Sarcoide em equinos - tratamento com associação de Aciclovir e excisão cirúrgica / Equine sarcoids - treatment with a combination of Acyclovir and surgical excision

Background: Sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors among horses, causing serious lesions due to their different shapes, sizes, degree of invasiveness and distribution on the body. The pathogenesis of sarcoids is multifactorial, with genetic, viral and environmental involvement, making their treatment complex. The aggressiveness and high rate of recurrence of sarcoids makes it difficult to use an effective treatment, which is why there are several therapeutic routes described in the literature. Aiming to describe and expand sarcoid treatments, this paper reports on the use of acyclovir in the treatment of this type of tumor. Cases: Four horses sent to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras - UFLA were diagnosed and treated for sarcoids. Case 1. Lesions on the right ear, region of the masseter muscle of the right side of the face, neck, vulva and medial aspect of the left pelvic limb. Case 2. Lesion in the left groin region. Case 3. Lesions on the face, masseter muscle region on the left side, mandibular region and right ear pinna. Case 4. Lesion in the lateral region of the left pelvic limb, close to the tarsometatarsal joint. All horses had a diagnosis of sarcoid, which was confirmed by histopathological examination of material collected after surgical excision. Macroscopically, the neoplastic lesions were classified as fibroblastic, verrucous and nodular. The tumors exhibited irregular surfaces, keratinization, and a firm consistency. Their surfaces were alopecic, slightly rough, some of them were ulcerated, and their color ranged from greyish to rosy and reddish. All the tumor masses were surgically excised from the 4 horses, and one sarcoid was treated by thermal cauterization with liquid nitrogen due to the lesion's depth and size. In most cases, the sarcoid removal sites were closed with sutures. Only 2 lesions were not sutured due to the impossibility of bringing the edges of tissue close together, or due to proximity to the tarsometatarsal joint. The surgical wounds were cleaned twice a day with sterile saline solution followed by the topical application of Acyclovir. One of the animals received complementary therapy with Cimetidine. Discussion: The equines recovered completely from their sarcoid treatment, and no recurrences were reported a year later. Thus, the combination of treatments employed for the extirpation of sarcoids proved to have greater chances of success. First, all the tumors were surgically removed with the largest possible margins of safety in order to ensure the elimination of neoplastic cells. In the postoperative period, all the animals received topical treatment of the lesions with acyclovir after surgical resection of the tumors. The drug aided the complete healing of post-surgical wounds, and healing time varied according to the size and depth of the lesion. One tumor was treated with liquid nitrogen after surgical excision of the sarcoid. Another horse was treated with cimetidine over a 3-month period after surgical excision of the neoplasm in order to reduce the sarcoid and prevent its evolution. Surgical excision of the sarcoid associated with topical application of acyclovir ointment showed satisfactory results. Moreover, the combination of surgical excision and administration of liquid nitrogen on the lesion and topical application of acyclovir ointment in the postoperative period also provided good results. Given the complexity of sarcoid treatment and the high recurrence rate of these tumors, the use of combined treatments should be taken into account.

Beak trimming in japanese quails at initial phase is an alternative to reduce the negative effects of feather pecking

Regarding the lack of standardized methods for beak trimming to reduce feather pecking in Japanese quail, the present study aimed to compare two ages and 3 methods of beak trimming, evaluating the performance, egg quality and feather pecking. One-day-old Japanese quails (n = 770; 22 birds cage-1), at the initial phase, and 36-day-old (n = 630; 18 birds cage-1), at the production phase, were assigned to a completely randomized design, consisting of 7 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were: non-trimmed (NT), cauterization of approximately 1/3 at 14 days-of-age (CAUT 14) and at 28 days-of-age (CAUT 28), moderately trimmed to approximately 1/3 beak at 14 days-of-age (MOD 14) and at 28 days-of-age (MOD 28), severely trimmed to 1/3-1/2 beak at 14 days-of-age (SEV 14) and at 28 days-of-age (SEV 28). Data were analyzed using Minitab®. The results indicated that beak trimming methods applied did not influence the performance and egg quality. Quails subjected to MOD 28 and SEV (14 and 28) presented lower feed conversion per egg mass compared to NT. However, MOD 14 and SEV were more efficient in preventing feather pecking behavior.(AU)

