In vitro germination and reserve mobilization of Vriesea friburgensis Mez / Germinação in vitro e mobilização de reservas de Vriesea friburgensis Mez

Studies on the germination and establishment of plants are key pieces to understanding the reproductive success of plants. This work aimed to describe in vitro germination and reserve mobilization in the bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis through morphological, histochemical, and biochemical analysis. The conditions used in this study for the in vitro germination are adequate. From the third day of in vitro inoculation, a uniform germination of 98% was obtained, exhibiting a high physiological quality of the seeds and a high potential to produce seedlings (94%). There is early reserve mobilization, which began in the imbibition phase. The accumulated reserves in the endosperm cytoplasm are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes provided by the aleurone layer. It is possible that compounds in the cell walls of the endosperm contribute to a lesser extent in mobilization. Additionally, it was observed that starch accumulation in the cotyledon increases when the seedling has formed. Results from this study provide insights for future studies on ecology, seed technology, and conservation in this species. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of the dynamics of reserves during germination and seedling establishment in Bromeliaceae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with this approach in the genus Vriesea.

Estudos sobre germinação e estabelecimento de plantas são peças-chave para entender o sucesso reprodutivo das plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a germinação in vitro e a mobilização de reservas na bromélia Vriesea friburgensis por meio de análises morfológicas, histoquímicas e bioquímicas. As condições utilizadas neste estudo para a germinação in vitro são adequadas. A partir do terceiro dia de inoculação in vitro, obteve-se germinação uniforme de 98%, apresentando alta qualidade fisiológica das sementes e alto potencial de produção de plântulas (94%). Há uma mobilização precoce de reservas, iniciada na fase de embebição. As reservas acumuladas no citoplasma do endosperma são degradadas por enzimas hidrolíticas fornecidas pela camada de aleurona. É possível que compostos nas paredes celulares do endosperma contribuam em menor grau na mobilização. Além disso, observou-se que o acúmulo de amido no cotilédone aumenta com a formação da plântula. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações para estudos futuros sobre ecologia, tecnologia de sementes e conservação desta espécie. Este estudo contribui para o conhecimento limitado da dinâmica das reservas durante a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas em Bromeliaceae. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo com esta abordagem no gênero Vriesea.

Differential sprouting ability during micropropagation of Nidularium minutum Mez (Bromeliaceae)

Nidularium minutum is an ornamental bromeliad from the Brazilian Rainforest. The micropropagation of this species is essential for obtaining plants available for conservation programs or commercial use. Our study aimed to establish an efficient plant production method by in vitro sprouting. This bromeliad takes a long time to sprout in vitro, and 10% of the plants produce shoots in a culture medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs). When subcultured in a PGR-free medium, these individualized shoots can sprout like the mother plant. The Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS) containing 1.0 mg L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) promoted the induction of adventitious shoots in greater than 90% of the plants after 240 days of culture with an average of more than eight shoots per plant. Approximately 100% of the in vitro-produced shoots survived after acclimatization, reaching the flowering stage. Therefore, our results showed that in vitro regeneration of N. minutum depends on the cultivation period and that plants with a higher sprouting capacity can be selected and used as micropropagation matrices, contributing to the production of this endangered bromeliad.(AU)

Comparative seed germination, morphology and post-seminal development of two Bromeliaceae species with ornamental potential

Knowledge about the behavior of seeds is important to support studies to minimize the effects of predatory extractivism on ornamental bromeliads. The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination, seed morphology and post-seminal development of Hohenbergia belemii and Neoregelia compacta (Bromeliaceae) in different substrates. Seeds were disinfested with a sodium hypochlorite solution and germinated in four substrates: germitest paper; washed sand; vermiculite; and the commercial substrate Plantmax®. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with four repetitions and 50 seeds per repetition. The seeds were sown on the substrates and stored in plastic Gerbox® boxes, which were kept in BOD chambers with 12 hours photoperiod at constant temperature of 30ºC. Data were collected daily to calculate germination percentage and growth performance. The germination started on the 4th day after sowing (DAS) for H. belemii, with stabilization on the 11th DAS, while this occurred from the 5th DAS for N. compacta with stabilization on the 21st DAS. Germination was classified as development of epigeal and cryptocotylar seedlings for both species. The vermiculite substrate had a significant effect on seed germination, GSI (germination speed index) and growth of seedlings of both species. Our findings can support future research on seed technology and also contribute to better knowledge of the evolution of morphological characters of these bromeliad species.(AU)

