Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs with and without neurological signs / Anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em cães com e sem sinais neurológicos

This study investigated the association between neurological signs as well as plausible risk factors and the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in dogs of the Campo Grande region of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In this study, the dogs were divided into two groups based on the presence and the absence of neurological signs (n=30 in each group). Serological diagnosis was performed using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. In the group with neurological disorders, 23.3% and 30% of the dogs had anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies, respectively. Moreover, three dogs from this group showed co-infection with both protozoa. In the group without neurological signs, 16.7% and 13.3% of the dogs were seropositive for T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. Although presence of neurological signs was not associated with T. gondii and N. caninum infections (P = 0.747 and P = 0.21, respectively), there was a statistical association between T. gondii seropositivity and peripheral neurological alteration (P = 0.016) among dogs with neurological signs. Raw meat ingestion was the only risk factor associated with the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies (P = 0.041). Results revealed evidence of exposure to N. caninum and T. gondii in dogs irrespective of the presence of neurological signs. Moreover, this study highlighted the need for serological investigation of T. gondii in dogs with disturbances in peripheral nervous systems and not offering raw meat to animals to avoid the risk of N. caninum infection.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre sinais neurológicos, assim como possíveis fatores de risco e soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães de Campo Grande, região de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Nesse estudo, os cães foram divididos em dois grupos, baseado na presença ou ausência de sinais neurológicos (n = 30 em cada grupo). O diagnóstico sorológico foi realizado por meio do teste imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). No grupo com distúrbios neurológicos, 23.3% e 30% dos cães tinham anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-N. caninum, respectivamente. Além disso, três cães deste grupo estavam coinfectados com ambos os protozoários. No grupo sem sinais neurológicos, 16.7% e 13.3% dos cães foram soropositivos para T. gondii e N. caninum, respectivamente. Apesar da presença de sinais neurológicos não ter sido associado a infecção por T. gondii ou N. caninum ( P = 0.747 e P = 0.21, respectivamente), houve associação estatística entre soropositividade para T. gondii e alteração neurológica periférica (P = 0.016) entre os cães com sinais neurológicos. A ingestão de carne crua foi o único fator de risco que apresentou associação com a presença de anticorpos para N. caninum (P = 0.041). Estes resultados mostraram evidência de que a exposição a N. caninum e T. gondii em cães independe da presença de sinais neurológicos. Além disso, este estudo destaca a necessidade de investigação sorológica para T. gondii em cães com distúrbios neurológicos periféricos, e o oferecimento de carne crua aos animais deve ser evitada devido ao risco de infecção por neosporose.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: risk factors and spatial analysis in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil / Leishmaniose visceral canina: fatores de risco e análise espacial em uma área endêmica do Nordeste do Brasil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania infantum, an important agent of zoonotic concern. In this study we determined the seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of infection by L. infantum among dogs in the Pajeú microregion of the Sertão region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Canine serum samples (n = 247) were tested using the Dual Path Platform (DPP®) rapid screening test and ELISA/S7® confirmatory test; and risk factors were assessed through univariate analysis and logistical regression. The spatial distribution of reactive dogs was analyzed by drawing a map using QGIS. Seroprevalence of 13.7% (34/247) was detected, with cases predominating in the municipality of Tabira (26.4%; 9/34). Age above 10 years was considered to be a risk factor associated with the presence of anti-L. infantum antibodies. The high overall prevalence and spatial distribution of positive cases showed wide dispersion of reagents dogs in the study area. Therefore, preventive measures are needed in order to reduce the risk of infection for animals and humans.(AU)

Leishmaniose Visceral Canina é uma doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum, importante agente zoonótico. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência, avaliar os fatores de risco e a distribuição espacial da infecção por L. infantum em cães da microrregião do Pajeú, Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil. Amostras de soro canino (n=247) foram testadas ("Dual Path Platform Rapid Test" - TR DPP® (triagem); ELISA/S7 (confirmatório)), e os fatores de risco avaliados por meio de análise univariada e regressão logística. A distribuição espacial dos cães reagentes foi analisada por meio de mapas confeccionados no programa QGIS. Detectou-se soroprevalência de 13,7% (34/247), com predominância dos casos no município de Tabira (26,4%; 9/34). A idade acima de 10 anos foi considerada fator de risco associado à presença de anticorpos anti-L. infantum. A alta prevalência e distribuição espacial dos casos positivos revelou ampla dispersão de cães reagentes na área de estudo. Portanto, medidas preventivas são necessárias a fim de reduzir o risco de infecção para os animais e humanos.(AU)

Primary Tracheal Squamous Cells Carcinoma in a Dog

Primary tracheal neoplasms are uncommon and poorly documented in veterinary medicine, being most frequently reported in domestic cats. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the stratified squamous epithelium, considered one of the most common skin neoplasms in dogs and cats. This paper aims to report the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings of a clinical case of primary SCC in the trachea of ​​a female Schnauzer canine, attended at the Veterinary Hospital Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA ­ UNESP), complaining of choking, coughing and dyspnea for 1 month. The tracheal portion affected by the neoplasm was sent to the Veterinary Pathology department of the FMVA after surgical excision. Fragments of the neoplasm were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for further histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microscopically, the neoplasm was well differentiated, being characterized by the presence of keratin pearls, low degree of pleomorphism and rare mitotic figures. In the immunohistochemical analysis, there was immunoexpression of anti-cytokeratin antibodies AE1AE3, 34BE12, CK14 and CK5/6, confirming the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. In about 30% of the cells there was immunostaining for Ki67 antibodies, justifying the low mitotic index of tumor cells and the few images of mitosis seen. Due to the rare occurrence of primary tracheal SCC in dogs, the use of diversified diagnostic techniques is important in order to better understand the biological behavior of this neoplasm in unusual anatomical locations.(AU)

