Rainy cycles in South America as a driver for the breeding of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) and the Large-billed Tern (Phaetusa simplex) (Aves, Charadriiformes)

The Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) and the Large-billed Tern (Phaetusa simplex) are two migratory waterbirds that breed simultaneously on many river beaches in South America. Both are polytypic taxa with little information about the distribution and nonbreeding ("wintering") areas. Based on data from the literature, citizen science websites, fieldwork, and specimens housed in natural history museums, we revised the distribution of some of the main breeding colonies in South America, comparing it with continental rainy cycles to identify generalities about the role of precipitation seasonality on the defining intratropical migration routes of these species. Our data suggest that the seasonal precipitation cycle of South America directly influences the reproductive timing and distribution of both species, which is largely circumscribed by South America's rivers. After breeding on sandy beaches during the dry season, both species disperse in small groups or even individually ­ not in large flocks as seen in breeding areas ­ making it difficult to find general migration patterns during the rainy season. Nonetheless, individuals of both species tend to follow the course of the largest rivers of the continent and even alternative routes to disperse into several areas throughout South America during the nonbreeding season.(AU)

Breeding biology review of White­backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

In Brazil, the White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus is distributed in the midwest, south and southeast but breeding information is scarce. In this study, species breeding information in the country was compiled from online platform (WikiAves, eBird) and literature. A case study describing nests and egg biometry were reported in Restinga of Jurubatiba National Park (RJNP), on the north cost of Rio de Janeiro state, as well potential threats to the species. Sampling was carried out in September and December 2018, monthly in 2019 and between January to March and September to December in 2020. Overall, 70 breeding records were compiled, between 1997 and November 2021, being 64 from WikiAves in all regions of Brazil, four records from eBird in São Paulo state (in 2021) and two records in literature (one from São Paulo state, in 2007 and one from Rio de Janeiro in 2012). In RJNP, 44 nests were identified being 34 active, with an average of 3.5 eggs per nest, and overall 118 eggs were measured. The main materials used to build the nests were the saltmarsh plant and mud. Around 60% of nests were degraded or predated. Predation was the main cause of egg loss. Successful nests (with chicks or hatching signs) represented 26% of the total nests monitored. This study reports the first information on the biometry of the species' eggs and nests, confirming the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro state as a nesting area for the species.(AU)

Impact of recreational fishing on seagull (Larus dominicanus) rescued on the coast of the São Paulo state: case report / Impacto da pesca recreativa em gaivota (Larus dominicanus) resgatada no litoral do estado de São Paulo: relato de caso

The seagull (Larus dominicanus) commonly can be observed near human fishing activities, as this species feeds on discards from fishing. This common interaction between a seabird and human fishing activity (both commercial and recreational), provides an easy source of food, but is not without risk for the birds. We report here clinical, radiographic and anatomopathological findings of an esophageal perforation caused by fishing gear in a specimen of Larus dominicanus found alive on a beach in the state of São Paulo which illustrated a harmful effect of stemming from recreational fishing. Clinical examination revealed a nylon thread in the oral cavity with the presence of caseous suggestive of ingestion of lost fishing gear, paralysis of the pelvic limbs and a decrease in the pain reflex associated with sternal decubitus, suggestive of food intoxication. Necroscopic examination revealed two hooks, one in the caudal portion of the esophagus with esophageal and pulmonary perforation, and the other in the muscular stomach. These injuries would have been expected to lead to the death of the bird. These anatomopathological findings confirmed the seriousness of the injuries. This reinforces the importance of studies focused on the interaction of recreational fishing artifacts (hooks, lines) with coastal birds on the Brazilian coast, in order to develop a preventative strategy.(AU)

A gaivota (Larus dominicanus) está intimamente relacionada às atividades pesqueiras, uma vez que possui hábitos generalistas e se alimenta dos descartes provenientes da pesca. Este processo de interação entre aves marinhas e a pesca apre-senta efeitos positivos e negativos, porém, suas relações ecológicas ainda não são bem compreendidas. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se relatar achados clínicos, radiográficos e anatomopatológicos de uma perfuração esofágica ocasionada por petrecho de pesca em um espécime de Larus dominicanus no litoral do estado de São Paulo e levantar a problemática da pesca recrea-tiva na região. Ao exame clínico, observou-se presença de fio de náilon em cavidade oral com presença de cáseo sugestivo de ingestão de petrecho de pesca, paresia de membros pélvicos e diminuição de reflexo doloroso associado a decúbito esternal, sugerindo um quadro de intoxicação alimentar. O exame necroscópico revelou a presença de dois anzóis, um em porção cau-dal do esôfago com perfuração esofágica e pulmonar, e outro em ventrículo. Os achados anatomopatológicos comprovaram a gravidade das lesões causadas pela interação com a pesca recreativa, o que reforça a importância de estudos referentes à intera-ção de artefatos pesqueiros (anzóis, linhas) com aves costeiras do litoral brasileiro, atualmente escassos na literatura científica.(AU)

Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

This study focuses on incubation parameters, egg morphometrics, and body mass development, hatching, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress within a colony of freshwater-breeding Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) located in the private nature reserve of Serviço Social do Comércio (SESC) in the northern Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Temperatures of nest, eggs, and surface substratum, as well as the development of embryos, were surveyed using thermal imaging, a method allowing digital recording from a distance and in a fraction of the time of traditional measuring techniques. The mean egg dimensions (n = 71) were 4.48 (± 0.13) × 3.27 (± 0.07) cm; the mean mass at hatching was 24.3 (± 1.9) g, with a significant decrease over incubation time. The mean surface temperature of eggs varied from 30.9℃ to 39.7℃, while the sand surface temperature was 20℃ at 06:00 h, rising to 47.7℃ at 11:00 h. There was a significant increase (7%) in egg surface temperature throughout incubation. Incubation-bout durations (n = 2108) were correlated with the microclimatic conditions of the substratum, becoming shorter with increasing sand-surface temperature around midday. Egg hatching lasted one day, and siblings hatched no more than 24 h apart. The mean body mass on Day 1 after hatching was 16.8 (± 1.6) g (n = 6). Three days after hatching, chicks moved to new sand depressions provided by parents near the original nest, where they remained motionless or tried to hide under riparian vegetation. The single chick that fledged had a growth rate of K = 0.117 and a t10₋90 value of 37.3 days. On Day 7, dorsal pintail feathers and primaries appeared, which were open on Day 15. After 14 days, the chick was able to regulate its body temperature, and no more feeding by parental birds during the daytime was observed. On Day 21, the immature plumage was fully developed. Fledging was completed on Day 27. Our study demonstrates that thermal imaging is a useful method of surveying egg and embryo development in the Black Skimmer, reducing nest disturbance and observation efforts.(AU)

First record of helminths parasitizing Vanellus chilensis (Aves, Charadriiformes) in Acre state, southwestern Brazilian Amazon / Primeiro registro de helmintos parasitando Vanellus chilensis (Aves, Charadriiformes) no estado do Acre, sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira

The southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis, is a bird frequently seen in most of Brazil. Although it is widely distributed in other Brazilian biomes, including some parts of the Brazilian Amazon, it has only been recorded in the western Amazonian state of Acre since 2000. We report the presence of intestinal parasites in individuals of V. chilensis from the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve in Acre through a coproparasitological analysis. Seven of the nine sampled individuals were parasitized. We observed larvae of Strongyloides sp. (28.5% of the samples), and eggs of Ascaridia sp. (28.5%), Ancylostoma sp. (14.2%), and Choanotaenia sp. (42.8%). These parasites are reported for the first time parasitizing V. chilensis in Brazil. The parasitized birds may act as reservoirs and were recorded in a peridomicile area, which may facilitate their contact with domestic birds.

O quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis é uma ave vista com frequência no Brasil. Apesar de ser uma espécie amplamente distribuída em todos os biomas brasileiros, incluindo algumas partes da Amazônia bresileira, somente a partir de 2000 começou a ser observado no Estado do Acre. Neste trabalho relatamos a presença de parasitas intestinais em indivíduos de V. chilensis capturados na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema, no Acre, por meio de análise coproparasitológica. Dos nove indivíduos com amostras coletadas, sete estavam parasitados. Foram encontradas larvas de Strongyloides sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ascaridia sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ancylostoma sp. (14,2%) e ovos de Choanotaenia sp. (42,8%). Estes parasitos são registrados pela primeira vez parasitando V. chilensis no Brasil. As aves parasitadas podem atuar como reservatórios e foram registradas em área de peridomicílio, o que pode facilitar o contato com aves domésticas.

First record of helminths parasitizing Vanellus chilensis (Aves, Charadriiformes) in Acre state, southwestern Brazilian Amazon / Primeiro registro de helmintos parasitando Vanellus chilensis (Aves, Charadriiformes) no estado do Acre, sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira

The southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis, is a bird frequently seen in most of Brazil. Although it is widely distributed in other Brazilian biomes, including some parts of the Brazilian Amazon, it has only been recorded in the western Amazonian state of Acre since 2000. We report the presence of intestinal parasites in individuals of V. chilensis from the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve in Acre through a coproparasitological analysis. Seven of the nine sampled individuals were parasitized. We observed larvae of Strongyloides sp. (28.5% of the samples), and eggs of Ascaridia sp. (28.5%), Ancylostoma sp. (14.2%), and Choanotaenia sp. (42.8%). These parasites are reported for the first time parasitizing V. chilensis in Brazil. The parasitized birds may act as reservoirs and were recorded in a peridomicile area, which may facilitate their contact with domestic birds.(AU)

O quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis é uma ave vista com frequência no Brasil. Apesar de ser uma espécie amplamente distribuída em todos os biomas brasileiros, incluindo algumas partes da Amazônia bresileira, somente a partir de 2000 começou a ser observado no Estado do Acre. Neste trabalho relatamos a presença de parasitas intestinais em indivíduos de V. chilensis capturados na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema, no Acre, por meio de análise coproparasitológica. Dos nove indivíduos com amostras coletadas, sete estavam parasitados. Foram encontradas larvas de Strongyloides sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ascaridia sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ancylostoma sp. (14,2%) e ovos de Choanotaenia sp. (42,8%). Estes parasitos são registrados pela primeira vez parasitando V. chilensis no Brasil. As aves parasitadas podem atuar como reservatórios e foram registradas em área de peridomicílio, o que pode facilitar o contato com aves domésticas.(AU)