Vascular flora of Southern Brazilian outcrops associated with Atlantic Forest: small relict environment that needs to be preserved

The rocky outcrops in the municipality of Campo Mourão (Paraná State) are all surrounded by remaining Atlantic Forest, unlike the typical outcrops associated with river courses, fields, or hilltops. Because it is such specific vegetation, it is essential to record the floristic composition, verifying only species and the conservation status of local populations. This study cataloged the species of vascular plants occurring in four rocky outcrops areas of Campo Mourão: Nishida outcrop (1,808 ha); Bica do Rio do Campo outcrop (0.458 ha); Perdoncini outcrop (0.228 ha), and Lago Azul State Park outcrop (0.021 ha). A total of 203 collections were analyzed, representing 152 species (eight exotic to Brazil), distributed in 66 families and 135 genera. The more richness families were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Bromeliaceae. The predominant life form was herbs and shrubs, and most species are terrestrial and rupicolous. The rocky outcrops of Campo Mourão, despite the small total area (25,150 m2), have 10 % of the exclusive species in the municipality. Also, 14 species are endemic in Brazil, and two are endemic in Paraná, being Portulaca hatschbachii (Portulacaceae) officially threatened to extinction in Brazil. In these areas, several species found have been little collected in Paraná State and Brazil, in addition to the presence of life forms adapted to survival on the exposed rock. This demonstrates that despite being small, these sites are critical environments for preserving biodiversity in the region.(AU)

Description of the immature stages, biology and DNA-barcoding of Quichuana pogonosa (Diptera: Syrphidae) collected in Bromeliaceae in Paraná, Brazil

Quichuana Knab, 1913 is a Neotropical genus of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with 50 valid species. Adults of this genus are flower visitors and their larvae are usually associated with the phytotelmata of bromeliads and heliconias, actively participating in the recycling of nutrients in forest environments. Despite their importance in ecosystem dynamics, Quichuana larvae are poorly known. Herein we describe the immature stages of Quichuana pogonosa Fluke, 1937 from samples collected from the phytotelmata of two terrestrial bromeliad species in the state of Paraná, Brazil. We provide illustrations of the egg, third instar larva and puparium, as well as information on the life cycle of the species. Additionally, we describe and illustrate the male genitalia and present the DNA-barcoding based on larva and adult specimens.

Description of the immature stages, biology and DNA-barcoding of Quichuana pogonosa (Diptera: Syrphidae) collected in Bromeliaceae in Paraná, Brazil

Quichuana Knab, 1913 is a Neotropical genus of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with 50 valid species. Adults of this genus are flower visitors and their larvae are usually associated with the phytotelmata of bromeliads and heliconias, actively participating in the recycling of nutrients in forest environments. Despite their importance in ecosystem dynamics, Quichuana larvae are poorly known. Herein we describe the immature stages of Quichuana pogonosa Fluke, 1937 from samples collected from the phytotelmata of two terrestrial bromeliad species in the state of Paraná, Brazil. We provide illustrations of the egg, third instar larva and puparium, as well as information on the life cycle of the species. Additionally, we describe and illustrate the male genitalia and present the DNA-barcoding based on larva and adult specimens.(AU)

Description of the immature stages, biology and DNA-barcoding of Quichuana pogonosa (Diptera: Syrphidae) collected in Bromeliaceae in Paraná, Brazil

ABSTRACT Quichuana Knab, 1913 is a Neotropical genus of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with 50 valid species. Adults of this genus are flower visitors and their larvae are usually associated with the phytotelmata of bromeliads and heliconias, actively participating in the recycling of nutrients in forest environments. Despite their importance in ecosystem dynamics, Quichuana larvae are poorly known. Herein we describe the immature stages of Quichuana pogonosa Fluke, 1937 from samples collected from the phytotelmata of two terrestrial bromeliad species in the state of Paraná, Brazil. We provide illustrations of the egg, third instar larva and puparium, as well as information on the life cycle of the species. Additionally, we describe and illustrate the male genitalia and present the DNA-barcoding based on larva and adult specimens.

