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This study aims to increase the utilization of banana peels, a local agricultural by-product, by improving nutrient value and partially reducing the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) as an alternative ingredient in fish feed. The feasibility of molasses-fermented banana peels (MFBP) as a protein source in a practical diet for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) fries was investigated. Five isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% substitution levels of fish meal by MFBP were formulated. Twenty tilapia fries per group with three replicates were fed for eight weeks. The growth performance and feed efficiency values of fish were recorded and evaluated. Fish fed with 0, 25, and 50% MFBP levels showed significantly higher growth parameters, survival rate, and feed utilization efficiency than those fed with 75 and 100% MFBP levels. Although the control diet produced better growth performance and feed utilization efficiency than MFBP-based diets there was no significant difference between fish fed with the control diet and the low MFBP levels (0-50%) diet. Based on the present findings, it could be concluded that the molasses-fermented banana peels (MFBP) could efficiently replace the fishmeal by up to 50% without affecting the growth performance of red tilapia.(AU)

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We examined the effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for late gestating sows on sow and litter performance, colostrum chemical composition, and sow behavior. Sixty gestating sows of 3.77±1.65 parity were divided into three groups of 20 animals, in a randomized block design with 0 (corn-soybean meal diet), 150, or 300 g kg−1 DDGS from 84 days of gestation until farrowing. Sows fed 300 g kg−1 DDGS presented a lower frequency of standing position and eating activity. The lying lateral position was more frequent in the first 40 min post-feeding for sows fed the highest DDGS level. There was no effect of diets on sow and litter performance; however, DDGS inclusion tended to increase lactation feed intake. Inclusion of DDGS was inclined to produce more lactose and less protein in colostrum, but did not affect colostrum fat, total solids, and ash contents. Inclusion of up to 300 g kg−1 DDGS in the diet of late gestation sows does not change sow and litter performance and colostrum composition compared with corn-soybean meal diets, but it favored animal welfare.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of 50% broken rice (BR) in diets for meat quail from 1 to 35 days old, starting at different ages. A total of 875 mixed quail were allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates of 35 birds. The treatments consisted of a maize- and soybean meal-based control diet and four other similar diets in which the inclusion of 50% BR was started at different ages, namely, 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd days. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rate were evaluated weekly. At 35 days, 10 quail per plot were weighed and selected to be slaughtered for evaluations of live weight, carcass yield and gizzard yield. Lastly, a study of economic viability was carried out. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was detected for the performance parameters, live weight or carcass yield, but a higher gizzard yield was found (p < 0.05) in the treatment without BR. The inclusion of BR from the first day of life provided better economic viability. Diets with a maximum inclusion of 50% BR can be formulated for meat quail at any age.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the visceral composition, cuts, and meat quality of two strains of free-range chickens fed diets containing crushed sugar cane. 448 chickens were distributed at 35 days of age, in two randomized blocks design, in 4x2 factorial, with four levels of replacement in the feed (0; 15; 30 and 45%) by sugarcane and two strains (Pesadão and Label Rouge), in two repetitions per block of fourteen birds per experimental unit. In 30 minutes after slaughter, the parameter a* was higher for animals of the Pesadão strain relation to the Label Rouge lineage. A quadratic effect was observed with increasing levels of sugarcane on the L* parameter of breast meat; and linear effect on parameter b* of the breast skin. Within 24 hours after slaughter, a quadratic effect of sugarcane levels was observed on the b* parameter of the breast meat. The increase in sugarcane levels linearly reduced the weight of heart, liver, chest, thigh plus drumstick, wing, carcass yield and relative heart weight of the animals. A quadratic effect was observed with increase in sugarcane levels over the relative weight of abdominal fat, the lowest fat content was observed in animals that consumed up to 30% of sugarcane in the feed. The use of sugarcane as an alternative feedstuff in up to 45% in the diet maintains the quality of meat and reduces the abdominal fat content, however, decreases the carcass yield.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a composição visceral, o rendimento de cortes e a qualidade de carne de duas linhagens de frangos tipo caipira alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar triturada. Foram utilizados 448 frangos distribuídos, aos 35 dias de idade, em dois blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro níveis de substituição da ração (0; 15; 30 e 45%) por de cana-de-açúcar e duas linhagens (Pesadão e Label Rouge), em duas repetições por bloco de quatorze aves unidade experimental. Em 30 minutos após o abate, o parâmetro a* foi maior para os animais da linhagem Pesadão em relação à linhagem Label Rouge. Observou-se efeito quadrático com o aumento dos níveis cana-de-açúcar sobre o parâmetro L* da carne do peito; e efeito linear sobre o parâmetro b* da pele do peito. Em 24 horas após o abate, observou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar sobre o parâmetro b* da carne do peito. O aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar reduziu linearmente o peso do coração, fígado, peito, coxa mais sobrecoxa, asa, rendimento de carcaça e peso relativo do coração dos animais. Observou-se efeito quadrático com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar sobre o peso relativo da gordura abdominal, sendo que o menor teor de gordura foi observado nos animais que consumiram até 30% de cana-de-açúcar. O uso da cana-de-açúcar como alimento alternativo em até 45% na dieta, possibilita manter a qualidade de carne e reduz o teor de gordura abdominal, porém, diminui o rendimento de carcaça.

