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The growth pattern of broilers can be influenced by diets, environment, stress, health and management. Considering the relevance of the body structure of broilers for slaughterhouse condemnations, the aim of this study was to analyze the body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and musculoskeletal and visceral morphology of broilers with different body attributes from commercial slaughterhouses. Forty-eight plucked broilers from two different strains were distributed into three groups: standard, uneven, and cachectic. The broilers were evaluated for lean mass, body fat, BMD, and bone mineral content (BMC), and subject to macroscopic, musculoskeletal and visceral analyses. It was found that BMD was lower in the uneven and cachectic groups compared to the standard (p≤0.05), and cachectic broilers had a lower BMC compared to the other groups. The body weight of broilers in the standard group was greater compared to the other groups, while the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, liver, duodenum, jejunum, cardiovascular structures, and kidney was greater among the cachectic in comparison to the others. The uneven group presented intermediate mean values for several densitometric and morphological parameters, as well as no statistical difference (p≥0.05) to the standard group in the weight of the proventriculus, spleen and kidneys, the weight and the length of duodenum, the length and diameter of the gastrocnemius, and the diameter of the sartorius muscle. It is possible to conclude that uneven broilers have similar characteristics to the standard group, demonstrating that they could be used as feedstock for processed products, reducing economic losses at the slaughterhouse.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphometric parameters and the mass of adipose tissues of rats fed with cactacea flour. The animals were divided into five groups:C (Control), H (Hypercaloric diet), HP (Hypercaloric diet with 5% Pereskia grandifolia flour), HO (Hypercaloric diet with 5% Opuntia ficus-indicaflour), and HA (Hypercaloric diet with 5% Agave tequilanaflour). Feed intake and apparent digestibility, capillary glycemia, liver weight and Hepato-Somatic Index were evaluated. Adipose tissue mass and the Visceral Fat Index (VFI) and Epididymal Fat Index (EFI) were determined. The data were compared using theTukey test at 5% significance level. There was no statistical difference between the groups for body weight, BMI and Lee Index. The HP and HA groups did not differ from the C group regarding weight gain,the C group had lower apparent digestibility of thediets,the HA group presentedlower blood glucose when compared to the H and HO groups,and the H group had higher liver weight. The HP and HA groups gainedthe lowest adipose tissue mass, VFI and EFI than the H and HO groups. Among the cactaceae studied,Pereskia grandifoliashowed better effects on morphometric and adipose tissue parameters.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Purpose: We present a technique for covering large midline loss of abdominal wall using a novel method by autologous tissues. Methods: Twenty-two patients (body mass index = 35,6 ± 6,9 kg/m2) were involved in the prospective cohort study. Acute and elective cases were included. The gap area was 450.1 ± 54 cm2. The average width of the midline gap was 16,3 ± 3,2 cm. The rectus muscles were mobilized from its posterior sheath. Both muscles were turned by180º medially, so that the complete abdominal wall gap could be covered without considerable tension. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure, quality of life and hernia recurrency were determined. Results: There was no significant increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. Wound infection and seroma occurred in four cases. Bleeding occurred in one case. Pre- and post-operative quality of life index significantly improved (23 ± 13 vs. 47 ± 6; p = 0,0013). One recurrent hernia was registered. The procedure could be performed safely and yielded excellent results. The method was applied in acute cases. The intact anatomical structure of rectus muscles was essential. Conclusions: The midline reconstruction with bilateral turned-over rectus muscles provided low tension abdominal wall status, and it did not require synthetic mesh implantation.

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Length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships are widely used in management programs and monitoring of fish stocks. We estimated the LWR and LLR of 10 fish species sampled from nine streams of the lower reach of the Iguassu River Basin, Paraná, Brazil. All LWR fits were significant, with b values ranging from 2.37 to 3.62 and an average value of 3.07. Most species showed isometric growth. Significant differences in the LWR between sexes were observed only for Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda, 2008 in the Três Barras stream. All LLR fits were significant, with b values ranging from 0.98 to 1.25 and an average value of 1.15. Significant differences between sexes for the LLR were observed for Rhamdia voulezi Haseman, 1911 in the Arroio Passo Liso stream. First records of the LWR for four species - Ancistrus mullerae Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009, Bryconamericus pyahu Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Almirón, 2003, Cambeva stawiarski (Miranda Ribeiro, 1968), and Cambeva taroba (Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004) - and the LLR for six species - A. mullerae, B. pyahu, C. davisi, C. stawiarski, C. taroba, and P. harpagos - and a new record of maximum standard length for two species - C. taroba and B. pyahu - are presented.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate, through principal component analysis, the effect of different feedlot structures on climatic conditions, nutrient intake, and performance of Nellore bulls during the feeding period in the semi-arid region. Data from 225 non-castrated Nellore bulls with initial mean body weight (BW) of 294 ± 19 kg and age of 24 months were used. This was done in a completely randomized design with three feedlot structures (no shading, natural shade, and artificial shade with 50% light interception), resulting in 75 repetitions (each animal serving as an experimental unit). The feeding period for the animals in the feedlot was 107 days. The first two components explained 99.65 (no shade), 97.32 (artificial shade), and 99.89 (natural shade) of total data variation. The variables, namely the black globe temperature index (0.88), radiant heat load (0.96, 0.99, 0.76), black globe temperature (0.96), and hot carcass weight (0.64) exerted the greatest influence on the feedlot structures. Climatic and intake variables were identified as having the most significant impact on feedlot structures. Artificial shade with 50% light interception shade cloth positively contributes to the hot carcass weight of feedlot Nellore cattle.(AU)