Clinical and parasitological impact of short-term treatment using miltefosine and allopurinol monotherapy or combination therapy in canine visceral leishmaniasis / Impacto clínico e parasitológico do tratamento de curta duração com miltefosina e alopurinol em monoterapia ou terapia combinada na leishmaniose visceral canina

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis in Brazil. Dogs are the main hosts in urban environments. The treatment has gained popularity since the Brazilian government authorized miltefosine for canine treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and parasitological impact of short-term treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol, alone and in combination. We evaluated the ability of pharmacotherapy to reduce clinical signs of disease, antibody levels using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and skin parasite load via qPCR after 28 days of treatment. The therapeutic protocols promoted a significant decline in clinical signs and in the skin parasite load in dogs (p < 0.01). We observed a moderate correlation between the skin parasite load and the clinical score in all three treatment groups (r > 0.5) Antibody levels did not decrease in this short period. It was concluded that the treatment with allopurinol reduced the number of parasites in the skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in the short term. However, its efficiency is potentiated when associated with miltefosine.(AU)

A leishmaniose visceral canina é uma zoonose endêmica no Brasil. Os cães são os principais hospedeiros em ambientes urbanos. O tratamento ganhou popularidade desde que o governo brasileiro autorizou a miltefosina para tratamento canino. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto clínico e parasitológico do tratamento a curto prazo com miltefosina e alopurinol, isoladamente e/ou em combinação. Foi avaliada a capacidade da farmacoterapia em reduzir os sinais clínicos da doença e também os níveis de anticorpos, usando-se o teste de anticorpos de fluorescência indireta (RIFI) e a carga parasitária na pele, via qPCR, após 28 dias de tratamento. Os protocolos terapêuticos promoveram declínio significativo dos sinais clínicos e da carga parasitária na pele dos cães (p < 0,01). Foi observada uma correlação moderada entre a carga parasitária da pele e o escore clínico em todos os três grupos de tratamento (r > 0,5). Já os níveis de anticorpos não diminuíram nesse curto período. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com alopurinol, em curto prazo, reduziu a quantidade de parasitos na pele dos cães com leishmaniose visceral. No entanto, sua eficiência é potencializada quando associada a miltefosina.(AU)

First case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the midwestern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Abstract Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval dOeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.

Resumo A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval dOeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região

First case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the midwestern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Primeiros casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no Meio-oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d'Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.

A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval d'Oeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região.

ErpY-like protein, a promising antigen to leptospirosis control: characterization of antigenic and immunogenic potential

ErpY-like protein (LIC11966) is an antigen from Leptospira spp., which is possibly involved in the infection process and, consequently, can be a promising solution for the development of new diagnostic tests and vaccines. Here, the presence of the erpY-like gene was evaluated in several Leptospira serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the ErpY-like recombinant protein was produced and characterized in terms of antigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. The erpY-like gene was detected by PCR in all Leptospira pathogenic serovars tested (n = 8) and was absent in the saprophytic ones. The rErpY-like protein was recognized by antibodies present in the sera of humans and animals (swine and canine) naturally infected, suggesting ErpY-like expression during natural infection. The rErpY-like protein used to immunize mice with Freund's adjuvant stimulated a mixed Th1/Th2 response, an important protective immunity against leptospirosis.(AU)

First case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the midwestern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Primeiros casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no Meio-oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d'Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.

A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval d’Oeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região.

First case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the midwestern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Primeiros casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no Meio-oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d'Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.(AU)

A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval dOeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região.(AU)

Ocorrência de Babesia sp, Ehrlichia canis e Hepatozoon canis em cães domiciliados, em dois municípios do estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil / Occurrence of Babesia sp, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in domiciled dogs in two municipalities of the state of Espírito Santo - Brazil / Ocurrencia de Babesia sp, Ehrlichia canis y Hepatozoon canis em perros domiciliados em dos municipios del estado de Espírito Santo - Brasil

As doenças transmitidas por carrapatos são afecções de grande importância na clínica médica de pequenos animais, devido à alta casuística e ampla distribuição vetorial no território brasileiro. Os principais agentes responsáveis pelas infecções em cães são Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis e Hepatozoon canis. Os animais infectados são assintomáticos ou apresentam sinais clínicos inespecíficos, sendo necessário a utilização de testes diagnósticos para definição do agente etiológico, e diagnóstico seguro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência desses micro-organismos em cães naturalmente infectados, domiciliados nos municípios de Vila Velha e Anchieta, Espírito Santo, utilizando diferentes testes de detecção: Reação em cadeia polimerase (PCR), sorologia para detecção de anticorpos anti Ehrlichia canis e pesquisa de hematozoários em esfregaço sanguíneo. Foram analisadas 65 amostras de sangue obtidas por venopunção de veia cefálica de cães. No teste de PCR, 4,62% dos animais foram positivos para Babesia vogeli e 1,54% para Ehrlichia canis sendo os resultados para Hepatozoon canis negativos. No teste sorológico para E. canis 90,77% dos animais foram positivos para a presença de anticorpos, e na pesquisa em lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo 3,02% apresentavam outros hemoparasitas. Os resultados indicam a dispersão desses hemoparasitas na população canina da região de estudo, entretanto com baixa ocorrência. O teste de PCR demonstrou-se como o mais sensível no qual Babesia vogeli foi o agente mais observado.(AU)