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This study evaluated the performance, egg quality, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs, and the intestinal morphometry of laying quails fed diets containing levels of dried cassava residue (DCR). A total of 120 150-day-old Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0% of DCR), four replicates, and six birds per experimental unit. The dietary inclusion of DCR did not affect (p>0.05) performance, internal egg quality, yolk color, and the values of villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio for the segments of the small intestine. However, a linear increase (p 0.05) was found for eggshell thickness, relative weight of the gizzard, and small intestine with increased dietary levels of the residue. For the relative weight of the pancreas, a quadratic effect (p 0.05) was observed, with the lower relative weight estimated at 4.04% DCR inclusion. Comparing to the control group (0% of DRC inclusion) the quails fed 5% of DRC showed a lower relative weight of the pancreas. The inclusion of up to 10% of dried cassava residue in laying quails diets does not interfere with the performance. Among the organs of gastrointestinal tract, the inclusion of dried cassava residue increased the relative weight of gizzard and small intestine. In addition, it improves eggshell quality by increasing eggshell thickness.

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Two experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of forage cactus meal in diets for rabbits during the growth phase. In the first test 14 male New Zealand red rabbits were used, housed in metal cages, and distributed in a completely randomly design with two treatments and seven replicates with one animal per experimental unit. The digestibility of the nutrients and the digestible energy of the forage cactus meal were determined by the total feces collection method. The forage cactus meal presented 92.24% of DM, 5.63% of CP and 2,347 kcal of DE/kg. In the second test the inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% forage cactus meal in the rabbit diet was tested for productive performance, carcass characteristics, viscera and economic viability. Thus, 40 male rabbits of the New Zealand red breed were used, distributed in metal cages, completely random designed with four treatments, five replicates and two animals per experimental unit. No influence of inclusion levels (P>0.05) on performance variables, housing characteristics or economic viability was observed. The forage cactus meal can be included in up to 30% in the diets of growing rabbits.

Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais para avaliar a inclusão do farelo de palma forrageira em dietas para coelhos durante a fase de crescimento. No primeiro ensaio foram utilizados 14 coelhos machos Nova Zelândia vermelha, alojados em gaiolas metálicas, e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e sete repetições com um animal por unidade experimental. Foram determinadas a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a energia digestível do farelo de palma pelo método da coleta total de fezes. O farelo de palma forrageira apresentou 92,24% de MS, 5,63% de PB e 2.347 kcal de ED/kg. No segundo ensaio foi testada a inclusão de 0, 10, 20 e 30% de farelo de palma forrageira na dieta de coelhos e avaliado o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, vísceras e a viabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 coelhos machos da raça Nova Zelândia vermelha, distribuídos em gaiolas metálicas, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Não se observou influência (P>0,05) da inclusão em níveis do farelo de palma sobre o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica. O farelo de palma pode ser incluído em até de 30% na dieta de coelhos em crescimento.

