methods: New Zealand rabbits were divided into 8 groups (n=5): E25, E27, E30, and CDH. All groups were ventilated on a FlexiVent (Scireq, Montreal, QC, Canada), compounding the other 4 groups. The CDH surgery was performed at E25 and the harvest at E30. Dynamic compliance (CRS), dynamic elastance (ERS) and dynamic resistance (RRS) were measured every 4 min/24 min. Median wall thickness (MWT) and airspace were measured. ANOVA Bonferroni tests were used to perform statistical analysis. Significance was considered when p 0.05. Results: CRS was higher in E30 compared to all other groups (p 0.05). CRS and RRS of CDH and E27 were similar and were higher in E25 (p 0.05). MWT was decreased according to the gestational age, was increased in E27V and E30V (p 0.05) and decreased in CDHV (p 0.05), airspace was decreased in E25 and increased in all ventilated groups (p 0.05). Conclusions: The ventilation response of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is like the pseudoglandular stage of the lung development. These findings add information about the physiology of pulmonary ventilation in CDH.(AU)

Comparison of aquatic macrophyte community structure between natural wetlands and rice fields with different cultivation ages

Abstract Recent studies indicate that rice fields contribute to the conservation of aquatic plants, however, repeated cultivation can reduce the species diversity harbored by rice fields. Repeated tillage, agrochemical application and environmental homogeneity can reduce plant diversity and select for species more tolerant to disturbance. Our hypotheses were: 1) macrophyte richness and biomass decrease with increased rice crop age; and 2) macrophyte species of rice fields are a subsample of natural wetlands and species loss will increase with crop age. We investigated three rice fields of each different ages (old, intermediate and new ones) and three natural intermittent wetlands for this study. Each area was sampled four times throughout the rice cultivation cycle (off-season, initial growth, final growth and post-harvest). Our results showed that the mean macrophyte richness and biomass were similar between rice fields of different ages and lower than that of natural wetlands. Although species composition in the different-aged rice fields was not markedly different, there was nestedness in the rice fields as age increased. In this study, we verified that macrophyte richness and biomass in rice fields was lower than natural wetlands and the species composition was different among wetland types (rice fields and natural wetlands), however our hypothesis that species richness and biomass will decrease with crop age was not confirmed. All rice crops had similar macrophyte assemblage structure (richness, biomass and species composition). However, the another hypothesis tested was confirmed, macrophyte assemblage of rice fields is a subset of natural wetlands and as, the age of a rice field increases, the species that occur in older rice field are subsets of species that occur in younger ones.

Resumo Estudos recentes indicam que arrozais contribuem para a conservação de plantas aquáticas, entretanto cultivos repetidos podem reduzir a diversidade de espécies nos arrozais. Cultivos repetidos, aplicação de agrotóxicos e homogeneização ambiental podem reduzir a diversidade de plantas e selecionar espécies mais tolerantes a perturbações. Nossas hipóteses foram: 1) a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas reduzem com o aumento do tempo de cultivo dos arrozais; e 2) as espécies de macrófitas aquáticas dos arrozais são subamostras das áreas úmidas naturais e a perda de espécies aumentará com o tempo de cultivo. Nós investigamos três arrozais de cada uma das diferentes idades (antigos, intermediários e novos) e três áreas úmidas naturais temporárias. Cada área foi amostrada quatro vezes ao longo do ciclo de cultivo (resteva, crescimento inicial, crescimento final e pós-colheita). Nossos resultados indicaram que a riqueza e a biomassa média de macrófitas foram similares entre os arrozais de diferentes idades e menor do que nas áreas úmidas naturais. Embora a composição de espécies nos arrozais de diferentes idades não tenha sido marcadamente diferente, houve aninhamento nos arrozais e este aumentou com tempo de cultivo do arrozal. Neste estudo, nós verificamos que a riqueza e biomassa de macrófitas nos arrozais eram menores que nas áreas úmidas naturais e a composição de espécies era diferente entre os tipos de áreas úmidas (arrozais e áreas úmidas naturais), entretanto nossa hipótese de que a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas diminuiriam com a idade do cultivo não foi confirmada. Todos os arrozais foram similares quanto à estrutura da assembleia de macrófitas (riqueza, biomassa e composição de espécies). No entanto, a outra hipótese testada foi confirmada, a assembleia de macrófitas dos arrozais é um subconjunto das áreas úmidas naturais e, conforme aumenta a idade do arrozal, as espécies que ocorrem nos arrozais mais antigos são subconjuntos das espécies que ocorrem nos mais jovens.

