Efeitos da inclusão de óleo essencial de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) e extrato de erva doce (Foeniculum vulgare) na fisiologia de frangos caipira / Effects of including cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) extractonthephysiology of free-range chickens / Efectos de la inclusión del aceite esencial de canela(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) y del extracto de hinojo(Foeniculum vulgare) en la fisiología de los pollos decorral

As aves são animais homeotermos, apresentam a capacidade de manter uma temperaturainterna constante. Os produtos fitogênicos têm propriedade de promotor de crescimentoanimal, sendo uma opção para o uso de antimicrobianos, que podem causar riscos à saúdehumana, se usados indiscriminadamente. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeitodainclusão de óleo essencial de canela e extrato de erva-doce na alimentação, sobreocomportamento fisiológico de frangos de corte caipira na Amazônia Ocidental. Foramutilizados 270 frangos de corte Pedrês de um dia, divididos entre os tratamentos: raçãobasal (RB) com antimicrobiano (T1), RB sem antimicrobiano com 37,5 ppm/kg de óleo de canela(T2) e RB sem antimicrobiano com 37,5 ppm/kg de extrato de erva-doce (T3), com 9 repetições cada. Para avaliar as respostas fisiológicas foram aferidas temperatura da pele em diferentes partes, temperatura cloacal e frequência respiratória, pela manhã e tarde. Nãohouvediferença significativa entre as variáveis analisadas. Portanto, a inclusão do óleo essencial decanela ou extrato de erva-doce na ração não influenciou o comportamento fisiológicodosfrangos, indicando que podem substituir os antimicrobianos, como promotores de crescimento, para frangos de corte de linhagem caipira, em ciclo de produção de 70 dias.(AU)

Birds are homeothermic animals, with the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature. Phytogenic products have the property of promoting animal growth, being an optiontotheuse of antimicrobials, which can cause risks to human health if used indiscriminately. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including cinnamon essential oil andfennel extract in the feed, on the physiological behavior of free-range broilers in the WesternAmazon. A total of 270 one-day-old Pedrês broilers were used, divided among the treatments: basal feed (RB) with antimicrobial (T1), RB without antimicrobial with 37.5 ppm/kgcinnamon oil (T2) and RB without antimicrobial with 37.5 ppm/kg fennel extract (T3), with9repetitions each. To evaluate the physiological responses, skin temperature, cloacal temperature, and respiratory rate were measured in the morning and afternoon. There wasnosignificant difference between the variables analyzed. Therefore, the inclusion of cinnamon essential oil or fennel extract in the feed did not influence the physiological behavior of thechickens, indicating that they can replace antimicrobials as growth promoters for free-rangechickens in a 70-day production cycle.(AU)

Las aves son animales homeotermos, que presentan la capacidad de mantener una temperaturainterna constante. Los productos fitogénicos tienen la propiedad de promover el crecimientode los animales, siendo una opción al uso de antimicrobianos, que pueden causar riesgos parala salud humana, si se utilizan indiscriminadamente. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudiofue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión del aceite esencial de canela y del extracto de hinojoenlaalimentación, sobre el comportamiento fisiológico de los pollos de engorde en la AmazoniaOccidental. Se utilizó un total de 270 pollos de engorde Pedrês de un día de edad, divididosentre los tratamientos: alimento basal (RB) con antimicrobiano (T1), RB sin antimicrobianocon 37,5 ppm/kg de aceite de canela (T2) y RB sin antimicrobiano con 37,5 ppm/kgdeextracto de hinojo (T3), con 9 repeticiones cada uno. Para evaluar las respuestas fisiológicasse midió la temperatura de la piel en diferentes partes, la temperatura cloacal y la frecuenciarespiratoria, por la mañana y por la tarde. No hubo diferencias significativas entrelasvariables analizadas. Por lo tanto, la inclusión de aceite esencial de canela o de extractodehinojo en el pienso no influyó en el comportamiento fisiológico de los pollos, lo que indicaque pueden sustituir a los antimicrobianos como promotores del crecimiento de los polloscamperos en un ciclo de producción de 70 días.(AU)

Growth Curve of Brazilian Creole Chickens (Canela-Preta Breed) Raised in Two Different Rearing Systems under Tropical Climate

