Grape pomace silage on growth performance, carcass, and meat quality attributes of lambs

Grape pomace is a by-product that can be ensiled and added to animal feed for a sustainable animal production. This study evaluated the effects of grape pomace silage (GPS) on the intake, performance, and carcass and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Twenty-four male lambs (21.5 ± 3.0 kg initial body weight) were distributed into pairs to four diets levels 0, 10, 20, and 30 % of GPS. The addition of grape pomace silage influenced only ether extract (EE) intake linearly without hindering consumption. The diet did not affect performance and meat quality attributes and carcass parameters, with average daily gain (ADG) of 0.235 kg d-¹, feed conversion 4.299, carcass conformation 2.7, compactness index 0.25 kg cm-¹, fat thickness 1.51 mm, loin eye area 13.9 cm², pH 5.79, natural matter moisture 74.05 g 100 g-¹, and crude protein (CP) 19.94 g per 100 g-¹ of dry matter (DM). Grape pomace as could be used as silage in lamb diets with up to 30 % GPS, as the chemical composition of this by-product and the results indicate that GPS did not compromise performance, carcass traits, and meat quality.

Supra-nutritional Levels of Selected B Vitamins in Animal or Vegetable Diets for Broiler Chicken

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supra-nutritional level of selected B vitamins in different types of diet on broiler performance. Two experiments were conducted using male and female one-day-old chicks (n=288 each; initial body weights in experiment I and II was, respectively, 47.57 ± 0.43, and 47.98 ± 0.31) reared in batteries up to 18 days. In experiment I, the chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet and, in experiment II, a diet containing oxidized animal by-product meals and soybean oil was used. Both experiments followed a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of the factors: i) supplementation levels of selected B vitamins (control, 3- or 6-times control of the vitamins riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, folic acid and vitamin B12); ii) dietary nutritional density (low or high), totaling 6 treatments and 8 replicates of 6 birds each (3 males and 3 females). As result of this study, in Exp. I, chicks showed higher weight gain (741.1 g vs. 697.3 g) and feed intake (920.2 vs. 878.5 g) when fed low-nutritional density diet with supra-nutritional vitamin level 6-times higher than the control. However, this effect was not found in the performance of chickens fed high-nutritional density diet. Despite the poor quality of the ingredients used in Exp. II, no statistical effect was shown of the use of vitamin super-dose in rations with different dietary nutrient density. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved for chickens fed high-nutritional density diet (1.191 vs. 1.246 in experiment I, 1.244 vs. 1.275 in experiment II, p 0.01). We conclude that birds fed a vegetable diet formulated with low-dietary density improved body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) when receiving supra-nutritional levels of vitamins 6-times higher than the control.(AU)

Supra-nutritional Levels of Selected B Vitamins in Animal or Vegetable Diets for Broiler Chicken

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supra-nutritional level of selected B vitamins in different types of diet on broiler performance. Two experiments were conducted using male and female one-day-old chicks (n=288 each; initial body weights in experiment I and II was, respectively, 47.57 ± 0.43, and 47.98 ± 0.31) reared in batteries up to 18 days. In experiment I, the chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet and, in experiment II, a diet containing oxidized animal by-product meals and soybean oil was used. Both experiments followed a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of the factors: i) supplementation levels of selected B vitamins (control, 3- or 6-times control of the vitamins riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, folic acid and vitamin B12); ii) dietary nutritional density (low or high), totaling 6 treatments and 8 replicates of 6 birds each (3 males and 3 females). As result of this study, in Exp. I, chicks showed higher weight gain (741.1 g vs. 697.3 g) and feed intake (920.2 vs. 878.5 g) when fed low-nutritional density diet with supra-nutritional vitamin level 6-times higher than the control. However, this effect was not found in the performance of chickens fed high-nutritional density diet. Despite the poor quality of the ingredients used in Exp. II, no statistical effect was shown of the use of vitamin super-dose in rations with different dietary nutrient density. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved for chickens fed high-nutritional density diet (1.191 vs. 1.246 in experiment I, 1.244 vs. 1.275 in experiment II, p 0.01). We conclude that birds fed a vegetable diet formulated with low-dietary density improved body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) when receiving supra-nutritional levels of vitamins 6-times higher than the control.

Energia metabolizável e aminoácidos digestíveis de coprodutos de trigo e de farinhas de origem animal em dietas para frangos de corte / [Metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids of wheat co-products and animal origin meals in broiler diets]

The objective of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy, standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) and digestible amino acid values of wheat meal (WM), wheat gluten meal (WGM), meat bone meal (MBM) and poultry-by-product meal (PPM) in diets for broilers. In the first experiment, the total excreta collection method was used, with 180 chicks with 14 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + reference diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. In the second experiment, 180 broilers from 24 to 28 days old were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + one protein free diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. The AMEn values of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 3052, 3174, 1556 and 3200 (kcal/kg), respectively. The average SIAAD of the essential and non-essential amino acids of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 74.21, 97.50, 69.28 and 83.08; 76.32, 96.42, 63.93 and 77.66, respectively. The values of the main digestible limiting amino acids were 0.18, 1.42, 0.41 and 0.94 for methionine; 0.20, 1.48, 1.73 and 2.73 for lysine; 0.23, 1.67, 0.72 and 1.89 for threonine; and 0.35, 3.22, 1.38 and 2.47 for valine, respectively for the feedstuffs in study.(AU)

Passion fruit waste in diets for quail in the laying phase

T. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of including the waste from passion fruit pulp extraction in diets for Japanese quail in the laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 280 female quail were distributed into five treatments with eight replicates and seven birds per cage. Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% inclusion of passion fruit waste in the diet. The experiment began with quail at 70 days of age and lasted 63 days, with performance evaluated every 21 days and egg quality in the last two days of each cycle. There was no difference between the treatments for feed intake, body weight, specific gravity, or eggshell thickness. However, a decreasing linear regression was obtained for feed intake with the inclusion of the waste, while a quadratic response was show by egg production, weight and parts of the egg. Inclusion of up to 6% passion fruit waste in diets for quail is recommended to maintain the indices in relation to control treatment. However, the best values for egg-laying rate and for the weights of egg, albumen, yolk, and shell are obtained with 2.5 to 3.5% inclusion of passion fruit waste.(AU)

