Explore the antiproliferative phytocompounds from ethanolic extracts of Citrus paradisi against liver cancer cell line by chemical analysis using TLC and FT-IR spectroscopy

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and fruits Citrus paradisi plant on HepG-2 liver cell lines by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-terazolium bromide) assay and to isolate and characterize the antiproliferative compounds by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and FT-IR (Fourier transforms Infrared) spectroscopy. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests were performed to detect phytochemicals compounds from the crude extracts. Antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were characterized by using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. The results showed that antioxidant activity using DPPH were found to be increased in a concentration dependent manner and decreased cell viability and cell growth inhibition in a dose dependent manner. The findings from this study indicated that fruit extract exhibited good antiproliferation and antioxidant potential. The seven functional groups of phytocompounds such as carboxylic acid, amine salt, aromatic compounds, cyclic alkene, aldehyde, fluoro compounds and alkene were detected by FT-IR which indicated that fruit extracts of Citrus paradisi possessed vast potential as a medicinal drug especially in liver cancer treatment.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antiproliferativa in vitro do extrato etanólico de folhas e frutos da planta Citrus paradisi em linhagens de células hepáticas HepG-2 por MTT (3- (4, 5-dimetil-2-tiazolil) -2, Ensaio de brometo de 5-difenil-2H-terazólio) e isolar e caracterizar os compostos antiproliferativos por espectroscopia de TLC (cromatografia de camada fina) e FT-IR (infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier). Testes qualitativos de triagem fitoquímica foram realizados para detectar compostos fitoquímicos nos extratos brutos. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos vegetais foi caracterizada pelo método de eliminação de radicais livres DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade antioxidante usando DPPH aumentou de uma maneira dependente da concentração e diminuiu a viabilidade celular e a inibição do crescimento celular de uma maneira dependente da dose. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que o extrato de fruta exibiu bom potencial antiproliferação e antioxidante. Os sete grupos funcionais de fitocompostos, como ácido carboxílico, sal de amina, compostos aromáticos, alceno cíclico, aldeído, compostos de flúor e alceno, foram detectados por FT-IR, o que indicou que extratos de frutas de Citrus paradisi possuíam vasto potencial como medicamento, especialmente no tratamento de câncer do fígado.

Explore the antiproliferative phytocompounds from ethanolic extracts of Citrus paradisi against liver cancer cell line by chemical analysis using TLC and FT-IR spectroscopy / Explorar os fitocompostos antiproliferativos de extratos etanólicos de Citrus paradisi contra linhagem de células de câncer de fígado por análise química usando espectroscopia de TLC e FT-IR

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and fruits Citrus paradisi plant on HepG-2 liver cell lines by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Hterazolium bromide) assay and to isolate and characterize the antiproliferative compounds by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and FT-IR (Fourier transforms Infrared) spectroscopy. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests were performed to detect phytochemicals compounds from the crude extracts. Antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were characterized by using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. The results showed that antioxidant activity using DPPH were found to be increased in a concentration dependent manner and decreased cell viability and cell growth inhibition in a dose dependent manner. The findings from this study indicated that fruit extract exhibited good antiproliferation and antioxidant potential. The seven functional groups of phytocompounds such as carboxylic acid, amine salt, aromatic compounds, cyclic alkene, aldehyde, fluoro compounds and alkene were detected by FT-IR which indicated that fruit extracts of Citrus paradisi possessed vast potential as a medicinal drug especially in liver cancer treatment.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antiproliferativa in vitro do extrato etanólico de folhas e frutos da planta Citrus paradisi em linhagens de células hepáticas HepG-2 por MTT (3- (4, 5-dimetil-2-tiazolil) -2, Ensaio de brometo de 5-difenil-2H-terazólio) e isolar e caracterizar os compostos antiproliferativos por espectroscopia de TLC (cromatografia de camada fina) e FT-IR (infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier). Testes qualitativos de triagem fitoquímica foram realizados para detectar compostos fitoquímicos nos extratos brutos. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos vegetais foi caracterizada pelo método de eliminação de radicais livres DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade antioxidante usando DPPH aumentou de uma maneira dependente da concentração e diminuiu a viabilidade celular e a inibição do crescimento celular de uma maneira dependente da dose. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que o extrato de fruta exibiu bom potencial antiproliferação e antioxidante. Os sete grupos funcionais de fitocompostos, como ácido carboxílico, sal de amina, compostos aromáticos, alceno cíclico, aldeído, compostos de flúor e alceno, foram detectados por FT-IR, o que indicou que extratos de frutas de Citrus paradisi possuíam vasto potencial como medicamento, especialmente no tratamento de câncer do fígado.