The objective of this study was to describe the growth curve of Brazilian Creole chickens of the Canela-Preta breed raised in two different rearing systems using non-linear growth models. A total of 400 birds were divided into two groups of 200 animals (of both genders), which were kept in confined or semi-confined systems. The confined birds were housed in an experimental masonry shed and the semi-confined animals were housed in another shed with access to pasture from 29 days of age. Birds were individually weighed every seven days during six months for determination of the growth curves of body weight using 10 non-linear models. The parameters of the models were estimated using the Gauss Newton method. The performance of the models was assessed using mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), percentage of convergence, and residual mean absolute deviation (MAD). With the exception of the Inverse Polynomial, all the other models had R2 values close to one. Therefore, the best models were chosen based on the lowest MSE and MAD values, with the Richards model ranking first followed by the Von Bertalanffy model. Gender and rearing system effects significantly influenced (p<0.05) some parameters of the Richards model. In conclusion, the Richards model was the most adequate to describe the growth of Canela-Preta chickens. Gender and rearing system significantly influenced the growth of the birds. The growth rates observed indicated that management strategies can be performed to increase the production efficiency of Canela-Preta chickens.(AU)

The Growth Pattern of Brazilian Canela-Preta Chickens with Different Plumages Reared in Two Rearing Systems

Growth pattern is essential for economically efficient poultry production. In this study, we aimed to describe the growth curve of chickens of the Canela-Preta breed reared in two different rearing systems, considering their different plumage colors. Initially, 204 one-day-old male and female chicks were randomly distributed in confinement and semi-confinement (102 animals in each system) without separation by gender. The animals were individually identified by wing and foot plastic brands and were weighted every seven days. The body weight and age records were used to estimate the growth curves of the following factors using the Richards model: plumage color, gender, and rearing system. The likelihood ratio test was used to verify the equality of parameters and identify nonlinear models to compare the growth patterns of the evaluated groups. The growth pattern of Canela-Preta chickens changed as a function of gender, plumage color, and rearing system. Females with black plumage, black and gold hens, and males with black and white plumage showed greater sensitivity to changes in rearing systems. Within-breed selection strategies for specific colors can improve the use of growth pattern differences, improving production efficiency. Semi-confinement is suitable for rearing Canela-Preta chickens with any plumage color, as these animals meet the free-range poultry niche market requirements.(AU)

In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) Bark against Selected Microbes

To combat pathogens and reduce the major public health problem of antibiotic residues in animal products, scientists are looking for natural antibiotic substitutes that are effective against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes and spoilage fungi. The antimicrobial activity of three Cinnamomum verum extracts prepared with three different solvents (absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and aqueous extracts) was determined against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli) as well as two fungal strains. The antimicrobial activities of various Cinnamomum verum extracts against selected microbes were evaluated using the disc diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC), and the poisoned food technique. Cinnamomum verum bark (CVB) extracts inhibited and killed microbial growth to varying degrees. Our findings also revealed that extracts prepared with alcoholic solvents, particularly absolute ethanol-CVB extract, were more active compared with aqueous solvents, suggesting that the cinnamon plant is a promising natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation.(AU)

Essential oils isolated from popular medicinal plants and spices as alternative antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds against the pig pathogen Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae / Óleos essenciais isolados de plantas medicinais e temperos populares como compostos antimicrobianos e antibiofilme alternativos contra o patógeno de suínosActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

ABSTRACT: Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a contagious respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and economic losses. While antibiotic therapy helps to control the spreading of the pathogen on the farm, resistance to several classes of antibiotics were reported, and treatment can be impaired by the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This increases the need for alternative therapy approaches, including the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activities. In this research we analyzed, by the broth microdilution method, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the essential oils obtained from eighteen Brazilian popular medicinal plants or spices against clinical isolates of Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae. After that, sub-inhibitory concentrations of active oils were tested for their antibiofilm effects, analyzed by the crystal violet method. Among the eighteen oils tested, eight (extracted from cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel) presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against all isolates, and subinhibitory concentrations of five of them disrupted up to 80% preformed biofilms, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The chemical composition of such oils was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is presented, indicating that their bactericidal and antibiofilm properties were mostly associated with the presence of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of essential oils with potential to control environmental contamination and animal infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, representing an alternative to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

RESUMO: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente causador da pleuropneumonia suína, uma doença respiratória contagiosa associada à alta morbidade e perdas econômicas. Embora a antibioticoterapia ajude a controlar a disseminação do patógeno na fazenda, a resistência a várias classes de antibióticos tem sido relatada e o tratamento pode ser prejudicado pela capacidade bacteriana de formar biofilmes. Isso aumenta a necessidade de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas, que incluem o uso de compostos naturais com atividades antimicrobianas e/ou antibiofilme. Neste trabalho, analisamos, pelo método de microdiluição em caldo nutriente, os efeitos inibitórios e bactericidas dos óleos essenciais obtidos de dezoito plantas medicinais brasileiras populares e/ou temperos contra isolados clínicos de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Então, concentrações subinibitórias dos óleos ativos foram testados quanto a suas atividades antibiofilme, analisados pelo método do cristal violeta. Dentre os dezoito óleos testados, oito (extraídos da canela, coentro, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro) apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e bactericida contra todos os isolados, e concentrações subinibitórias de cinco deles romperam biofilmes pré-formados em até 80%, além de inibirem fortemente a formação de biofilmes. A composição química desses óleos foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) e é apresentada, indicando que suas propriedades bactericidas e antibiofilme estavam principalmente associadas à presença de monoterpenos e fenilpropanóides. Este é o primeiro relato de óleos essenciais com potencial para controlar a contaminação ambiental e infecção animal por A. pleuropneumoniae, representando uma alternativa contra o crescente aumento de resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos.