Variación estacional de aves en el humedal de Trumao, centro-sur de Chile / Seasonal variation of birds in Trumao wetland, south-central Chile

En este estudio se describe el ensamble de aves del humedal de Trumao y su variación estacional según régimen hidrológico durante primavera 2017 y verano 2018 (no inundado) e inviernos 2017 y 2018 (inundado) y se evalúa el tipo de hábitat. Se registraron 29 especies de aves con una abundancia total de 2,341 individuos. El número total de especies acumuladas observadas para el período inundado y no inundado correspondió a 16 y 22 especies, respectivamente, siendo Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823) (Gaviota cáhuil) la especie dominante durante el período de estudio. El índice de similitud de Sorensen entre los períodos de inundación y no inundación del humedal fue de 73.2%, mientras que la similitud de Bray-Curtis resultó en un 32.65%. Al compararse el periodo invernal inundado (4 m profundidad) y el periodo estival no inundado (1 m profundidad), el índice de diversidad registró diferencias estadísticamente significativas, en cambio, la abundancia no presentó diferencias significativas. El análisis SIMPER arrojó que entre el periodo invernal inundado y el periodo estival no inundado las especies que mostraron un mayor porcentaje de disimilitud en su abundancia entre estas temporadas fueron la Gaviota cáhuil y Loro choroy [Enicognathus leptorhynchus (King, 1831)]. El uso de hábitat en el humedal de Trumao, por parte de las aves, fue altamente variable, tanto estacional como espacialmente, resultado esperable para este tipo de ecosistemas. Finalmente, nuestros resultados nos indican que las aves ocupan los humedales según fluctuaciones estacionales y según el hábitat que se encuentre disponible, sin embargo, la abundancia no se ve afectada por los cambios hidrológicos. Con estos resultados es fundamental seguir realizando más investigaciones en el humedal para determinar el uso (nidificación, alimentación, reproducción) que realizan las aves en los distintos hábitats para de esta manera generar medidas de protección y conservación para la gestión del humedal de Trumao.(AU)

This study describes the assemblage and habitat use of birds in the Trumao wetland and its seasonal variation according to the hydrological regime during spring 2017 and summer 2018 (not flooded) and winters 2017 and 2018 (flooded). Overall, 29 species of birds were recorded with a total abundance of 2,341 individuals. The total number of accumulated species observed for the flooded and non-flooded period corresponded to 16 and 22 species, respectively, with the Brown hooded Gull [Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823)] being the dominant species. The qualitative Sorensen similarity index between the flooding and non-flooding periods of the wetland was 73.2%, while the quantitative Bray-Curtis similarity was 32.65%. When comparing the flooded winter period (4 m depth) and the non-flooded summer period (1 m depth), the diversity presented statistically significant differences, but not the abundance. The SIMPER analysis showed that between the flooded winter period and the non-flooded summer period, the species that showed a greater percentage of dissimilarity in their abundance between these seasons were the Brown hooded Gull and the Slender-billed Parakeet [Enicognathus leptorhynchus (King,1831)]. The use of habitat was highly variable, both seasonally and spatially. Our results indicate that birds occupy wetlands according to seasonal fluctuations and according to the habitat that is available; however, abundance is not affected by hydrological changes. It is essential to continue carrying out more research in the wetland to determine the nesting, feeding and reproduction of the birds in the different habitats used to generate its protection and conservation measures in the Trumao wetland.(AU)

Variación estacional de aves en el humedal de Trumao, centro-sur de Chile / Seasonal variation of birds in Trumao wetland, south-central Chile

En este estudio se describe el ensamble de aves del humedal de Trumao y su variación estacional según régimen hidrológico durante primavera 2017 y verano 2018 (no inundado) e inviernos 2017 y 2018 (inundado) y se evalúa el tipo de hábitat. Se registraron 29 especies de aves con una abundancia total de 2,341 individuos. El número total de especies acumuladas observadas para el período inundado y no inundado correspondió a 16 y 22 especies, respectivamente, siendo Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823) (Gaviota cáhuil) la especie dominante durante el período de estudio. El índice de similitud de Sorensen entre los períodos de inundación y no inundación del humedal fue de 73.2%, mientras que la similitud de Bray-Curtis resultó en un 32.65%. Al compararse el periodo invernal inundado (4 m profundidad) y el periodo estival no inundado (1 m profundidad), el índice de diversidad registró diferencias estadísticamente significativas, en cambio, la abundancia no presentó diferencias significativas. El análisis SIMPER arrojó que entre el periodo invernal inundado y el periodo estival no inundado las especies que mostraron un mayor porcentaje de disimilitud en su abundancia entre estas temporadas fueron la Gaviota cáhuil y Loro choroy [Enicognathus leptorhynchus (King, 1831)]. El uso de hábitat en el humedal de Trumao, por parte de las aves, fue altamente variable, tanto estacional como espacialmente, resultado esperable para este tipo de ecosistemas. Finalmente, nuestros resultados nos indican que las aves ocupan los humedales según fluctuaciones estacionales y según el hábitat que se encuentre disponible, sin embargo, la abundancia no se ve afectada por los cambios hidrológicos. Con estos resultados es fundamental seguir realizando más investigaciones en el humedal para determinar el uso (nidificación, alimentación, reproducción) que realizan las aves en los distintos hábitats para de esta manera generar medidas de protección y conservación para la gestión del humedal de Trumao.