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Two trials were conducted: (1) to determine the chemical composition, digestibility of nutrients and energy of cashew nut meal (CNM); and (2) to evaluate the effects of increasing its levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) in diets for growing rabbits on performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. The digestibility assay utilized 24 rabbits (55 days of age), distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and 12 repetitions, with one reference and another test feed composed of 70% basal diet and 30% CNM. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy from CNM were, respectively, 76.61, 61.71 and 56.53%. The digestible dry matter, digestible protein and digestible energy were, respectively, 74.28, 16.97 and 3,549 kcal/kg. The performance assay utilized 120 rabbits, with an average of 45 days of age and weight 1090 ± 151g, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and 10 repetitions with two rabbits of the same sex per cage. The inclusion of CNM above 5% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake and improved feed conversion, without affecting weight gain and carcass characteristics to the 20% level of inclusion. There was also a linear reduction in feed cost per kilogram of weight gain and linear improvement in rates of economic efficiency and cost index up to 25% CNM inclusion. Based on these findings - and to not hurt performance - it is recommended to include up to 20% CNM in rabbits' diet.

Dois ensaios foram realizados: (1) para determinar a composição química, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia do farelo de castanha de caju (FCC) e avaliar os efeitos do aumento dos níveis (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) em dietas para coelhos em crescimento sobre desempenho, características de carcaça e avaliação econômica. O ensaio de digestibilidade utilizou 24 coelhos (55 dias de idade), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e 12 repetições, sendo uma ração referência e outra ração teste composta por 70% de dieta basal e 30% de FCC. A digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta do FCC foram, respectivamente, 76,61; 61,71 e 56,53%. A matéria seca digestível, a proteína digestível e a energia digestível foram, respectivamente, 74,28; 16,97 e 3,549 kcal / kg. O ensaio de desempenho utilizou 120 coelhos, com média de 45 dias de idade e peso de 1090 ± 151g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e 10 repetições com dois coelhos do mesmo sexo por gaiola. A inclusão de FCC acima de 5% promoveu uma redução linear no consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar, sem afetar as características de ganho de peso e carcaça para o nível de inclusão de 20%. Também foi observada redução linear no custo de alimentação por quilograma de ganho de peso e melhora linear nas taxas de eficiência econômica e índice de custos até 25% de inclusão do FCC. Com base nesses resultados - e para não prejudicar o desempenho - é recomendável incluir até 20% de FCC na dieta de coelhos.

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Crude glycerol is a major by-product of biodiesel production and is an economical additive feed for ruminants. However, residual methanol in crude glycerol can be harmful to animal health. Several methods exist for quantifying methanol residues in biodiesel, yet few have been described that identify the methanol level in crude glycerol. We propose a method for determining the methanol level in crude glycerol destined for animal feed. Crude glycerol was extracted from the headspace and quantified by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The method was linear up to 0.5 % of methanol. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.015 and 0.031 %, respectively. No significant matrix effects were observed. Precision was 2 % at the 0.05 and 0.5 % levels. The average percentage of recovery was 90 %. Three analyzed samples of crude glycerol had methanol residues of 0.027-7.802 %. Furthermore, this methanol quantification method may be externally or internally calibrated using a GC manual injector. A reduction of at least 20 % in running time was obtained with good resolution between the peaks. Thus, this method can be applied to determine the methanol level in crude glycerol according to the upper limits for animal feed (5,000 ppm) and for human consumption (150 ppm). Finally, this method is useful for the quality control of crude glycerol intended for use in animal feed, enabling the alternative use of this by-product to add value to the biodiesel production chain.

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Dietary inclusion of lipid sources has been one of the methods adopted by nutritionists aiming at better energy balancing. However, alternative energy feedstuffs have been sought in an attempt to reduce production costs. In this regard, lipid sources that can replace conventional ones, such as beef tallow, cottonseed oil, and sunflower oil have been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different lipid sources on the performance, egg quality, biometrics of digestive organs, and bone quality of white-egg commercial layers in the first production cycle. A total of 216 Hy-Line White layers at 70 weeks of age, weighing 1.701 ± 0.103 kg, were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The diets provided to them contained equal amounts of protein, calories, and amino acids, with only the lipid source varying - soybean oil (control), cottonseed oil, beef tallow, and sunflower oil. No significant effect of lipid sources was observed on any of the performance or egg-quality variables assessed (p>0.05). Biometric variables were not influenced by lipid sources, except for abdominal fat, which was highest in the birds receiving the beef-tallow treatments and lowest in birds fed the sunflower-oil diets (p 0.05). Except for mineral matter, bone traits were not influenced by the treatments; this variable was highest in the control treatments and lowest in the beef-tallow treatments. In conclusion, cottonseed and sunflower oils can be used to fully replace soybean oil in diets for white-egg commercial layers.