Seasonality effect on the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows to the equatorial Amazon climate / Efeito da sazonalidade sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças ao clima amazônico equatorial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect of months of the year upon the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows raised in an Amazonian climate. Twenty lactating cows were evaluated, fed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture, with free access to water and mineral supplementation. Data from climate variables air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (RA) and temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded dur ing the months of January to April 2019. The physiological data collected were: respiratory rate (RR, mov/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min), rectal temperature (RT, ºC), udder surface temperature (UST, ºC), body surface temperature (BST, ºC), dorsum surface temperature (DST, ºC), front surface temperature (FST, ºC) and rear shin temperature (RST). Milk production (MP) was also measured. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) of RST and RR with values ranging from 34.8 to 35.5°C and 32.0 to 36.2 mov/min, respectively. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) for BST, and the values for MP and THI were 3.8; 3.8; 4.6; 4.1 kg and 77.7; 79.7; 80.6; 80.1, respectively. It was concluded that there was a seasonal effect of the months of the year evaluated on the respiratory rate of animals, however, it did not change the MP and the THI. The Amazon environment is conducive to causing thermal stress in lactating cows raised on pasture, requiring the use of shading to facilitate the ability of these animals to dissipate heat.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sazonais dos meses do ano sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças criadas em clima amazônico. Foram avaliadas 20 vacas lactantes, alimentadas com pasto de Brachiaria decumbens, com acesso livre a água e suplementação mineral. Foram registrados dados das variáveis climáticas temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), precipitação pluviométrica (PP) e índice de temperatura e Umidade (ITU) durante os meses de janeiro a abril de 2019. Os dados fisiológicos coletados foram: frequência respiratória (FR, mov/min), frequência cardíaca (FC, bat./min), temperatura retal (TR, ºC), temperatura superficial do úbere (TSU, ºC), temperatura superfície corporal (TSC, ºC), temperatura superficial do dorso (TSD, ºC), temperatura superficial da fronte (TSF, ºC) e temperatura superficial da canela (TSCA, °C). Também foi mensurada a produção de leite (PL, kg). Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) da TSCA e FR com valores variando de 34,8 a 35,5°C e 32,0 a 36,2 mov/min, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para TSC e os valores observados para PL e ITU foram 3,8; 3,8; 4,6; 4,1 kg e 77,7; 79,7; 80,6; 80,1, respectivamente. Houve efeito sazonal dos meses avaliados sobre a taxa respiratória dos animais, no entanto, isso não alterou a PL nem o ITU. O ambiente amazônico é propício a causar estresse térmico em vacas lactantes mantidas a pasto, sendo necessário o uso de sombreamento para facilitar a capacidade de dissipação de calor corporal desses animais.(AU)