Physiological potential of Dyckia spp. bromeliad seeds under different temperatures / Potencial fisiológico de sementes de bromélias Dyckia sp. sob diferentes temperaturas

Bromeliads have been gaining ground in the economic scenario due mainly to their use as ornamental plants. Bromeliads of the genus Dyckia exhibit different morphologies, and therefore, have relevance in this market. However, some species are threatened due to the extraction of plants from their natural environments. Many of these species are endemic and native to Brazil and there are few studies on their seed physiology; hence, expansion of research into this topic is essential. An alternative for the preservation of such plants is the production of seedlings using seeds. To this end, the objective of thiswork was to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds of Dyckia brevifolia, Dyckia beateae, and Dyckia excelsa at different temperatures, and determine the number of days to carry out the tests. A completely randomized design was adopted, with three species of Dyckia, analyzed separately, and four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C). The following were evaluated: first germination count, germination, germination speed index, length of seedling, and seedling dry weight. The data were analyzed using the Sisvar software for normality and homogeneity, and when the assumptions were met, they were subjected to analysis of variance using the F test (p < 0.05) and the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Seeds of D. excelsa emit the radicle more quickly at 20 and 35 °C; however, temperatures of 25 and 30 °C provide better conditions for seedling growth and development. The greatest vigor of D. brevifolia seeds is observed at temperatures of 30 and 35 °C. Seeds of D. beateae emit the radicle more quickly at 20 °C, and the largest seedlings are observed at 35 °C. The first germination count of D. brevifolia, D. beateae, and D. excelsa should be evaluated on the third day after sowing. The germination evaluations [...].

As bromélias vêm ganhando espaço no cenário econômico em função principalmente do uso como plantas ornamentais. Bromélias do gênero Dyckia sp., apresentam morfologia diferenciada e, por isso, possuem relevância neste mercado, no entanto, algumas espécies estão ameaçadas devido ao extrativismo das plantas de seus ambientes naturais. Muitas destas espécies são endêmicas e nativas do Brasil e são poucos os estudos sobre a fisiologia de sementes destas plantas, sendo essencial o desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Uma alternativa para preservação é a produção de mudas via sementes. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de D. brevifolia, D. beateae e D. excelsa em diferentes temperaturas e estabelecer o número de dias para a realização dos testes. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo três espécies de Dyckia (D. brevifolia, D. beateae e D. excelsa), analisadas separadamente, e quatro temperaturas (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C). Foram avaliadas: primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os dados foram analisados pelo software Sisvar quanto à normalidade e homogeneidade e ao atenderem os pressupostos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F (p <0,05) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Sementes de Dyckia excelsa emitem a radícula mais rapidamente a 20 °C e 35 °C; no entanto as temperaturas de 25 °C e 30 °C proporcionam melhores condições para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas. O maior vigor de sementes de Dyckia brevifolia é observado nas temperaturas de 30 °C e 35 °C. As sementes da espécie Dyckia beateae emitem a radícula mais rapidamente a 20 °C e as maiores plântulas são observadas a 35 °C. A primeira contagem de germinação de D. brevifolia, D. beateae e D. excelsa deve ser avaliada no terceiro dia após a [...].

Physiological potential of Dyckia spp. bromeliad seeds under different temperatures / Potencial fisiológico de sementes de bromélias Dyckia sp. sob diferentes temperaturas

Bromeliads have been gaining ground in the economic scenario due mainly to their use as ornamental plants. Bromeliads of the genus Dyckia exhibit different morphologies, and therefore, have relevance in this market. However, some species are threatened due to the extraction of plants from their natural environments. Many of these species are endemic and native to Brazil and there are few studies on their seed physiology; hence, expansion of research into this topic is essential. An alternative for the preservation of such plants is the production of seedlings using seeds. To this end, the objective of thiswork was to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds of Dyckia brevifolia, Dyckia beateae, and Dyckia excelsa at different temperatures, and determine the number of days to carry out the tests. A completely randomized design was adopted, with three species of Dyckia, analyzed separately, and four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C). The following were evaluated: first germination count, germination, germination speed index, length of seedling, and seedling dry weight. The data were analyzed using the Sisvar software for normality and homogeneity, and when the assumptions were met, they were subjected to analysis of variance using the F test (p < 0.05) and the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Seeds of D. excelsa emit the radicle more quickly at 20 and 35 °C; however, temperatures of 25 and 30 °C provide better conditions for seedling growth and development. The greatest vigor of D. brevifolia seeds is observed at temperatures of 30 and 35 °C. Seeds of D. beateae emit the radicle more quickly at 20 °C, and the largest seedlings are observed at 35 °C. The first germination count of D. brevifolia, D. beateae, and D. excelsa should be evaluated on the third day after sowing. The germination evaluations [...].(AU)