This study describes the assemblage and habitat use of birds in the Trumao wetland and its seasonal variation according to the hydrological regime during spring 2017 and summer 2018 (not flooded) and winters 2017 and 2018 (flooded). Overall, 29 species of birds were recorded with a total abundance of 2,341 individuals. The total number of accumulated species observed for the flooded and non-flooded period corresponded to 16 and 22 species, respectively, with the Brown hooded Gull [Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823)] being the dominant species. The qualitative Sorensen similarity index between the flooding and non-flooding periods of the wetland was 73.2%, while the quantitative Bray-Curtis similarity was 32.65%. When comparing the flooded winter period (4 m depth) and the non-flooded summer period (1 m depth), the diversity presented statistically significant differences, but not the abundance. The SIMPER analysis showed that between the flooded winter period and the non-flooded summer period, the species that showed a greater percentage of dissimilarity in their abundance between these seasons were the Brown hooded Gull and the Slender-billed Parakeet [Enicognathus leptorhynchus (King,1831)]. The use of habitat was highly variable, both seasonally and spatially. Our results indicate that birds occupy wetlands according to seasonal fluctuations and according to the habitat that is available; however, abundance is not affected by hydrological changes. It is essential to continue carrying out more research in the wetland to determine the nesting, feeding and reproduction of the birds in the different habitats used to generate its protection and conservation measures in the Trumao wetland.

Breeding review of Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus in Brazil with contributions on nests and egg biometry

The Gray-hooded Gull (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus) is a seabird distributed in almost all South American countries. However, breeding information on the species in Brazil is scarce. In this study, a literature review and searches in online databases (WikiAves and eBird) were carried out to gather breeding information on the species in the country and new records of nests of the Gray-hooded Gull were registered on the northern coast of the Rio de Janeiro state. Literature review indicated breeding records in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte states. On WikiAves, 19 records of the species with nests, eggs, chicks and breeding colonies were reported between 2009 and 2020, in Macau, Rio Grande do Norte and one adult hatching at Rio Grande do Sul. In August 2019, two nests were recorded at Ubatuba lagoon (22°09′S and 41°18′W) in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, in the Quissamã municipality in Rio de Janeiro. The nests were described and monitored during five weeks. Each nest contained two eggs and was built with the grass Paspalum vaginatum. Over time, the eggs were degraded and disappeared from the nests, without signs of hatching and possible predation. This study compiles for the first time all the breeding information on the species in Brazil and contributes with data about nests and egg biometry.

Breeding review of Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus in Brazil with contributions on nests and egg biometry

The Gray-hooded Gull (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus) is a seabird distributed in almost all South American countries. However, breeding information on the species in Brazil is scarce. In this study, a literature review and searches in online databases (WikiAves and eBird) were carried out to gather breeding information on the species in the country and new records of nests of the Gray-hooded Gull were registered on the northern coast of the Rio de Janeiro state. Literature review indicated breeding records in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte states. On WikiAves, 19 records of the species with nests, eggs, chicks and breeding colonies were reported between 2009 and 2020, in Macau, Rio Grande do Norte and one adult hatching at Rio Grande do Sul. In August 2019, two nests were recorded at Ubatuba lagoon (22°09′S and 41°18′W) in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, in the Quissamã municipality in Rio de Janeiro. The nests were described and monitored during five weeks. Each nest contained two eggs and was built with the grass Paspalum vaginatum. Over time, the eggs were degraded and disappeared from the nests, without signs of hatching and possible predation. This study compiles for the first time all the breeding information on the species in Brazil and contributes with data about nests and egg biometry.(AU)

External and gastrointestinal parasites of the Franklins Gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (Charadriiformes: Laridae), in Talcahuano, central Chile / Parasitas externos e gastrointestinais da gaivota de Franklin Leucophaeus pipixcan (Charadriiformes: Laridae) em Talcahuano, Chile central

Parasitological studies of the Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan, are scarce, and knowledge about its endoparasites is quite limited. In order to describe its parasitic community, a total of 60 Franklins gulls were captured in the coastal area in central Chile, using modified Bal-chatri traps. Ectoparasites were collected from all 60 live individuals through inspection of their plumage, while 30 were examined for endoparasites by standard parasitological necropsy. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 78.3%, including the feather mite Zachvatkinia larica (43.3%) and four species of lice: Actornithophilus piceus lari (15.0%), Austromenopon transversum (6.7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10.0%) and Saemundssonia lari (46.7%). Some 25 of 30 (83.3%) of birds necropsied were parasitized with the following helminths: Aporchis sp. (6.7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56.7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3.3%), Profilicollis altmani (56.7%), Eucoleus contortus (10.0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13.3%), Paracuaria adunca (10.0%), Stegophorus sp. (3.3%) and Tetrameres skrjabini (3.3%). To our knowledge, with the exception of P. altmani, these helminths are reported for first time in the Franklin's gull.(AU)