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This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of a biological silage meal made of tambaqui waste on dietary nutrient apparent digestibility and energy metabolism of commercial layer diets. Seventy-two 61-week-old Hisex White hens were assigned according to a completely randomized experimental design in two treatments: control diet and diet with 5% tambaqui waste biological silage meal (TWBSM), with six replicates of six birds each. The ensiled biomass presented grey brown color, acid aroma, viscous texture, 5.27±0.016pH, 96.28% dry matter (DM), 33.29% crude protein (CP), 33.65% ether extract (EE), 14.37% ashes, 13.63% non-nitrogen extract (NNE), 65.16 g.kg-1 calcium (Ca), 22.90 g.kg-1 phosphorus (P), and 5,666.07 kcal.kg-1 gross energy (GE). Higher (p>0.05) coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, crude fiber, EE, and ash, and higher coefficient of GE metabolizability were obtained in the diet with 5% TWBSM. Due to its high CP content (33.29% on DM basis), TWBSM may be considered a protein feedstuff. Although no differences in CP digestibility (p>0.05) were detected, TWBSM presented high CP digestibility than the control diet due to proteins hydrolysis as a result of lactic fermentation by microorganisms during the ensilage process, yielding autolysed proteins of high biological value. Our results indicate that the biological silage meal produced from the residual biomass of tambaqui can be included up to 5% in commercial layer diets as it has good nutrient digestibility, and therefore, may potentially be used as a dietary energy and protein source.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate different strategies for the oxidative stabilization of rice bran (RB) in the diet of broiler chickens using natural antioxidant additives, synthetic antioxidant additives and heat treatment on performance, breast meat quality and liver fat content and the nutrient digestibility coefficients. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat treatment and antioxidants, antioxidant additive treatments, without antioxidants, natural, and synthetic, and to three heat treatments, without heat, dry-heat and moist-heat, after the rice bran was stored for 90 days and then incorporated into the experimental diets. 1080 broilers were arranged in a 3 x 3-factorial randomized design with 10 replicates per treatments. The wet heat treatment of the meal resulted in a higher daily feed intake and body weight at 28 days and better feed conversion than did the meal without heat treatment. No significant interactions were observed between the tested factors on the apparent digestibility of dry matter and ether extract as well as the values of apparent metabolizable energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen. However, there was significant interaction between the tested factors on the nitrogen retention coefficient; the natural antioxidant and dry heat-treated meal combination presented a lower crude protein digestibility coefficient than those without heat treatment. In conclusion, thermal treatment of this bran proved to be more effective as demonstrated by the performance responses of the birds. Broiler chickens reared up to 28 days of age consuming diets containing 6.5% RB stabilized by heat treatment showed better performance, and the use of antioxidants was not necessary.