Chemical and microbiological changes in the soil mediated by different vegetative coverings in a Natal orange orchard / Alterações químicas e microbiológicas do solo mediada por diferentes coberturas vegetais em pomar de laranjeira 'Natal'

Proper soil cover management for citrus cultivation can contribute to increased productivity and improved soil quality. This study examined five different vegetative coverings [Urochloa brizantha; U. decumbens, U. ruziziensis, spontaneous vegetation, and herbicide application (glyphosate) in the total area] in the inter rows of a Natal orange orchard [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] grafted on the Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata). Their effects on the microbiological and chemical attributes of the soil and the vegetative development in the orchard were examined. Chemical (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, pH, H+Al, CECpH7, base saturation, and OM) and microbiological (carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, basal respiration, and metabolic quotient) soil attributes in the rows and inter-rows were evaluated for the orchard in 2018 and 2019. There was a significant difference for most variables in the 2 years studied, emphasizing 2019 for microbiological parameters and OM, with the latter being 14.8% lower in the treatment with glyphosate in the total area compared to the treatment with spontaneous vegetation. The results showed the benefits of vegetation cover with brachiaria in inter-rows of the Natal sweet orange orchard in the chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil, especially in carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass.(AU)

O manejo adequado da cobertura do solo para o cultivo de citros pode contribuir com o aumento da produtividade e melhoria da qualidade do solo. Esse trabalho estudou cinco diferentes coberturas vegetais (Urochloa brizantha; U. decumbens, U. ruziziensis, vegetação espontânea e aplicação de herbicida (glifosato) em área total) na entrelinha do pomar de laranjeira 'Natal' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] enxertada em citrumeleiro 'Swingle' (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) nos atributos microbiológicos e químicos do solo, bem como a influência desse manejo no desenvolvimento vegetativo do pomar. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, pH, H+Al, CTCpH7 saturação por bases e MO) e microbiológicos (carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal e quociente metabólico) do solo na linha e na entrelinha do pomar, nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Houve diferença significativa para a maioria das variáveis nos dois anos estudados, com destaque no ano de 2019 para as variáveis microbiológicas e na MO, sendo esse último, 14,8% menor no tratamento com glifosato em área total em relação ao tratamento com vegetação espontânea. Os resultados permitiram evidenciar os benefícios da cobertura vegetal com as braquiárias na entrelinha do pomar de laranjeira doce 'Natal' nos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo, sobretudo no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana.(AU)

Cover cropping system and mulching can shape soil microbial status in fruit orchards

The use of cover crop in agricultural fields has been well elucidated, especially regarding nitrogen fixation from legume crops and their function as weed protection. Furthermore, to cover crops can benefit the soil microbial community. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the benefits of mulching and cover cropping systems on soil microbial growth and activity, and their effects on plant mineral nutrition in pomelo (Citrus maxima ) and macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) orchards. The treatments included: 1) control [Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup at 4 l per ha)], 2) manual weed control, 3) mulching with dead leaves from their respective trees (macadamia and pomelo), 4) millet, 5) faba bean, 6) millet + faba bean. All the treatments were applied for 120 days before soil and plant leaves were sampled for analyses. Plant mineral nutrition, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil microbial biomass N (MBN); basal respiration (BRA), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization (COL); number of AMF spores (SPO) in soil; total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated. Plant nutrition was not altered by the treatments; however, the MBC, COL and SPO markedly increased in response to mulching and faba bean + millet treatments. Especially in macadamia soils, these treatments had a great response to soil microbiology. Significant negative correlations were also detected for the COL, SPO, BRA and TOC with the Nutrient Balance Index (NBI). These results indicate that in short-term the cover cropping system is useful to improve the soil microbial growth and AMF formation in soils of pomelo and macadam orchards.