Existem escassos estudos de parasitismo em gaivota-de-Franklin Leucophaeus pipixcan, e o conhecimento sobre seus endoparasitas é ainda mais limitado. Com o objetivo de descrever sua comunidade parasitaria, um total de 60 gaivotas-de-Franklin foram capturadas usando-se armadilhas Bal-chatri numa zona costeira do centro do Chile. A pesquisa de ectoparasitas foi realizada em todos os indivíduos capturados e, para os endoparasitas, foram examinados 30 deles por necropsias. A prevalência de ectoparasitas foi de 78,3%, incluíndo o ácaro de pena Zachvatkinia larica (43,3%) e outras quatro espécies de piolhos, Actornithophilus piceus lari (15,0%), Austromenopon transversum (6,7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10,0%) e Saemundssonia lari (46,7%). Das aves necropsiadas, 83,3% estavam parasitadas por helmintos, sendo registrados Aporchis sp. (6,7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56,7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3,3%), Profilicollis altmani (56,7%), Eucoleus contortus (10,0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13,3%), Paracuaria adunca (10,0%), Stegophorus sp. (3,3%) e Tetrameres skrjabini (3,3%). Com exceção de P. altmani, este é o primeiro relato desses helmintos parasitando gaivotas-de-Franklin.(AU)

O guardião dos campos: um estudo sobre o comportamento do quero-quero Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriiformes) no sul do Brasil / Guardian of the fields: a study on the behavior of the Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriiformes) in Southern Brazil

The Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) is a common bird in Rio Grande do Sul state, south Brazil, but is widely distributed across South America. It inhabits grasslands and other open habitats and it is known by a distinctive black, grey, and white coloration, a conspicuous vocalization and both aggressive and territorial behaviors. Although being recognized as the bird symbol of Rio Grande do Sul, no study about its behavior has yet been carried out in the state. Here, we aimed to describe and quantify the behavioral repertoire of Southern Lapwing. Between December of 2017 and November of 2018, we carried out observations in an eight-hectares grassland site in northern Rio Grande do Sul. We used ad libitum and animal focusing techniques to identify and record the frequency and duration of specific behaviors. An ethogram was elaborated, representing the 23 detected behaviors, grouped in five categories: locomotion, maintenance, feeding, socio-agonistic, and reproduction. Our analysis showed that most behaviors vary in both frequency and duration over the year. We detected high frequency and duration of social-agonistic and reproductive behaviors during the breeding season, while other categories, like feeding and maintenance, showed a decrease in the same period, with greater commitment to protect the eggs and chicks. We also recorded three types of vocalization with different characteristics, one of which occurs exclusively during the breeding season. The results of our study allowed the identification and quantification of V. chilensis in southern Brazil, thus helping in understanding the relations between the species and its habitats in the region.(AU)

O quero-quero Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) é uma ave típica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, mas possui ampla distribuição geográfica nos campos da América do Sul, sendo conhecido pelo canto imponente e pelos comportamentos relacionados com a agressividade e a territorialidade. Apesar de ser reconhecido como animal símbolo do estado, nenhum trabalho acerca dos comportamentos dessa ave foi desenvolvido no estado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo qualificar e quantificar o repertório comportamental de V. chilensis. Observações dos comportamentos dessa ave foram feitas em uma área de campo com oito hectares, no município de Torres, RS, entre dezembro de 2017 e novembro de 2018, totalizando 143 horas de observação. Utilizou-se a metodologia de observação de todas as ocorrências e observação de animal focal, coletando-se dados de frequência de ocorrência e duração de cada comportamento. Com os dados construiu-se um etograma. Registrou-se 23 comportamentos divididos em cinco categorias: locomoção, manutenção, alimentação, social-agonista e reprodução. Identificaram-se três formas de vocalização distintas em sonoridade, duração e ocasião, o que sugere diferentes funções para cada uma. As análises comprovaram a variação da maior parte dos comportamentos ao longo dos meses do ano, tanto em frequência como em duração. Constatou-se o aumento dos comportamentos sociais-agonistas e reprodutivos durante a estação reprodutiva, enquanto outras categorias como alimentação e manutenção apresentaram diminuição nesse período, havendo maior empenho dos animais na proteção dos ninhos e filhotes. O trabalho permitiu a caracterização dos comportamentos de V. chilensis no sul do Brasil, auxiliando no entendimento das relações entre espécie e ambiente típico da região.(AU)

O guardião dos campos: um estudo sobre o comportamento do quero-quero Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriiformes) no sul do Brasil / Guardian of the fields: a study on the behavior of the Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriiformes) in Southern Brazil

The Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) is a common bird in Rio Grande do Sul state, south Brazil, but is widely distributed across South America. It inhabits grasslands and other open habitats and it is known by a distinctive black, grey, and white coloration, a conspicuous vocalization and both aggressive and territorial behaviors. Although being recognized as the bird symbol of Rio Grande do Sul, no study about its behavior has yet been carried out in the state. Here, we aimed to describe and quantify the behavioral repertoire of Southern Lapwing. Between December of 2017 and November of 2018, we carried out observations in an eight-hectares grassland site in northern Rio Grande do Sul. We used ad libitum and animal focusing techniques to identify and record the frequency and duration of specific behaviors. An ethogram was elaborated, representing the 23 detected behaviors, grouped in five categories: locomotion, maintenance, feeding, socio-agonistic, and reproduction. Our analysis showed that most behaviors vary in both frequency and duration over the year. We detected high frequency and duration of social-agonistic and reproductive behaviors during the breeding season, while other categories, like feeding and maintenance, showed a decrease in the same period, with greater commitment to protect the eggs and chicks. We also recorded three types of vocalization with different characteristics, one of which occurs exclusively during the breeding season. The results of our study allowed the identification and quantification of V. chilensis in southern Brazil, thus helping in understanding the relations between the species and its habitats in the region.