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This study was carried out to evaluate using palm fronds only or supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes as alternative roughage on the ruminal nutrients digestibility and gas production. Treatments were: clover hay (Trifolium alexandrinum), palm fronds only and palm fronds plus fibrolytic enzymes (enzymes were mixed with palm fronds in rate of 4 g kg-1 of dry matter (DM). The results showed a reduction (p < 0.05) in gas production, ammoniac nitrogen (NH3-N, DM and organic matter (OM) digestibility in palm fronds compared with clover hay. While supplementing palm fronds with fibrolytic enzymes improved DM and OM digestibility compared with palm fronds only without (p < 0.05) differences with clover hay. Also, supplementing palm fronds with fibrolytic enzymes reduced (p < 0.05) gas production compared with other treatments. It could be concluded that adding fibrolytic enzymes improved the utilization of palm fronds as alternative roughage without negative effect on nutrients digestibility and reduced gas production which improve the environmental aspects of feeding ruminant animals.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as folhas de palmeiras sozinhas ou suplementadas com enzimas fibrolíticas, como uma alternativa de degradação da fibra na digestibilidade de nutrientes de ruminantes e produção de gás. Os tratamentos foram: Feno (Trifolium alexandrinum), folhas de palmeiras, e folhas de palmeiras com adição de enzimas fibrolíticas (as enzimas foram misturadas com a folha com taxa de 4g kg-1 matéria seca (MS). Os resultados mostraram uma redução da produção de gás (p < 0.05), nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3-N), MS e matéria orgânica (MO) na digestibilidade das folhas da palmeira comparadas com o feno. Enquanto a suplementação de folhas com as enzimas fibrolíticas, aumentou a digestibilidade DM e OM comparado com as folhas de palmeira, que não teve diferenças com o feno (p < 0.05). Também, suplementando as folhas de palmeiras com as enzimas fibrolíticas reduziram em (p < 0.05) a produção de gás comparado com os outros tratamentos. Pode ser concluído que a adição das enzimas fibrolíticas aumenta a utilização da folha da palmeira como uma alternativa de forragem a qual não possui efeitos negativos na digestibilidade de nutrientes e reduz a produção de gás, a qual melhora os aspectos dos meios da alimentação de animais ruminantes.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e energético da torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes métodos para suínos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos, castrados, distribuídos em seis tratamentos, sendo uma ração referência e cinco rações testes (75% da dieta referência e 25% das tortas de mamona) contendo a torta de mamona destoxificada pelos métodos do hidróxido de cálcio, da autoclavagem, do hidróxido de cálcio+ensilagem, da autoclavagem+ensilagem e da extrusão. As tortas de mamona submetidas aos processos de destoxificação com hidróxido de cálcio e autoclavagem resultaram em maior teor de proteína digestível. Para o valor de energia metabolizável, os processos de destoxificação com hidróxido de cálcio, autoclavagem, hidróxido de cálcio+ensilagem e extrusão não diferiram entre si. Considerando-se a valoração nutricional e energética da torta de mamona por meio dos processos de destoxificação, os métodos com uso de hidróxido de cálcio e autoclavagem são os mais eficientes.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and energy value of castor bean cake detoxified by different methods for growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows was distributed in six treatments, being in a reference diet and 5 test diets (75% of the reference diet and 25% of castor beam cake) containing castor bean cake detoxified by the method of calcium hydroxide, autoclaving, calcium hydroxide + silage, autoclaving + silage and extrusion. Castor bean cake subjected to detoxification processes with calcium hydroxide and autoclaving resulted in higher content of digestible protein. For the metabolizable energy value, the process of detoxification with calcium hydroxide, autoclaving, calcium hydroxide+silage, and extrusion did not differ. Considering the nutritional and energy valuation of castor bean cake detoxified by different procedures, the methods using calcium hydroxide and autoclaving were the most efficient.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary addition of different levels of glycerin on the performance, litter moisture, pododermatitis incidence, and carcass and parts yield of broilers. In total, 1,610 broilers were reared in 35 pens with 46 birds each. A completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments with seven replicates was applied. The experimental treatments were: T1: control diet; T2: dietary inclusion of 5% glycerin from 1-42 days of age; T3: dietary inclusion of 10% glycerin from 1-42 days of age; T4: dietary inclusion of 5% glycerin from 7-42 days of age; T5: dietary inclusion of 10% glycerin from 7-42 days of age. The diets containing glycerin fed since the pre-starter period improved broiler weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but did not influence feed intake or livability. At the end of the experiment, the production efficiency index of the broilers fed 10% glycerin during the entire rearing period was significantly reduced compared with the other treatments. Litter moisture in the pens of broilers fed 10% glycerin during the entire rearing period was higher compared to the other treatments since day 21.Diets containing 10% glycerin, both for the entire rearing period (1-42 days) or only after the pre-starter phase (7-42 days), influenced broiler performance and incidence of severe pododermatitis, reducing the production efficiency indexes at 42 days. Glycerin may be added up to 5% in broiler´s diets with no effect on performance, litter moisture and carcass yield, indicating that this co-product of the biodiesel industry can be used as an alternative feedstuff for broilers.