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This study examined the impact of a 37.5 °C temperature on chick embryos during the hatching period (18-21 days of incubation) and its subsequent effect on hatchery results and the thermotolerance of broiler chicks from 28-40 days of rearing. For hatchery results, the study involved 16 trays per treatment. For performance, the study involved 360 broiler chicks from two distinct hatching temperature conditions: a control group (36.5 °C and 65% relative humidity (RH)) and a thermal manipulation group (37.5 °C/6 h/d from 18 to 21 days of incubation with 65% RH). The chicks were reared in a thermoneutral temperature until day 28. Subsequently, on day 28 post-hatch, the chicks were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 arrangement to assess the differences in thermotolerance acquisition. The primary factors were embryo thermal manipulation in the hatcher and the thermal environmental rearing from day 28 until day 40 (thermoneutrality (at a constant 23.0 °C) or thermal environmental challenge (30.0 °C/6 h/d)). No effect was observed on hatchability, residual analysis of unhatched eggs, and chick quality. No interaction was observed between treatments for performance or cloacal temperature from day 28 to day 40. However, birds reared in a thermoneutral environment exhibited higher feed intake and body weight gain from day 28 to day 40 and a lower feed conversion ratio than the birds reared in a cyclic heat temperature environment. An increase of 1 °C/6 h/d in the hatcher from day 18-21 does not affect hatchery results or enhance the adaptability of broilers to a heat stress environment during the final rearing period.(AU)

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This study provides the first report of metazoan parasites in Crenicichla strigata. From 31 hosts caught in the Jari River basin, in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil, a total of 1454 parasites were collected: Sciadicleithrum araguariensis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Sciadicleithrum satanopercae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Contracaecum sp., Spirocamallanus peraccuratus, Acarina gen. sp. and Dolops geayi. However, the community was dominated by the three species of Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea) and there was similar presence of parasites in the larval and adult stages. The total prevalence was 100% and each of the hosts was parasitized by two or three species, which presented random dispersion. Brillouin diversity, parasite species richness, Berger-Parker dominance index and evenness were low. There was positive correlation between the abundance of Posthodiplostomum sp. the hosts' length, while the abundance of S. peraccuratus showed negative correlation with the body weight of fish. The abundance of S. araguariensis, S. joanae and S. satanopercae showed negative correlation with the hosts' length. The parasite community of C. strigata was characterized by low diversity, low richness, low intensity and low abundance of species.(AU)

Este estudo descreveu o primeiro relato de parasitos metazoários em Crenicichla strigata. De 31 hospedeiros capturados na bacia do Rio Jari, na região da Amazônia oriental brasileira, foi coletado um total de 1.454 parasitos: Sciadicleithrum araguariensis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Sciadicleithrum satanopercae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Contracaecum sp., Spirocamallanus peraccuratus, Acarina gen. sp. e Dolops geayi. Porém, a comunidade foi dominada por essas três espécies de Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea) e houve similar presença de parasitos em estágio larval e adulto. A prevalência total foi de100% e os hospedeiros estavam parasitados por duas ou três espécies, que tiveram dispersão randômica. A diversidade de Brillouin, riqueza de espécies de parasitos, índice de dominância de Berger-Parker e equitabilidade foram baixos. Houve correlação positiva da abundância de Posthodiplostomum sp. com o comprimento dos hospedeiros, enquanto a abundância de S. peraccuratus mostrou correlação negativa com o peso corporal dos peixes. Abundância de S. araguariensis, S. joane e S. satanopercae apresentou correlação negativa com o comprimento dos hospedeiros. A comunidade parasitária de C. strigata foi caracterizada por baixa diversidade, baixa riqueza, baixa intensidade e baixa abundância de espécies.(AU)