Tick-borne diseases are diseases of great importance in the medical practice of small animals, due to the high casuistry and wide vectorial distribution in the Brazilian territory. The main agents responsible for infections in dogs are Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis. Infected animals are asymptomatic or present nonspecific clinical signs, requiring the use of diagnostic tests to define the etiologic agent, and safe diagnosis. The objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of these microorganisms in naturally infected dogs domiciled in the municipalities of Vila Velha and Anchieta, Espírito Santo, using different detection tests: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology to detect antibodies against Ehrlichia canis and research of hematozoa in blood smears. Sixty-five blood samples obtained by venipuncture of the cephalic vein of dogs were analyzed. In the PCR test, 4.62% of the animals were positive for Babesia vogeli and 1.54% for Ehrlichia canis, and the results for Hepatozoon canis were negative. In the serological test for E. canis, 90.77% of the animals were positive for the presence of antibodies, and in the research in blood smear slides, 3.02% presented other hemoparasites. The results indicate the dispersion of these hemoparasites in the canine population of the study region, however with low occurrence. The PCR test proved to be the most sensitive, in which Babesia vogeli was the most observed agent.(AU)

Las enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas son enfermedades de gran importancia en la práctica médica de los pequeños animales, debido a la alta casuística y amplia distribución vectorial en el territorio brasileño. Los principales agentes responsables de las infecciones en los perros son Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis y Hepatozoon canis. Los animales infectados son asintomáticos o presentan signos clínicos inespecíficos, siendo necesario el uso de pruebas diagnósticas para la definición del agente etiológico, y el diagnóstico seguro. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la ocurrencia de estos microorganismos en perros infectados naturalmente, domiciliados en los municipios de Vila Velha y Anchieta, Espírito Santo, utilizando diferentes pruebas de detección: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), serología para detectar anticuerpos anti Ehrlichia canis e investigación de hematozoos en frotis de sangre. Se analizaron sesenta y cinco muestras de sangre obtenidas por venopunción de la vena cefálica de los perros. En la prueba PCR, el 4,62% de los animales fueron positivos para Babesia vogeli y el 1,54% para Ehrlichia canis, y los resultados para Hepatozoon canis fueron negativos. En la prueba serológica para E. canis, el 90,77% de los animales fueron positivos a la presencia de anticuerpos, y en la investigación en láminas de frotis de sangre el 3,02% presentaron otros hemoparásitos. Los resultados indican la dispersión de estos hemoparásitos en la población canina de la región de estudio, aunque con una baja presencia. La prueba PCR resultó ser la más sensible, en la que Babesia vogeli fue el agente más observado.(AU)

Serological evidence of exposure to Bartonella sp. in dogs with suspected vector-borne diseases, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis / Evidência sorológica de exposição a Bartonella sp. em cães com suspeita de doenças transmitidas por vetores, toxoplasmose e neosporose

Bartonellosis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that infect a broad spectrum of mammalian species. Despite the recent studies carried out in Brazil, information regarding Bartonella in dogs are scarce. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study to investigate the exposure to Bartonella sp. in dogs by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Three hundred and thirty-five archived serum samples from dogs previously tested for vector-borne pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum were screened for the presence of IgG antibodies to Bartonella sp. All dogs originated from the Metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto, northeast of the State of São Paulo. Twenty-eight samples (8.3%) were positive for Bartonella sp. at the cut-off of 64. Among the 28 seropositive samples for Bartonella sp., 16 (57.1%) were also seropositive for Ehrlichia canis, 12 (42.8%) for Babesia vogeli, five (17.8%) for T. gondii and three (10.7%) for L. infantum and N. caninum. Our results demonstrated that dogs sampled were exposed to Bartonella sp. Since all the animals sampled in the present study were from private owners, our findings demonstrate that these people may also be exposed to Bartonella sp. Further studies designed to assess whether the infection by other arthropod-borne pathogens such as B. vogeli and E. canis are risk factors for Bartonella infection are needed.(AU)

A bartonelose é uma zoonose transmitida por vetores, com distribuição mundial, que infecta várias espécies de mamíferos. Apesar dos estudos conduzidos no Brasil, informações sobre Bartonella em cães são escassas. Portanto, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo para investigar a exposição a Bartonella sp. em cães cães, utilizando-se o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA). Trezentas e trinta e cinco amostras de soro de cães, previamente testadas para patógenos transmitidos pelos vetores, Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum foram avaliadas quanto à presença de anticorpos IgG contra Bartonella sp. Todos os cães eram oriundos da região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto, Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Vinte e oito amostras (8,3%) foram positivas para Bartonella sp. no ponto de corte de 64. Entre as 28 amostras positivas, 16 (57,1%) também foram positivas para Ehrlichia canis, 12 (42,8%) para Babesia vogeli, cinco (17,8%) para T. gondii e três (10,7%) para L. infantum e N. caninum. Os resultados demonstraram que os cães amostrados foram expostos a Bartonella sp. Como os animais eram de proprietários particulares, nossos achados demonstram que as pessoas também podem ter sido expostas a Bartonella sp. São necessários estudos para avaliar se a infecção por B. canis ou E. canis constitui fator de risco para infecção por Bartonella em cães.(AU)