Passion fruit waste in diets for quail in the laying phase

T. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of including the waste from passion fruit pulp extraction in diets for Japanese quail in the laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 280 female quail were distributed into five treatments with eight replicates and seven birds per cage. Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% inclusion of passion fruit waste in the diet. The experiment began with quail at 70 days of age and lasted 63 days, with performance evaluated every 21 days and egg quality in the last two days of each cycle. There was no difference between the treatments for feed intake, body weight, specific gravity, or eggshell thickness. However, a decreasing linear regression was obtained for feed intake with the inclusion of the waste, while a quadratic response was show by egg production, weight and parts of the egg. Inclusion of up to 6% passion fruit waste in diets for quail is recommended to maintain the indices in relation to control treatment. However, the best values for egg-laying rate and for the weights of egg, albumen, yolk, and shell are obtained with 2.5 to 3.5% inclusion of passion fruit waste.

Caracterização físico-química de silagens de bagaço de uvas tintas e brancas / Physicochemical characterization of ensiled red and white grape pomace

O uso do bagaço de uva, um coproduto da indústria da viticultura se apresenta como uma alternativa de reduzir custos com alimentação dos ruminantes, auxiliando também o meio ambiente, pois além de dar um destino a este material que é descartado pela indústria, ainda auxilia na redução da produção de metano pelos ruminantes. O objetivo neste trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar resultados físico-químicos de silagens de bagaço de uva, com diferentes variedades de uvas tintas e brancas. O processo de ensilagem foi realizado em microsilos de pvc, o delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas inteiramente casualizado, onde os silos foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos (uvas brancas e tintas) com três variedades de uvas cada, contendo três repetições, totalizando 18 silos. Avaliou-se a composição bromatológica das silagens de uvas brancas e tintas separadamente. Nas variedades de uvas brancas estudadas, a uva Chardonnay apresentou maiores teores de MS (23,23%), MO (92,10%), PB (12,60%) FDA (43,47%) e EE (7,02%) em relação às variedades Gewurztramine e Sauvignon Blanc. No que se refere às variedades tintas, não houve diferença (P<0,05) nos teores de PB, no entanto os valores de pH foram maiores (4,10) na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. As uvas Merlot e Tannat apresentaram teores semelhantes (P<0,05) para MS, MO, MM e pH. As silagens de bagaço de uvas brancas e tintas deste estudo apresentam baixos valores de MS resultando em perdas nutricionais, com níveis de PB medianos quando comparados a outros estudos. Embora os valores de pH estejam adequados a boa fermentação do material ensilado, os teores de lignina e gordura são muito elevados, tornando este material ensilado com baixo valor nutricional para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, onde mais estudos devem ser realizados com este coproduto.

The use of grape pomace , a co-product of the wine industry, is an alternative to reduce the costs of ruminant feeding. In addition, it minimizes environmental problems by giving a destination to this material that is discarded by the industry and by reducing the methane production of ruminants. The objective of this work was to report the physicochemical results of grape pomace silage using different varieties of red and white grapes. The silos were divided into two treatments (white and red grapes) with three grape varieties, containing three replicates, totaling 18 silos. The ensiling process was carried out in PVC microsilos in a completely randomized design. The bromatological composition of the white and red grape silages was evaluated separately. Regarding the white grape varieties studied, the Chardonnay grape contained higher levels of DM (23.23%), OM (92.10%), CP (12.60%), ADF (43.47%), and EE (7.2%) compared to the Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc varieties. No differences (P<0.05) in CP were observed for the red grape varieties , but the pH values were higher (4.10) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The Merlot and Tannat grapes had similar (P<0.05) DM, OM and MM contents and pH. The low DM content of the white and red grape pomace silages resulted in nutritional losses, with intermediate CP levels when compared to other studies . Although the pH values are adequate for good fermentation of the ensiled material, the lignin and fat contents are very high, a fact resulting in ensiled material of low nutritional value for use in ruminant feeding. Further studies using this co-product are necessary.

Caracterização físico-química de silagens de bagaço de uvas tintas e brancas / Physicochemical characterization of ensiled red and white grape pomace

O uso do bagaço de uva, um coproduto da indústria da viticultura se apresenta como uma alternativa de reduzir custos com alimentação dos ruminantes, auxiliando também o meio ambiente, pois além de dar um destino a este material que é descartado pela indústria, ainda auxilia na redução da produção de metano pelos ruminantes. O objetivo neste trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar resultados físico-químicos de silagens de bagaço de uva, com diferentes variedades de uvas tintas e brancas. O processo de ensilagem foi realizado em microsilos de pvc, o delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas inteiramente casualizado, onde os silos foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos (uvas brancas e tintas) com três variedades de uvas cada, contendo três repetições, totalizando 18 silos. Avaliou-se a composição bromatológica das silagens de uvas brancas e tintas separadamente. Nas variedades de uvas brancas estudadas, a uva Chardonnay apresentou maiores teores de MS (23,23%), MO (92,10%), PB (12,60%) FDA (43,47%) e EE (7,02%) em relação às variedades Gewurztramine e Sauvignon Blanc. No que se refere às variedades tintas, não houve diferença (P<0,05) nos teores de PB, no entanto os valores de pH foram maiores (4,10) na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. As uvas Merlot e Tannat apresentaram teores semelhantes (P<0,05) para MS, MO, MM e pH. As silagens de bagaço de uvas brancas e tintas deste estudo apresentam baixos valores de MS resultando em perdas nutricionais, com níveis de PB medianos quando comparados a outros estudos. Embora os valores de pH estejam adequados a boa fermentação do material ensilado, os teores de lignina e gordura são muito elevados, tornando este material ensilado com baixo valor nutricional para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, onde mais estudos devem ser realizados com este coproduto.(AU)