Cover cropping system and mulching can shape soil microbial status in fruit orchards

The use of cover crop in agricultural fields has been well elucidated, especially regarding nitrogen fixation from legume crops and their function as weed protection. Furthermore, to cover crops can benefit the soil microbial community. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the benefits of mulching and cover cropping systems on soil microbial growth and activity, and their effects on plant mineral nutrition in pomelo (Citrus maxima ) and macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) orchards. The treatments included: 1) control [Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup at 4 l per ha)], 2) manual weed control, 3) mulching with dead leaves from their respective trees (macadamia and pomelo), 4) millet, 5) faba bean, 6) millet + faba bean. All the treatments were applied for 120 days before soil and plant leaves were sampled for analyses. Plant mineral nutrition, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil microbial biomass N (MBN); basal respiration (BRA), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization (COL); number of AMF spores (SPO) in soil; total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated. Plant nutrition was not altered by the treatments; however, the MBC, COL and SPO markedly increased in response to mulching and faba bean + millet treatments. Especially in macadamia soils, these treatments had a great response to soil microbiology. Significant negative correlations were also detected for the COL, SPO, BRA and TOC with the Nutrient Balance Index (NBI). These results indicate that in short-term the cover cropping system is useful to improve the soil microbial growth and AMF formation in soils of pomelo and macadam orchards.(AU)

Swingle citrumelo seed vigor and storability associated with fruit maturity classes based on RGB parameters

ABSTRACT: Citrus seeds normally have low storability. Identifying an optimal fruit harvest time for production of high vigor seeds is important for nurseries; however, identifying this stage for Swingle citrumelo fruits has been based only on visual color examination, and research related to this parameter has been inconsistent. The main objective of this study was to evaluate a red-green-blue (RGB) color measurement system for successful identification of Swingle citrumelo fruits possessing seeds with maximum physiological potential and storability. Fruits were harvested at three ripening stages identified as green (G), greenish-yellow (GY), and yellow (Y) pericarp, photographed, and the images processed using ImageJ software. Data were expressed as the average pixel value of R, G and B color components and a mean RGB pixel value (R+G+B/3). After harvest, seeds were evaluated for water content, germination, seedling emergence, length, dry mass and vigor as measured by the Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS (uniformity and vigor indexes) after 0 and 5 months storage (5 °C and 65 % relative humidity). Percentage of ruptured coat seeds was also evaluated after extraction. The R color component provided the best identification of each G, GY and Y fruits. Seeds extracted from GY fruits had higher storage potential compared with seeds from G and Y fruits. Thus, precise fruit ripening classification can be generated using the RGB color system to identify the best time for harvest to obtain seeds with greater physiological and storage potential.

Swingle citrumelo seed vigor and storability associated with fruit maturity classes based on RGB parameters

ABSTRACT: Citrus seeds normally have low storability. Identifying an optimal fruit harvest time for production of high vigor seeds is important for nurseries; however, identifying this stage for Swingle citrumelo fruits has been based only on visual color examination, and research related to this parameter has been inconsistent. The main objective of this study was to evaluate a red-green-blue (RGB) color measurement system for successful identification of Swingle citrumelo fruits possessing seeds with maximum physiological potential and storability. Fruits were harvested at three ripening stages identified as green (G), greenish-yellow (GY), and yellow (Y) pericarp, photographed, and the images processed using ImageJ software. Data were expressed as the average pixel value of R, G and B color components and a mean RGB pixel value (R+G+B/3). After harvest, seeds were evaluated for water content, germination, seedling emergence, length, dry mass and vigor as measured by the Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS (uniformity and vigor indexes) after 0 and 5 months storage (5 °C and 65 % relative humidity). Percentage of ruptured coat seeds was also evaluated after extraction. The R color component provided the best identification of each G, GY and Y fruits. Seeds extracted from GY fruits had higher storage potential compared with seeds from G and Y fruits. Thus, precise fruit ripening classification can be generated using the RGB color system to identify the best time for harvest to obtain seeds with greater physiological and storage potential.(AU)

Initial horticultural performance of nine Persian lime selections grafted onto Swingle citrumelo

Persian lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin. Selections of Persian lime CNPMF2000, CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, IAC5.1, Bearss, Persian58, and 5059, were therefore grafted onto Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks and evaluated in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil in a field experiment conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications and two trees per plot. The biometric attributes (canopy height, diameter and volume), yield parameters (yield during the off-season harvest period, yield per plant, production efficiency), and fruit quality traits, were evaluated. The CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, and Bearss selections had 5-11 % shorter trees than the other cultivars. CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58, and 5059 presented higher yield efficiency values, between 3.1-3.4 kg m3, and higher yield levels during the off-season harvest periods. The Bearss, Persian58, CNPMF2000, IAC5.1 and 5059 selections had more acid fruits and the latter three, smaller fruits. Based on their horticultural performance up to eight years of age, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58 and 5059 selections were the most promising varieties of Persian lime.