Ocorrência de Babesia sp, Ehrlichia canis e Hepatozoon canis em cães domiciliados, em dois municípios do estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil / Occurrence of Babesia sp, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in domiciled dogs in two municipalities of the state of Espírito Santo - Brazil / Ocurrencia de Babesia sp, Ehrlichia canis y Hepatozoon canis em perros domiciliados em dos municipios del estado de Espírito Santo - Brasil

As doenças transmitidas por carrapatos são afecções de grande importância na clínica médica de pequenos animais, devido à alta casuística e ampla distribuição vetorial no território brasileiro. Os principais agentes responsáveis pelas infecções em cães são Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis e Hepatozoon canis. Os animais infectados são assintomáticos ou apresentam sinais clínicos inespecíficos, sendo necessário a utilização de testes diagnósticos para definição do agente etiológico, e diagnóstico seguro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência desses micro-organismos em cães naturalmente infectados, domiciliados nos municípios de Vila Velha e Anchieta, Espírito Santo, utilizando diferentes testes de detecção: Reação em cadeia polimerase (PCR), sorologia para detecção de anticorpos anti Ehrlichia canis e pesquisa de hematozoários em esfregaço sanguíneo. Foram analisadas 65 amostras de sangue obtidas por venopunção da veia cefálica. No teste de PCR, 4,62% dos animais foram positivos para Babesia vogeli e 1,54% para Ehrlichia canis sendo os resultados para Hepatozoon canis negativos. No teste sorológico para E. canis 90,77% dos animais foram positivos para a presença de anticorpos, e na pesquisa em lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo 3,02% apresentavam outros hemoparasitas. Os resultados indicam a dispersão desses hemoparasitas na população canina da região de estudo, entretanto com baixa ocorrência. O teste de PCR demonstrou-se como o mais sensível no qual Babesia vogeli foi o agente mais observado.

Tick-borne diseases are of great importance in the medical practice of small animals, due to the high casuistry and wide vectorial distribution in the Brazilian territory. The main agents responsible for infections in dogs are Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis. Infected animals are asymptomatic or present nonspecific clinical signs, requiring the use of diagnostic tests to define the etiologic agent, and safe diagnosis. The objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of these microorganisms in naturally infected dogs domiciled in the municipalities of Vila Velha and Anchieta, Espírito Santo, using different detection tests: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology to detect antibodies against Ehrlichia canis and research of hematozoa in blood smears. Sixty-five blood samples obtained by venipuncture of the cephalic vein were analyzed. In the PCR test, 4.62% of the animals were positive for Babesia vogeli and 1.54% for Ehrlichia canis, and the results for Hepatozoon canis were negative. In the serological test for E. canis, 90.77% of the animals were positive for the presence of antibodies, and in there search in blood smear slides, 3.02% presented other hemoparasites. The results indicate the dispersion of these hemoparasites in the canine population of the study region, however with low occurrence. The PCR test proved to be the most sensitive, in which Babesia vogeli was the most observed agent.

Las enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas son enfermedades de gran importancia en la práctica médica de los pequeños animales, debido a la alta casuística y amplia distribución vectorial en el territorio brasileño. Los principales agentes responsables de las infecciones en los perros son Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis y Hepatozoon canis. Los animales infectados son asintomáticos o presentan signos clínicos inespecíficos, siendo necesario el uso de pruebas diagnósticas para la definición del agente etiológico, y el diagnóstico seguro. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la ocurrencia de estos microorganismos en perros infectados naturalmente, domiciliados en los municipios de Vila Velha y Anchieta, Espírito Santo, utilizando diferentes pruebas de detección: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), serología para detectar anticuerpos anti Ehrlichia canis e investigación de hematozoos en frotis de sangre. Se analizaron sesenta y cinco muestras de sangre obtenidas por venopunción de la vena cefálica. En la prueba PCR, el 4,62% de los animales fueron positivos para Babesia vogeliyel 1,54% paraEhrlichia canis, y los resultados para Hepatozoon canis fueron negativos. En la prueba serológica para E. canis, el 90,77% de los animales fueron positivos a la presencia de anticuerpos, y en la investigación en láminas de frotis de sangre el 3,02% presentaron otros hemoparásitos. Los resultados indican la dispersión de estos hemoparásitos en la población canina de la región de estudio, aunque con una baja presencia. La prueba PCR resultó ser la más sensible, en la que Babesia vogeli fue el agente más observado.

Differentials in the epidemiological profile of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and to identify the differences in associated factors to its occurrence in urban area and countrysides in the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. In the years 2015 and 2016, 779 blood samples from dogs were collected. The prevalence was determined by three serological techniques, ELISA-S7® Kit, DPP® Rapid Test and EIE-LVC® Kit, considering positive the samples that reacted in at least two assays. Associated factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyzes of the guardians responses to the epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in the studied municipality was 15.00% (117/779), being higher in the urban area (15.20%) than in the countryside (13.60%). The neighborhood with the highest prevalence was Frei Damião with 26.40% (33/125), being considered a hotspot (OR 1.245, p=0.007). Other associated factors were the semi-domiciliary breeding (OR 1.798, p=0.025), in the urban area, and hunting dog (OR 18.505, p=0.016), contact with cattle (OR 17.298, p=0.022) and environment where the dog is raised (OR 4.802, p=0.024) in the countryside. In the municipality of Santa Luzia, the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis is high and the disease is widely distributed. Epidemiological differences between urban area and the countryside could be observed demonstrating the need for more adequate control measures for each locality and proving the urbanization process.