Essential oils isolated from popular medicinal plants and spices as alternative antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds against the pig pathogen Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae / Óleos essenciais isolados de plantas medicinais e temperos populares como compostos antimicrobianos e antibiofilme alternativos contra o patógeno de suínosActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a contagious respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and economic losses. While antibiotic therapy helps to control the spreading of the pathogen on the farm, resistance to several classes of antibiotics were reported, and treatment can be impaired by the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This increases the need for alternative therapy approaches, including the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activities. In this research we analyzed, by the broth microdilution method, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the essential oils obtained from eighteen Brazilian popular medicinal plants or spices against clinical isolates of Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae. After that, sub-inhibitory concentrations of active oils were tested for their antibiofilm effects, analyzed by the crystal violet method. Among the eighteen oils tested, eight (extracted from cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel) presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against all isolates, and subinhibitory concentrations of five of them disrupted up to 80% preformed biofilms, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The chemical composition of such oils was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is presented, indicating that their bactericidal and antibiofilm properties were mostly associated with the presence of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of essential oils with potential to control environmental contamination and animal infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, representing an alternative to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente causador da pleuropneumonia suína, uma doença respiratória contagiosa associada à alta morbidade e perdas econômicas. Embora a antibioticoterapia ajude a controlar a disseminação do patógeno na fazenda, a resistência a várias classes de antibióticos tem sido relatada e o tratamento pode ser prejudicado pela capacidade bacteriana de formar biofilmes. Isso aumenta a necessidade de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas, que incluem o uso de compostos naturais com atividades antimicrobianas e/ou antibiofilme. Neste trabalho, analisamos, pelo método de microdiluição em caldo nutriente, os efeitos inibitórios e bactericidas dos óleos essenciais obtidos de dezoito plantas medicinais brasileiras populares e/ou temperos contra isolados clínicos de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Então, concentrações subinibitórias dos óleos ativos foram testados quanto a suas atividades antibiofilme, analisados pelo método do cristal violeta. Dentre os dezoito óleos testados, oito (extraídos da canela, coentro, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro) apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e bactericida contra todos os isolados, e concentrações subinibitórias de cinco deles romperam biofilmes pré-formados em até 80%, além de inibirem fortemente a formação de biofilmes. A composição química desses óleos foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) e é apresentada, indicando que suas propriedades bactericidas e antibiofilme estavam principalmente associadas à presença de monoterpenos e fenilpropanóides. Este é o primeiro relato de óleos essenciais com potencial para controlar a contaminação ambiental e infecção animal por A. pleuropneumoniae, representando uma alternativa contra o crescente aumento de resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos.

Use of essential oils in the diet of slow-growing broilers and their effects on performance / Uso de óleos essenciais em dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho

This study proposes to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of slow-growing broilers with essential oils. A total of 270 one-day-old female chicks of the Pesadão Vermelho line, reared in an intensive system, were allocated to one of three treatments (1: Control, without addition of essential oils; 2: Feed supplemented with cinnamon essential oil; and 3: Feed supplemented with lemongrass essential oil) in a completely randomized design with nine replicates of 10 birds each. Growth performance variables were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days, whereas carcass yield, primal cuts, and internal organs were analyzed at 71 days of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences between means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Supplementation with lemongrass essential oil improved the live weight of birds at 14, 28, and 42 days, as well as feed conversion and feed efficiency at 42 and 56 days of rearing (P<0.05). The treatments with cinnamon and lemongrass essential oils provided the highest thigh yields (P<0.05). The other evaluated variables did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments.(AU)

O experimento teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleos essenciais nas dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia, fêmeas da linhagem Pesadão Vermelho, criados em sistema intensivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com três tratamentos (Tratamento 1: Controle, sem adição de óleo essencial; Tratamento 2: Ração suplementada com óleo essencial de canela e Tratamento 3: ração suplementada com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira) e nove repetições de 10 aves cada. Aos 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho zootécnico e aos 71 dias o rendimento de carcaça, cortes nobres e órgãos internos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A suplementação com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira melhorou o peso vivo das aves aos 14, 28 e 42 dias e a conversão e eficiência alimentar aos 42 e 56 dias de criação (P<0,05). Os tratamentos com óleo essencial de canela e de capim-cidreira proporcionaram maior rendimento de sobrecoxa (P<0,05). Em relação as demais variáveis avaliadas, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) para os tratamentos testados.(AU)

Development of a facial biocosmetic containing levan, almond and cinnamon oils with antioxidant and moisturizing properties

The addition of natural molecules such as microbial exopolysaccharides in cosmetics is a trend in the current market, adding properties and improving the product quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a facial biocosmetic formulation containing microbial levan, almond and cinnamon oils. The centroid-simplex design was used to evaluate the spreadability, antioxidant activity, moisture retention capacity and viscosity of formulations. Since it is a facial cosmetic, the formulation was optimized using the intermediate viscosity. The optimized formulation with intermediate viscosity was 75% (0.75 g) levan and 25% (2 mL) almond oil, without the addition of cinnamon oil. This formulation was submitted to 90 days under different exposure conditions, and the results showed a spreadability of 805 mm2, pH and density ideal for the facial area, with an antioxidant activity of 72%, hydration capacity of 100.3%, viscosity with no-Newtonian behavior, and normal organoleptic properties when stored at room and low temperature. The formulation with levan associated with almond oil showed potential for application in the facial area, with high antioxidant properties, moisturizing intermediate viscosity and stability for 90 days. The utilization of centroid-simplex design allowed the development of a biocosmetic with desired characteristics just by adjusting the concentrations of the bioactive.(AU)

The Use of A Compound Based on Phyllosilicates and Cinnamon Essential Oil for Chicken Broiler's Litter