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Any solid, unprotected, and undefended surface in the aquatic environment will be fouled. Fouling, on the other hand, can affect a wide range of species that can tolerate some epibiosis. Several others, on the other hand, aggressively keep the epibionts off their body surface (antifouling). Antifouling defenses are built into marine plants like seaweed and seagrass. They do have a distinctive surface structure with tightly packed needle-like peaks and antifouling coverings, which may hinder settling bacteria's ability to cling. Chemical antifouling resistance is most probably a biological reaction to epibiosis' ecological drawbacks, especially for organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. The goal of this study was to see how effective natural compounds derived from littoral seaweeds were in preventing fouling. The brown mussel, an important fouling organism, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against fifty-one populations' crude organic extracts including fort-two macroalgae species. Antifouling activity, exhibited a distinct phylogenetic pattern, with red macroalgae having the largest share of active species, subsequently brown macroalgae. Antifouling action in green seaweeds has never been significant. Seven species showed some level of induced antifouling defense. Our findings appear to back up previous findings about secondary metabolite synthesis in seaweeds, indicating that in the hunt for novel antifoulants, researchers should concentrate their efforts on tropical red macroalgae.

Resumo contaminada. A incrustação, por outro lado, pode afetar uma ampla gama de espécies que podem tolerar alguma epibiose. Vários outros, por outro lado, mantêm agressivamente os epibiontes fora de sua superfície corporal (anti-incrustante). As defesas anti-incrustantes são construídas em plantas marinhas como algas marinhas e ervas marinhas. Elas têm uma estrutura de superfície distinta com picos semelhantes a agulhas bem compactadas e coberturas anti-incrustantes, o que pode dificultar a capacidade de fixação das bactérias. A resistência química anti-incrustante é provavelmente uma reação biológica às desvantagens ecológicas da epibiose, especialmente para organismos capazes de realizar fotossíntese. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia dos compostos naturais derivados de algas marinhas do litoral na prevenção da incrustação. O mexilhão-marrom, importante organismo incrustante, foi avaliado em bioensaios de laboratório contra extratos orgânicos brutos de 51 populações, incluindo duas espécies de macroalgas. A atividade anti-incrustante exibiu um padrão filogenético distinto, com macroalgas vermelhas tendo a maior participação de espécies ativas, posteriormente macroalgas marrons. A ação anti-incrustante em algas verdes nunca foi significativa. Sete espécies apresentaram algum nível de defesa anti-incrustante induzida. Nossas descobertas parecem corroborar descobertas anteriores sobre a síntese de metabólitos secundários em algas marinhas, indicando que, na busca por novos anti-incrustantes, os pesquisadores devem concentrar seus esforços em macroalgas vermelhas tropicais.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of snaplage on fecal characteristics, feeding behavior, and performance of finishing bulls. Seventy-two single-sourced Nellore bulls (initial body weight [BW] = 400 ± 27.4 kg; 2.4 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (three bulls/pen; eight pen replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of finishing diets with the following sources of fiber and energy: corn silage, reconstituted corn grain silage, and dry-ground corn (control; inclusion of 22.9, 42.1, and 20.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively); snaplage (inclusion of 65% of DM) and dry-ground corn (SNAP65); and snaplage only (inclusion of 85% of DM; SNAP85). Bulls were adapted over a 15-d period and fed for a total of 86 d. Fecal samples were collected on days 42, 65, and 73. Feeding behavior was assessed on days 51 and 69. All data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design. No differences were obtained for initial BW, gain:feed ratio, hot carcass, and dressing. The SNAP85 diet had a greater intake, followed by SNAP65 and control diets (P = 0.02). There was a tendency of greater average daily gain and final BW (P = 0.07 and 0.08, respectively) for SNAP65 diet, followed by SNAP85 and control treatments. A tendency (P = 0.07) was also observed for greater ribeye area in bulls consuming SNAP65 (85 cm2), followed by control (81 cm2) and SNAP85 (80 cm2). Bulls consuming SNAP65 and SNAP85 spent more time chewing (on average, 249 min/d) than those consuming control diet (177 min/d; P = 0.01). Fecal starch was lower, and pH was greater for SNAP85 (P = 0.01 for both variables). Overall, snaplage is a suitable ingredient in high-starch diets for providing energy and physically effective neutral detergent fiber. The inclusion of 65% of snaplage and 20% of dry-ground corn (DM basis) showed a slight superior performance in Nellore bulls.(AU)