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O experimento foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da torta da semente de cupuaçu (TSC) nas dietas de frangos de linhagem caipira. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado e foram utilizados 300 pintainhos de corte, sendo que os níveis de inclusão foram de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%, de TSC nas rações. Cada tratamento possuía seis repetições com 10 aves. Foram analisados os níveis de inclusões da TSC nos períodos de 1-14, 1-28, 1-42, 1-56 e 1-70 dias de criação, em relação ao desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração, peso vivo, conversão alimentar, eficiência alimentar e viabilidade dos frangos). Foi analisado também o rendimento de carcaça e a margem bruta relativa (MBR). A utilização da TSC na dieta dos frangos reduziu o consumo de ração e, consequentemente, o peso vivo, piorando a conversão alimentar, reduzindo a eficiência alimentar da ração e a viabilidade dos frangos. Não houve influência da inclusão da TSC sobre o rendimento de carcaça de machos, porém houve aumento no rendimento de moela vazia, intestinos e redução da gordura abdominal. Houve também redução na MBR, conforme os níveis crescentes de inclusão da TSC.(AU)

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of including the by-product of cupuacu seeds (BCS) in dietary feed of free-range broilers. A completely randomized design was used with 300 broiler chickens, and the inclusion levels ranged from 0, 5, 10, 15 to 20% of BCS in the feeds. Each treatment had six replicates with 10 birds. The BCS inclusion levels were analyzed in the total period from 1-14, 1-28, 1-42, 1-56, and 1-70 days old, in relation to the production performance (feed intake, live weight, feed conversion, feed efficiency and viability of broilers). The carcass yield and gross margin ratio (GMR) were also analyzed. The use of BCS in the feed of broiler chickens reduced the feed intake and consequently the live weight, worsening the feed conversion, and also reduced feed efficiency and the viability of broiler chickens. There was no influence of the inclusion levels of BCS on the carcass yield of males; nevertheless, there was an increase in the yield of intestines and gizzard, and a reduction of abdominal fat. There was also a reduction in the GMR as the BCS levels increased.(AU)

El experimento fue realizado con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de la inclusión del subproducto de semilla de cupuaçu (SSC) en las dietas de pollos de linaje campesino. El delineamiento fue enteramente casual y fueron utilizados 300 pollitos, siendo que los niveles de inclusión fueron de 0,5, 10, 15 y 20% de SSC en las raciones. Cada tratamiento poseía seis repeticiones con 10 aves. Se analizó los niveles de inclusiones del SSC en los períodos de 1-14, 1-28, 1-42, 1-56 y 1-70 días de creación, en relación al desempeño zootécnico (consumo de ración, peso vivo, conversión alimentar, eficiencia alimentar y viabilidad de los pollos). Se ha analizado también el rendimiento del esqueleto y la margen bruta relativa (MBR). La utilización del SSC en la dieta de los pollos acortó el consumo de ración y consecuentemente el peso vivo, afectando de forma negativa la conversión alimentar, reduciendo la eficiencia alimentar de la ración y la viabilidad de los pollos. No hubo influencia de la inclusión del SSC sobre el rendimiento del esqueleto de machos, pero hubo aumento en el rendimiento de molleja vacía, intestinos y reducción de grasa abdominal. Hubo también reducción en la MBR, conforme los niveles crecientes de inclusión del SSC.(AU)

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This study evaluated the effect, on productive performance and on egg quality, of replacing corn with broken rice in the feed of 64-148 day-old Japanese quails. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five treatments consisting of five inclusion levels of broken rice (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) with eight replicates of eight birds each. No significant differences were observed in productive performance variables across treatments (P > 0.05, all). Regarding egg quality, no significant differences were observed in yolk percentage, specific gravity, or Haugh unit across treatments (P > 0.05 for all parameters). However, yolk color index was negatively affected by dietary rice husk levels (Y = 4.080 - 0.0293X, R² = 98.56%; P 0.05). Thus, corn can be replaced with up to 100% broken rice in diets for laying Japanese quails without losses in productive performance or egg quality, but corn replacement with broken rice affects yolk color.