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a litter conditioning compound (LCC) based on 98% phyllosilicates (kaolinite) and 2% cinnamon essential oil to be applied on the litter of broiler houses. Animal performance, prevalence of footpad lesions, and litter quality (water activity, pH, and moisture) were evaluated, in addition to the effect on the incidence of Salmonella spp., evaluated by testing shoe-drag swabs, fecal samples, and organs. Twenty-one broiler houses with similar structure and rearing conditions were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and seven replications each, as follows: T0: control, without the use of LCC; T100: application of 100 grams of LCC per m² of litter per week; T200: application of 200 grams of LCC per m² of litter per week. There was no significant effect of treatments on performance variables; however litter pH was lower when 200g/m2 was used in comparison with the control treatment, a result not verified for moisture and water activity (p>0.05). Our findings demonstrated significant reduction in the percentage of footpad lesions in birds that received the LCC (T0: 63.37%; T100: 41.38% and T200: 27.24%). A reduction in the number of positive flocks for Salmonella spp. Was also observed (with overall positivity rates of 17.86%, 12.14%, and 5% for treatments T0, T100, and T200, respectively). It is concluded that the product reduces the incidence of Salmonella spp. and also significantly reduces the incidence of footpad lesions, two important factors for the poultry industry.(AU)

Effect of essential oils and aqueous extracts of plants on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production under the influence of two sources of phytochemicals: essential oils (EOs) and aqueous extracts (AEs). Treatments were set up in a completely randomized block design, with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement of four species, S (garlic, G; cinnamon, C; rosemary, R; eucalyptus; EU) × two types of presentation, P (essential oil, EO; aqueous extract, AE) and a basal diet, BD (50% concentrate, 20% alfalfa and 30% corn silage). Rumen fermentation was evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. All experimental units were incubated with 500 mg of BD for 72 hours. Treatments were added at a single dose of 900 mg/L of rumen inoculum. Gas pressure was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60 and 72 h postincubation. There was an interaction effect (P × S) between plant extract presentation (P) and plant species (S) for all variables. Treatments GEO, CEO, REO decreased volatile fatty acids (mmol/200 mg), microbial mass production (mg/g), CH4 production (mL/g), in vitro dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05), and total gas production at 24 and 72 h post-incubation (P < 0.05; mL/g DM, mL/g OM). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between AEs and BD. In conclusion, the use of EOs negatively affected rumen fermentation parameters and the production of CH4. Garlic and cinnamon EOs effectively reduced methane emissions; however, they also reduced in vitro dry matter digestibility.

Growth predictability models in Mangalarga marchador horses / Modelos de previsibilidade de crescimento em cavalos Mangalarga marchador

This study evaluated the suitability of the Brody, logistic, and quadratic response plateau models to describe chest and cannon girth data obtained cross-sectionally in Mangalarga Marchador horses, in order to select the best model and predict the growth and maturity of males and females of this breed. Data were collected from 230 horses aged 6 to 176 months, divided by sex and age (16 age classes). The studied models were compared according to each quality evaluator by computing the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²adj) and residual standard deviation (RSD) with R statistical software. The chest girths obtained by the models ranged from 172.06 (males) to 181.50 cm (females) (Brody), 172.51 (males) to 181.89 cm (females) (logistic), and 177.67 (males) to 183.09 cm (females) (plateau). For cannon girth, the values were 18.18 (females) to 19.33 cm (males) (Brody), 18.11 (females) to 19.41 cm (males) (logistic), and 18.70 (females) to 19.40 cm (males) (plateau). The logistic model was best suited to describe the growth in chest girth of male and female Mangalarga Marchador horses. For cannon girth growth, the model best suited for males was the logistic model, and the one best suited for females was the Brody model.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ajuste dos modelos Brody, Logístico e Platô de resposta quadrática aos dados de perímetros torácico e de canela em equinos Mangalarga Marchador obtidos pelo método transversal, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade de machos e fêmeas desta raça. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos de seis a 176 meses de idade que foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Os modelos estudados foram comparados segundo os avaliadores de qualidade: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²adj) e desvio padrão residual (DPR), utilizando-se o software estatístico R. Os perímetros torácicos obtidos pelos modelos variaram de 172,06 a 181,50 cm (Brody), 172,51 a 181,89 cm (Logístico) e 183,09 a 177,67 cm (Platô) para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. Para o perímetro de canela os valores variaram de 18,18 a 19,33 cm (Brody), 18,11 a 19,41 cm (Logístico) e 18,70 a 19,40 cm (Platô) para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. O modelo logístico é mais indicado para expressar o crescimento em perímetro torácico de machos e fêmeas da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Já para a variável perímetro de canela, o modelo mais indicado para os machos foi o modelo Logístico e para as fêmeas o modelo de Brody.