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Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. There is no effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Snake venoms are a cocktail of proteins and peptides with great therapeutic potential and might be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Crotapotin is the acid chain of crotoxin, the major component of Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. PD is characterized by low levels of neurotrophins, and synaptic and axonal degeneration; therefore, neurotrophic compounds might delay the progression of PD. The neurotrophic potential of crotapotin has not been studied yet. Methods: We evaluated the neurotrophic potential of crotapotin in untreated PC12 cells, by assessing the induction of neurite outgrowth. The activation of the NGF signaling pathway was investigated through pharmacological inhibition of its main modulators. Additionally, its neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects were evaluated by assessing neurite outgrowth and cell viability in PC12 cells treated with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium), known to induce Parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Results: Crotapotin induced neuritogenesis in PC12 cells through the NGF-signaling pathway, more specifically, by activating the NGF-selective receptor trkA, and the PI3K/Akt and the MAPK/ERK cascades, which are involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. In addition, crotapotin had no cytotoxic effect and protected PC12 cells against the inhibitory effects of MPP+ on cell viability and differentiation. Conclusion: These findings show, for the first time, that crotapotin has neurotrophic/neuroprotective/neurorestorative potential and might be beneficial in Parkinson's disease. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the toxicity of crotapotin in other cell models.(AU)

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The current investigation aimed to explore the effects of Myrciaria dubia liquid extract (MDLE) as the primary component of an extender for breeder rooster semen over different periods at room temperature. Fifteen breeder roosters (40 weeks of age, average body weight of 2.05±0.12) with confirmed fertility were used. Employing a factorial design (3x4), the treatments consisted of semen in natura and two semen extenders (an experimental based on MDLE and a commercial) subjected to four periods at room temperature post-collection (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) with four replicates (tubes) each. All variables evaluated in this study yielding significant results (p<0.05). Analyzed individually, the experimental extender based on MDLE exhibited a linear reduction (p<0.05) in motility and vigor results, while it caused an increase in pH values and percentages of sperm defects evaluated. When compared with semen in natura and commercial extender, the efficiency of MDLE as a semen extender was inferior to that observed with the commercial extender and similar to the results observed with semen in natura. Nonetheless, the experimental extender based on MDLE yielded satisfactory results for up to 15 minutes of storage time. In conclusion, MDLE can be considered as an alternative for composing a roosters' semen extender, maintaining sperm characteristics within acceptable limits for up to 15 minutes at room temperature. However, this experimental extender demonstrated lower efficiency than the commercial extender in maintaining the sperm quality at room temperature across all periods tested.(AU)

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Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi is an important pest in the Semi-Arid region of Rio Grande do Norte and other states in Brazil, with Guava being its main host. Environment induced morphological changes in adult fruit flies can lead to mating incompatibilities among populations within a species. Furthermore, sexual isolation between these populations can be one of the first steps in the speciation process, as described to other tephritid fly species. Here, we compared several body measurements through analysis of variance and geometric morphometrics to assess significant morphological differences between sympatric flies from different hosts: Guava and Jua. We found significant differences in body size for both sexes of flies from the different fruit hosts, with flies from Guava being the larger. Different degrees of sexual size dimorphism of flies from each fruit has also been detected. Flies from different fruits also exhibited different wing shapes, even though the pattern of sexual shape dimorphism remained the same for both fruits. These results show the influence of the host fruits on adult fruit fly morphology, a phenomenon that must be considered when implementing pest control programs such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Further studies are needed to explore mating preference and genetic structure between these populations.(AU)

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Purpose: To evaluate the inductive capacity of F18 bioglass putty on the induced membrane technique in a segmental bone defect of the rabbit's radius. Methods: Ten female Norfolk at 24 months of age were used. The animals were randomly separated based on postoperative time points: five rabbits at 21 and four at 42 days. A 1-cm segmental bone defect was created in both radii. The bone defects were filled with an F18 bioglass putty. Results: Immediate postoperative radiographic examination revealed the biomaterial occupying the segmental bone defect as a well-defined radiopaque structure with a density close to bone tissue. At 21 and 42 days after surgery, a reduction in radiopacity and volume of the biomaterial was observed, with particle dispersion in the bone defect region. Histologically, the induced membrane was verified in all animals, predominantly composed of fibrocollagenous tissue. In addition, chondroid and osteoid matrices undergoing regeneration, a densely vascularized tissue, and a foreign body type reaction composed of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells were seen. Conclusions: the F18 bioglass putty caused a foreign body-type inflammatory response with the development of an induced membrane without expansion capacity to perform the second stage of the Masquelet technique.