As bromélias vêm ganhando espaço no cenário econômico em função principalmente do uso como plantas ornamentais. Bromélias do gênero Dyckia sp., apresentam morfologia diferenciada e, por isso, possuem relevância neste mercado, no entanto, algumas espécies estão ameaçadas devido ao extrativismo das plantas de seus ambientes naturais. Muitas destas espécies são endêmicas e nativas do Brasil e são poucos os estudos sobre a fisiologia de sementes destas plantas, sendo essencial o desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Uma alternativa para preservação é a produção de mudas via sementes. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de D. brevifolia, D. beateae e D. excelsa em diferentes temperaturas e estabelecer o número de dias para a realização dos testes. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo três espécies de Dyckia (D. brevifolia, D. beateae e D. excelsa), analisadas separadamente, e quatro temperaturas (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C). Foram avaliadas: primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os dados foram analisados pelo software Sisvar quanto à normalidade e homogeneidade e ao atenderem os pressupostos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F (p <0,05) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Sementes de Dyckia excelsa emitem a radícula mais rapidamente a 20 °C e 35 °C; no entanto as temperaturas de 25 °C e 30 °C proporcionam melhores condições para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas. O maior vigor de sementes de Dyckia brevifolia é observado nas temperaturas de 30 °C e 35 °C. As sementes da espécie Dyckia beateae emitem a radícula mais rapidamente a 20 °C e as maiores plântulas são observadas a 35 °C. A primeira contagem de germinação de D. brevifolia, D. beateae e D. excelsa deve ser avaliada no terceiro dia após a [...].(AU)

Vascular plants on inselberg landscapes in Espírito Santo state: bases for the creation of a protected area in southeastern Brazil

Inselbergs are granitic or gneissic rocky outcrops prevalent in the landscape of southeastern Brazil. These ecosystems represent islands of isolated habitats that harbor a peculiar flora with high richness and endemism. The present study lists the species of vascular plants occurring in the Pedra da Andorinha Complex, located in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro/Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, southern Espírito Santo state, aiming to generate subsidies for the creation of a protected area. The survey was performed between July 2017 and October 2018, resulting in a record of 121 species, 96 genera, and 40 families. Bromeliaceae (17), Orchidaceae (12) and Fabaceae (10) were the richest families. The phytophysiognomy of exposed rock vegetation comprises a greater number of species (79 species) compared to the woody rupicolous communities (42). Eighteen of the collected species are threatened by extinction; a new species was discovered; and five were described based on materials previously collected in the studied location — Alcantarea patriae, Anthurium martinellii, Coleocephalocereus uebelmanniorum, Stigmatodon attenuatoides and Pitcairnia azouryi, the first four being endemic to the region. We also found Tabebuia reticulata, a rare species among Brazilian flora. Our results highlight the biological importance of the Pedra das Andorinhas Complex and reinforce the need to create a protected area to preserve biodiversity and the regional natural heritage.

Vascular plants on inselberg landscapes in Espírito Santo state: bases for the creation of a protected area in southeastern Brazil

Inselbergs are granitic or gneissic rocky outcrops prevalent in the landscape of southeastern Brazil. These ecosystems represent islands of isolated habitats that harbor a peculiar flora with high richness and endemism. The present study lists the species of vascular plants occurring in the Pedra da Andorinha Complex, located in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro/Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, southern Espírito Santo state, aiming to generate subsidies for the creation of a protected area. The survey was performed between July 2017 and October 2018, resulting in a record of 121 species, 96 genera, and 40 families. Bromeliaceae (17), Orchidaceae (12) and Fabaceae (10) were the richest families. The phytophysiognomy of exposed rock vegetation comprises a greater number of species (79 species) compared to the woody rupicolous communities (42). Eighteen of the collected species are threatened by extinction; a new species was discovered; and five were described based on materials previously collected in the studied location — Alcantarea patriae, Anthurium martinellii, Coleocephalocereus uebelmanniorum, Stigmatodon attenuatoides and Pitcairnia azouryi, the first four being endemic to the region. We also found Tabebuia reticulata, a rare species among Brazilian flora. Our results highlight the biological importance of the Pedra das Andorinhas Complex and reinforce the need to create a protected area to preserve biodiversity and the regional natural heritage.(AU)

