Evolução do peso de psitacídeos mantidos sob cuidados humanos em parque ambiental de Fortaleza-CE / Weight control of psitacídeos kept under human care in an environmental park of Fortaleza-CE

In captivity, the energy demands reduce substantially in relation to the needs in free life. The assessment of the animal's weight is important to measure whether the level of activity and food supply are adequate. The weights of 14 psittacids were analyzed, being two Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, one Ara ararauna, three Ara chloropterus, one Ara macao, six Amazona aestiva and one Aratinga jandaya. For the species of psittacans analyzed, a decrease in weight from the period from the first collection to the fourth collection was observed for most of the animals,. Changes in the size of the enclosures and social interactions with other species, given the mixed enclosures, may have influenced, both by calorie burning and perhaps by dispute in access to food, respectively.

Evolução do peso de psitacídeos mantidos sob cuidados humanos em parque ambiental de Fortaleza-CE / Weight control of psitacídeos kept under human care in an environmental park of Fortaleza-CE

In captivity, the energy demands reduce substantially in relation to the needs in free life. The assessment of the animal's weight is important to measure whether the level of activity and food supply are adequate. The weights of 14 psittacids were analyzed, being two Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, one Ara ararauna, three Ara chloropterus, one Ara macao, six Amazona aestiva and one Aratinga jandaya. For the species of psittacans analyzed, a decrease in weight from the period from the first collection to the fourth collection was observed for most of the animals,. Changes in the size of the enclosures and social interactions with other species, given the mixed enclosures, may have influenced, both by calorie burning and perhaps by dispute in access to food, respectively.(AU)

Feather mites (Acari: Astigmata) of captive Psittaciformes in Brazil / Ácaros de pena (Acari: Astigmata) de Psittaciformes de cativeiro do Brasil

Feather samples were obtained from the following Psittaciformes birds: Amazona amazonica, Amazona aestiva, Aratinga jandaya, Brotogeris spp., Ara ararauna and Ara chloropterus (total of 37 individuals). These birds were housed at the Wild Animal Screening Center of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil. Four feathers were taken from the following regions: head, back, wings, belly/breast, thighs, and tail/covert. Mites were found on 17 birds (45.94%). Astigmatid mites belonging to the genera Fainalges (Xolalgidae), Chiasmalges (Psoroptoididae) and Tanyaralichus (Pterolichidae) were identified. The highest dominance coefficient was for the mite Fainalges sp. (DC= 96.29). Chiasmalges sp. was obtained only from Ara chloropterus, and Tanyaralichus was found in A. aestiva. The genus Fainalges was obtained from all the species of Psittaciformes studied, except for A. ararauna. In evaluating mite density according to body region, statistical differences were found between the back and wing regions (P= 0.041), back and thighs (P= 0.02), wings and tail (P= 0.002), belly and tail (P= 0.031) and thighs and tail (P= 0.001). The morphological variations observed in Fainalges spp. suggested the existence of three species that probably have not been described yet. This was the first record of the genus Tanyaralichus in Brazil.(AU)

As amostras de penas foram obtidas das seguintes aves da ordem Psittaciformes: Amazona amazonica, Amazona aestiva, Aratinga jandaya, Brotogeris spp., Ara ararauna e Ara chloropterus, totalizando 37 aves, alojadas no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil. Colheram-se quatro penas de cada uma das regiões: cabeça, dorso, asas, ventre/peito, coxas e cauda/crisso. Verificou-se a presença de ácaros em 17 aves (45,94%). Foram identificados ácaros Astigmata, pertencentes aos gêneros Fainalges (Xolalgidae), Chiasmalges (Psoroptoididae) e Tanyaralichus (Pterolichidae), sendo o maior coeficiente de dominância correspondente ao ácaro Fainalges sp. (CD= 96,29). Chiasmalges sp. foi obtido apenas de Ara chloropterus, e Tanyaralichus foi encontrado em A. amazônica. O gênero Fainalges foi obtido de todas as espécies de Psittaciformes estudadas, exceto em A. ararauna. Na avaliação da densidade de ácaros por região do corpo, verificou-se diferença estatística entre regiões dorsal e asas (P= 0,041), dorsal e coxas (P= 0,02), asas e caudal (P=0,002), ventral e caudal (P= 0,031) e coxas e caudal (P= 0,001). Variações morfológicas observadas em Fainalges spp., sugerem a existência de três espécies provavelmente ainda não descritas. Este é o primeiro registro do gênero Tanyaralichus no Brasil.(AU)