Use of monopolar cauterization by cystoscopy for ectopic intramural ureter correction in a bitch

Background: The ectopic ureter (EU) is considered a congenital anomaly in which the ureteral aperture opens in a positionother than the bladder neck. The diagnosis involves the use of different methods or combination of image exams, including excretory urography, pneumocystography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and computed tomography. The technics forsurgical repair should be considered evaluating the number and functionality of the EU, the location of the ureteral opening, functional condition of ipsilateral kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. The case reports aims to show thesurgical repair of an intramural EU in an English Bulldog bitch by cystoscopy-guided monopolar cautery.Case: A 1-year-old English Bulldog bitch received medical care due to a history of urinary incontinence since a few monthsof life. The animal had laboratory abnormalities compatible with lower urinary tract infection, followed by a profoundgrowth of Klebsiella sp in urine culture, and received antibiotic treatment for 21 days based on antibiogram results. Dueto a suspect EU, a urinary tract tomography was performed and indicated a congenital kidney malformation (renal dysplasia), enlargement and distal insertion of the left ureter (in comparison with the contralateral one), rising suspiciously ofits intramural progression. We choose to proceed to cystoscopy examination, in which both right and left ureteral ostiumcould be seen in the urethral region. A guide of a pigtail catheter was inserted through both ureteral ostia in order to orientthe ureteral incision. The monopolar cautery was inserted in cystoscopy working channel to section the mucosa of EUchannel on urethra region, separating the lumen of EU from the urethra and extending the incision cranially inside theurinary bladder lumen. After a complete section of the ectopic tissue, a pigtail urinary catheter was correctly placed inboth ureters...

Use of monopolar cauterization by cystoscopy for ectopic intramural ureter correction in a bitch

Background: The ectopic ureter (EU) is considered a congenital anomaly in which the ureteral aperture opens in a positionother than the bladder neck. The diagnosis involves the use of different methods or combination of image exams, including excretory urography, pneumocystography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and computed tomography. The technics forsurgical repair should be considered evaluating the number and functionality of the EU, the location of the ureteral opening, functional condition of ipsilateral kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. The case reports aims to show thesurgical repair of an intramural EU in an English Bulldog bitch by cystoscopy-guided monopolar cautery.Case: A 1-year-old English Bulldog bitch received medical care due to a history of urinary incontinence since a few monthsof life. The animal had laboratory abnormalities compatible with lower urinary tract infection, followed by a profoundgrowth of Klebsiella sp in urine culture, and received antibiotic treatment for 21 days based on antibiogram results. Dueto a suspect EU, a urinary tract tomography was performed and indicated a congenital kidney malformation (renal dysplasia), enlargement and distal insertion of the left ureter (in comparison with the contralateral one), rising suspiciously ofits intramural progression. We choose to proceed to cystoscopy examination, in which both right and left ureteral ostiumcould be seen in the urethral region. A guide of a pigtail catheter was inserted through both ureteral ostia in order to orientthe ureteral incision. The monopolar cautery was inserted in cystoscopy working channel to section the mucosa of EUchannel on urethra region, separating the lumen of EU from the urethra and extending the incision cranially inside theurinary bladder lumen. After a complete section of the ectopic tissue, a pigtail urinary catheter was correctly placed inboth ureters...(AU)

Corneal angiogenesis based on different protocols of alkaline cauterization in murine models

Purpose: To establish and compare protocols of alkaline cauterization for inducing corneal angiogenesis in murine models. Methods: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4). The right eye cornea from each rat was cauterized using filter paper (3 mm), soaked in a solution of silver and potassium nitrates (3:1). Cauterization times were 10 (G1 and G4), or 20 seconds (G2 and G3). Cauterized corneas were washed with Ringers lactate solution. The filter paper was either removed before washing (G1 and G2), or kept on the corneas (G3 and G4). Corneas were photographed at multiple time points (2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15 days after the procedure), and neovascularization parameters were assayed. Results: Neovascularization was observed in 66% of G1 corneas, and 100% of G2, G3, and G4 corneas. On day 15, G1 corneas showed smaller vascularized areas (12.63 ± 12.59%) compared to those in the G3 (41.95 ± 17.32%) and G4 (33 ± 11.74%) (P 0.05) groups. Conclusions: The silver and potassium nitrate solution effectively induced corneal angiogenesis. The G2, G3, and G4 protocols showed excellent reproducibility, and induced vascularization in 100% of corneas.(AU)