Heterotrophic flagellates (Amorpha and Diaphoretiches) in phytotelmata bromeliad (Bromeliaceae) / Flagelados heterotróficos (Amorpha e Diaphoretiches) em fitotelmata de bromélia (Bromeliaceae)

Many plants may accumulate rainwater, forming phytotelmata, aquatic microhabitats inhabited by various organisms. The aim of this study was to conduct an inventory of heterotrophic flagellates associated with phytotelmata of the bromeliad Aechmea distichantha Lem., found in rocky cliffs on the Upper Paraná River. The bromeliads were removed manually from the rocky wall, the water was removed and cultures of organisms of each plant were mounted in Petri dishes. Sixteen species of heterotrophic flagellate were recorded, drawn and described, among them one species belonging to the Amorpha Domain and 15 species to the Diaphoretiches Domain. The groups with most species were Euglenida and Kinetoplastea. The low diversity of heterotrophic flagellates recorded in this study, compared to the plankton of lakes and reservoirs, is probably related to the fact that phytotelmata are habitats with extreme environmental conditions, thus selecting organisms tolerant to these environments.(AU)

Em sua superfície externa, muitas plantas podem acumular água da chuva formando fitotelmata, ou seja, micro-habitat aquáticos colonizados por diversos organismos, entre eles, os flagelados protistas. Fez-se um inventário de flagelados heterotróficos associados ao fitotelmata da bromélia Aechmea distichantha Lem., encontrada em paredões rochosos em um trecho da bacia do alto rio Paraná. As bromélias foram retiradas manualmente de paredão rochoso e, em laboratório, a água foi retirada dos tanques de cada planta, e foram montadas culturas dos organismos em placas de Petri. Os flagelados heterotróficos foram, então, observados in vivo sob microscópio óptico Olympus BX51, com sistema de contraste de interferência diferencial (DIC) acoplado. Dezesseis espécies flagelados heterotróficos foram registradas, desenhadas e descritas, sendo uma espécie pertencente ao Domínio Amorpha e 15 espécies ao Domínio Diaphoretiches. Os grupos mais especiosos foram Euglenida e Kinetoplastea. A diversidade relativamente reduzida de flagelados heterotróficos, quando comparada ao plâncton de lagos e reservatórios, pode estar relacionada ao fato de os fitotelmata serem habitats limitados, com condições ambientais extremas, selecionando, assim, organismos tolerantes a esses ambientes.(AU)

Micropropagation and in vitroconservation of Alcantarea nahoumii (Bromeliaceae), an endemic and endangered species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Alcantarea nahoumii(Leme) J. R. Grant is a species native to theAtlantic Forest that stands out for ornamental purposes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitrogerminationof A. nahoumiiseeds and establish a micropropagation protocol for production of seedlings so as to minimize the effects of predatory extractivism and develop an in vitroconservation system. Mature seeds were disinfested, established in three culture media (MS, MS½ and MS⅓) and incubated at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35ºC)in a germination chamber. In the micropropagation experiment, stem segments were introduced in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.0, 2.2, 4.4 and 6.6 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). For the in vitroconservation, plantlets were established in MS or MS½ medium supplemented with 15 g L-1or 30 g L-1of sucrose. The plants were acclimated with commercial substrate. The highest seed germination percentages were promoted by temperature conditions of 20 and 25ºC, with MS culture medium. The highest multiplication rate of shoots was obtained from the treatment without addition of the growth regulator or when combined with 2.2 μM of BAP + 0.5 μM of NAA. The acclimation of the plants occurred with high survival rate. The species can be conserved in vitrounder slow growth condition for 24 months when incubated in MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1of sucrose.