The use of grape pomace , a co-product of the wine industry, is an alternative to reduce the costs of ruminant feeding. In addition, it minimizes environmental problems by giving a destination to this material that is discarded by the industry and by reducing the methane production of ruminants. The objective of this work was to report the physicochemical results of grape pomace silage using different varieties of red and white grapes. The silos were divided into two treatments (white and red grapes) with three grape varieties, containing three replicates, totaling 18 silos. The ensiling process was carried out in PVC microsilos in a completely randomized design. The bromatological composition of the white and red grape silages was evaluated separately. Regarding the white grape varieties studied, the Chardonnay grape contained higher levels of DM (23.23%), OM (92.10%), CP (12.60%), ADF (43.47%), and EE (7.2%) compared to the Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc varieties. No differences (P<0.05) in CP were observed for the red grape varieties , but the pH values were higher (4.10) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The Merlot and Tannat grapes had similar (P<0.05) DM, OM and MM contents and pH. The low DM content of the white and red grape pomace silages resulted in nutritional losses, with intermediate CP levels when compared to other studies . Although the pH values are adequate for good fermentation of the ensiled material, the lignin and fat contents are very high, a fact resulting in ensiled material of low nutritional value for use in ruminant feeding. Further studies using this co-product are necessary.(AU)

Recovery of fibrinolytic and collagenolytic enzymes from fish and shrimp byproducts: potential source for biomedical applications / Recuperação de enzimas fibrinolíticas e colagenolitícas de resíduos de peixes e camarões: fonte potencial para aplicações biomédicas

Fish and shrimp industries generate a significant amount of by-products. These by-products can be used for the extraction of enzymes of biomedical interest, such as fibrinolytic and collagenolytic. Thus, this work aimed to perform a screening of fish and shrimp byproducts as sources of enzymes with fibrinolytic and collagenolytic activities and to characterize the biochemical properties of crude extracts with collagenolytic activity from Cichla ocellaris residues. Fibrinolytic enzymes were recovered with activities between 5.51 ± 0.02 U.mL-1 (Caranx crysos) and 56.16 ± 0.42 U.mL-1 (Litopenaeus vannamei), while collagenolytic enzymes were detected in a range between 6.79 ± 0.00 U.mg-1 (Trachurus lathami) and 94.35 ± 0.02 U.mg-1 (C. ocellaris). After collagenolytic screening, the selected species was C. ocellaris, being subjected to a preheating, which culminated with an increase of enzymatic activity of 35.07% (up to 127.44 ± 0.09 U.mg-1). The optimal collagenolytic activity recovered from C. ocellaris byproducts was 55 °C (thermostable between 25 and 60 °C) and 7.5 (stable between 6.5 and 11.5) for temperature and pH evaluations, respectively. The kinetic parameters were determined, obtaining Km of 5.92 mM and Vmax of 294.40 U.mg-1. The recovered enzyme was sensitive to the Cu2+, Hg2 and Pb2+ ions, being partially inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), N-p-tosyl-L-lysin chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and Benzamidine. Furthermore, it was able to cleave native type I collagen, the most important type for industry. Thus, the recovery of biomolecules, besides offering to the industry an alternative source of active molecules, contributes to the reduction of the environmental impact, adding value to the fish product and providing a new source of income.

As indústrias de peixe e camarão geram uma quantidade significativa de subprodutos. Estes subprodutos podem ser utilizados para a extração de enzimas de interesse biomédico, como fibrinolítica e o colagenolítica. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma triagem de subprodutos de peixes e camarões como fontes de enzimas com atividade fibrinolítica e colagenolítica e caracterizar as propriedades bioquímicas do extrato bruto com atividade colagenolítica a partir de resíduos de Cichla ocellaris. Enzimas fibrinolíticas foram recuperadas com atividades entre 5,51 ± 0,02 U.mL-1 (Caranx crysos) e 56,16 ± 0,42 U.mL-1 (Litopenaeus vannamei), enquanto enzimas colagenolitícas foram detectadas numa variação entre 6,79 ± 0,00 U.mg-1 (Trachurus lathami) e 94,35 ± 0,02 U.mg-1 (C. ocellaris). Após a triagem colagenolítica, a espécie selecionada foi a C. ocellaris, sendo submetida a um pré-aquecimento, o que culminou com um aumento de atividade enzimática de 35.07% (127.44 ± 0.09 U.mg-1). A atividade colagenolítica ótima recuperada de resíduos de C. ocellaris foi a 55°C (termoestável entre 25 a 60°) e 7,5 (estável entre 6,5 a 11,5) para avaliações de temperatura e de pH, respectivamente. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram determinados, obtendo-se Km de 5,92 mM e Vmax de 294,40 U.mg-1. A enzima recuperada foi sensível aos íons de Cu2+, Hg2+ e Pb2+, sendo parcialmente inibida por Fluoreto de Fenilmetilsulfonil (PMSF), N-α-tosil-L-lisina clorometil cetona (TLCK) e Benzamidina. Ainda, foi capaz de clivar o colágeno nativo tipo I, o tipo mais desejável pela indústria. Assim, a recuperação de biomoléculas, além de oferecer à indústria uma fonte alternativa de moléculas ativas, contribui para a redução do impacto ambiental, agregando valor ao produto pesqueiro e proporcionando nova fonte de renda.