Ovariohisterectomia videolaparoscópica em cadela com ovários remanescentes e piometra de cornos uterinos / Videolaparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in a bitch with ovarian remnant and uterine horns pyometra

Background: The ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) is the treatment of choice for the remaining ovary syndrome and canine pyometra, which can be performed by conventional or laparoscopic approach. In recent years, have developed new techniques for laparoscopic treatment of uterine and ovarian diseases in dogs. However, there are few reports of laparoscopic OSH for treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome and stump pyometra. Thus, the present report aims to describe the use of laparoscopy for the treatment of pyometra uterine horns and ovaries in a bitch remaining. Case: A bitch, mixed breed, with two years of age, was answered with a history of heat after being submitted to OSH was five months. Against clinical and ultrasonographic findings, the diagnosis was the remaining ovary syndrome pyometra and uterine horns, the animal being referred for laparoscopic surgery to remove the remaining uterine and ovarian tissue. After placing two laparoscopic portals, the animal was placed in right lateral recumbency. After the seizure of the ovarian ligament itself with the Kelly forceps, was held dual temporary transparietal suture for better exposure of the left arteriovenous ovarian complex. Was continued with bipolar cautery and Metzenbaum scissors with section. The animal was repositioned in the left lateral decubitus position, and the procedure was repeated on the right ovarian...(AU)

Ovariohisterectomia videolaparoscópica em cadela com ovários remanescentes e piometra de cornos uterinos / Videolaparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in a bitch with ovarian remnant and uterine horns pyometra

Background: The ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) is the treatment of choice for the remaining ovary syndrome and canine pyometra, which can be performed by conventional or laparoscopic approach. In recent years, have developed new techniques for laparoscopic treatment of uterine and ovarian diseases in dogs. However, there are few reports of laparoscopic OSH for treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome and stump pyometra. Thus, the present report aims to describe the use of laparoscopy for the treatment of pyometra uterine horns and ovaries in a bitch remaining. Case: A bitch, mixed breed, with two years of age, was answered with a history of heat after being submitted to OSH was five months. Against clinical and ultrasonographic findings, the diagnosis was the remaining ovary syndrome pyometra and uterine horns, the animal being referred for laparoscopic surgery to remove the remaining uterine and ovarian tissue. After placing two laparoscopic portals, the animal was placed in right lateral recumbency. After the seizure of the ovarian ligament itself with the Kelly forceps, was held dual temporary transparietal suture for better exposure of the left arteriovenous ovarian complex. Was continued with bipolar cautery and Metzenbaum scissors with section. The animal was repositioned in the left lateral decubitus position, and the procedure was repeated on the right ovarian...

Fístula salpingofaríngea por vídeo cirurgia para tratamento de empiemas guturais crônicos em equinos

As doenças das bolsas guturais são frequentes na rotina em equinos de esporte, sendo o distúrbio mais comum o empiema, que se caracteriza por um acúmulo de exsudato na bolsa gutural. Nos casos crônicos, pode haver a formação de condroides, que dificultam o tratamento clínico, podendo a cirurgia ser indicada. Com a evolução da vídeo cirurgia e o desenvolvimento de instrumentais as técnicas de abordagem das bolsas guturais tem sido modificadas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o acesso as bolsas guturais pela faringe, por via endoscópica, além de desenvolver um dispositivo que facilite o procedimento cirúrgico. Foram utilizados cinco equinos, sem raça definida, com idade entre 03 a 15 anos, sem alterações clínicas ou das vias aéreas detectadas ao exame endoscópico. Os animais foram sedados e permaneceram em estação contidos no tronco. Foi realizada a sondagem e coleta de material das bolsas guturais. Com o auxílio de um dispositivo de cauterização monopolar desenhado para este procedimento realizou a fenestração entre o recesso faríngeo e à laringe. As fístulas formadas tiveram inicialmente formato de elipse e foram acompanhadas semanalmente até completar 35 dias de pós-operatório. Os resultados mostraram que quanto mais dorsal a fístula melhor a perviedade da mesma. O dispositivo desenvolvido permitiu um procedimento rápido e de fácil execução com o equino em estação, além de um baixo custo, podendo ser acoplado a qualquer cautério monopolar. Os exames microbiológicos mostraram total alteração de flora bacteriana da bolsa gutural em todos os animais. Portanto sugerimos novos estudos em animais acometidos de empiemas crônicos e recidivantes das bolsas guturais, para verificar a eficácia clinica desta técnica de faringosalpingostomia.