Initial horticultural performance of nine Persian lime selections grafted onto Swingle citrumelo

Persian lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin. Selections of Persian lime CNPMF2000, CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, IAC5.1, Bearss, Persian58, and 5059, were therefore grafted onto Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks and evaluated in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil in a field experiment conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications and two trees per plot. The biometric attributes (canopy height, diameter and volume), yield parameters (yield during the off-season harvest period, yield per plant, production efficiency), and fruit quality traits, were evaluated. The CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, and Bearss selections had 5-11 % shorter trees than the other cultivars. CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58, and 5059 presented higher yield efficiency values, between 3.1-3.4 kg m3, and higher yield levels during the off-season harvest periods. The Bearss, Persian58, CNPMF2000, IAC5.1 and 5059 selections had more acid fruits and the latter three, smaller fruits. Based on their horticultural performance up to eight years of age, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58 and 5059 selections were the most promising varieties of Persian lime.(AU)

Substratos e recipientes para a produção de porta-enxertos de citros irrigados por subcapilaridade / Substrates and containers for the citrus rootstocks' production irrigated by capillarity

O conhecimento do porta-enxerto, do substrato e do recipiente são fundamentais para a definição do período necessário para produzir mudas cítricas de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a emergência de plântulas e o desenvolvimento vegetativo de seis porta-enxertos cítricos, cultivados em dois substratos e mantidos em diferentes recipientes, em sementeira, irrigados por subcapilaridade. Foram testados dois substratos comerciais e a semeadura foi realizada em tubetes com 50cm³, tubetes com 120cm³ e bandejas de isopor contendo 72 células com volume de 120cm³. Os seis porta-enxertos cítricos avaliados foram: Trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.]; Flying Dragon [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. var. monstrosa]; limoeiro Volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana Pasq.), citrangeiro Fepagro C37 [P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck.], tangerineira Sunki (C. sunki hort. ex Tan.) e citrumeleiro Swingle (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi). Avaliou-se emergência, altura e diâmetro das plantas ao longo do cultivo em casa de vegetação. Em laboratório, avaliou-se massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e raiz, número de folhas, área foliar por folha e área foliar por planta. Nas avaliações de emergência de plântulas, a tangerineira Sunki, o limoeiro Volkameriano e o citrumeleiro Swingle apresentaram maiores taxas em relação ao Trifoliata, ao citrangeiro Fepagro C 37 e ao Flying Dragon. Ao empregar-se o sistema de irrigação por subcapilaridade, o substrato comercial 1 é recomendado para todos recipientes. O substrato comercial 2 somente deve ser empregado em bandejas alveoladas de 120 cm³.(AU)

In the production of citrus seedling, the knowledge of rootstock substrate and container is essential to define the entire substantial period to produce quality seedling. The objective of this research was to evaluate seedling emergence and vegetative development of six citrus rootstocks grown on two substrates and kept in different containers at the stage of sowing irrigated by capillarity. Two commercial substrates were tested and seeding was performed in three containers: stiff plastic tubes with 50cm³, stiff plastic tubes with 120cm³ and polystyrene trays containing 72 cells with a volume of 120cm³. The six rootstocks citrus evaluated were: Trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.]; Flying Dragon [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. var. monstrosa]; Volkameriano lemon (Citrus volkameriana Pasq.), Fepagro C37 citrange [P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck.], Sunki tangerine (C. sunki hort. ex Tan.) and Swingle citrumelo (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi). The emergence, height and diameter of plants in the greenhouse were evaluated. Fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, leaf number, leaf area per plant and leaf area per leaf were evaluated in the laboratory. In the evaluations of emergence of seedlings, the Sunki tangerine, Volkameriano lemon and Swingle citrumelo had higher rates compared to Trifoliata, Fepagro C37 citrange and Flying Dragon. When the system in a floating irrigation system, commercial substrate 1 is recommended for all containers. The commercial substrate 2 should be only used in alveolate trays of 120cm³.(AU)

Performance of ‘Okitsu satsuma mandarin trees on different rootstocks in Northwestern Paraná State / Comportamento de tangerineira satsuma ‘Okitsu sobre diferentes porta-enxertos no Noroeste do Paraná