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) e identificar as diferenças nos fatores relacionados à sua ocorrência nas zonas urbana e rural do município de Santa Luzia, localizado no semiárido paraibano. Nos anos de 2015 e 2016, coletaram-se 779 amostras de sangue de cães. A prevalência foi determinada através de três técnicas sorológicas, Kit ELISA-S7®, teste rápido DPP® e Kit EIE-LVC®, considerando positivas as amostras que reagiram em, pelo menos, dois ensaios. Os fatores relacionados foram determinados por meio das análises estatísticas uni e multivariada das respostas dos tutores ao questionário epidemiológico. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania infantum encontrada no município estudado foi de 15,00% (117/779), sendo maior na zona urbana (15,20%) do que na rural (13,60%). O bairro que apresentou maior prevalência foi o Frei Damião com 26,40% (33/125), sendo considerado um hotspot (OR 1,245; p=0,007). Outros fatores relacionados encontrados foram a criação semidomiciliar (OR 1,798; p=0,025), na zorna urbana, e cão de caça (OR 18,505; p=0,016), contato com bovinos (OR 17,298; p=0,022) e ambiente onde o cão é criado (OR 4,802; p=0,024), na zona rural. Verifica-se a elevada prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina e a sua ampla distribuição no município de Santa Luzia. Diferenças epidemiológicas entre as zonas urbana e rural puderam ser observadas, demonstrando a necessidade de medidas de controle mais adequadas para cada localidade e comprovando o processo de urbanização.

Leukocytes and albumin in canine leishmaniasis

Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL) is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory disease characterized by nonspecific clinical manifestations. In CanL, inflammatory cells and chemical mediators released in response to the parasite play a role in disease development and progression. Alterations on hematological parameters have been documented in CanL. These changes can also be assessed in relation to systemic inflammation caused by this disease. The circulating leukocyte counting, such as neutrophils, as well as the albumin level, are considered direct indicators of an inflammatory host environment. Several studies point to the use of biomarkers on the assistance in diagnosis and prognosis of several canine pathologies. The present study investigated the Neutrophils to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Albumin to Globulin Ratio (AGR), and Neutrophils to Albumin Ratio (NAR) on systemic inflammatory response induced by Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL). For this purpose, adult dogs with confirmed diagnosis to CanL were divided into symptomatic (SD, n = 33) and asymptomatic (AD, n = 20) dogs for L. infantum and control dogs (CD, n = 20). Routine hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood samples using a veterinary automatic hematology and biochemical analyzers. Asymptomatic dogs (AD) had a higher number of white blood cells and neutrophils (16.48 ± 4.93; 13.41 ± 3.60, respectively) in relation to symptomatic dogs (SD) (13.54 ± 5.13; 10.42 ± 3.69, respectively) (P = 0.015 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Neutrophils to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) was higher in dogs with leishmaniasis (9.45 ± 3.76) than in healthy dogs (3.39 ± 1.19) (P < 0.0001). Serum total proteins (STP) and globulins increased in CanL, while albumin and AGR decreased in CanL, when compared to CD and references values to canine species. Neutrophils to Albumin Ratio (NAR) was higher in AD and SD (5.02 ± 1.14; 4.79 ± 1.07, respectively) when compared to CD (2.36 ± 0.55) (P < 0.0001). As reported in scientific researches, dogs with Leishmaniasis present alterations in circulating cell counts. Based on these data, we decided to expand this information using the NLR as a parameter in an attempt to better clarify the changes in these cells in CanL. We observed that NLR was increased on CanL in relation to healthy dogs, which could be a consequence of relative neutrophilia rather than lymphopenia. Neutrophils to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a biomarker that conveys information about inflammatory conditions. An elevated NLR can reflect an upregulated innate immune response, since neutrophils are effector cells of innate immunity and are involved in several acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Albumin is an acute phase protein that is considered an immune-inflammatory biomarker, which can be found reduced systemically in progressive inflammatory response. Serum total proteins (STP) and globulins were increased in CanL. These data are already well documented in CanL, which serum globulins are mainly associated with the increase of acute phase proteins, cytokines, and increase of specific antibodies to Leishmania infantum. Our results showed neutrophilia with hypoalbuminemia in CanL. So, in an attempt to assess the relationship of these two available markers, we used NAR calculation in order to evaluate the changes induced by CanL. In this study NAR was higher in CanL when compared to control dogs. Thus, our data indicate that NLR and NAR could be used as biomarkers in veterinary medical clinics in order to assess inflammatory profile in CanL, mainly in asymptomatic dogs. These parameters obtained from routine blood tests might be useful as cost-effective, easily accessible and helpful markers in order to distinguish the inflammatory response intensity in CanL.(AU)

Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in Jordanian women who had a recent spontaneous abortion / Soroprevalências de infecções por Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em mulheres jordanianas que tiveram um aborto espontâneo recente