The guttural pouch diseases are frequent in the routine of the athletic horses, with the empyema being the most common disturb, that is characterized by the exudate accumulation at the guttural pouch. In the chronic cases, the formation of chondroids can happen, making the clinical treatment difficult, and surgery may be indicated. With the evolution of the video surgery and the development of instrumental the techniques of approach of the guttural pouch is being modified. This study has the objective to determinate if the access to the guttural pouch through the pharynx, by endoscopic approach. It was used five horses, mixed breed, with age between 03 to 15 years, without clinical or airway changes detected on endoscopic examination. The animals were sedated and remained in station contained in the trunk. The guttural pouch was probed and material was collected. With the aid of a monopolar cauterization device, designed for this procedure, the fenestration was performed between the pharyngeal recess and the larynx. The formed fistulas had an ellipse format initially and were monitored weekly until completing 35 postoperative days. The results showed that the more dorsal the fistulas was better was the patency of the same. The developed device allowed a fast and easy procedure with the equine in station, besides it low cost, being able to be coupled to any monopolar cautery. Microbiological tests showed total alteration of bacterial flora of the guttural pouch in all animals. Therefore, we suggest new studies in animals affected by chronic empyema and recurrent guttural pouch to verify the clinical efficacy of this pharyngoalpingostomy technique.

Estudo retrospectivo do tratamento clínico da úlcera indolente em cães da raça Boxer / Retrospective study on clinical management of indolent ulcers in Boxer dogs

Indolent ulcers are superficial corneal ulcers secondary to several changes on the corneal surface. They are frequently observed in middle-aged Boxer dogs, cause pain of acute onset and requires appropriate treatment. Aiming to evaluate the efficacy of clinical managements on the rate of healing of indolent ulcers, a retrospective study was conducted (1997-2008). Results demonstrated that proteinase inhibitors were the most often prescribed medication, and its administration did not interfere on the healing rate, as well as observed in dogs that received 1 percent atropine, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Healing was delayed in dogs administered orally with vitamin C, but the healing process was faster on those dogs that went through corneal debridement/cauterization. In conclusion, to know the various types of treatments seems to be fundamental for the rapid resolution of the disease. It is suggested that debridement/cauterization, administration of proteinase inhibitor eye drops, prophylactic topical antibiotics and oral vitamin C, should be considered as an effective clinical management for indolent ulcers in Boxer dogs.(AU)

Úlceras indolentes são úlceras corneais superficiais e espontâneas, que apresentam curso prolongado e que tendem a recidivar. Comumente observadas em cães de meia idade da raça Boxer, provoca dor de início agudo e necessita de tratamento específico, já que este, quando não realizado corretamente, pode prolongar o curso da lesão por semanas a meses. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos clínicos quanto à rapidez na resolução do quadro, realizou-se estudo retrospectivo (1997 a 2008). Observou-se que os inibidores das proteinases foram as medicações mais frequentemente prescritas e que sua administração não interferiu no tempo de cicatrização corneal, o que também foi observado nos casos em que se administrou antibióticos e antinflamatórios tópicos e sistêmicos e/ou atropina 1 por cento. A administração de vitamina C retardou, de maneira estatisticamente significante, o tempo de cicatrização. Por outro lado, a realização do debridamento/cauterização corneal acelerou, significativamente, o processo. Conhecer os diversos tipos de tratamentos parece ser fundamental no sucesso e rapidez da resolução da doença. Os autores sugerem que a realização do debridamento/cauterização corneal, administração de inibidores das proteinases e antibióticos tópicos, associados à vitamina C por via oral, seja considerado um tratamento clínico efetivo na rápida resolução da doença.(AU)

Ovário-histerectomia minilaparoscópica em gatas hígidas.