Body and testicular biometry of Crioulo stallions / Biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões da raça Crioula

Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC) establishes minimal and maximal body biometrics evaluation; although, nothing is mentioned about testicular measurements. Body and testicular growth are associated and related to age. We described data regarding body and testicular biometry of Crioulo stallions, with a comparative study between young and adult categories. Evaluation was performed in 56 stallions, Crioulo breed, split in: youngsters (3 and 4 years-old, n=16) and adults (above 5 years-old, n=40). Body biometry included weight, height, cannon bone and chest circumference, body score condition and neck fat accumulation. Testicular biometry included height, length, width, volume, combined volume and daily sperm output (DSO). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation, comparison between means by Kruskal Wallis, being P < 0.05 considered significant. There was no significant difference between the parameters of body and testicular biometrics between categories young and adult. In relation to height, the average was very close to the lower limit established, while chest and cannon bone circumference were above the minimum recommended by ABCCC. Cannon bone circumference presented a positive correlation with height. Most of stallions presented excessive body fat, with a body score condition above 8 (scale 1-9). Neck fat accumulation presented a positive correlation with body score condition. Testicular height, length, width and volume presented a positive correlation between the ipsi and contralateral testicle, total testicular volume and DSO. In conclusion, no difference in the body and testicular biometric evaluation was observed between young and adult Crioulo stallions. Testicular and body growth are associated and also related to age, so our finding suggested that after 3-4 years-old most of Crioulo stallions have already reached maximum growth.

A Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos (ABCCC) define parâmetros mínimos e máximos para algumas aferições biométricas no corpo do animal, embora nada seja mencionado sobre medidas testiculares. O crescimento corporal e testicular estão associados e relacionados a idade do animal. Objetivamos descrever parâmetros relacionados a biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões Crioulos, comparando o grupo de jovens e adultos. Foi realizada avaliação em 56 garanhões Crioulos, divididos em: jovens (três e quatro anos, n=16) e adultos (acima de cinco anos, n=40). A biometria corporal incluiu peso, altura, circunferência de canela, perímetro torácico, escore corporal e acúmulo de gordura no pescoço. A biometria testicular incluiu altura, comprimento, largura, volume de cada testículo, volume combinado dos testículos e estimativa de produção diária de espermatozoides (DSO). Com os dados, foi realizada estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson, comparação entre médias com Kruskal Wallis, sendo considerado significativo quando P < 0,05. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as avaliações biométricas e testiculares de garanhões das categorias jovens e adultos. Em relação à altura, a média foi muito próxima ao limite inferior estabelecido, enquanto a circunferência torácica e de canela estavam acima do limite mínimo recomendado pela ABCCC. A circunferência de canela apresentou correlação positiva com altura. A maioria dos garanhões apresentou alta deposição de gordura, com condição corporal acima de 8 (escala 1-9). O acúmulo de gordura no pescoço apresentou correlação positiva com escore corporal. A altura, largura, comprimento e volume testicular apresentaram correlação positiva com testículo ipsi e contralateral, volume testicular total e DSO. Em conclusão, não houve diferença entre dados de biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões Crioulos adultos e jovens. O crescimento corporal e testicular estão associados e relacionados a idade, sendo assim, nossos resultados sugerem que após 3-4 anos de idade, a maioria dos garanhões Crioulos já atingiu seu pico de desenvolvimento.

Surface quality of furniture components using a band saw, milling machine, and two species / Qualidade superficial de componentes de móveis utilizando serra fita e fresadora e duas espécies

This study is dedicated to considering the use of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa to produce classic-style furniture, assessing the machining time and surface quality. For such, the survey of data on the surface quality of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa pieces was carried out through a visual assessment with the adaptation of the methodology described in standard ASTM 1666. This analysis of the wood surface quality occurred using two different species and two machining modalities (a band saw and a copy milling machine) for parts intended to produce components (feet) for classic furniture. After making the feet, the pieces of furniture were assembled and reassessed. Forty samples were selected and evaluated for initial defects through visual inspection, and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was applied. The values found for surface quality were considered good quality, with more time being necessary to perform the finishing of the parts processed with the band saw than the milling machine. One may conclude thatthe milling time spent on each treatment influences the production capacity of the company, with the cuts carried out with the milling machine being faster and with better surface finishing.