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Supplementation strategies have been studied to increase animal performance and the quality of meat. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of different supplementation strategies on the performance, feed intake, digestibility and ingestive behaviour of crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture, during the dry season. The experiment was performed in Bahia, Brazil, from August 2015 to January 2016, with a dry season of 203 days. Thirty-three crossbred steers with an average weight of 269.5 ± 41.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with three treatments and 11 replicates per treatment. The results were analysed using an ANOVA and a Tukey test, with a 5% probability of error. The treatments were mineral salt with urea and the supplementation of protein based on the animals' body weight (BW), as follows: 0.1 and 0.2% BW. There was no effect of supplementation strategy on the initial and final body weights. Supplementation strategies did not influence (p > 0.05) the variables related to the intake of total dry matter. There was an effect (p < 0.05) on the dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients. For ingestive behaviour, feed intake, grazing time and idle time tended to be altered by the supply strategies (p < 0.05), but rumination was not affected (p > 0.05) by the evaluated strategies. In conclusion, the supplementation strategies used during the dry season resulted in a similar performance; therefore, the adopted strategy can be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production system. Thus, the strategy adopted could be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production.(AU)

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This study aimed to assess population and reproductive aspects of the ampithoid amphipod Cymadusa filosa Savigny, 1816 in a region with pollution by petrogenic hydrocarbons. Sampling of Sargassum furcatum Kützing, 1843 fronds and the associated fauna was conducted in March, September and December 2007 and February 2008, on four rocky shores located on São Sebastião Island, southeastern Brazil. A total of 1372 specimens of C. filosa were recorded, including 934 juveniles, 274 females (60 ovigerous) and 164 males. Population mean density ranged from 1.27 to 6.40 ind/g with higher mean values in March 2007 and lower in December 2007 and February 2008. The total body length of males varied from 4.11 to 20.75 mm and of females from 3.58 to 20.22 mm. No significant difference was detected between male and female body length. The overall sex ratio significantly differed from 1:1 proportion and was skewed toward females (0.60:1). Ovigerous females occurred in higher proportion in February 2008 and presented mean fecundity of 26.01 ± 1.84 eggs/female (mean ± se), with great variation in the number of eggs found in the marsupium (between 1 and 56). Fecundity increased significantly with increasing female body length. The C. filosa population structure and reproduction were similar to those of populations in other locations, in Brazil and abroad indicating that pollution by petrogenic hydrocarbons in the São Sebastião Channel did not affect the population parameters of C. filosa in this region.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos do anfípode ampitoídeo Cymadusa filosa Savigny, 1816 em uma região com poluição por hidrocarbonetos petrogênicos. Amostragens de frondes de Sargassum furcatum e da fauna associada foram realizadas em março, setembro e dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008, em quatro costões rochosos localizados na Ilha de São Sebastião, sudeste do Brasil. Um total de 1372 espécimes de C. filosa foi registrado, incluindo 934 juvenis, 274 fêmeas (60 ovígeras) e 164 machos. A densidade populacional média variou de 1,27 a 6,40 ind/g, com valores médios maiores em março de 2007 e menores em dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008. O comprimento corporal total dos machos variou de 4,11 a 20,75 mm e das fêmeas de 3,58 a 20,22 mm. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi detectada entre o tamanho do corpo de machos e fêmeas. A razão sexual geral diferiu significativamente da proporção de 1:1 e foi desviada para as fêmeas (0,60:1). Fêmeas ovígeras ocorreram em maior proporção em fevereiro de 2008 e apresentaram fecundidade média de 26,01 ± 1,84 ovos/fêmea (média ± erro padrão), com grande variação no número de ovos encontrados no marsúpio (entre 1 e 56). A fecundidade aumentou significativamente com o aumento do comprimento corporal das fêmeas. A estrutura populacional e a reprodução de C. filosa foram semelhantes às de populações de outras localidades no Brasil e no exterior, indicando que a poluição por hidrocarbonetos petrogênicos no Canal de São Sebastião não afetou os parâmetros populacionais de C. filosa nesta região.(AU)

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Specimens of the genus Diplostomum von Nordmann, 1832 (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) were collected from the intestine of the herring gull, Larus argentatus (Laridae), from El-Manzala Lake (Port Said City, Egypt). This parasite species was morphometrically, morphologically, and molecularly studied using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) gene region. The presence of a trematode species of Diplostomum spathaceum Rudolphi, 1819 (Diplostomidae) was observed in 70 % of the examined gull species. This species has generic features of the genus Diplostomum. Distinct criteria that discriminated this species from congeners were the division for body parts, the egg-shaped forebody with a smaller length than the hind body, the ventral sucker being smaller in size than the oral one, the position of the ventral sucker being near to the holdfast, vitellaria was compact and rarely extend anteriorly to the holdfast organ, and smaller egg size. Partial ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences from diplosomite recovered in this study showed that they grouped with members of the genus Diplostomum and formed a monophyletic group supporting the morphological description. Findings obtained from molecular analysis are consistent with data from morphological classification where the parasite recorded was morphologically similar to Diplostomum spathaceum with a first record in Egyptian gulls.