A ovário-histerectomia (OVH) é um procedimento cirúrgico realizado de maneira rotineira na clínica de pequenos animais, com objetivo terapêutico ou de promover a esterilização reprodutiva nas fêmeas. Muitas abordagens pela técnica convencional aberta já foram descritas e com viabilidade comprovada. No segmento da cirurgia de invasão mínima dentro da Medicina Veterinária, diversos métodos vêm sendo propostos variando entre si em relação ao posicionamento, quantidade e tamanho dos trocartes e método de hemostasia. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e descrever a viabilidade de realização da OVH em felinas com até 5 kg de peso corporal através de abordagem minilaparoscópica com uso de eltrocoagulação bipolar como método hemostático. A minilaparoscopia (MINI) não é uma modalidade recente na cirurgia laparoscópica humana. Considerada a evolução mais sofisticada da cirurgia laparoscopia, a MINI apresenta muitos outros benefícios além do estético; visto que a lesão relacionada ao dano cirúrgico não se resume as somas das incisões realizadas. A técnica reina pela delicadeza e precisão dos movimentos, sem perda da triangulação, essencial ao padrão laparoscópico. Foram avaliados os procedimentos de 15 felinas quanto à viabilidade e dificuldades do acesso minilaparoscópico, uso do cautério bipolar, o tamanho das incisões e a necessidade de ampliá-las, complicações trans e pós-operatórias assim como a dor demonstrada por esses pacientes. A avaliação da dor foi feita através de tabela específica para espécie felina com diretrizes estabelecidas e confiabilidade comprovada, auxiliada a outras duas tabelas de avaliação da dor. A conversão de minilaparoscopia à cirurgia aberta foi necessária em um dos quinze pacientes operados nesse estudo. Conclui-se que a realização da técnica de OVH por abordagem minilaparoscópica em gatas é factível.

Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is a surgical procedure routinely performed in small animals practice, with therapeutic purpose or to promote reproductive sterilization in females. Numerous approaches have been described using conventional open technique and had their viability proven. In the segment of minimally invasive surgery in the Veterinary Medicine, several methods have been proposed, differing from each other in position, number and size of trocars and hemostasis method used. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate and describe the practicability of performing OHE in cats with up to 5 kg of body weight through minilaparoscopic approach, using bipolar eltrocoagulation as hemostatic method. The minilaparoscopy (MINI) is not a new modality in human laparoscopic surgery. Considered the most sophisticated evolution of laparoscopic surgery, the MINI has many other benefits beyond the aesthetic; since the injury caused by the damage of surgery is not just the sum of the incisions. The technique stands out for the delicacy and accuracy of the movement without loss of triangulation, essential for the laparoscopic model. The procedures of 15 female cats were evaluated for the viability and difficulties of minilaparoscopic approach, use of bipolar cautery, incision size and the need to enlarge it, trans and postoperative complications and pain demonstrated in these patients. Pain assessment was done through specific table for feline species with established guidelines and proven reliability, helped by other two pain assessment tables. The conversion from minilaparoscopy to open surgery was required in one of the fifteen patients operated on in this study. Therefore, the implementation minilaparoscopic approach for OHE technique is feasible in cats.