O quero-quero Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) é uma ave típica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, mas possui ampla distribuição geográfica nos campos da América do Sul, sendo conhecido pelo canto imponente e pelos comportamentos relacionados com a agressividade e a territorialidade. Apesar de ser reconhecido como animal símbolo do estado, nenhum trabalho acerca dos comportamentos dessa ave foi desenvolvido no estado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo qualificar e quantificar o repertório comportamental de V. chilensis. Observações dos comportamentos dessa ave foram feitas em uma área de campo com oito hectares, no município de Torres, RS, entre dezembro de 2017 e novembro de 2018, totalizando 143 horas de observação. Utilizou-se a metodologia de observação de todas as ocorrências e observação de animal focal, coletando-se dados de frequência de ocorrência e duração de cada comportamento. Com os dados construiu-se um etograma. Registrou-se 23 comportamentos divididos em cinco categorias: locomoção, manutenção, alimentação, social-agonista e reprodução. Identificaram-se três formas de vocalização distintas em sonoridade, duração e ocasião, o que sugere diferentes funções para cada uma. As análises comprovaram a variação da maior parte dos comportamentos ao longo dos meses do ano, tanto em frequência como em duração. Constatou-se o aumento dos comportamentos sociais-agonistas e reprodutivos durante a estação reprodutiva, enquanto outras categorias como alimentação e manutenção apresentaram diminuição nesse período, havendo maior empenho dos animais na proteção dos ninhos e filhotes. O trabalho permitiu a caracterização dos comportamentos de V. chilensis no sul do Brasil, auxiliando no entendimento das relações entre espécie e ambiente típico da região.

Records of breeding in Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia with new localities for Brazil / Registros da reprodução de Charadrius wilsonia, com novas ocorrências para o Brasil

Wilson's Plover, Charadrius wilsonia, is widely distributed in coastal areas of the Americas. This report presents the first record of breeding in this species on Coroa do Avião Island, on the coast of Pernambuco, and in the estuary of the Cardoso and Camurupim rivers, on the coast of Piauí, in northeastern Brazil, extending the known area of reproduction of this species in this region. One breeding pair was observed on October 29th 2014 on Coroa do Avião Island, and a second pair was recorded on April 6th 2016 in the Cardoso/Camurupim estuary on the Piauí coast. Both the male and the female contributed to the incubation of the eggs. The nest on Coroa do Avião island was camouflaged by the local vegetation, but despite this, the eggs were attacked by a predator. Possible predators observed on the island included Caracara plancus and domestic cats and dogs.(AU)

Charadrius wilsonia (Wilson's Plover) está amplamente distribuído pela costa das Américas. Este é o primeiro registro de reprodução no litoral de Pernambuco, Coroa do Avião, e no estuário dos rios Cardoso e Camurupim, litoral do Piauí, Brasil, ampliando a área de reprodução no Nordeste do Brasil. Foi encontrado um casal em período reprodutivo em 23 de outubro de 2014 na ilha Coroa do Avião, litoral de Pernambuco e outro registro em 06 de abril de 2016 nos estuários Cardoso e Camurupim, litoral do Piauí. Foi observado que o macho e a fêmea contribuem na incubação dos ovos. A vegetação na ilha contribui para a camuflagem do ninho, bem como na proteção dos ovos pelos predadores. Apesar da proteção ocorreu a predação do ninho na ilha Coroa do Avião. Alguns possíveis predadores foram registrados na ilha, como Caracara plancus que diariamente frequentam a área e animais domésticos como cães e gatos.(AU)

O guardião dos campos: um estudo sobre o comportamento do quero-quero Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriiformes) no sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT The Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) is a common bird in Rio Grande do Sul state, south Brazil, but is widely distributed across South America. It inhabits grasslands and other open habitats and it is known by a distinctive black, grey, and white coloration, a conspicuous vocalization and both aggressive and territorial behaviors. Although being recognized as the bird symbol of Rio Grande do Sul, no study about its behavior has yet been carried out in the state. Here, we aimed to describe and quantify the behavioral repertoire of Southern Lapwing. Between December of 2017 and November of 2018, we carried out observations in an eight-hectares grassland site in northern Rio Grande do Sul. We used ad libitum and animal focusing techniques to identify and record the frequency and duration of specific behaviors. An ethogram was elaborated, representing the 23 detected behaviors, grouped in five categories: locomotion, maintenance, feeding, socio-agonistic, and reproduction. Our analysis showed that most behaviors vary in both frequency and duration over the year. We detected high frequency and duration of social-agonistic and reproductive behaviors during the breeding season, while other categories, like feeding and maintenance, showed a decrease in the same period, with greater commitment to protect the eggs and chicks. We also recorded three types of vocalization with different characteristics, one of which occurs exclusively during the breeding season. The results of our study allowed the identification and quantification of V. chilensis in southern Brazil, thus helping in understanding the relations between the species and its habitats in the region.