O limoeiro ‘Cravo é o principal porta-enxerto utilizado para citros no estado do Paraná e temapresentado bom desempenho para as diferentes cultivares de copa. Porém, são necessários estudos paradiversificar os porta-enxertos utilizados no Estado e também para serem utilizados em cultivares aindapouco exploradas comercialmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, aprodução e a qualidade de frutos da tangerineira satsuma ‘Okitsu (Citrus unshiu Marc.) enxertada sobrediferentes porta-enxertos. O pomar foi implantado na Estação Experimental de Paranavaí do InstitutoAgronômico do Paraná IAPAR, em Paranavaí, PR, em janeiro de 2001. O delineamento experimentalfoi de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos, três repetições e duas plantas úteis por parcela. Osporta=enxertos utilizados foram limoeiro ‘Cravo (Citrus limonia Osb.), tangerineira ‘Cleópatra(Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka), citrangeiro ‘C-13 [Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.],limoeiro ‘Volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana V. Ten. e Pasq.), citrangeiro ‘Carrizo [C. sinensis x P.trifoliata (L.) Raf.], tangerineira ‘Sunki (Citrus sunki hort. ex Tanaka), trifoliata [P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.],citrumeleiro ‘Swingle [Citrus paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] e laranjeira ‘CaipiraDAC [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.]. O maior volume de copa das plantas de satsuma ‘Okitsu foi induzidopela tangerineira ‘Cleópatra com 37,1 m3, e o menor foi para as plantas enxertadas em ‘Trifoliata,com 9,9 m3. O citrumeleiro ‘Swingle proporcionou maior relação entre diâmetro do tronco abaixoe acima do ponto de enxertia. As maiores produções acumuladas em oito safras foram induzidas porlimoeiros ‘Volkameriano e ‘Cravo, laranjeira ‘Caipira DAC, tangerineira ‘Cleópatra e citrangeiro‘Carrizo, com valores entre 867,3 kg e 989,6 kg...(AU)

In the state of Paraná, ‘Rangpur lime is the main citrus rootstock, which has provided good performancefor trees of different cultivars planted in the State. However, rootstock diversification is needed as wellas to identify the best ones for citrus cultivars less explored commercially yet. The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate the vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Okitsu satsuma mandarin trees(Citrus unshiu Marc.) grafted on nine rootstocks in the Northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil.The orchard was established in the Paranavaí Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná,Paranavaí, PR, on January 2001. The experimental design was randomized blocks with nine treatments,three replications, and two trees per plot. The rootstocks included in this study were ‘Rangpur lime(Citrus limonia Osb.), ‘Cleópatra mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka), ‘C-13 citrange [Citrussinensis × Poncirus trifoliata orange (L.) Raf.], ‘Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana V. Ten. ePasq.), ‘Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], ‘Sunki mandarin (Citrus sunki hort.ex Tanaka), ‘Trifoliate orange [P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. ], ‘Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macfad.cv. Duncan × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], and ‘Caipira DAC sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Thelargest tree canopy was induced by ‘Cleópatra mandarin and the lowest by ‘Trifoliate orange, with37.1 m3 and 9.9 m3 of tree canopy, respectively. The highest relationship between scion and rootstocktrunk diameter was observed for trees grafted on ‘Swingle citrumelo. The largest cumulative yieldsover eight seasons were induced by ‘Volkamer lemon, ‘Rangpur lime, ‘Caipira DAC sweet orange,‘Cleópatra mandarin, and ‘Carrizo citrange, ranging from 867.3 to 989.6 kg per tree. These rootstocksalso induced the largest fruit mass, along with ‘Sunki, ranging from 173.3 to 188.0 g. ‘Trifoliateorange...(AU)

Performance of 'Okitsu' Satsuma Mandarin on nine rootstocks

Mandarins have become increasingly valued as citrus fruits for the fresh market due to the easy peeling, attractive flavor, and health and nutritional properties. Plant growth and yield, and characteristics of fruits of 'Okitsu' Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees grafted on nine rootstocks were evaluated in Londrina, northern Paraná, Brazil. The rootstocks were: 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'Cleopatra' (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) and 'Sunki' mandarins (Citrus sunki hort. ex Tanaka); 'C-13' [Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and 'Carrizo' citranges [C. sinensis × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.]; 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana V. Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange [P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.; 'Caipira DAC' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] and 'Swingle' citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. The highest plant growth was for the trees on 'Cleopatra' mandarin and 'Caipira DAC' sweet orange. In contrast, the smallest size was for the trees on 'Volkamer' lemon and trifoliate orange. The largest difference between the trunk diameter below and above the grafting point was induced by 'Swingle' citrumelo. Trees of 'Okitsu' Satsuma mandarin on 'Swingle' citrumelo presented the highest yield, while 'C-13', 'Carrizo', 'Sunki', and 'Swingle' induced the largest fruit masses. With regard to fruit characteristics, 'Carrizo' and trifoliate orange induced the best ratio and juice content. Based on theoretical values, 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkamer' lemon induced the lowest yields