Living among thorns: herpetofaunal community (Anura and Squamata) associated to the rupicolous bromeliad Encholirium spectabile (Pitcairnioideae) in the Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga

Bromeliads are important habitats for reptiles and amphibians, and are constantly used as shelter, refuge, foraging or thermoregulation sites due to their foliar architecture, which allows for constant maintenance of humidity and temperature. This study aimed to identify the herpetofauna inhabiting the non-phytotelmata rupicolous bromeliad Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. and to analyze the microhabitat usage of these bromeliads by different species in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. From January 2011 to August 2012, we collected data by active search throughout three paralel transects in a rock outcrop in the municipality of Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Norte. We recorded four species of anuran amphibians, six lizards, and seven snakes in the bromeliads. The average air temperature was lower and air humidity higher inside than outside the bromeliads, and bromeliads at the rock outcrop borders had lower temperatures and higher humidity than those at the center. We found a significant difference in the distribution of individuals throughout the rock outcrop, with most specimens found at the borders. We also found significant differences regarding the use of each microhabitat by the taxonomic groups, with lizards and snakes using green leaves and dry leaves evenly, along with fewer records in inflorescence stems, and anurans mainly using green leaves, with few records on dry leaves, and no records in the inflorescence stems. This study highlights rupicolous bromeliads as key elements in the conservation and maintenance of amphibians and reptiles in the rock outcrops of Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga.

Living among thorns: herpetofaunal community (Anura and Squamata) associated to the rupicolous bromeliad Encholirium spectabile (Pitcairnioideae) in the Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga

Bromeliads are important habitats for reptiles and amphibians, and are constantly used as shelter, refuge, foraging or thermoregulation sites due to their foliar architecture, which allows for constant maintenance of humidity and temperature. This study aimed to identify the herpetofauna inhabiting the non-phytotelmata rupicolous bromeliad Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. and to analyze the microhabitat usage of these bromeliads by different species in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. From January 2011 to August 2012, we collected data by active search throughout three paralel transects in a rock outcrop in the municipality of Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Norte. We recorded four species of anuran amphibians, six lizards, and seven snakes in the bromeliads. The average air temperature was lower and air humidity higher inside than outside the bromeliads, and bromeliads at the rock outcrop borders had lower temperatures and higher humidity than those at the center. We found a significant difference in the distribution of individuals throughout the rock outcrop, with most specimens found at the borders. We also found significant differences regarding the use of each microhabitat by the taxonomic groups, with lizards and snakes using green leaves and dry leaves evenly, along with fewer records in inflorescence stems, and anurans mainly using green leaves, with few records on dry leaves, and no records in the inflorescence stems. This study highlights rupicolous bromeliads as key elements in the conservation and maintenance of amphibians and reptiles in the rock outcrops of Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga.(AU)

A remarkable new species of Cavichiana (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from southeastern Brazil

Cavichiana Mejdalani et al., 2014 was a formerly monotypic Cicadellinae genus exclusively found in bromeliads from southeastern Brazil. Here a new species is described, diagnosed, and illustrated from Itatiaia National Park, municipality of Itamonte, state of Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira mountain range); specimens were collected on Vriesea spp. (Bromeliaceae). Cavichiana alpina sp. nov. (male holotype in DZRJ) can be recognized by the following combination of features: (1) forewing clavus with basal portion and area along commissural margin orange, remainder of claval area blue (except dark brown apex); (2) corium with large blue area adjacent to claval sulcus, connected to blue area of clavus; (3) distal portion of female and male pygofer not sclerotized; (4) aedeagus with distinct basidorsal lobe and with apex narrowly rounded, not bearing crown of spines; and (5) female sternite VII with deep V-shaped posterior emargination. Notes on the distribution of the genus are provided and C. bromelicola Mejdalani et al., 2014 is newly recorded from southern Brazil.