Espécimes do gênero Diplostomum von Nordmann, 1832 (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) foram coletados do intestino da gaivota de arenque, Larus argentatus (Laridae), coletada no lago El-Manzala (cidade de Port Said, Egito). Essa espécie de parasita foi estudada morfometricamente e morfologicamente, bem como molecularmente, usando a região do gene espaçador transcrito interno (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). A presença de uma espécie de trematoda de Diplostomum spathaceum Rudolphi, 1819 (Diplostomidae) foi observada em 70% das espécies de gaivotas examinadas. Essa espécie tem características genéricas do gênero Diplostomum. Os critérios distintos que discriminaram essa espécie das congêneres foram a divisão das partes do corpo, o corpo dianteiro em forma de ovo com comprimento menor do que o corpo traseiro, a ventosa ventral de tamanho menor do que a oral, a posição da ventosa ventral próxima ao suporte, a viterlária compacta e raramente estendida anteriormente ao órgão do suporte e o tamanho menor do ovo. As sequências parciais ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de diplostomídeos recuperadas neste estudo mostraram que eles se agruparam com membros do gênero Diplostomum e formaram um grupo monofilético que apoia a descrição morfológica. Os resultados obtidos com a análise molecular são consistentes com os dados da classificação morfológica, em que o parasita registrado era morfologicamente semelhante ao Diplostomum spathaceum, com um primeiro registro em gaivotas egípcias.

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A new species of Corydoras is described from the Itaya and Nanay river basins, tributaries of the Río Amazonas in Peru. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following features: (I) branch of the temporal sensory canal at sphenotic, which gives rise to the supraorbital canal, with two pores, (II) upper tooth plate of branchial arch with three series of teeth, (III) area at the corner of the mouth, ventral to the maxillary barbel, with a small, triangular fleshy flap, which may variably present a small prolongation at its posterior tip, forming a short barbel-like structure, (IV) a conspicuous dark brown or black patch transversally crossing the orbit, forming a mask-like blotch, (V) absence of a distinct color pattern along midline of flank, (VI) dorsolateral body plates only with small, irregular, rounded or vertically elongated dark brown or black blotches; ground color of plates typically light yellow or beige, (VII) absence of a relatively large, conspicuous dark blotch on anterior portion of dorsal fin, and (VIII) ossified portion of hypobranchial 2 ranging from moderately developed to well developed.(AU)

Una nueva especie de Corydoras se describe de las cuencas de los Ríos Itaya y Nanay, tributarios del Río Amazonas en Perú. La nueva especie se puede distinguir de sus congéneres por las siguientes características: (I) rama del canal sensorial temporal en el esfenótico, que da origen al canal supraorbital, con dos poros, (II) placa dental superior del arco branquial con tres series de dientes, (III) área en la esquina de la boca, ventral a la barbilla maxilar, con una pequeña porción de tejido carnoso triangular, que puede presentar variaciones con una pequeña prolongación en su extremo posterior, formando una estructura semejante a una barbilla corta, (IV) una mancha conspicua de color marrón oscuro o negro que cruza transversalmente la órbita, formando una mancha con aspecto de máscara, (V) ausencia de un patrón de color distintivo a lo largo de la línea media del flanco, (VI) placas dorsolaterales del cuerpo solo con pequeñas manchas oscuras de color marrón oscuro o negro, irregulares, redondeadas o alargadas verticalmente; el color base de las placas típicamente es amarillo claro o beige, (VII) ausencia de una mancha oscura relativamente grande y conspicua en la porción anterior de la aleta dorsal, y (VIII) porción osificada del hipobranquial 2 que va desde moderadamente desarrollada hasta bien desarrollada.(AU)