Esse estudo dedicou-se a considerar a utilização de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa na produção de móveis em estilo clássico, avaliando o tempo de usinagem e a qualidade superficial. Para tal, foi realizado o levantamento de dados sobre a qualidade superficial de peças de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa, por meio de uma avaliação visual com adaptação da metodologia descrita na norma ASTM 1666. Essa análise da qualidade superficial da madeira ocorreu por meio de duas diferentes espécies e conduzido por duas modalidades de usinagem (uma serra-fita e uma fresadora copiadora) de peças destinadas a produção de componentes (pés) para móveis clássicos. Após a confecção dos pés os móveis foram montados e novamente avaliados. Selecionou-se 40 amostras, nas quais foram avaliados os defeitos iniciais por meioda inspeção visual, foi aplicada a estatística não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Os valores encontrados sobre a qualidade de superfície foram considerados de boa qualidade, sendo necessário maior tempo para realizar o acabamento nas peças processadas na serra-fita se comparado com a fresadora. Pôde-se concluir que o tempo de usinagem gasto em cada tratamento influencia na capacidade de produção da empresa, sendo mais rápidos os cortes realizados pela fresadora com melhor acabamento superficial.

Surface quality of furniture components using a band saw, milling machine, and two species / Qualidade superficial de componentes de móveis utilizando serra fita e fresadora e duas espécies

This study is dedicated to considering the use of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa to produce classic-style furniture, assessing the machining time and surface quality. For such, the survey of data on the surface quality of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa pieces was carried out through a visual assessment with the adaptation of the methodology described in standard ASTM 1666. This analysis of the wood surface quality occurred using two different species and two machining modalities (a band saw and a copy milling machine) for parts intended to produce components (feet) for classic furniture. After making the feet, the pieces of furniture were assembled and reassessed. Forty samples were selected and evaluated for initial defects through visual inspection, and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was applied. The values found for surface quality were considered good quality, with more time being necessary to perform the finishing of the parts processed with the band saw than the milling machine. One may conclude thatthe milling time spent on each treatment influences the production capacity of the company, with the cuts carried out with the milling machine being faster and with better surface finishing.(AU)

Esse estudo dedicou-se a considerar a utilização de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa na produção de móveis em estilo clássico, avaliando o tempo de usinagem e a qualidade superficial. Para tal, foi realizado o levantamento de dados sobre a qualidade superficial de peças de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa, por meio de uma avaliação visual com adaptação da metodologia descrita na norma ASTM 1666. Essa análise da qualidade superficial da madeira ocorreu por meio de duas diferentes espécies e conduzido por duas modalidades de usinagem (uma serra-fita e uma fresadora copiadora) de peças destinadas a produção de componentes (pés) para móveis clássicos. Após a confecção dos pés os móveis foram montados e novamente avaliados. Selecionou-se 40 amostras, nas quais foram avaliados os defeitos iniciais por meioda inspeção visual, foi aplicada a estatística não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Os valores encontrados sobre a qualidade de superfície foram considerados de boa qualidade, sendo necessário maior tempo para realizar o acabamento nas peças processadas na serra-fita se comparado com a fresadora. Pôde-se concluir que o tempo de usinagem gasto em cada tratamento influencia na capacidade de produção da empresa, sendo mais rápidos os cortes realizados pela fresadora com melhor acabamento superficial.(AU)

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

Abstract This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.(AU)

Atividade do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum cassia contra Staphylococcus aureus- revisão / Cinnamomum cassia essential oil activity against Staphylococcus aureus ­ review

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma revisão sobre a atividade do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum. cassia contra Staphylococcus aureus por meio de pesquisas nas bases Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Lilacs e Medline. Para tanto, foram utilizados artigos que abordam os componentes químicos do óleo essencial (OE) de Cinnamomum cassia e sua atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus por meio de dados de diâmetro de inibição, Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), publicados entre 2011 a 2021. De 98 estudos identificados, 26 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os componentes químicos mais comumente encontrados no óleo essencial de C. cassia foram nesta ordem; cinamaldeído, na forma Trans/E, acetato de cinamila/ benzaldeido e cumarina/ eugenol. Os resultados mostraram que a parte da planta mais utilizada para a produção do óleo essencial foi a casca. Os resultados de CIM indicam que a maioria dos trabalhos apresentou atividade antimicrobiana do OE de C. cassia contra S. aureus e tiveram como principal resultado o uso deste óleo como um agente antimicrobiano natural no controle de patógenos de origem alimentar. Nas bases Scopus e Web of Science foi obtido o maior número de artigos.(AU)

The aim of this work was to present a review on the activity of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus through research in the Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Lilacs and Medline databases. Therefore, articles that address the chemical components of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus were used through inhibition diameter data, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (CBM), published between 2011 to 2021 Of 98 identified studies, 26 met the inclusion criteria. The chemical components most commonly found in C. cassia essential oil were in this order; Cinnamaldehyde in the form Trans/E, cinnamyl acetate/ benzaldehyde and coumarin/eugenol. The results showed that the most used part of the plant for the production of essential oil was the bark. The MIC results indicate that most of the works showed the antimicrobial activity of C. cassia essential oil against S. aureus and had as main result the use of this oil as a natural antimicrobial agent in the control of foodborne pathogens. The results showed the Scopus and Web of Science as the databases where more articles were found.(AU)