Ovário-histerectomia laparoscópica em felinos hígidos: estudo comparativo de três métodos de hemostasia / Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in healthy felines: comparative study of three hemostatic methods

Foram avaliadas 24 gatas, hígidas, sem raça definida, distribuídas em três grupos de oito animais. Descreveu-se o acesso laparoscópico para ovariossalpingo-histerectomia (OSH) e comparou-se o uso do eletrocautério bipolar (grupo I), do clipe de titânio (grupo II) e da ligadura com fio de sutura (grupo III) para a oclusão dos vasos ovarianos e uterinos. Hemorragia e enfisema subcutâneo foram as principais complicações observadas no transoperatório e hematoma subcutâneo e deiscência de sutura, as do pós-operatório. O procedimento cirúrgico e a técnica operatória mostraram-se viáveis nos três grupos. O uso do eletrocautério bipolar apresentou vantagens na comparação com os outros métodos de hemostasia.(AU)

Twenty-four healthy female mongrel cats were submitted to ovaryhisterectomy and distributed into three groups of eight animals each: (I) bipolar electrical cautery, (II) titanium clips, and (III) suture ligature for the occlusion of ovarian and uterine vessels, which were compared. The surgical procedure and the operation technique were viable in all three groups. Hemorrhagia and subcutaneous emphysema were the main intraoperative complications, and hematoma and suture dehiscence in the postoperative. The bipolar electrical cautery procedure is shown to be comparatively successful regarding the other studied methods for hemostasia.(AU)

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in rats / Nefrectomia parcial laparoscópica em ratos

PURPOSE: To establish an experimental model of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) in rats and to analyze morphological alterations in the renal parenchyma utilizing an electric cautery and harmonic scalpel. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were used, divided in 2 experiments with 20 rats each: experiment I, LPN was performed with an electric cautery and the rats were subdivided into groups A and B; experiment II, LPN was performed with a harmonic scalpel and they were subdivided into groups C and D. The animals in groups A and C were sacrificed shortly after surgery and the remnant kidney was removed to study the following variables: necroses and degeneration. In groups B and D a laparatomy was performed for retrieval of the remnant kidney on the 14th day after surgery to analyze fibrous scarring. RESULTS: For the variables necroses and fibrous scarring, the electric cautery creates, on average, greater width than that produced by the harmonic scalpel (p=0.0002 and p=0.0068 respectively). Regarding the variable of degeneration, we found no significant difference between the two types of scalpels (p=0.1267). CONCLUSIONS: LPN in rats is an adequate and feasible experimental model. The electric cautery caused greater damage to remnant renal tissue when compared to harmonic scalpel.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo experimental de nefrectomia parcial laparoscópica (NPL) em ratos e analisar as alterações morfológicas no parênquima renal utilizando-se bisturi elétrico e harmônico. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em dois experimentos com 20 ratos cada: experimento I, NPL utilizando-se de bisturi elétrico e subdividindo-se os ratos em grupos A e B; experimento II, NPL realizada com bisturi harmônico e subdividindo-se os ratos em grupos C e D. Os animais dos grupos A e C foram sacrificados após a cirurgia para a remoção do rim operado e estudo das seguintes variáveis: necrose e degeneração. Nos grupos B e D a laparotomia para a retirada do rim operado foi após o décimo quarto dia de pós-operatório para a análise da cicatriz fibrosa. RESULTADOS: O bisturi elétrico provocou uma necrose e cicatriz fibrosa mais extensas em relação ao bisturi harmônico (p=0.0002 e p=0.0068 respectivamente). Em relação a variável degeneração, não houve diferença entre os tipos de bisturis (p=0.1267). CONCLUSÕES: NPL em ratos é um modelo experimental adequado e factível. O bisturi elétrico causa danos teciduais mais intensos no rim operado quando comparado com o bisturi harmônico.(AU)

Modelo de angiogênese inflamatória em córnea de coelho induzida pela cauterização alcalina pontual / Model of inflammatory angiogenesis in rabbit cornea induced by punctual alkaline cauterization

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo de angiogênese em córnea de coelho, induzida pela cauterização pontual com hidróxido de sódio. MÉTODOS: Seis coelhos foram submetidos a uma cauterização pontual na córnea direita, utilizando-se uma peça circular (3 mm) de papel filtro, previamente embebida em NaOH 1 M, a qual foi posicionada a 1mm do limbo superior durante 2 minutos. Os animais foram avaliados nos dias 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 e 21, após a cauterização. A quantificação da angiogênese foi realizada de acordo com 4 métodos: comprimento vascular radial (V), índice angiogênico (I), área do triângulo (T) e do setor de coroa circular (S), ambas medidas aproximadas da área de neovascularização. RESULTADOS: A análise das curvas dos quantificadores revelou que a resposta angiogênica seguiu um padrão bifásico: crescente até o 12º dia (proliferação), estável do 12º ao 21º dia (maturação). Comportamento também observado na taxa de crescimento vascular, que foi 16 vezes maior no período de 0 a 12 dias do que no intervalo entre o 12º e o 21º dia. Foi constatada, ainda, uma correlação linear positiva estatisticamente significante entre os 4 quantificadores de angiogênese. CONCLUSAO: A cauterização alcalina pontual da córnea de coelho induz e mantém neovascularização corneana, podendo, assim, ser utilizada como modelo de angiogênese. (AU)