Abstract This cross-sectional study investigates Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum among 445 recently spontaneously aborted (RSA) Jordanian women using ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody (at a cut-off value of 1/200) tests, respectively. The type of hospital, age, cat and dog contacts, raw and barbecued meat and wild plant consumption, number of abortions, and stillbirths were tested as independent variables using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The true seroprevalences were 22.1% for T. gondii-IgG, 22.7% for N. caninum-IgG, 2.6% for T. gondii-IgM, 10.6% for N. caninum-IgM, 0% for T. gondii-IgG and IgM, 6.7% for N. caninum-IgG and IgM, and 4.6% and 0% for both parasite IgG and IgM, respectively. T. gondii-IgM-seropositivity was associated with the number of abortions with odds ratios (OR) of 2.4 and eating barbecued meat (OR = 0.12). N. caninum-IgG-seropositivity was associated with having a dog in the house (OR = 2.6), and with stillbirth (OR = 0.1). N. caninum-IgM was associated with visiting a private-hospital (OR = 2.7). RSA Jordanian women are equally exposed to both parasites with significantly (p < 0.05) higher seroprevalence of N. caninum-IgM compared to T. gondii-IgM suggestive of active infections among RSA women in Jordan.

Resumo Este é um estudo transversal, investigando Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum entre 445 mulheres jordanianas recentemente abortadas espontaneamente (RSA), usando-se ELISA e testes de anticorpos fluorescentes indiretos (com valor de corte de 1/200), respectivamente. Tipo de hospital, idade, contato com o cão, consumo de carne, número de abortos foram testados como variáveis independentes, usando-se análises de regressão logística univariada e multivariada. As verdadeiras seroprevalências foram 22,1% para T. gondii-IgG; 22,7% para N. caninum-IgG; 2,6% para T. gondii-IgM; 10,6% para N. caninum-IgM, 0% para T. gondii-IgG e IgM, 6,7% para N. caninum-IgG e IgM, e 4,6% e 0% para ambos os parasitas IgG e IgM, respectivamente. A soropositividade para T. gondii-IgM foi associada ao número de abortos com "odds ratio" (OR) de 2,4 e ingestão de carne grelhada (OR = 0,12). A soropositividade para N. caninum-IgG foi associada à presença de cachorro em casa (OR = 2,6) e natimorto (OR = 0,1). N. caninum-IgM foi associada à visita a um hospital privado (OR = 2,7). Mulheres jordanianas com RSA estão igualmente expostas a ambos os parasitas com soroprevalência significativamente (p <0,05) maior de N. caninum-IgM, em comparação com T. gondii-IgM, sugestivo de infecções ativas entre mulheres com RSA na Jordânia.

Characterization of a municipality as free of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the context of One Health / Caracterização de um município como livre de leishmaniose visceral canina em um contexto de Saúde Única

Abstract Dogs are the main urban reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by sand flies. In the state of Paraná, the first detection of a positive dog for VL was in 2014, this year Paraná lost free status for this disease (VL). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Palotina, the occurrence of vectors that may transmit Leishmania infantum, and the number of notifications of human visceral leishmaniasis cases from period 2010 to 2020. To determine the occurrence of canine visceral leishmaniasis, blood samples from 204 dogs were analyzed using the rapid test DPP® to detect anti-L. infantum antibodies. To investigate the occurrence of potential vectors, monthly collections were made at 18 points within the urban area of the municipality. The number of human visceral leishmaniasis cases was investigated from Epidemiological Surveillance records. None of the serologically tested dogs showed positive titration. Only two specimens of Lutzomyia neivai, one of Lutzomyia sp. and four of Brumptomyia brumpti specimens were collected. No human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported. These results suggest that there is no evidence of circulation of L. infantum in Palotina.

Resumo Os cães são os principais reservatórios urbanos da Leishmania infantum, agente causador da leishmaniose visceral (VL), transmitida por vetores conhecidos como flebotomíneos. No Paraná, a primeira detecção de casos positivos caninos ocorreu em 2014, ano em que o Paraná perdeu o status de estado indene. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Palotina, a ocorrência de vetores que possam transmitir Leishmania infantum e o número de notificação de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana, no período de 2010 a 2020. Para determinar a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral canina, amostras de sangue de 204 cães foram analisadas, utilizando-se o teste rápido (DPP®) para detectar anticorpos anti-L. infantum. Com o objetivo de investigar a ocorrência de potenciais vetores, coletas foram realizadas mensalmente em 18 pontos na área urbana do município. O número de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana foi investigado a partir de registros da Vigilância Epidemiológica. Nenhum cão testado foi positivo no teste sorológico. Apenas dois espécimes de Lutzomyia neivai, uma de Lutzomyia sp. e quatro de Brumptomyia brumpti foram coletados. Nenhum caso de leishmaniose visceral humana foi notificado. Esses resultados sugerem que não há evidência da circulação de L. infantum em Palotina.

Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog with human intravenous immunoglobulin

Background: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a common canine autoimmune skin disease, in which systemic manifestations are absent. Skin Lesions are usually present on the nasal planum, and characterised by erythema, depigmentation, erosion, ulceration, and crusting. The diagnosis is based on histopathological results, which should demonstrate lymphoplasmacytic lichenoid-interface dermatitis. Human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIg) has been used in veterinary medicine to treat cutaneous diseases including erythema multiforme, PF, and severe adverse cutaneous drug reactions. In human medicine, it has been effective to treat DLE. This report firstly describes the clinical response to hIVIg in a dog with DLE resistant to common immunosuppressive drugs. Case: A 5-year-old, intact female Shih Tzu presented with a 1-month history of slowly progressive black crusting on the nasal planum, chin, and claw. Based on the results of a dermatologic examination, superficial pyoderma was diagnosed. The skin lesions did not improve during and after anti-infective treatment. After removing the crusts, a skin biopsy was obtained from the muzzle. Histopathology of lesional skin biopsy specimens revealed lymphoplasmacytic interface dermatitis at the dermoepidermal junction. Microscopic examination also revealed vacuolar changes and pigmentary incontinence of the basal layer as a lichenoid tissue reaction. No mites or fungi were detected on the skin section. The absence of acantholytic cells excluded pemphigus foliaceus, which is also characterised by the lesions of the nasal planum. Based on the distribution of the lesions, histopathology and exclusion of other dermatoses, the dog was diagnosed with DLE. The skin lesions temporarily improved after treatment with prednisolone (2 mg/kg PO q12h). However, after tapering the dose of prednisolone, new black crusts developed on the nasal planum and claw. Although the dog was successively treated with other immunosuppressive drugs, including azathioprine, cyclosporin with dexamethasone, and mycophenolate mofetil, black crusts still remained. Due to the low efficacy of these immunosuppressive drugs, hIVIg was administered at 0.5 g/kg once daily for 4 days, for a total dose of 2 g/kg. During hIVIg administration, the crusted lesions gradually improved. After the hIVIg administration, the dog was treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg PO q12h). The lesions were almost in complete remission at 21 days after an additional application of prednisolone. The skin lesions did not recur, and the treatment was eventually discontinued after 6 weeks of additional prednisolone application. Discussion: The standard treatment of canine DLE includes glucocorticoids, and second-line immunosuppressive drugs, such as azathioprine and cyclosporine, are usually added in cases resistant to steroids. This case suggests that hIVIg may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment option for canine DLE, especially when the application of standard immunosuppressive drugs is limited due to adverse effects or low efficacy. There is evidence from several studies that the steroid-sparing effect of hIVIg is significant in human patients. In the current case, the effective dose of prednisolone was reduced to 2 mg/kg/day after hIVIg administration, and prednisolone therapy was finally discontinued completely. The hIVIg appears to lower the daily steroid dose requirement in this dog.

High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. in stray dogs from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia state, Western Brazilian Amazon / Alta soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora spp. em cães errantes de Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. are important apicomplexan pathogens that can infect dogs and result in a neurological syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in stray dogs in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to April 2016. A total of 458 dogs blood samples were collected at the Center for Control of Zoonosis (CCZ), and anti-T. gondii and anti-N. spp. antibody levels were detected and measured using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The seroprevalence of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in dogs it was 82.20% and 73.85%, respectively. The seroprevalence of coinfections was 47.59%. This is the first report of anti-T. gondii and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies detected in stray dogs in Rolim de Moura, state of Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Male dogs showed a higher frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies than female dogs (88.0% vs. 75.3%; p < 0.001), presenting 2.41 times more chances of having the disease. High seroprevalence of infection (92.4%: T. gondii and 89.2%: Neospora spp.) was detected in the group ≥ 1-year-old dogs, in all collections, with OR 7.35 and OR 10.27 for the presence of anti-T. gondii and antiNeospora spp., respectively. In conclusion, the serological results indicate an important circulation of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in wandering dogs hailing from Rolim de Moura, state of Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazonia.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora spp. são importantes patógenos apicomplexos que podem infectar cães e ocasionar síndrome neurológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a soroprevalência de T. gondii e Neospora spp. em cães errantes do estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi realizado durante o período de junho de 2014 a abril de 2016. Um total de 458 amostras de sangue de cães foram colhidas no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) e a detecção de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. spp. foram realizados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). A soroprevalência de T. gondii e Neospora spp. em cães foi 82,20% e 73,85%, respectivamente. A soroprevalência de coinfecções foi 47,59%. Este é o primeiro relato de anti-T. gondii e anti-Neospora spp. anticorpos detectados em cães errantes em Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Os cães machos apresentaram maior frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii do que as fêmeas (88,0% vs. 75,3%; p < 0,001), apresentando 2,41 vezes mais chance de ter a doença. Alta soroprevalência de infecção (92,4%: T. gondii e 89,2%: Neospora spp.) foi detectada no grupo ≥ cães com 1 ano de idade, em todas as coletas, com OR 7,35 e OR 10,27 para presença do anti-T. gondii e anti-Neospora spp., respectivamente. Em conclusão, os resultados sorológicos indicam uma importante circulação de T. gondii e Neospora spp. em cães errantes de Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira.(AU)

Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado a manifestações neurológicas em cadela da raça Border Collie / Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with neurological manifestations in a Border Collie bitch