Recovery of fibrinolytic and collagenolytic enzymes from fish and shrimp byproducts: potential source for biomedical applications / Recuperação de enzimas fibrinolíticas e colagenolitícas de resíduos de peixes e camarões: fonte potencial para aplicações biomédicas

Fish and shrimp industries generate a significant amount of by-products. These by-products can be used for the extraction of enzymes of biomedical interest, such as fibrinolytic and collagenolytic. Thus, this work aimed to perform a screening of fish and shrimp byproducts as sources of enzymes with fibrinolytic and collagenolytic activities and to characterize the biochemical properties of crude extracts with collagenolytic activity from Cichla ocellaris residues. Fibrinolytic enzymes were recovered with activities between 5.51 ± 0.02 U.mL-1 (Caranx crysos) and 56.16 ± 0.42 U.mL-1 (Litopenaeus vannamei), while collagenolytic enzymes were detected in a range between 6.79 ± 0.00 U.mg-1 (Trachurus lathami) and 94.35 ± 0.02 U.mg-1 (C. ocellaris). After collagenolytic screening, the selected species was C. ocellaris, being subjected to a preheating, which culminated with an increase of enzymatic activity of 35.07% (up to 127.44 ± 0.09 U.mg-1). The optimal collagenolytic activity recovered from C. ocellaris byproducts was 55 °C (thermostable between 25 and 60 °C) and 7.5 (stable between 6.5 and 11.5) for temperature and pH evaluations, respectively. The kinetic parameters were determined, obtaining Km of 5.92 mM and Vmax of 294.40 U.mg-1. The recovered enzyme was sensitive to the Cu2+, Hg2 and Pb2+ ions, being partially inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), N-p-tosyl-L-lysin chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and Benzamidine. Furthermore, it was able to cleave native type I collagen, the most important type for industry. Thus, the recovery of biomolecules, besides offering to the industry an alternative source of active molecules, contributes to the reduction of the environmental impact, adding value to the fish product and providing a new source of income.(AU)

As indústrias de peixe e camarão geram uma quantidade significativa de subprodutos. Estes subprodutos podem ser utilizados para a extração de enzimas de interesse biomédico, como fibrinolítica e o colagenolítica. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma triagem de subprodutos de peixes e camarões como fontes de enzimas com atividade fibrinolítica e colagenolítica e caracterizar as propriedades bioquímicas do extrato bruto com atividade colagenolítica a partir de resíduos de Cichla ocellaris. Enzimas fibrinolíticas foram recuperadas com atividades entre 5,51 ± 0,02 U.mL-1 (Caranx crysos) e 56,16 ± 0,42 U.mL-1 (Litopenaeus vannamei), enquanto enzimas colagenolitícas foram detectadas numa variação entre 6,79 ± 0,00 U.mg-1 (Trachurus lathami) e 94,35 ± 0,02 U.mg-1 (C. ocellaris). Após a triagem colagenolítica, a espécie selecionada foi a C. ocellaris, sendo submetida a um pré-aquecimento, o que culminou com um aumento de atividade enzimática de 35.07% (127.44 ± 0.09 U.mg-1). A atividade colagenolítica ótima recuperada de resíduos de C. ocellaris foi a 55°C (termoestável entre 25 a 60°) e 7,5 (estável entre 6,5 a 11,5) para avaliações de temperatura e de pH, respectivamente. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram determinados, obtendo-se Km de 5,92 mM e Vmax de 294,40 U.mg-1. A enzima recuperada foi sensível aos íons de Cu2+, Hg2+ e Pb2+, sendo parcialmente inibida por Fluoreto de Fenilmetilsulfonil (PMSF), N-α-tosil-L-lisina clorometil cetona (TLCK) e Benzamidina. Ainda, foi capaz de clivar o colágeno nativo tipo I, o tipo mais desejável pela indústria. Assim, a recuperação de biomoléculas, além de oferecer à indústria uma fonte alternativa de moléculas ativas, contribui para a redução do impacto ambiental, agregando valor ao produto pesqueiro e proporcionando nova fonte de renda.(AU)

Salted sardine residue to feed cobia: zootechnic advantages and histological responses / Resíduo salgado de sardinha como alimento para bijupirá: vantagens zootécnicas e respostas histológicas

Industrial fish processing generates a significant amount of wastes, which are high-value nutritional by product. Therefore, the use of fish residues could be a sustainable practice for fattening marine finfishes. In the present study, we have evaluated the benefits of feeding cobia juveniles with three different diets based on residues of salted sardine: (i) formulated with acid silage of salted sardine residue; (ii) formulated with salted residue combined with an acidity regulator; and (iii) pure salted sardine residue. Fishes that were feed with pure salted sardine residue had significant body weight gain and also expressed a lower feed conversion rate. Fishes feed with the other two diets presented a similarly lower zootechnic performance. Also, no significant changes indicating a harmful effect of salted sardine residue for cobia feed were observed in the digestive tract of any the fishes. However, the diet based only on salted sardine residue showed higher organosomatic indexes. That can be attributed to the rich lipid and fatty acid contents of pure residue and it can be an indicative that silage processing was unable to provide the same amount of fatty acids, as pure residue diet did. In conclusion, our results indicate that pure salted sardine residue was the best choice of feed for the cobia. The use of salted sardine residue as diet complementation should be further evaluated, since its use can improve aquaculture development as an instrument of fishery resources conservation.

O processamento industrial do pescado gera uma quantidade significativa de resíduos, que são de alto valor nutricional. Portanto, o uso de resíduos de peixe pode ser uma prática sustentável para a engorda de peixes marinhos. No presente estudo, avaliamos os benefícios da alimentação de juvenis de bijupirá com três diferentes dietas à base de resíduos de sardinha salgada: (i) formulada com silagem ácida de resíduo de sardinha salgada; (ii) formulada com um regulador de acidez; e, (iii) puro. Os peixes que foram alimentados com resíduo de sardinha salgada puro tiveram ganho significativo de peso e também expressaram uma menor taxa de conversão alimentar. Os peixes alimentados com as outras duas dietas apresentaram um desempenho zootécnico similarmente menor. Além disso, não foi observada nenhuma alteração significativa no trato digestório dos peixes que pudesse indicar um efeito prejudicial do resíduo de sardinha salgada para alimentação de bijupirá. No entanto, a dieta baseada no resíduo de sardinha salgada puro apresentou maiores índices organossomáticos. Isso pode ser atribuído ao rico conteúdo lipídico e de ácidos graxos do resíduo puro e pode ser um indicativo de que o processamento da silagem foi incapaz de fornecer a mesma quantidade de ácidos graxos. Em conclusão, nossos resultados indicam que o resíduo de sardinha salgada puro foi a melhor escolha dentre os tratamentos avaliados para a alimentação do bijupirá. O uso de resíduos de sardinha salgada como complementação da dieta deve ser melhor estudado, uma vez que seu uso pode melhorar o desenvolvimento da aquicultura como um instrumento de conservação dos recursos pesqueiros.