RESUMO O quero-quero Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) é uma ave típica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, mas possui ampla distribuição geográfica nos campos da América do Sul, sendo conhecido pelo canto imponente e pelos comportamentos relacionados com a agressividade e a territorialidade. Apesar de ser reconhecido como animal símbolo do estado, nenhum trabalho acerca dos comportamentos dessa ave foi desenvolvido no estado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo qualificar e quantificar o repertório comportamental de V. chilensis. Observações dos comportamentos dessa ave foram feitas em uma área de campo com oito hectares, no município de Torres, RS, entre dezembro de 2017 e novembro de 2018, totalizando 143 horas de observação. Utilizou-se a metodologia de observação de todas as ocorrências e observação de animal focal, coletando-se dados de frequência de ocorrência e duração de cada comportamento. Com os dados construiu-se um etograma. Registrou-se 23 comportamentos divididos em cinco categorias: locomoção, manutenção, alimentação, social-agonista e reprodução. Identificaram-se três formas de vocalização distintas em sonoridade, duração e ocasião, o que sugere diferentes funções para cada uma. As análises comprovaram a variação da maior parte dos comportamentos ao longo dos meses do ano, tanto em frequência como em duração. Constatou-se o aumento dos comportamentos sociais-agonistas e reprodutivos durante a estação reprodutiva, enquanto outras categorias como alimentação e manutenção apresentaram diminuição nesse período, havendo maior empenho dos animais na proteção dos ninhos e filhotes. O trabalho permitiu a caracterização dos comportamentos de V. chilensis no sul do Brasil, auxiliando no entendimento das relações entre espécie e ambiente típico da região.

Records of breeding in Wilsons Plover Charadrius wilsonia with new localities for Brazil

Abstract Wilsons Plover, Charadrius wilsonia, is widely distributed in coastal areas of the Americas. This report presents the first record of breeding in this species on Coroa do Avião Island, on the coast of Pernambuco, and in the estuary of the Cardoso and Camurupim rivers, on the coast of Piauí, in northeastern Brazil, extending the known area of reproduction of this species in this region. One breeding pair was observed on October 29th 2014 on Coroa do Avião Island, and a second pair was recorded on April 6th 2016 in the Cardoso/Camurupim estuary on the Piauí coast. Both the male and the female contributed to the incubation of the eggs. The nest on Coroa do Avião island was camouflaged by the local vegetation, but despite this, the eggs were attacked by a predator. Possible predators observed on the island included Caracara plancus and domestic cats and dogs.

Resumo Charadrius wilsonia (Wilsons Plover) está amplamente distribuído pela costa das Américas. Este é o primeiro registro de reprodução no litoral de Pernambuco, Coroa do Avião, e no estuário dos rios Cardoso e Camurupim, litoral do Piauí, Brasil, ampliando a área de reprodução no Nordeste do Brasil. Foi encontrado um casal em período reprodutivo em 23 de outubro de 2014 na ilha Coroa do Avião, litoral de Pernambuco e outro registro em 06 de abril de 2016 nos estuários Cardoso e Camurupim, litoral do Piauí. Foi observado que o macho e a fêmea contribuem na incubação dos ovos. A vegetação na ilha contribui para a camuflagem do ninho, bem como na proteção dos ovos pelos predadores. Apesar da proteção ocorreu a predação do ninho na ilha Coroa do Avião. Alguns possíveis predadores foram registrados na ilha, como Caracara plancus que diariamente frequentam a área e animais domésticos como cães e gatos.

Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil / Ácaros nasais (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) em Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) na Costa do Extremo Sul do Brasil

Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.(AU)

Seis espécies de aves pertencentes à família Sternidae são encontradas frequentemente na costa sul da América do Sul. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus e Sternula superciliaris residentes sul-americanos e Sterna hirundo, migrante neártico. Existem pelo menos 500 espécies descritas de ácaros nasais ao redor do mundo, sendo Rhinonyssidae a família mais diversa. Estes ácaros são endoparasitos hematófagos que habitam o sistema respiratório das aves. Este estudo objetivou reportar a ocorrência de ácaros nasais em Sternidae na costa do sul do Brasil. Das 106 aves analisadas, 8,5% (9 aves) estavam parasitadas por ácaros nasais. Este é o primeiro registro para duas espécies de ácaros na região neotropical, Sternostoma boydi e Larinyssus orbicularis, parasitando Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. Em Sterna trudeaui e Thalasseus maximus não foram encontrados ácaros nasais. Um único hospedeiro (T. acuflavidus) estava parasitado por duas espécies de ácaros nasais, S. boydi e L. orbicularis.(AU)

Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil

Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.(AU)