Estudo macroscópico das aderências peritoneais provocadas experimentalmente em cães

This research was performed in order to study the adhesion formation induced by injury to the peritoneum at the time of surgery. In the present study ischemia by ligation appears to be the most potent adhesiogenic factor. Serosal injury and drying and the lesions cauterized by electric cautery were forms of serosal injury that induced fibrinous or irreversible adhesions. Adhesions were stimulated when drying was combined with rubbing the tissue with dry gauze. The combinant drying with fibrin enhanced the inicial adhesion. Comparing the four factors, serosal injury was posibly the least likely to cause adhesions. In this type of injury the fibrinolitic mechanism was not inhibited.

O trabalho objetivou comparar procedimentos cirúrgicos habituais nas laparotomias como fatores etiopatogênicos de aderências. Justifica-se por ser importante para o cirurgião poder reduzir ou prevenir sua formação naquelas situações em que tal mecanismo possa eventualmente criar novas condições patológicas. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem concluir que potencialmente as áreas isquêmicas são os maiores participantes da gênese de aderências. Foi verificado também que a utilização de medidas hemostáticas induziram a formação de aderências, mas em menor intensidade que a isquemia. A abrasão promovida pela hemostasia com gaze cirúrgica, promoveu irritação que se manifestou pela exsudação e deposição de fibrina, traduzindo-se por aderências observadas aos sete e 15 dias. A lesão cruenta, por não interferir com o mecanismo fibrinolítico, permitiu que o exsudato fibroso fosse lisado, e apenas um animal apresentou, aos 15 dias, aderência de pouca intensidade.

Estudo macroscópico das aderências peritoneais provocadas experimentalmente em cães

This research was performed in order to study the adhesion formation induced by injury to the peritoneum at the time of surgery. In the present study ischemia by ligation appears to be the most potent adhesiogenic factor. Serosal injury and drying and the lesions cauterized by electric cautery were forms of serosal injury that induced fibrinous or irreversible adhesions. Adhesions were stimulated when drying was combined with rubbing the tissue with dry gauze. The combinant drying with fibrin enhanced the inicial adhesion. Comparing the four factors, serosal injury was posibly the least likely to cause adhesions. In this type of injury the fibrinolitic mechanism was not inhibited.

O trabalho objetivou comparar procedimentos cirúrgicos habituais nas laparotomias como fatores etiopatogênicos de aderências. Justifica-se por ser importante para o cirurgião poder reduzir ou prevenir sua formação naquelas situações em que tal mecanismo possa eventualmente criar novas condições patológicas. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem concluir que potencialmente as áreas isquêmicas são os maiores participantes da gênese de aderências. Foi verificado também que a utilização de medidas hemostáticas induziram a formação de aderências, mas em menor intensidade que a isquemia. A abrasão promovida pela hemostasia com gaze cirúrgica, promoveu irritação que se manifestou pela exsudação e deposição de fibrina, traduzindo-se por aderências observadas aos sete e 15 dias. A lesão cruenta, por não interferir com o mecanismo fibrinolítico, permitiu que o exsudato fibroso fosse lisado, e apenas um animal apresentou, aos 15 dias, aderência de pouca intensidade.