Performance of 'Okitsu' Satsuma Mandarin on nine rootstocks

Mandarins have become increasingly valued as citrus fruits for the fresh market due to the easy peeling, attractive flavor, and health and nutritional properties. Plant growth and yield, and characteristics of fruits of 'Okitsu' Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees grafted on nine rootstocks were evaluated in Londrina, northern Paraná, Brazil. The rootstocks were: 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'Cleopatra' (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) and 'Sunki' mandarins (Citrus sunki hort. ex Tanaka); 'C-13' [Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and 'Carrizo' citranges [C. sinensis × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.]; 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana V. Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange [P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.; 'Caipira DAC' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] and 'Swingle' citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. The highest plant growth was for the trees on 'Cleopatra' mandarin and 'Caipira DAC' sweet orange. In contrast, the smallest size was for the trees on 'Volkamer' lemon and trifoliate orange. The largest difference between the trunk diameter below and above the grafting point was induced by 'Swingle' citrumelo. Trees of 'Okitsu' Satsuma mandarin on 'Swingle' citrumelo presented the highest yield, while 'C-13', 'Carrizo', 'Sunki', and 'Swingle' induced the largest fruit masses. With regard to fruit characteristics, 'Carrizo' and trifoliate orange induced the best ratio and juice content. Based on theoretical values, 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkamer' lemon induced the lowest yields

Desenvolvimento e produtividade da tangerina "Fairchild" sobre quatro porta-enxertos

The vegetative development, fruit yield and quality of 'Fairchild' mandarin [('Clementine' mandarin (C. clementina Hort. ex. Tan.) x 'Orlando' tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. x C. reticulata Blanco)] was evaluated on 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia Osbeck), 'Swingle' citrumelo (P. trifoliata Raf. x C. paradisi Macf.), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Orlando' tangelo (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) rootstocks in an experiment installed in Bebedouro, SP, Brazil in 1997. 'Fairchild' trees budded on 'Swingle' citrumelo were smaller, had higher cumulative yield in 2005 and 2006 seasons, higher yield efficiency (kgm-3), showed lower alternate bearing index. Fruit quality was not affected by the rootstock. 'Swingle' citrumelo was considered an adequate rootstock for 'Fairchild' mandarin.

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produção e a qualidade de frutos da tangerina "Fairchild" [(tangerina "Clementina" (C. clementina Hort. ex. Tan.) x tangelo "Orlando" (C. paradisi Macf. x C. reticulata Blanco)] sobre os porta-enxertos limão "Cravo" (C. limonia Osbeck), citrumelo "Swingle" (P. trifoliata Raf. x C. paradisi Macf.), tangerina "Cleópatra" (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) e tangelo "Orlando" (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) em Bebedouro, SP, em experimento instalado em 1997. Plantas enxertadas em citrumelo "Swingle" apresentaram menor porte, maior produção acumulada de frutos nas safras 2005 e 2006, maior eficiência de produção (kgm-3) e menor índice de alternância de produção. A qualidade dos frutos não foi influenciada em função dos porta-enxertos. O citrumelo "Swingle" foi considerado cultivar porta-enxerto adequado para utilização com tangerina "Fairchild".

Desenvolvimento e produtividade da tangerina "Fairchild" sobre quatro porta-enxertos

The vegetative development, fruit yield and quality of 'Fairchild' mandarin [('Clementine' mandarin (C. clementina Hort. ex. Tan.) x 'Orlando' tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. x C. reticulata Blanco)] was evaluated on 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia Osbeck), 'Swingle' citrumelo (P. trifoliata Raf. x C. paradisi Macf.), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Orlando' tangelo (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) rootstocks in an experiment installed in Bebedouro, SP, Brazil in 1997. 'Fairchild' trees budded on 'Swingle' citrumelo were smaller, had higher cumulative yield in 2005 and 2006 seasons, higher yield efficiency (kgm-3), showed lower alternate bearing index. Fruit quality was not affected by the rootstock. 'Swingle' citrumelo was considered an adequate rootstock for 'Fairchild' mandarin.

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produção e a qualidade de frutos da tangerina "Fairchild" [(tangerina "Clementina" (C. clementina Hort. ex. Tan.) x tangelo "Orlando" (C. paradisi Macf. x C. reticulata Blanco)] sobre os porta-enxertos limão "Cravo" (C. limonia Osbeck), citrumelo "Swingle" (P. trifoliata Raf. x C. paradisi Macf.), tangerina "Cleópatra" (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) e tangelo "Orlando" (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) em Bebedouro, SP, em experimento instalado em 1997. Plantas enxertadas em citrumelo "Swingle" apresentaram menor porte, maior produção acumulada de frutos nas safras 2005 e 2006, maior eficiência de produção (kgm-3) e menor índice de alternância de produção. A qualidade dos frutos não foi influenciada em função dos porta-enxertos. O citrumelo "Swingle" foi considerado cultivar porta-enxerto adequado para utilização com tangerina "Fairchild".