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho pela quirera de arroz, em rações de codornas japonesas em postura sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade de ovos no período de 64 a 148 dias de idade. O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, que consistiram na inclusão de cinco níveis (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de quirera de arroz em substituição ao milho nas rações, com oito repetições de oito aves cada. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) para as características de desempenho das aves. Para as características de qualidade de ovos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) sobre as variáveis percentagens de gema, gravidade específica e unidade Haugh. Entretanto, a coloração da gema sofreu influencia (P 0,05) pelos dos níveis de inclusão de quirera de arroz, verificando efeito linear negativo (Y = 4,080 - 0,0293X; R² = 98,56%) com o aumento da inclusão da quirera. É possível substituir o milho em até 100% pela quirera de arroz em rações para codornas japonesas em postura, sem que haja prejuízos no desempenho produtivo das aves e na qualidade dos ovos. Porém, a substituição do milho por quirera causa diminuição da coloração da gema.

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Foram realizados 2 ensaios, sendo o Ensaio 1 para determinar a composição nutricional e energética do resíduo de acerola, e o Ensaio 2 para avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes deste ingrediente em rações para coelhos na fase de crescimento sobre desempenho, digestibilidade das dietas, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne, avaliação bioquímica do soro e avaliação econômica. Para o ensaio 1, foram utilizados 36 coelhos (machos e fêmeas) distribuídos entre três tratamentos: ração referência e rações T15 e T30 (com substituição de 15 e 30% da ração referência por resíduo de acerola, respectivamente). O resíduo de acerola apresentou 91,00% de MS, 10,02% de PB, 54,79% de FDA e 1295,40 kcal de ED/kg. Para o Ensaio 2, 120 coelhos com 45 dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2, sendo 5 níveis de inclusão de resíduo de acerola na ração (0, 8, 16, 24 e 32%) e dois sexos (machos e fêmeas). Observou-se que a inclusão do resíduo de acerola a partir de 16% resultou em aumento no consumo de ração e piora na conversão alimentar, sem influenciar o ganho de peso e as características de carcaça até o nível de 32%. Observou-se que a inclusão do resíduo de acerola na ração não influenciou os valores de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, HDL e LDL dos animais. Para o potencial antioxidante e atividade antioxidante do soro, observou-se efeito linear crescente à medida que aumentou o nível de inclusão do resíduo de acerola na ração. A inclusão dos níveis crescentes do resíduo de acerola na ração reduziu as perdas por cocção, sendo observado maiores teores de compostos fenólicos a partir do nível de 16%. Observou-se redução linear no custo com alimentação por quilograma do ganho de peso e melhores índices de eficiência econômica e índice de custo em função dos níveis de inclusão do resíduo de acerola nas rações. Conclui-se que a inclusão do resíduo de acerola nas dietas de coelhos na fase de crescimento pode ser realizada até o nível de 16%.

Two assays were carried out to determine the nutritional and energy value of acerola residue and to evaluate the dietary inclusion of this feedstuff on animal performance, digestibility of diets, carcass traits, meat quality, biochemical parameters, and economic viability of growing rabbits. For assay 1, 36 rabbits (male and female) were assigned to three treatments: reference diet, T15 and T30 diets (test diets with replacement of 15 and 30% of the reference diet with acerola residue, respectively). Acerola residue contained 91.00% dry matter, 10.02% crude protein, 54.79% acid detergent fiber, and 1295.40 kcal DE/kg. For assay 2, 120 rabbits (60 male and 60 female) were assigned to a 5x2 factorial randomized block design, with 5 inclusion levels of acerola residue (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32%) and two sexes (male and female). The inclusion of acerola residue from 16% increased the feed intake and feed conversion without effects on weight gain and carcass traits up to the level of 32%. The dietary inclusion of acerola residue did not influence the triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol of the animals. The dietary inclusion of acerola residue linearly increased the antioxidant activity and potential of blood. The acerola residue supply reduced cooking losses, with higher levels of phenolic compounds observed from the inclusion level of 16%. The inclusion of acerola residue promoted a linear decrease in the average feed cost per kilogram bodyweight and cost index, and positively affected the economic efficiency. The acerola residue can be added to growing rabbit diets up to the level of 16%.