Salted sardine residue to feed cobia: zootechnic advantages and histological responses / Resíduo salgado de sardinha como alimento para bijupirá: vantagens zootécnicas e respostas histológicas

Industrial fish processing generates a significant amount of wastes, which are high-value nutritional by product. Therefore, the use of fish residues could be a sustainable practice for fattening marine finfishes. In the present study, we have evaluated the benefits of feeding cobia juveniles with three different diets based on residues of salted sardine: (i) formulated with acid silage of salted sardine residue; (ii) formulated with salted residue combined with an acidity regulator; and (iii) pure salted sardine residue. Fishes that were feed with pure salted sardine residue had significant body weight gain and also expressed a lower feed conversion rate. Fishes feed with the other two diets presented a similarly lower zootechnic performance. Also, no significant changes indicating a harmful effect of salted sardine residue for cobia feed were observed in the digestive tract of any the fishes. However, the diet based only on salted sardine residue showed higher organosomatic indexes. That can be attributed to the rich lipid and fatty acid contents of pure residue and it can be an indicative that silage processing was unable to provide the same amount of fatty acids, as pure residue diet did. In conclusion, our results indicate that pure salted sardine residue was the best choice of feed for the cobia. The use of salted sardine residue as diet complementation should be further evaluated, since its use can improve aquaculture development as an instrument of fishery resources conservation.(AU)

O processamento industrial do pescado gera uma quantidade significativa de resíduos, que são de alto valor nutricional. Portanto, o uso de resíduos de peixe pode ser uma prática sustentável para a engorda de peixes marinhos. No presente estudo, avaliamos os benefícios da alimentação de juvenis de bijupirá com três diferentes dietas à base de resíduos de sardinha salgada: (i) formulada com silagem ácida de resíduo de sardinha salgada; (ii) formulada com um regulador de acidez; e, (iii) puro. Os peixes que foram alimentados com resíduo de sardinha salgada puro tiveram ganho significativo de peso e também expressaram uma menor taxa de conversão alimentar. Os peixes alimentados com as outras duas dietas apresentaram um desempenho zootécnico similarmente menor. Além disso, não foi observada nenhuma alteração significativa no trato digestório dos peixes que pudesse indicar um efeito prejudicial do resíduo de sardinha salgada para alimentação de bijupirá. No entanto, a dieta baseada no resíduo de sardinha salgada puro apresentou maiores índices organossomáticos. Isso pode ser atribuído ao rico conteúdo lipídico e de ácidos graxos do resíduo puro e pode ser um indicativo de que o processamento da silagem foi incapaz de fornecer a mesma quantidade de ácidos graxos. Em conclusão, nossos resultados indicam que o resíduo de sardinha salgada puro foi a melhor escolha dentre os tratamentos avaliados para a alimentação do bijupirá. O uso de resíduos de sardinha salgada como complementação da dieta deve ser melhor estudado, uma vez que seu uso pode melhorar o desenvolvimento da aquicultura como um instrumento de conservação dos recursos pesqueiros.(AU)

Effect of sheep diets with macadamia by-product and protected fat on the quality of fresh and frozen semen / Efeito de dietas de ovinos com coproduto de macadâmia e gordura protegida na qualidade de sêmen fresco e congelado

The ruminant diet is characterized by low lipid concentration, resulting from traditional diets composed by forage species. The use of agro industrial byproducts in animal feed may be interesting, once it reduces production costs and reduces environmental contamination. Among them, macadamia is known for interesting protein and carbohydrate contents; however, it is the amount of lipids that make it different. Fat supplementation can raise concentrations of blood cholesterol, a precursor metabolite of steroid hormones, which constitute biological membranes and possess specific and essential biological activities. The semen characteristics should be taken into account in the selection of the breeding herds, and the semen analysis makes it possible to evaluate the fertility of the sheep and allows obtaining important conclusions based on its results. The objective was to evaluate the seminal quality of Morada Nova sheep breed consuming diets supplemented with macadamia residue and protected fat. The experiment was carried out with 24 rams aged 18 or 30 months, distributed in four treatment groups: control (C), 50 g (MAC50) or 150 g (MAC150) of macadamia industrial byproduct; and 50 g of protected fat (Megalac®), added to the concentrate. Semen was collected at four intervals: before supplementation (day 0), 30, 60 and 75 days after the beginning of supplementation, and it was taken the measurements of volume, appearance, motility, vigour, turbulence, concentration and morphology. At days 60 and 75, semen was frozen for determination of plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity after thawing. Analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by the SNK test. In the analysis of fresh semen, a significant effect (p0.05). The inclusion of 50 or 150 g of macadamia residue or 50 g of Megalac in the...