Research of antifungal effects on some essential oils with tube dilution / Pesquisa de efeitos antifúngicos em alguns óleos essenciais com diluição em tubo

The aim of study to investigate inhibition effects of cinnamic acid (volatile compound of cinnamon), limonene (essential oil of lemon) and eugenol (essential oil of clove, cinnamon) on Metschnikowia fructicola, Candida oleophila, Schisosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera apiculata. In this study, tube dilution method was used. Among eugenol, limonene and cinnamic acid, it was found that cinnamic acid has the most inhibition effect with low concentrations (%2.8, %3.84, %4.36, %5,4) at tube dilution methods. Also it was found that test yeast have different resistance against test materials.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos de inibição do ácido cinâmico (composto volátil da canela), limoneno (óleo essencial de limão) e eugenol (óleo essencial de cravo, canela) sobre Metschnikowia fructicola, Candida oleophila, Schisosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum e Kloeckera apiculata. Neste estudo, foi utilizado o método de diluição em tubo. Entre eugenol, limoneno e ácido cinâmico, verificou-se que o ácido cinâmico tem o maior efeito de inibição com baixas concentrações (% 2,8,% 3,84,% 4,36,% 5,4) nos métodos de diluição em tubo. Também foi descoberto que a levedura testada tem diferentes resistências contra os materiais de teste.(AU)

Temporal analysis of demographic and biometric parameters of the Mangalarga breed / Análise temporal de parâmetros demográficos e biométricos da raça Mangalarga

This study analyzed the demographic and biometric changes in registered animals of the Mangalarga breed over the decades. Information from 206,428 Mangalarga horses born between 1930 and 2018 extracted from the genealogic registry system of the Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos da Raça Mangalarga was employed. The data referred to sex, birth date, fur coat, breeding site location, score achieved at genealogic registration, and three body measurements. Height at withers and the thoracic and cannon bone circumferences were used to calculate five morphometric indices. Results were submitted to analysis of variance using a completely randomized split-plot design where the plots comprised the sexes and the split-plots comprised the decades of selection. Between 1930 and 1990, genealogic registrations progressively increased, particularly in the 1970s and 80s, when the herd experienced the highest growth rate. In 2018, Mangalarga breeding sites were reported in 23 Brazilian states and the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Bahia held the largest herds. Between 1970 and 2018, the height at withers of mares, stallions, and geldings increased by 5.1, 3.1, and 2.1 cm, respectively. The thoracic circumference of stallions increased by 3.3 cm and the cannon bone circumference of mares decreased by 0.34 cm. It is concluded that the Mangalarga breed is found across Brazil, especially in the Southeast region. Irrespective of sex, the selection of the breed has led to taller Mangalarga horses. In addition, the stallions became heavier and gained thoracic circumference, while mares became hypometric.(AU)

Objetivou-se analisar as alterações demográficas e biométricas dos animais registrados da raça Mangalarga, ao longo das décadas. Foram utilizadas informações de 206.428 equinos Mangalarga, extraídas do sistema de registro genealógico da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos da Raça Mangalarga. Dos animais nascidos entre 1930 e 2018, foram consideradas informações referentes ao sexo, data de nascimento, pelagem, localização do criatório, pontuação obtida no ato do registro genealógico e três medidas corporais dos equinos. Utilizando a medida de altura à cernelha e os perímetros torácico e de canela foram calculados cinco índices morfométricos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas pelos sexos e as subparcelas constituídas pelas décadas de seleção. Entre 1930 e 1990 houve aumento progressivo na emissão de registros genealógicos, com destaque para as décadas de 70 e 80, quando se registrou maior taxa de crescimento do rebanho. Em 2018 identificou-se criatórios da raça Mangalarga em 23 estados brasileiros, sendo o Estado de São Paulo detentor do maior rebanho, seguido de Minas Gerais e Bahia. Entre 1970 e 2018 registrou-se aumento na altura à cernelha das fêmeas, garanhões e machos castrados, que se tornaram 5,1 cm, 3,1 cm e 2,1 cm mais altos, respectivamente. Enquanto o perímetro torácico dos garanhões aumentou 3,3 cm, o perímetro de canela das fêmeas reduziu 0,34 cm. Concluiu-se que a raça Mangalarga está distribuída por todo o Brasil, com destaque para a região sudeste. Independente do sexo, a seleção aplicada à raça tornou os equinos Mangalarga mais altos. Além disso, os garanhões ficaram mais pesados e com maior perímetro torácico e as fêmeas tornaram-se hipométricas.(AU)