Comparison of aquatic macrophyte community structure between natural wetlands and rice fields with different cultivation ages

Abstract Recent studies indicate that rice fields contribute to the conservation of aquatic plants, however, repeated cultivation can reduce the species diversity harbored by rice fields. Repeated tillage, agrochemical application and environmental homogeneity can reduce plant diversity and select for species more tolerant to disturbance. Our hypotheses were: 1) macrophyte richness and biomass decrease with increased rice crop age; and 2) macrophyte species of rice fields are a subsample of natural wetlands and species loss will increase with crop age. We investigated three rice fields of each different ages (old, intermediate and new ones) and three natural intermittent wetlands for this study. Each area was sampled four times throughout the rice cultivation cycle (off-season, initial growth, final growth and post-harvest). Our results showed that the mean macrophyte richness and biomass were similar between rice fields of different ages and lower than that of natural wetlands. Although species composition in the different-aged rice fields was not markedly different, there was nestedness in the rice fields as age increased. In this study, we verified that macrophyte richness and biomass in rice fields was lower than natural wetlands and the species composition was different among wetland types (rice fields and natural wetlands), however our hypothesis that species richness and biomass will decrease with crop age was not confirmed. All rice crops had similar macrophyte assemblage structure (richness, biomass and species composition). However, the another hypothesis tested was confirmed, macrophyte assemblage of rice fields is a subset of natural wetlands and as, the age of a rice field increases, the species that occur in older rice field are subsets of species that occur in younger ones.

Resumo Estudos recentes indicam que arrozais contribuem para a conservação de plantas aquáticas, entretanto cultivos repetidos podem reduzir a diversidade de espécies nos arrozais. Cultivos repetidos, aplicação de agrotóxicos e homogeneização ambiental podem reduzir a diversidade de plantas e selecionar espécies mais tolerantes a perturbações. Nossas hipóteses foram: 1) a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas reduzem com o aumento do tempo de cultivo dos arrozais; e 2) as espécies de macrófitas aquáticas dos arrozais são subamostras das áreas úmidas naturais e a perda de espécies aumentará com o tempo de cultivo. Nós investigamos três arrozais de cada uma das diferentes idades (antigos, intermediários e novos) e três áreas úmidas naturais temporárias. Cada área foi amostrada quatro vezes ao longo do ciclo de cultivo (resteva, crescimento inicial, crescimento final e pós-colheita). Nossos resultados indicaram que a riqueza e a biomassa média de macrófitas foram similares entre os arrozais de diferentes idades e menor do que nas áreas úmidas naturais. Embora a composição de espécies nos arrozais de diferentes idades não tenha sido marcadamente diferente, houve aninhamento nos arrozais e este aumentou com tempo de cultivo do arrozal. Neste estudo, nós verificamos que a riqueza e biomassa de macrófitas nos arrozais eram menores que nas áreas úmidas naturais e a composição de espécies era diferente entre os tipos de áreas úmidas (arrozais e áreas úmidas naturais), entretanto nossa hipótese de que a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas diminuiriam com a idade do cultivo não foi confirmada. Todos os arrozais foram similares quanto à estrutura da assembleia de macrófitas (riqueza, biomassa e composição de espécies). No entanto, a outra hipótese testada foi confirmada, a assembleia de macrófitas dos arrozais é um subconjunto das áreas úmidas naturais e, conforme aumenta a idade do arrozal, as espécies que ocorrem nos arrozais mais antigos são subconjuntos das espécies que ocorrem nos mais jovens.

Randomized branch sampling to estimatefruit production in Pecan trees cv. Barton

ABSTRACT: Sampling techniques to quantify the production of fruits are still very scarce and create a gap in crop development research. This study was conducted in a rural property in the county of Cachoeira do Sul - RS to estimate the efficiency of randomized branch sampling (RBS) in quantifying the production of pecan fruit at three different ages (5,7 and 10 years). Two selection techniques were tested: the probability proportional to the diameter (PPD) and the uniform probability (UP) techniques, which were performed on nine trees, three from each age and randomly chosen. The RBS underestimated fruit production for all ages, and its main drawback was the high sampling error (125.17% - PPD and 111.04% - UP). The UP was regarded as more efficient than the PPD, though both techniques estimated similar production and similar experimental errors. In conclusion, we reported that branch sampling was inaccurate for this case study, requiring new studies to produce estimates with smaller sampling error.

RESUMO: Técnicas de amostragem para quantificar a produção de frutos ainda são muito raras e geram uma lacuna no desenvolvimento das culturas. O presente estudo foi realizado em uma propriedade rural no município de Cachoeira do Sul - RS, com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência da amostragem aleatória de ramos (AAR) para estimar a produção de frutos de nogueira-pecã com três diferentes idades (5, 7 e 10 anos). Foram testadas duas técnicas de seleção: probabilidade proporcional ao diâmetro (PPD) e probabilidade uniforme (PU), aplicadas em nove árvores, sendo três de cada idade escolhidas através de sorteio. A AAR subestimou a produção de frutos nas idades avaliadas, sendo sua principal desvantagem o alto erro amostral (125,17% - PPD e 111,04% - PU). A PU foi considerada mais eficiente que a PPD nas árvores amostradas, mas com estimativas de produção e erros experimentais semelhantes. Conclui-se que a amostragem em ramos Foi imprecisa para o caso estudado, sendo necessária a realização de novos estudos para geração de estimativas com menor erro de amostragem.