Feather mites (Acari: Astigmata) of captive Psittaciformes in Brazil / Ácaros de pena (Acari: Astigmata) de Psittaciformes de cativeiro do Brasil

Feather samples were obtained from the following Psittaciformes birds: Amazona amazonica, Amazona aestiva, Aratinga jandaya, Brotogeris spp., Ara ararauna and Ara chloropterus (total of 37 individuals). These birds were housed at the Wild Animal Screening Center of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil. Four feathers were taken from the following regions: head, back, wings, belly/breast, thighs, and tail/covert. Mites were found on 17 birds (45.94%). Astigmatid mites belonging to the genera Fainalges (Xolalgidae), Chiasmalges (Psoroptoididae) and Tanyaralichus (Pterolichidae) were identified. The highest dominance coefficient was for the mite Fainalges sp. (DC= 96.29). Chiasmalges sp. was obtained only from Ara chloropterus, and Tanyaralichus was found in A. aestiva. The genus Fainalges was obtained from all the species of Psittaciformes studied, except for A. ararauna. In evaluating mite density according to body region, statistical differences were found between the back and wing regions (P= 0.041), back and thighs (P= 0.02), wings and tail (P= 0.002), belly and tail (P= 0.031) and thighs and tail (P= 0.001). The morphological variations observed in Fainalges spp. suggested the existence of three species that probably have not been described yet. This was the first record of the genus Tanyaralichus in Brazil.(AU)

As amostras de penas foram obtidas das seguintes aves da ordem Psittaciformes: Amazona amazonica, Amazona aestiva, Aratinga jandaya, Brotogeris spp., Ara ararauna e Ara chloropterus, totalizando 37 aves, alojadas no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil. Colheram-se quatro penas de cada uma das regiões: cabeça, dorso, asas, ventre/peito, coxas e cauda/crisso. Verificou-se a presença de ácaros em 17 aves (45,94%). Foram identificados ácaros Astigmata, pertencentes aos gêneros Fainalges (Xolalgidae), Chiasmalges (Psoroptoididae) e Tanyaralichus (Pterolichidae), sendo o maior coeficiente de dominância correspondente ao ácaro Fainalges sp. (CD= 96,29). Chiasmalges sp. foi obtido apenas de Ara chloropterus, e Tanyaralichus foi encontrado em A. amazônica. O gênero Fainalges foi obtido de todas as espécies de Psittaciformes estudadas, exceto em A. ararauna. Na avaliação da densidade de ácaros por região do corpo, verificou-se diferença estatística entre regiões dorsal e asas (P= 0,041), dorsal e coxas (P= 0,02), asas e caudal (P=0,002), ventral e caudal (P= 0,031) e coxas e caudal (P= 0,001). Variações morfológicas observadas em Fainalges spp., sugerem a existência de três espécies provavelmente ainda não descritas. Este é o primeiro registro do gênero Tanyaralichus no Brasil.(AU)

Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in dead captive psittacines in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) infection of wild native Brazilian psittacines (Psittaciformes) which died of any cause during sorting, rehabilitation, or conservation, was investigated by PCR. Two previously described PCR methodologies using Mg specific primers were employed for the analyses of 140 swab samples (cloaca, trachea, or palatine cleft). Average positive Mg detection in cloacal swabs was 51.9%, with 80.0% (n=5) of Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna), 60.0% (n=3) Dusky Parrots (Pionus fuscus), 52.5% (n=59) Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva), 50.0% (n=2) Orange-winged Parrots (Amazona amazonica), 50.0% (n=2) Jandaya Parakeetsor Jandaya Conures (Aratinga jandaya), 0% (n=2) Golden Conures or Golden Parakeets (Guarouba guarouba), and 0% (n=2) Hyacinth Macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Palatine cleft swab sampling was more sensitive to detect Mg, with 85.4% (n=17) detection rate, as compared to 67.4% (n=46) obtained with tracheal samples, and 53.5% (n=77) with cloacal swabs. The surprisingly high Mg incidence in psittacines kept in conservation or triage environments is possibly due to the proximity or cohabitation with several bird species during confinement and housing psittacines of different origins together. The implementation of biosecurity measures and species-specific facilities is recommended.

Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in dead captive psittacines in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) infection of wild native Brazilian psittacines (Psittaciformes) which died of any cause during sorting, rehabilitation, or conservation, was investigated by PCR. Two previously described PCR methodologies using Mg specific primers were employed for the analyses of 140 swab samples (cloaca, trachea, or palatine cleft). Average positive Mg detection in cloacal swabs was 51.9%, with 80.0% (n=5) of Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna), 60.0% (n=3) Dusky Parrots (Pionus fuscus), 52.5% (n=59) Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva), 50.0% (n=2) Orange-winged Parrots (Amazona amazonica), 50.0% (n=2) Jandaya Parakeetsor Jandaya Conures (Aratinga jandaya), 0% (n=2) Golden Conures or Golden Parakeets (Guarouba guarouba), and 0% (n=2) Hyacinth Macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Palatine cleft swab sampling was more sensitive to detect Mg, with 85.4% (n=17) detection rate, as compared to 67.4% (n=46) obtained with tracheal samples, and 53.5% (n=77) with cloacal swabs. The surprisingly high Mg incidence in psittacines kept in conservation or triage environments is possibly due to the proximity or cohabitation with several bird species during confinement and housing psittacines of different origins together. The implementation of biosecurity measures and species-specific facilities is recommended.

ÁCAROS PLUMÍCOLAS DE AVES SILVESTRES ENCAMINHADAS AO CENTRO DE TRIAGEM DE ANIMAIS SILVESTRES DO MARANHÃO (CETAS-MA).

O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer as espécies de ácaros plumícolas de aves silvestres do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Maranhão (CETAS-MA) e verificar se há relação entre a quantidade de ácaros e regiões do corpo das aves (cabeça, dorso, asa, peito, coxa e cauda). As amostras foram obtidas no período de outubro de 2013 a abril de 2014 de aves recebidas no CETAS-MA. Amostras de penas de aves de 7 famílias e 14 espécies foram analisadas: Milvago chimachima (Falconiforme: Falconidae), Carcara plancus (Falconiforme: Falconidae), Tyto furcata (Strigiforme: Tytonidae), Aratinga jandaya (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Amazona aestiva (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Amazona amazonica (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Ara chloropterus (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Ara ararauna (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Brogoteris spp. (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Coragyps atratus (Cathartiforme: Cathartidae), Rupornis magnirostris (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), Asio clamator (Strigiforme: Strigidae), Dendrocygna viduata (Anseriformes: Anatidae) e Amazoneta brasiliensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae). Os ácaros coletados das penas foram montados em meio de Hoyer e examinados para identificação de acordo com as características morfológicas. Do total de 61 aves amostradas, 24 (39,34%) estavam infestadas por ácaros plumícolas, as quais pertenciam às Ordens Psittaciformes, Strigiformes e Falconiformes. Identificou-se os gêneros Fainalges. Chiasmalges, Tanyaralichus, Hieracoclichus, Glaucalges e Dubninia. Estes gêneros estão sendo registrados pela primeira vez no Maranhão e os gêneros Hieracoclichus e Glaucalges pela primeira vez no Brasil. Apesar de não se ter observado diferenças significativas entre a quantidade de ácaros comparando-se as diferentes regiões do corpo, houve predominância de ácaros na da cauda e dorso.

The objective of this study was to know the species of feather mites from the Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Maranhão (CETAS-MA) and verify if there is relation between the number of mites and the regions of the body (head, dorsum, wing, chest, thigh and tail).The samples were obtained from October 2013 to April /2014 from birds at the CETAS-MA. Feather from birds of 7 families and 14 species were anlysed: Milvago chimachima (Falconiforme: Falconidae), Carcara plancus (Falconiforme: Falconidae), Tyto furcata (Strigiforme: Tytonidae), Aratinga jandaya (Psittaciforme:Psicittacidae), Amazona aestiva (Psittaciforme: Psicittacidae), Amazona amazonica (Psittaciforme:Psicittacidae), Ara chloropterus (Psittaciforme Psicittacidae), Ara ararauna (Psittaciforme:Psicittacidae), Brogoteris spp. (Psittaciforme:Psicittacidae), Coragyps atratus (Cathartiforme: Cathartidae), Rupornis magnirostris (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), Asio clamator (Strigiforme: Strigidae), Dendrocygna viduata (Anseriformes: Anatidae) and Amazoneta brasiliensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae). The mites collected from the feathers were mounted in Hoyers medium and examined for identification according morphological characteristics. From the total of the 61 of birds sampled, 24 (39.34%) were infested by feather mites, which were of the orders Psittaciformes, Strigiformes e Falconiformes. The following genera were identified: Fainalges, Chiasmalges, Tanyaralichus, Hieracoclichus, Glaucalges e Dubninia. These genera are registred for the just time in the State of Maranhão and the genera Hieracoclichus and Glaucalges for the just time in Brazil. It was not observed significant difference between the number of mites and the regions of the bird body; however the tail and dorsum were more infested.