Resumo

A new species of Corydoras is described from the rio Xingu and rio Tapajós basins, Pará State, Brazil. The new species can be promptly distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following features: (I) temporal sensory canal at sphenotic with two pores; (II) upper tooth plate of branchial arch with three or four series of teeth; (III) area at the corner of the mouth, ventral to the maxillary barbel, with a small, roughly triangular fleshy flap, not forming an elongated barbel-like structure; (IV) contact between posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and nuchal plate; (V) dark stripe transversally crossing the orbit, forming a mask-like blotch; (VI) absence of a distinct color pattern along midline of flank; (VII) dorsolateral body plates only with small, irregular, rounded or vertically elongated dark brown or black blotches; ground color of plates typically dusky but not forming large, conspicuous black patches; and (VIII) absence of a relatively large, conspicuous dark patch on anterior portion of dorsal fin.(AU)

Uma espécie nova de Corydoras é descrita das bacias do rio Xingu e do rio Tapajós, Estado do Pará, Brasil. A espécie nova pode ser prontamente diferenciada de suas congêneres pela combinação das seguintes características: (I) canal sensorial temporal no esfenótico com dois poros; (II) placa dentária superior do arco branquial com três ou quatro séries de dentes; (III) área no canto da boca, ventralmente ao barbilhão maxilar, com pequena aba carnosa algo triangular, não formando uma estrutura alongada similar a um barbilhão; (IV) contato entre o processo posterior do parieto-supraoccipital e a placa nucal; (V) faixa escura cruzando transversalmente a órbita, formando uma mancha em forma de máscara; (VI) ausência de um padrão de coloração distinto ao longo da linha mediana do flanco; (VII) placas dorsolaterais do corpo apenas com manchas pequenas, irregulares, arredondadas ou alongadas verticalmente, marrom-escuras ou pretas; cor de fundo das placas tipicamente escura, mas não formando manchas pretas grandes e conspícuas; e (VIII) ausência de uma mancha escura relativamente grande e conspícua na porção anterior da nadadeira dorsal.(AU)

Resumo

This study evaluated the effects of energy supplementation on the intake and milk fatty acid composition of cows grazing BRS Kurumi elephant grass pasture during the rainy season. Two treatments (with and without supplementation) were evaluated using a switchback design with six Holstein × Gyr dairy cows after the peak of lactation. The average milk yield, body weight, and days in milk of the cows at the beginning of the study were 18.0±2.89 kg day−1, 560±66 kg, and 99±12, respectively. The evaluations were performed over three grazing cycles, with adaptation periods of 14 days and six days of sampling. In the energy supplementation treatment, each cow received 3 kg day−1 of ground corn (as-fed basis), with 2 kg day−1 at the morning milking and 1 kg day−1 at the afternoon milking. The ground corn presented 87.5% dry matter, 7.3% crude protein, 5.1% ether extract, and 85% of total digestible nutrients. The cows supplemented with ground corn consumed more oleic (+567%) and linoleic (+88%) acids. Unsupplemented cows consumed 26% more α-linolenic acid and produced milk with more oleic (+10%), vaccenic (+23%), and rumenic (+21%) acids, and less (−7%) pro-atherogenic fatty acids (lauric + myristic + palmitic acids). Milk fat from unsupplemented cows showed better nutritional quality, with lower atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices and a higher hypo/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da suplementação energética sobre o consumo e a composição de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas em pastagem de capim-elefante BRS Kurumi durante o período chuvoso. Dois tratamentos (com e sem suplementação) foram avaliados em delineamento de reversão completa (switchback), com seis vacas Holandês × Gir após o pico da lactação. A produção média de leite, o peso corporal e dias em lactação das vacas no início do estudo foram de 18,0±2,89 kg dia−1, 560±66 kg e 99±12, respectivamente. As avaliações foram realizadas durante três ciclos de pastejo, com períodos de adaptação de 14 dias, e seis dias de coletas de amostras. No tratamento com suplementação energética, cada vaca recebeu 3 kg dia−1 de milho moído (base da matéria natural), sendo 2 kg dia−1 na ordenha da manhã e 1 kg dia−1 na ordenha da tarde. O milho moído apresentou 87,5% de matéria seca, 7,3% de proteína bruta, 5,1% de extrato etéreo e 85% de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Maiores consumos dos ácidos oleico (+567%) e linoleico (+88%) foram observados nas vacas suplementadas com milho moído. As vacas não suplementadas consumiram 26% a mais de ácido α-linolênico e produziram leite com maiores teores dos ácidos oleico (+10%), vacênico (+23%) e rumênico (+21%), e menor teor (−7%) de ácidos graxos pró-aterogênicos (ácidos láurico + mirístico + palmítico). A gordura do leite das vacas não suplementadas apresentou melhor qualidade nutricional, com menores índices de aterogenicidade e trombogenicidade e maior relação de ácidos graxos hipo/hipercolesterolêmicos.(AU)