A remarkable new species of Cavichiana (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from southeastern Brazil

Cavichiana Mejdalani et al., 2014 was a formerly monotypic Cicadellinae genus exclusively found in bromeliads from southeastern Brazil. Here a new species is described, diagnosed, and illustrated from Itatiaia National Park, municipality of Itamonte, state of Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira mountain range); specimens were collected on Vriesea spp. (Bromeliaceae). Cavichiana alpina sp. nov. (male holotype in DZRJ) can be recognized by the following combination of features: (1) forewing clavus with basal portion and area along commissural margin orange, remainder of claval area blue (except dark brown apex); (2) corium with large blue area adjacent to claval sulcus, connected to blue area of clavus; (3) distal portion of female and male pygofer not sclerotized; (4) aedeagus with distinct basidorsal lobe and with apex narrowly rounded, not bearing crown of spines; and (5) female sternite VII with deep V-shaped posterior emargination. Notes on the distribution of the genus are provided and C. bromelicola Mejdalani et al., 2014 is newly recorded from southern Brazil.(AU)

Conservation of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm., an endemic Brazilian bromeliad: effects of nutrients and carbon source on plant development

Bromeliaceae is restricted to the Neotropical region and has a high degree of endemism, which contributes to increased biodiversity because of the diverse morphological characteristics of individuals. In order to develop an in vitro conservation technology to obtain plants for reintroduction, seeds of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. were collected, sterilized and germinated in culture medium. The plants obtained were cultured for 180 days in MS medium with different concentrations of mineral nutrients (25 and 50% of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients), and different concentrations of sucrose (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g L-1), and then acclimatized for 150 days on commercial substrate. When seeds were sterilized directly, only 4% of them were contaminated, whereas sterilization of capsules resulted in 43.6% contaminated seeds. Germination rates above 80% were recorded. Low concentrations of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients produced greater than 76% survival and promoted greater in vitro plant development than the complete MS medium. The development of the aerial system, root system, fresh mass and photosynthetic pigments were positively related to sucrose concentration in vitro. The highest sucrose concentration also indirectly promoted greater development of the aerial system and fresh mass of acclimatized plants. We established conditions for in vitro cultivation and acclimatization for efficient propagation of V. flammea with a view towards conservation of the species or reestablishment of natural populations.(AU)

Bromeliaceae é restrita à região neotropical, com alto grau de endemismo, que contribui para o aumento da biodiversidade, devido às características morfológicas dos indivíduos. Objetivando desenvolver uma tecnologia in vitro de conservação para obtenção de plantas com vistas à reintrodução, sementes de Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. foram coletadas, esterilizadas, germinadas em meio de cultura e as plantas obtidas foram cultivadas por 180 dias em meio MS com diferentes concentrações de nutrientes minerais (25 e 50% dos sais nitrogenados e dos macronutrientes), bem como em diferentes concentrações de sacarose (20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 g L-1). Após, as plantas foram aclimatizadas por 150 dias em substrato comercial. Quando da esterilização das sementes, apenas 4% destas contaminaram. Por sua vez, a esterilização de cápsulas resultou em 43,6% de sementes contaminadas. Taxas de germinação superiores a 80% foram registradas. Baixas concentrações dos sais nitrogenados e de macronutrientes proporcionaram sobrevivência superior a 76% e promoveram maior desenvolvimento das plantas in vitro do que o meio MS completo. O desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo, radicular, a massa fresca e pigmentos fotossintéticos apresentaram relação positiva com a concentração de sacarose in vitro. A maior concentração de sacarose também propiciou indiretamente maior desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo e massa fresca das plantas aclimatizadas. Estabelecemos as condições de cultivo in vitro e aclimatização para a eficiente propagação de V. flammea com vistas à conservação da espécie ou reestabelecimento das populações naturais.(AU)

Conservation of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm., an endemic Brazilian bromeliad: effects of nutrients and carbon source on plant development

Abstract Bromeliaceae is restricted to the Neotropical region and has a high degree of endemism, which contributes to increased biodiversity because of the diverse morphological characteristics of individuals. In order to develop an in vitro conservation technology to obtain plants for reintroduction, seeds of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. were collected, sterilized and germinated in culture medium. The plants obtained were cultured for 180 days in MS medium with different concentrations of mineral nutrients (25 and 50% of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients), and different concentrations of sucrose (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g L-1), and then acclimatized for 150 days on commercial substrate. When seeds were sterilized directly, only 4% of them were contaminated, whereas sterilization of capsules resulted in 43.6% contaminated seeds. Germination rates above 80% were recorded. Low concentrations of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients produced greater than 76% survival and promoted greater in vitro plant development than the complete MS medium. The development of the aerial system, root system, fresh mass and photosynthetic pigments were positively related to sucrose concentration in vitro. The highest sucrose concentration also indirectly promoted greater development of the aerial system and fresh mass of acclimatized plants. We established conditions for in vitro cultivation and acclimatization for efficient propagation of V. flammea with a view towards conservation of the species or reestablishment of natural populations.