A dieta dos ruminantes é caracterizada por baixa concentração de lipídeos, resultante de dietas tradicionais compostas por espécies forrageiras. A utilização de coprodutos agroindustriais na alimentação animal pode ser interessante, pois além de reduzir custos na produção, reduz a contaminação ambiental. Dentre eles a macadâmia é conhecida por teores interessantes de proteína e de carboidratos; entretanto é a quantidade de lipídeos que a torna diferenciada. A suplementação de gordura pode elevar as concentrações de colesterol sanguíneo, metabólito precursor dos hormônios esteroides, que constituem membranas biológicas e possuem atividades biológicas específicas e essenciais. As características seminais devem ser levadas em consideração na seleção dos reprodutores, sendo que a análise do sêmen possibilita avaliar a fertilidade do carneiro e permite obter importantes conclusões a partir dos seus resultados. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade seminal de carneiros Morada Nova consumindo dietas suplementadas com resíduo de macadâmia e gordura protegida. O experimento foi conduzido com 24 carneiros, com idade entre 18 e 30 meses, distribuídos em quatro grupos de tratamento: controle (C), 50 g (MAC50) ou 150 g (MAC150) de subproduto industrial da macadâmia; e 50 g de gordura protegida (Megalac®), adicionados ao concentrado. O sêmen foi coletado em quatro intervalos: antes da suplementação (dia 0), 30, 60 e 75 dias após o início da suplementação. O sêmen foi coletado para avaliação do volume, aparência, motilidade, vigor, turbilhonamento, concentração e morfologia. Nos dias 60 e 75, o sêmen foi congelado para determinação da integridade da membrana plasmática, integridade do acrossoma e atividade mitocondrial após o descongelamento. A análise de variância foi realizada e as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK. Na análise do sêmen fresco, foi observado efeito significativo (p<0,05) dos tratamentos na motilidade. Para...

Effect of sheep diets with macadamia by-product and protected fat on the quality of fresh and frozen semen / Efeito de dietas de ovinos com coproduto de macadâmia e gordura protegida na qualidade de sêmen fresco e congelado

The ruminant diet is characterized by low lipid concentration, resulting from traditional diets composed by forage species. The use of agro industrial byproducts in animal feed may be interesting, once it reduces production costs and reduces environmental contamination. Among them, macadamia is known for interesting protein and carbohydrate contents; however, it is the amount of lipids that make it different. Fat supplementation can raise concentrations of blood cholesterol, a precursor metabolite of steroid hormones, which constitute biological membranes and possess specific and essential biological activities. The semen characteristics should be taken into account in the selection of the breeding herds, and the semen analysis makes it possible to evaluate the fertility of the sheep and allows obtaining important conclusions based on its results. The objective was to evaluate the seminal quality of Morada Nova sheep breed consuming diets supplemented with macadamia residue and protected fat. The experiment was carried out with 24 rams aged 18 or 30 months, distributed in four treatment groups: control (C), 50 g (MAC50) or 150 g (MAC150) of macadamia industrial byproduct; and 50 g of protected fat (Megalac®), added to the concentrate. Semen was collected at four intervals: before supplementation (day 0), 30, 60 and 75 days after the beginning of supplementation, and it was taken the measurements of volume, appearance, motility, vigour, turbulence, concentration and morphology. At days 60 and 75, semen was frozen for determination of plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity after thawing. Analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by the SNK test. In the analysis of fresh semen, a significant effect (p<0.05) of the treatments on motility was observed. For cryopreserved semen, there was no significate difference (p>0.05). The inclusion of 50 or 150 g of macadamia residue or 50 g of Megalac in the...(AU)

A dieta dos ruminantes é caracterizada por baixa concentração de lipídeos, resultante de dietas tradicionais compostas por espécies forrageiras. A utilização de coprodutos agroindustriais na alimentação animal pode ser interessante, pois além de reduzir custos na produção, reduz a contaminação ambiental. Dentre eles a macadâmia é conhecida por teores interessantes de proteína e de carboidratos; entretanto é a quantidade de lipídeos que a torna diferenciada. A suplementação de gordura pode elevar as concentrações de colesterol sanguíneo, metabólito precursor dos hormônios esteroides, que constituem membranas biológicas e possuem atividades biológicas específicas e essenciais. As características seminais devem ser levadas em consideração na seleção dos reprodutores, sendo que a análise do sêmen possibilita avaliar a fertilidade do carneiro e permite obter importantes conclusões a partir dos seus resultados. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade seminal de carneiros Morada Nova consumindo dietas suplementadas com resíduo de macadâmia e gordura protegida. O experimento foi conduzido com 24 carneiros, com idade entre 18 e 30 meses, distribuídos em quatro grupos de tratamento: controle (C), 50 g (MAC50) ou 150 g (MAC150) de subproduto industrial da macadâmia; e 50 g de gordura protegida (Megalac®), adicionados ao concentrado. O sêmen foi coletado em quatro intervalos: antes da suplementação (dia 0), 30, 60 e 75 dias após o início da suplementação. O sêmen foi coletado para avaliação do volume, aparência, motilidade, vigor, turbilhonamento, concentração e morfologia. Nos dias 60 e 75, o sêmen foi congelado para determinação da integridade da membrana plasmática, integridade do acrossoma e atividade mitocondrial após o descongelamento. A análise de variância foi realizada e as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK. Na análise do sêmen fresco, foi observado efeito significativo (p<0,05) dos tratamentos na motilidade. Para...(AU)

Potencial de uso de aminoácidos e aminas bioativas livres como índice de autenticidade e qualidade de farinhas de origem animal

A indústria de proteína animal gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos e subprodutos não comestíveis e com elevado poder poluente. As farinhas de origem animal são boas fontes de proteína e uma boa alternativa para aproveitamento destes resíduos na alimentação animal. Entretanto, a qualidade e autenticidade destas devem ser garantidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a qualidade de quatro tipos de farinha de origem animal (vísceras de aves, vísceras suínas, carne e ossos, e penas de aves hidrolisadas) produzidas por uma indústria sob Inspeção Federal e propor índice para qualidade e autenticidade. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, físico-químicas e microbiológicas conforme legislação vigente. Foram também analisados aminoácidos, aminas bioativas e mercúrio por infravermelho (FTIR). Todas as amostras analisadas atenderam a legislação vigente com relação aos parâmetros de composição centesimal, físico-químicas e microbiológicas, mesmo havendo diferença (p<0,05) nos resultados entre fábricas. Todas as farinhas continham mercúrio em teores 0,1 mg/kg, não havendo diferença entre os tipos de farinha. Houve diferença significativa no perfil e teores de aminoácidos e aminas para os diferentes tipos de farinha. Análise multivariada com todos os constituintes analisados e com dados do FTIR diferenciou apenas a farinha de penas de aves hidrolisadas das demais.