Resumo

A colostragem é essencial para a saúde dos bezerros neonatos, uma vez que não há a transferência de imunidade através da placenta, ou seja, o contato inicial do organismo com anticorpos se dá através da primeira mamada, onde há transferência da imunidade passiva. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho é revisar os benefícios da acidificação ou silagem do colostro para otimizar a conservação da dieta líquida em fazendas; analisar o impacto no desempenho de bezerros em comparação com o colostro tradicional refrigerado em aleitamentos convencionais. O volume ideal preconizado é, no mínimo, 10% do peso vivo do animal nas primeiras duas horas e mais 5% do peso vivo nas seis a oito horas seguintes a primeira ingestão, para que se obtenha um bom desenvolvimento durante o crescimento, caso contrário, a falta da administração do colostro nas primeiras horas de vida predispõe enfermidades, tais como pneumonia e diarreia, prejudicando assim a saúde e consequentemente o desempenho em relação a outros animais que receberam uma colostragem adequada. Problemas com a qualidade do colostro surgem devido ao armazenamento inadequado, especialmente em propriedades sem refrigeração. A falta de sistemas de congelamento resulta em administração de leite em temperatura ambiente por períodos prolongados, prejudicando assim a imunidade e nutrição dos bezerros durante a colostragem. Todavia, há alternativas para o problema tal como o fornecimento de silagem de colostro. Em alguns casos, o processo de acidificação demanda a adição de ácidos no leite, a fim de evitar o crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos. O principal aspecto positivo do leite acidificado é a manutenção em temperatura ambiente, ou seja, não há a necessidade de passar por processos de refrigeração.

Colostrum is essential for the health of newborn calves, since there is no transfer of immunity through the placenta, that is, the body's initial contact with antibodies occurs through the first feeding, where there is a transfer of passive immunity. Therefore, the objective of the work is to review the benefits of acidifying or colostrum silage to optimize the conservation of liquid diets on farms; analyze the impact on calf performance compared to traditional refrigerated colostrum in conventional sucklers. The recommended ideal volume is at least 10% of the animal's live weight in the first two hours and a further 5% of its live weight in the six to eight hours following the first ingestion, so that good development is achieved during growth, otherwise, the lack of colostrum administration in the first hours of life predisposes diseases, such as pneumonia and diarrhea, thus harming health and consequently performance in relation to other animals that received adequate colostrum. Problems with colostrum quality arise due to inadequate storage, especially in unrefrigerated properties. The lack of freezing systems results in milk being administered at room temperature for prolonged periods, thus damaging the calves immunity and nutrition during colostrum. However, there are alternatives to the problem such as the supply of colostrum silage. In some cases, the acidification process requires the addition of acids to the milk in order to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The main positive aspect of acidified milk is that it remains at room temperature, that is, there is no need to undergo refrigeration processes.

El calostro es esencial para la salud de los terneros recién nacidos, ya que no existe transferencia de inmunidad a través de la placenta, es decir, el contacto inicial del cuerpo con los anticuerpos ocurre a través de la primera alimentación, donde existe una transferencia de inmunidad pasiva. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del trabajo es revisar los beneficios de acidificar o ensilar el calostro para optimizar la conservación de dietas líquidas en granjas; analizar el impacto en el rendimiento de los terneros en comparación con el calostro refrigerado tradicional en lechones convencionales. El volumen ideal recomendado es al menos el 10% del peso vivo del animal en las dos primeras horas y otro 5% de su peso vivo en las seis a ocho horas siguientes a la primera ingesta, para que se consiga un buen desarrollo durante el crecimiento, en caso contrario. la falta de administración de calostro en las primeras horas de vida predispone a enfermedades, como neumonía y diarrea, perjudicando la salud y consecuentemente el rendimiento en relación a otros animales que recibieron el calostro adecuado. Los problemas con la calidad del calostro surgen debido a un almacenamiento inadecuado, especialmente en propiedades no refrigeradas. La falta de sistemas de congelación provoca que la leche se administre a temperatura ambiente durante períodos prolongados, dañando así la inmunidad y la nutrición de los terneros durante el calostro. Sin embargo, existen alternativas al problema como el suministro de ensilaje de calostro. En algunos casos, el proceso de acidificación requiere la adición de ácidos a la leche para evitar el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos. El principal aspecto positivo de la leche acidificada es que se mantiene a temperatura ambiente, es decir, no es necesario someterse a procesos de refrigeración.