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-mediated and multisystemic disorder which etiology is believed to be multifactorial. Its clinical signs vary accordingly to affected organs, cutaneous lesions being the most frequently observed. There are few reports of SLE in dogs with neurological manifestations. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe a case of SLE in a dog with indicative signs of nervous system involvement. Case: A 6-year-old Border Collie bitch was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (HVU) of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) with a history of cluster seizures, inappetence and urinary incontinence. Erythema and flaking of nasal plan were noted on physical examination, and splenomegaly on abdominal palpation. Thrombocytopenia and slightly increased ALT were found on blood tests. Ehrlichiosis was suspected and doxycycline was prescribed along with phenobarbital for the control of seizures. In the follow-up visit, the dog was still presenting urinary incontinence, thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. Also, an ulcer on the nasal mucocutaneous junction was observed. The patient went through a neurological examination which indicated thalamocortical lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained for cytology, culture and canine distemper test, and serology tests for leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis were done. No alterations were found in these exams. The histopathology of the nasal lesion was proceeded and showed results consistent with lupus erythematosus. It was prescribed a 15-day course of prednisolone at immunosuppressive dose. The patient showed clinical improvement with this treatment. Azathioprine was started along with gradual removal of prednisolone. After twenty days of discontinuation of this drug, the dog presented epileptic seizures, urinary incontinence, thrombocytopenia, increased ALT and worsened nasal lesion. Prednisolone at immunosuppressive dose was reintroduced and the dose of phenobarbital, increased. One week past this, the patient showed inappetence and an extensive hematoma in the thoracic region. Lab exams confirmed drug-induced acute pancreatitis. All medications were interrupted, the patient was hospitalized, and treatment for pancreatitis was initiated, but the dog passed away. Discussion: For involving multiple body systems and for presenting varied clinical signs, diagnosing SLE can be challenging in clinical routine. The dog from this report was a Border Collie; this breed is considered to be predisposed to this disease. The animal had a history of being exposed to solar radiation for a large part of the day, had dyspigmentation of nasal plan and had no application of sunscreen, predisposing the occurrence of SLE. Neurological signs are uncommon in SLE, but the seizures and the urinary incontinence were the main reasons for the dog's guardian to look for medical assistance. The suspicion for SLE was raised due to cutaneous manifestations and persistent thrombocytopenia along with splenomegaly. Histopathological findings are essential for diagnosing SLE, as well as antinuclear antibody tests. Nonetheless, due to financial limitations, this last test was not performed. Azathioprine is an immunomodulating drug largely used along with glucocorticoids when treating SLE; however, this medication is prone to induce side effects as the ones presented by the dog from this report. Therefore, it is concluded that SLE should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients showing cutaneous, hematological, systemic and neurological manifestations, considering the variety of signs caused by this disorder.(AU)

Perfil clínico e laboratorial de cadelas sororeativas para erliquiose tratadas em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário em Niterói, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Clinical and laboratory profile of dogs seroreactive to ehrlichiosis treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease highly prevalent in Brazil, and is relevant in canine clinical practice due to its high morbidity and mortality. Its clinical signs are nonspecific and its phases are acute, lasting 2 to 4 weeks; subclinical, i.e., asymptomatic; and chronic, resembling an autoimmune disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the occurrence of reactivity to Ehrlichia canis of bitches treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) - Niterói, RJ, Brazil, based on serological examination by iELISA, and to compare the hematological, biochemical, urinary protein-creatinine and urinary density profiles of reactive and non-reactive animals. This study involved solely bitches, regardless of breed, starting at 1 year of age. One hundred and thirty bitches, 1 to 16 year-old (mean age 7.02 ± 4.00), weighing 1.5 to 50 kg (mean weight 12.12 ± 10.65) were subjected to clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound. Complete blood count, biochemical measurements, urinalysis and serology for E. canis were also performed. The serum was used in the iELISA to identify immunoglobulin G (IgG), using a canine Ehrlichia Imunotest® diagnostic kit (Imunodot®, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sixty animals (46.20%) were reactive to E. canis. According to their owners, only 5 (8.3%) of the 60 seroreactive animals had a history of tick-borne disease. The most common profile was that of mixed breed animals living with their owners, older than 7 years, who had not been treated preventatively with specific drugs against ectoparasites. Laboratory tests showed significant differences between groups in terms of total protein (TP), and calcium and urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPC). TP and UPC were elevated in the non-reactive group, while the only significant change in the reactive group was mild hypocalcemia. In this study, 30% (18/60) of the bitches were seroreactive to E. canis and had hypocalcemia. Of these, 50% (9/18) had a UPC above 0.5. Furthermore, 66.7% (12/18) of this group with hypocalcemia also showed urine density (UD) of less than 1024. Among these 18 bitches, 5 had both alterations, i.e., UPC > 0.5 and UD < 1024. In this study, a high prevalence of bitches seroreactive to Ehrlichia canis was observed, despite the absence of clinical and/or laboratory signs indicative of the disease. In the investigation of IgG class antibodies, it is not possible to determine the exact time of infection, and titers may remain high for a period of more than 11 months, even after treatment and elimination of the bacterium. The fact that most seroreactive bitches showed no symptoms compatible with the disease either before or during the study suggests that they were in the subclinical phase of ehrlichiosis. The main reason for calcium metabolism disorders is a phosphorus imbalance, a condition that occurs in kidney diseases. Isosthenuria reflects the kidney's inability to concentrate urine. This finding may be one of the first clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in dogs. On the other hand, the UPC ratio may increase with the progression of CKD. The presence of hypocalcemia, isosthenuria and increased UPC associated with seroreactivity suggests that infection by E. canis may be associated with the onset of CKD. Veterinarians should keep in mind the complexity of the pathophysiology of ehrlichiosis to ensure the disease is not underdiagnosed in any of its phases, thereby ensuring the correct treatment is provided. Such awareness is expected to reduce the chronicity of the disease and underlying sequelae among dogs.(AU)