Seis espécies de aves pertencentes à família Sternidae são encontradas frequentemente na costa sul da América do Sul. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus e Sternula superciliaris residentes sul-americanos e Sterna hirundo, migrante neártico. Existem pelo menos 500 espécies descritas de ácaros nasais ao redor do mundo, sendo Rhinonyssidae a família mais diversa. Estes ácaros são endoparasitos hematófagos que habitam o sistema respiratório das aves. Este estudo objetivou reportar a ocorrência de ácaros nasais em Sternidae na costa do sul do Brasil. Das 106 aves analisadas, 8,5% (9 aves) estavam parasitadas por ácaros nasais. Este é o primeiro registro para duas espécies de ácaros na região neotropical, Sternostoma boydi e Larinyssus orbicularis, parasitando Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. Em Sterna trudeaui e Thalasseus maximus não foram encontrados ácaros nasais. Um único hospedeiro (T. acuflavidus) estava parasitado por duas espécies de ácaros nasais, S. boydi e L. orbicularis.(AU)

Morphometry of pectoral muscle fiber and intestinal villi of Calidris pusilla during the wintering period in Brazil / Morfometria da fibra muscular peitoral e das vilosidades intestinais de Calidris pusilla durante o período de invernada no Brasil

Migration is an event observed in several animals, such as shorebirds moving between the northern and southern hemispheres, during breeding and wintering intervals. Morphophysiological adaptations are necessary to allow the maintenance of migratory cycles and, therefore, studies with this focus can help clarify biological aspects related to migration. We analyzed the morphology variation in pectoral muscles and intestinal mucosa of Calidris pusilla, during different phases of the wintering period on the coast of Brazil. Fragments of pectoral muscles and duodenal were collected, fixed and processed for histology according to standard procedure, from specimens captured in a locality on the Brazilian coast. Modifications were found in the measured parameters among the three phases of wintering, arrival in Brazil (October, mid-period), January and departure to the Northern Hemisphere - May. The registered structural dynamism characterizes the growth of flight musculature and intestinal changes related to nutrition. Such changes occur temporarily due to the activities of preparation and migration between the northern and southern hemispheres.(AU)

A migração é um evento observado em vários animais, como as aves limícolas que se deslocam entre os hemisférios norte e sul, durante os intervalos de reprodução e invernada. Adaptações morfofisiológicas são necessárias para permitir a manutenção dos ciclos migratórios e, portanto, estudos com esse enfoque podem ajudar a esclarecer aspectos biológicos relacionados à migração. Analisamos a variação morfológica nos músculos peitorais e mucosa intestinal de Calidris pusilla, durante diferentes fases do período de invernada no litoral brasileiro. Fragmentos de músculos peitorais e duodenais foram coletados, fixados e processados ​​para histologia de acordo com o procedimento padrão, a partir de espécimes capturados na localidade da costa brasileira. O dinamismo estrutural registrado caracteriza o crescimento da musculatura de vôo e as alterações intestinais relacionadas à nutrição. As mudanças nos parâmetros medidos entre as três fases do inverno, chegada ao Brasil (outubro, meio período), janeiro e saída para o Hemisfério Norte. Tais mudanças ocorrem temporariamente devido às atividades de preparação e migração entre os hemisférios norte e sul.(AU)

Morphometry of pectoral muscle fiber and intestinal villi of Calidris pusilla during the wintering period in Brazil / Morfometria da fibra muscular peitoral e das vilosidades intestinais de Calidris pusilla durante o período de invernada no Brasil

Migration is an event observed in several animals, such as shorebirds moving between the northern and southern hemispheres, during breeding and wintering intervals. Morphophysiological adaptations are necessary to allow the maintenance of migratory cycles and, therefore, studies with this focus can help clarify biological aspects related to migration. We analyzed the morphology variation in pectoral muscles and intestinal mucosa of Calidris pusilla, during different phases of the wintering period on the coast of Brazil. Fragments of pectoral muscles and duodenal were collected, fixed and processed for histology according to standard procedure, from specimens captured in a locality on the Brazilian coast. Modifications were found in the measured parameters among the three phases of wintering, arrival in Brazil (October, mid-period), January and departure to the Northern Hemisphere - May. The registered structural dynamism characterizes the growth of flight musculature and intestinal changes related to nutrition. Such changes occur temporarily due to the activities of preparation and migration between the northern and southern hemispheres.(AU)

A migração é um evento observado em vários animais, como as aves limícolas que se deslocam entre os hemisférios norte e sul, durante os intervalos de reprodução e invernada. Adaptações morfofisiológicas são necessárias para permitir a manutenção dos ciclos migratórios e, portanto, estudos com esse enfoque podem ajudar a esclarecer aspectos biológicos relacionados à migração. Analisamos a variação morfológica nos músculos peitorais e mucosa intestinal de Calidris pusilla, durante diferentes fases do período de invernada no litoral brasileiro. Fragmentos de músculos peitorais e duodenais foram coletados, fixados e processados ​​para histologia de acordo com o procedimento padrão, a partir de espécimes capturados na localidade da costa brasileira. O dinamismo estrutural registrado caracteriza o crescimento da musculatura de vôo e as alterações intestinais relacionadas à nutrição. As mudanças nos parâmetros medidos entre as três fases do inverno, chegada ao Brasil (outubro, meio período), janeiro e saída para o Hemisfério Norte. Tais mudanças ocorrem temporariamente devido às atividades de preparação e migração entre os hemisférios norte e sul.(AU)