Laparoscopy hepatic biopsy through cauterization

Hepatic biopsy was realized through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization in the present study, whose principal aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the applied method and to study its effects in the liver of healthy dogs. Furthermore, we tried to verify the main hematological and chemistry profile alterations related to the hepatic function, and to investigate the viability of the fragments collected by histopathology. To attain this objective, 21 clinically healthy dogs, weighing between 10 and 15kg were submitted to hepatic biopsy with forceps connected to the cautery. Cautery was performed by applying radiofrequency energy at 45 watts. Forty-two hepatic biopsies through laparoscopy were conducted in the animals. At group I one hepatic fragment per animal was collected, at group II two hepatic fragments per animal were collected, and at group III three fragments were collected. Hematocrit and alanine-aminotransferase measurements were employed to evaluate the animals at the pre-operative period, at four and six hour post-operative, and at day 30 post-operative. The results revealed that the procedure was safe and effective for hepatic biopsy in dogs. There were no clinical alterations related to the technique. The fragments collected were viable for histopathology. Hepatic biopsy through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization is an effective and usefull method in dogs.

Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do método de biópsia hepática laparoscópica por cauterização e estudar os seus efeitos no fígado de cães sadios. Além disso, procurou-se verificar as principais alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas-séricas relacionadas às funções hepáticas e averiguar a viabilidade dos fragmentos colhidos por exame de histopatologia. Para tanto, 21 cães clinicamente sadios pesando entre 10 e 15kg, foram separados em três grupos de sete animais cada grupo. As amostras foram retiradas da borda no lobo lateral esquerdo, utilizando-se pinça de biópsia conectada a eletrocautério na freqüência de 45W. Foram realizadas 42 biópsias hepáticas por laparoscopia nos 21 animais supra- referidos. No grupo I, colheu-se um fragmento hepático por animal. No grupo II, colheram-se dois fragmentos e no grupo III, colheram-se três fragmentos por animal. Os cães foram avaliados nos períodos pré, pós-operatório (tempos 4h e 6h) e aos 30 dias de evolução. Os resutados obtidos revelaram que não houve alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas relacionadas à técnica. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos parâmetros estudados, sugerindo que não ocorreram alterações hepáticas que comprometessem a função do órgão.

Laparoscopy hepatic biopsy through cauterization

Hepatic biopsy was realized through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization in the present study, whose principal aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the applied method and to study its effects in the liver of healthy dogs. Furthermore, we tried to verify the main hematological and chemistry profile alterations related to the hepatic function, and to investigate the viability of the fragments collected by histopathology. To attain this objective, 21 clinically healthy dogs, weighing between 10 and 15kg were submitted to hepatic biopsy with forceps connected to the cautery. Cautery was performed by applying radiofrequency energy at 45 watts. Forty-two hepatic biopsies through laparoscopy were conducted in the animals. At group I one hepatic fragment per animal was collected, at group II two hepatic fragments per animal were collected, and at group III three fragments were collected. Hematocrit and alanine-aminotransferase measurements were employed to evaluate the animals at the pre-operative period, at four and six hour post-operative, and at day 30 post-operative. The results revealed that the procedure was safe and effective for hepatic biopsy in dogs. There were no clinical alterations related to the technique. The fragments collected were viable for histopathology. Hepatic biopsy through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization is an effective and usefull method in dogs.

Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do método de biópsia hepática laparoscópica por cauterização e estudar os seus efeitos no fígado de cães sadios. Além disso, procurou-se verificar as principais alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas-séricas relacionadas às funções hepáticas e averiguar a viabilidade dos fragmentos colhidos por exame de histopatologia. Para tanto, 21 cães clinicamente sadios pesando entre 10 e 15kg, foram separados em três grupos de sete animais cada grupo. As amostras foram retiradas da borda no lobo lateral esquerdo, utilizando-se pinça de biópsia conectada a eletrocautério na freqüência de 45W. Foram realizadas 42 biópsias hepáticas por laparoscopia nos 21 animais supra- referidos. No grupo I, colheu-se um fragmento hepático por animal. No grupo II, colheram-se dois fragmentos e no grupo III, colheram-se três fragmentos por animal. Os cães foram avaliados nos períodos pré, pós-operatório (tempos 4h e 6h) e aos 30 dias de evolução. Os resutados obtidos revelaram que não houve alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas relacionadas à técnica. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos parâmetros estudados, sugerindo que não ocorreram alterações hepáticas que comprometessem a função do órgão.