The animal protein industry generates a large amount of waste and non-edible by-products with high pollutant power. Animal meals are good sources of protein and a good alternative for the use of these residues in animal feed. However, the quality and authenticity of these products must be guaranteed. The objective of this work was to investigate the quality of four types of animal meal (poultry viscera, swine viscera, meat and bones, and hydrolyzed poultry feathers) produced by an industry under federal inspection and to investigate the possibility of generating indexes for quality and authenticity. Analyzes of, physic-chemical composition and microbiological characteristics were performed according to current legislation. Amino acids, bioactive amines and mercury were also analyzed by UPLC. Samples were also analyzed by infrared (FTIR). All samples complied with current legislation, even though there was a difference (p <0.05) in the results among factories. All animal meals contained mercury at contents 0.1 mg/kg, with no difference among the different types of meal. There was significant difference on the profile and contents of amino acids and amines for the different types of meal. Multivariate analysis with all constituents analyzed and FTIR data differentiated only the feather meal from the others.

Traceability of animal by product meals in broilers fed sugarcane yeast using stable isotopes

The objective of this study was to verify if the dietary inclusion of sugarcane yeast at levels commonly used in broiler diets influences the traceability of cattle meat meal and poultry offal meal, using the technique of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the breast muscle of chickens. A number of 325 one-d-old male broilers were randomly distributed into 13 treatments with 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn and soybean meal, and the inclusion of 1, 2, 4, or 6% meat and bone meal, poultry offal meal or sugarcane yeast. At 42 days of age, six birds per treatment were randomly selected, sacrificed, and their breast muscle was collected for isotopic ration analysis. The isotopic ratio of birds fed the diet with inclusion of 6% sugarcane yeast was different from those fed the control treatment, but not from those fed diets with the inclusion of 2, 4 and 6% meat and bone meal or 4 and 6% poultry offal meal. The inclusion of 6% sugarcane yeast in broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal may affect the traceability of animal by product meals.

Traceability of animal by product meals in broilers fed sugarcane yeast using stable isotopes

The objective of this study was to verify if the dietary inclusion of sugarcane yeast at levels commonly used in broiler diets influences the traceability of cattle meat meal and poultry offal meal, using the technique of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the breast muscle of chickens. A number of 325 one-d-old male broilers were randomly distributed into 13 treatments with 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn and soybean meal, and the inclusion of 1, 2, 4, or 6% meat and bone meal, poultry offal meal or sugarcane yeast. At 42 days of age, six birds per treatment were randomly selected, sacrificed, and their breast muscle was collected for isotopic ration analysis. The isotopic ratio of birds fed the diet with inclusion of 6% sugarcane yeast was different from those fed the control treatment, but not from those fed diets with the inclusion of 2, 4 and 6% meat and bone meal or 4 and 6% poultry offal meal. The inclusion of 6% sugarcane yeast in broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal may affect the traceability of animal by product meals.(AU)

Potencial de inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar mediante determinantes individuais

Fish products are an important source of animal protein and being perishable product, a strategic solution to overcome the short life represented by the fresh fish is the development of the breaded fish, a product of quality, convenient and better suited to the modern consumer demand. In Brazil, government programs for school meals have brought support for research to develop new products based on fish that are easily accepted by school children. In this sense, the objective was to detect individual determinants of fish consumption in adolescents aged 12-17 years, aiming the inclusion of breaded fish in school meal. Data was obtained from 92 students in a school located in Rio Grande - RS, by applying a questionnaire with questions about their attitudes and preferences, health consciousness, convenience and socio-demographic factors. The analysis was performed based on the technique of multivariate discriminant analysis, where one seeks to discriminate groups formed according to the frequency of fish consumption (never consumed fish; once a month, twice a month, once a week and more than once a week). The results led to the best discriminating variables in the frequency of fish consumption defined by the Partial Lambda Wilks' mean difference test which were "likes fish" (0.55) and "educational level of parents" (0.88). The first two discriminant models obtained explained 75% of the variance for the frequency of fish consumption. Most individuals presented the idea that breaded products are not healthy, but they had the habit of consuming them at least once or twice a month. The group that never consumed fish said to dislike fish and 50% of the observations are recorded between consuming breaded once a month to more than once a week. These results indicate a potential for breaded fish consumption by adolescents, associated with the need for nutrition education.

O pescado é uma fonte importante de proteína animal e, por ser um produto perecível, uma solução estratégica para superar a curta vida útil representada pelo pescado fresco seria a elaboração de empanados a base de pescado, produto com qualidade, conveniente e mais adequado à demanda do consumidor moderno. No Brasil, programas governamentais de merenda escolar vêm trazendo apoio a pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos a base de pescado e que sejam de fácil aceitação para crianças em idade escolar. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi detectar os determinantes individuais do consumo de pescado com adolescentes em idade de 12 a 17 anos, visando à inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 92 alunos de uma escola localizada no município de Rio Grande - RS, mediante aplicação de um questionário elaborado com perguntas a respeito de suas atitudes e preferências, consciência saudável, conveniência e fatores sociodemográficos. A análise dos resultados foi realizada com base na técnica multivariada da análise de discriminante, em que se buscou discriminar grupos formados em função da frequência de consumo de pescado (nunca consome pescado; uma vez ao mês; duas vezes ao mês; uma vez na semana; e mais de uma vez na semana). Os resultados permitiram concluir as variáveis melhores discriminantes da frequência de consumo de pescado definidas pelo teste de diferença de médias de Lambda Wilks' Parcial, que foram "gosta de pescado" (0,55) e "grau de escolaridade dos pais" (0,88). Os dois primeiros modelos discriminantes obtidos explicaram juntos 75% da variância para a frequência de consumo de pescado. A maioria dos indivíduos apresentou a ideia de que empanado não é saudável, mas que possuem o hábito de consumi-lo pelo menos de uma a duas vezes ao mês. O grupo que nunca consome pescado disse não gostar de pescado e 50% das observações registradas estão entre consumir empanado de uma vez ao mês a mais de uma vez na semana. Estes resultados indicaram um potencial de consumo de empanado de pescado por adolescentes, associado à necessidade de educação alimentar.