Produção de frutos e incidência de cancro cítrico em laranjeiras "Monte Parnaso" enxertadas sobre sete porta-enxertos / Fruit production and incidence of citrus canker lesions on ôMonte Parnasoõ navel orange budded on seven rootstocks

Porta-enxertos de citros podem exercer influência sobre a produção de frutos e suscetibilidade das plantas ao cancro cítrico. Este trabalho objetivou selecionar porta-enxertos que induzam elevado índice de produtividade e menor suscetibilidade das copas de laranjeiras-de-umbigo "Monte Parnaso"(Citrus sinensis) à bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, causadora do cancro cítrico (CC). O experimento foi desenvolvido em um pomar experimental com 10 anos de idade, plantado em espaçamento de 2,5 x 6,0m, no município de Butiá, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, usando duas plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos constaram dos seguintes porta-enxertos: limoeiros "Cravo" (C. limonia) e "Volkameriano" (C. volkameriana.), trifoliata "Flying Dragon" (Poncirus trifoliata.), laranjeira "Caipira" (C. sinensis), citrangeiro "Troyer" (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata), tangerineira "Sunki" (C. sunki.) e citrumeleiro "Swingle" (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: incidência de CC em folhas e frutos em toda a planta e em ramos previamente selecionados, em diversas épocas. Verificou-se que as plantas enxertadas sobre citrumeleiro "Swingle" apresentaram o maior índice de produtividade e, à semelhança do "Flying Dragon", a menor incidência de CC, tanto nas folhas como nos frutos. Além disso, verificou-se também que as plantas enxertadas sobre os limoeiros "Cravo" e "Volkameriana", apesar de produzirem as mais elevadas cargas de frutos, foram as mais suscetíveis ao CC.(AU)

Citrus rootstocks can exert some influences on fruit production and susceptibility of the plants to citrus canker (CC). This research was performed aiming to select rootstocks which induce higher productivity index and lower susceptibility of 'Monte Parnaso' navel orange (Citrus sinensis) trees to the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The research was carried out in an experimental orchard, with ten-years-old trees, planted at spacement of 2.5m between trees and 6.0m between rows, located in Butiá city, in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul state. It was used an randomized blocks experimental design, with 7 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of the following rootstoks: Rangpur lime (C. limonia.), 'Volkameriana' lemon (C. volkameriana.), 'Flying Dragon' trifoliata orange (Poncirus trifoliata), 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis), 'troyer' citrange (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata), 'Sunki' tangerine (C. sunki.) and 'Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata). The parameters evaluated were: number of fruits and leaves with citrus canker lesions per plant and at two previously selected and marked branches per plant, at different times . The results revealed that the 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Flying dragon' rootstocks induced the highest productivity index and, the lowest incidence of citrus canker disease on leaves and fruits. 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkameriana' lime rootstocks, promoted a heavy crop load, however, showed higher susceptibility to citrus canker disease.(AU)

Field performance of "marsh seedless" grapefruit on trifoliate orange inoculated with viroids in Brazil

Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolates Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd) + Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and controls: two healthy buds (control), and no grafting (absolute control). Inoculation was done in the field, six months after planting by bud grafting. Both isolates reduced tree growth (trunk diameter, plant height, canopy diameter and volume). Trees not inoculated yielded better (average of eleven harvests) than inoculated ones but the productivity was the same after 150 months. Fruit quality was affected by viroids inoculation but not in a restrictive way. The use of such severe dwarfing isolates for high density plantings of grapefruit on trifoliate orange rootstock is not recommended.

Alguns viróides reduzem o crescimento dos citros e podem ser usados para o controle do tamanho das plantas objetivando a instalação de pomares adensados que podem ter maior produtividade que os pomares com espaçamentos convencionais. Para estudar o efeito da inoculação de viróides no desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e qualidade dos frutos de pomeleiro 'Marsh Seedless' (Citrus paradisi Macf.) enxertado em trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], foi instalado um experimento em Janeiro de 1991, em Bebedouro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e duas plantas por parcela: viróides dos citros (CEVd + CVd-II + CVd-III) e (CVd-II + CVd-III) e testemunhas: enxertia de duas borbulhas sadias (testemunha) e sem enxertia (testemunha absoluta). A inoculação foi feita no campo, seis meses após o plantio, por enxertia de borbulhas. Ambos isolados reduziram o crescimento das árvores (diâmetro do tronco, altura da planta diâmetro e volume da copa). As árvores não inoculadas produziram mais que as inoculadas nas onze colheitas realizadas, mas as produtividades foram similares. A qualidade dos frutos foi afetada pela inoculação de viróides, mas não de maneira restritiva. O uso de isolados ananicantes severos não deve ser recomendado para plantios de alta densidade de pomelo enxertado em trifoliata.