Resumo Bromeliaceae é restrita à região neotropical, com alto grau de endemismo, que contribui para o aumento da biodiversidade, devido às características morfológicas dos indivíduos. Objetivando desenvolver uma tecnologia in vitro de conservação para obtenção de plantas com vistas à reintrodução, sementes de Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. foram coletadas, esterilizadas, germinadas em meio de cultura e as plantas obtidas foram cultivadas por 180 dias em meio MS com diferentes concentrações de nutrientes minerais (25 e 50% dos sais nitrogenados e dos macronutrientes), bem como em diferentes concentrações de sacarose (20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 g L-1). Após, as plantas foram aclimatizadas por 150 dias em substrato comercial. Quando da esterilização das sementes, apenas 4% destas contaminaram. Por sua vez, a esterilização de cápsulas resultou em 43,6% de sementes contaminadas. Taxas de germinação superiores a 80% foram registradas. Baixas concentrações dos sais nitrogenados e de macronutrientes proporcionaram sobrevivência superior a 76% e promoveram maior desenvolvimento das plantas in vitro do que o meio MS completo. O desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo, radicular, a massa fresca e pigmentos fotossintéticos apresentaram relação positiva com a concentração de sacarose in vitro. A maior concentração de sacarose também propiciou indiretamente maior desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo e massa fresca das plantas aclimatizadas. Estabelecemos as condições de cultivo in vitro e aclimatização para a eficiente propagação de V. flammea com vistas à conservação da espécie ou reestabelecimento das populações naturais.

Responses of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates in micropropagated Pitcairnia encholirioides L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) under ex vitro water deficit and after rehydration / Respostas de enzimas antioxidantes, pigmentos fotossintéticos e carboidratos em Pitcairnia encholirioides L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) micropropagadas, sob déficit hídrico ex vitro e após reidratação

In this study, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, proline and carbohydrate contents in Pitcairnia encholirioides under ex vitro conditions of water deficit were evaluated. Results show that plants under progressive water stress, previously in vitro cultured in media supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose and GA3, accumulated more proline and increased peroxidase (POD) activity and the contents of photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates. For plants previously in vitro cultured with 15 g L-1 sucrose and NAA, no differences were found for proline content and there were reductions in activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and poliphenoloxidase (PPO), and in contents of carbohydrates, with progress of ex vitro water deficit. After rehydration, plants showed physiological recovery, with enzymatic activities and contents of metabolites similar to those found in the controls not submitted to dehydration, regardless of the previous in vitro culture conditions. These results show that micropropagated P. encholirioides has high tolerance to dehydration once in ex vitro conditions, which can ensure the survival of plants from tissue culture when transferred to its natural environment, emphasizing the importance of such biotechnology for the propagation of endangered species.

Neste estudo, foram avaliadas as atividades de enzimas antioxidantes, pigmentos fotossintéticos, conteúdo de prolina e carboidratos em Pitcairnia encholirioides sob déficit hídrico em condições ex vitro. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas sob estresse hídrico progressivo, previamente cultivadas in vitro em meio de cultura suplementado com 30 g L-1 de sacarose e GA3 acumularam mais prolina e aumentaram a atividade da peroxidase (POD) e os teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos e carboidratos. Para plantas previamente cultivadas in vitro com 15 g L-1 de sacarose e ANA, não foram encontradas diferenças nos conteúdos de prolina e houve reduções nas atividades da peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) e polifenoloxidase (PPO), e no conteúdo de carboidratos, com o progresso do déficit hídrico ex vitro. Após a reidratação, as plantas apresentaram recuperação fisiológica, com atividades enzimáticas e conteúdo de metabólitos semelhantes aos encontrados nos controles não sujeitos à desidratação, independentemente das condições de cultivo in vitro. Estes resultados mostram que P. encholirioides micropropagada tem alta tolerância à desidratação uma vez em condições ex vitro, o que pode garantir a sobrevivência de plantas provenientes da cultura de tecidos quando transferidas para seu ambiente natural, enfatizando a importância desta biotecnologia para a propagação de espécies ameaçadas.