Potencial de inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar mediante determinantes individuais

Fish products are an important source of animal protein and being perishable product, a strategic solution to overcome the short life represented by the fresh fish is the development of the breaded fish, a product of quality, convenient and better suited to the modern consumer demand. In Brazil, government programs for school meals have brought support for research to develop new products based on fish that are easily accepted by school children. In this sense, the objective was to detect individual determinants of fish consumption in adolescents aged 12-17 years, aiming the inclusion of breaded fish in school meal. Data was obtained from 92 students in a school located in Rio Grande - RS, by applying a questionnaire with questions about their attitudes and preferences, health consciousness, convenience and socio-demographic factors. The analysis was performed based on the technique of multivariate discriminant analysis, where one seeks to discriminate groups formed according to the frequency of fish consumption (never consumed fish; once a month, twice a month, once a week and more than once a week). The results led to the best discriminating variables in the frequency of fish consumption defined by the Partial Lambda Wilks' mean difference test which were "likes fish" (0.55) and "educational level of parents" (0.88). The first two discriminant models obtained explained 75% of the variance for the frequency of fish consumption. Most individuals presented the idea that breaded products are not healthy, but they had the habit of consuming them at least once or twice a month. The group that never consumed fish said to dislike fish and 50% of the observations are recorded between consuming breaded once a month to more than once a week. These results indicate a potential for breaded fish consumption by adolescents, associated with the need for nutrition education.

O pescado é uma fonte importante de proteína animal e, por ser um produto perecível, uma solução estratégica para superar a curta vida útil representada pelo pescado fresco seria a elaboração de empanados a base de pescado, produto com qualidade, conveniente e mais adequado à demanda do consumidor moderno. No Brasil, programas governamentais de merenda escolar vêm trazendo apoio a pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos a base de pescado e que sejam de fácil aceitação para crianças em idade escolar. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi detectar os determinantes individuais do consumo de pescado com adolescentes em idade de 12 a 17 anos, visando à inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 92 alunos de uma escola localizada no município de Rio Grande - RS, mediante aplicação de um questionário elaborado com perguntas a respeito de suas atitudes e preferências, consciência saudável, conveniência e fatores sociodemográficos. A análise dos resultados foi realizada com base na técnica multivariada da análise de discriminante, em que se buscou discriminar grupos formados em função da frequência de consumo de pescado (nunca consome pescado; uma vez ao mês; duas vezes ao mês; uma vez na semana; e mais de uma vez na semana). Os resultados permitiram concluir as variáveis melhores discriminantes da frequência de consumo de pescado definidas pelo teste de diferença de médias de Lambda Wilks' Parcial, que foram "gosta de pescado" (0,55) e "grau de escolaridade dos pais" (0,88). Os dois primeiros modelos discriminantes obtidos explicaram juntos 75% da variância para a frequência de consumo de pescado. A maioria dos indivíduos apresentou a ideia de que empanado não é saudável, mas que possuem o hábito de consumi-lo pelo menos de uma a duas vezes ao mês. O grupo que nunca consome pescado disse não gostar de pescado e 50% das observações registradas estão entre consumir empanado de uma vez ao mês a mais de uma vez na semana. Estes resultados indicaram um potencial de consumo de empanado de pescado por adolescentes, associado à necessidade de educação alimentar.

Composição mineral da casca proteinada de soja para alimentação de ruminantes / Mineral composition of protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants

Background: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classified as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientific studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism. Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefited soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experimental material. The samples of soybean protein hull were analyzed for, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt. It was also analyzed for fluorine, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and vanadium, minerals considered potentially toxic to feeding sheep. The mean values of Ca and P in PSH were 0.52% and 1.22% respectively. The average content of Mg found in the PSH was 0.19% and represents 63% of the amount of Mg present in soybean meal. The S content in CPS ranged from 0.22 to 0.29%, so the PSH is sufficient to meet the daily requirements of S for sheep in growing / finishing. The PSH showed high levels of Na (0.19%) and iron (16,414 mg / kg) and can cause problems of toxicity, if not provided in a balanced diet. However, the mean levels of Mn (40.29 mg / kg), Zn (61.07 mg / kg), Cu (14.29 mg / kg) and Co (1.15 mg / kg) were suitable for feeding sheep. Considered potentially toxic minerals to feeding sheep (F, Al, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and V), only the F and Al were detected, with values of 100 and 199.43 mg / kg, being within the limits considered toxic to sheep. Discussion: The industrial production process of protein soybean hull was homogeneous due to the small variation in the mineral levels analyzed in seven different batches. The P is an essential element in the diet of sheep that represents the greatest risk of environmental pollution, so the P content of the diet should be adequate for optimal animal performance with minimal environmental impact, but the greater concern in the PSH is related to the Ca: P ratio, because this ratio was less than 1:1 (0,52:1,22) and may affect the absorption of Ca or P, if the diet was not balanced properly. The iron was the only mineral and perhaps the most limiting nutritional potential of the PSH, due to its high concentration may cause problems of toxicity in sheep. The concentration of other minerals is within the maximum tolerable level for sheep. The toxicity of Iron can be better evaluated in animal experiments. In PSH samples analyzed, minerals with direct toxic potential or accumulation (heavy metals) have no major problems, since most of them were not detected in the analysis.