Resumo

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and the metabolizability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of passion fruit seed meal (PFM) for quails. One hundred meat quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with 21 days old, allotted in a completely randomized design, with four treatments, five replicates and four animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of different levels PFM (4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0%) that replaced the basal diet (w/w). Metabolizable values were determined by fitting linear equations the PFM can be characterized as an alternative feedstuff for meat quails and the main chemical compounds are gross energy (5,569 kcal kg-1), CP (11.34%), EE (18.84%) and NDF (50.22%), as fed basis. Linear equations were fitted as follow: AME = 2,976 x + 5.877 (r2 = 0.94) and AMEn = 2,939 x + 4.864 (r2 = 0.95), thus AME and AMEn were estimated at 2,976 and 2,939 kcal kg-1, respectively. Additionaly, equations were adjusted for CP, EE, NFD and DM, respectively resulting in a metabolization of 6.35, 17.9, 12.48 and 45.66%. It is concluded that main components of the passion fruit seed meal are gross energy, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber and its AME and AMEn for meat quails are 2,976 and 2,939 kcal kg-1, respectively.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo, determinar a composição química, a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn) e a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do farelo da semente de maracujá (FSM) para codornas. Foram utilizadas 100 codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e quatro aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos constituíram de diferentes níveis de FSM (4,0; 8,0; 12,0; 16,0%) em substituição a ração referência. Valores metabolizáveis foram determinados por ajuste de equações lineares. O FSM pode ser caracterizado como um alimento alternativo para codornas de corte e seus principais compostos são a energia bruta (5.569 kcal kg-1), PB (11,34%), EE (18,84%) e FDN (50,22%), na matéria natural. Foram ajustadas as equações EMA = 2.976 + 5,877 x (r2 = 0,94) e EMAn = 2.939 + 4,864 x (r2 = 0,95), assim, a EMA e EMAn foram estimadas em 2.976 e 2.939 kcal kg-1, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foram ajustadas equações para PB, EE, FDN e MS resultando em valores metabolizáveis de 6,35, 17,9, 12,48 e 45,66%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que os principais componentes do farelo da semente de maracujá são a energia bruta, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro, e a EMA e EMAn para codornas de corte é de 2.976 e 2.939 kcal kg-1, respectivamente.

Resumo

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.

Resumo

This study evaluated the effect, on productive performance and on egg quality, of replacing corn with broken rice in the feed of 64-148 day-old Japanese quails. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five treatments consisting of five inclusion levels of broken rice (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) with eight replicates of eight birds each. No significant differences were observed in productive performance variables across treatments (P > 0.05, all). Regarding egg quality, no significant differences were observed in yolk percentage, specific gravity, or Haugh unit across treatments (P > 0.05 for all parameters). However, yolk color index was negatively affected by dietary rice husk levels (Y = 4.080 - 0.0293X, R² = 98.56%; P 0.05). Thus, corn can be replaced with up to 100% broken rice in diets for laying Japanese quails without losses in productive performance or egg quality, but corn replacement with broken rice affects yolk color.

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho pela quirera de arroz, em rações de codornas japonesas em postura sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade de ovos no período de 64 a 148 dias de idade. O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, que consistiram na inclusão de cinco níveis (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de quirera de arroz em substituição ao milho nas rações, com oito repetições de oito aves cada. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) para as características de desempenho das aves. Para as características de qualidade de ovos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) sobre as variáveis percentagens de gema, gravidade específica e unidade Haugh. Entretanto, a coloração da gema sofreu influencia (P 0,05) pelos dos níveis de inclusão de quirera de arroz, verificando efeito linear negativo (Y = 4,080 - 0,0293X; R² = 98,56%) com o aumento da inclusão da quirera. É possível substituir o milho em até 100% pela quirera de arroz em rações para codornas japonesas em postura, sem que haja prejuízos no desempenho produtivo das aves e na qualidade dos ovos. Porém, a substituição do milho por quirera causa diminuição da coloração da gema.