Field performance of "marsh seedless" grapefruit on trifoliate orange inoculated with viroids in Brazil

Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolates Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd) + Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and controls: two healthy buds (control), and no grafting (absolute control). Inoculation was done in the field, six months after planting by bud grafting. Both isolates reduced tree growth (trunk diameter, plant height, canopy diameter and volume). Trees not inoculated yielded better (average of eleven harvests) than inoculated ones but the productivity was the same after 150 months. Fruit quality was affected by viroids inoculation but not in a restrictive way. The use of such severe dwarfing isolates for high density plantings of grapefruit on trifoliate orange rootstock is not recommended.

Alguns viróides reduzem o crescimento dos citros e podem ser usados para o controle do tamanho das plantas objetivando a instalação de pomares adensados que podem ter maior produtividade que os pomares com espaçamentos convencionais. Para estudar o efeito da inoculação de viróides no desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e qualidade dos frutos de pomeleiro 'Marsh Seedless' (Citrus paradisi Macf.) enxertado em trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], foi instalado um experimento em Janeiro de 1991, em Bebedouro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e duas plantas por parcela: viróides dos citros (CEVd + CVd-II + CVd-III) e (CVd-II + CVd-III) e testemunhas: enxertia de duas borbulhas sadias (testemunha) e sem enxertia (testemunha absoluta). A inoculação foi feita no campo, seis meses após o plantio, por enxertia de borbulhas. Ambos isolados reduziram o crescimento das árvores (diâmetro do tronco, altura da planta diâmetro e volume da copa). As árvores não inoculadas produziram mais que as inoculadas nas onze colheitas realizadas, mas as produtividades foram similares. A qualidade dos frutos foi afetada pela inoculação de viróides, mas não de maneira restritiva. O uso de isolados ananicantes severos não deve ser recomendado para plantios de alta densidade de pomelo enxertado em trifoliata.

Diversidade genética de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, caracterização molecular e patogênica de Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii e detecção de Xanthomonas alfalfae em citrumelo ?Swingle? (Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) no Brasil

Um dos objetivos do presente estudo foi avaliar a diversidade genética de isolados brasileiros de X. citri subsp. citri (Xcc) com base em genes efetores do Sistema de Secreção Tipo III (avrXacE1, avrXacE2, avrXacE3, avrBs2, hpaF, XAC3090 e pthA4). Um total de 49 haplótipos foi identificado entre os 157 isolados analisados por ?Southern blot?, e o maior polimorfismo genético observado nas análises com a sonda PthA4. Esses efetores estão amplamente distribuídos na população do patógeno e podem ser úteis para uma melhor compreensão da interação patógeno-hospedeiro. Outro objetivo desse trabalho foi a caracterização patogênica e genética de isolados de X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii tipos B e C (Xfa-B e Xfa-C). Observou-se pequena agressividade dos isolados de Xfa-B e grande variação na patogenicidade de Xfa-C. Os isolados de Xfa-C produtores de pigmento escuro em meio de cultura foram menos agressivos que os isolados não produtores. Alguns isolados de Xfa-C foram patogênicos também a limões, limas ácidas, citrumelo ?Swingle? e tangerinas. Os isolados de Xfa-B e Xfa-C foram diferenciados pelas técnicas de AFLP, BOX e ERIC-PCR, com relativa diversidade entre isolados do mesmo patótipo, e análises da sequência do gene gyrB revelaram alta similaridade desses isolados com espécies de Xanthomonas patogênicas a outros hospedeiros (X. fuscans subsp. fuscans e X. axonopodis pvs. anacardii, dieffenbachiae, rhynchosiae, sesbaniae e vignicola). No presente estudo também foi descrito o primeiro relato de X. alfalfae (Xa) no Brasil. Os isolados investigados demonstraram limitada patogenicidade e agruparam-se geneticamente com X. alfalfae subsps. alfalfae e citrumelonis e X. axonopodis pvs. allii, cassiae, desmodii, patelii e ricini

In the present study, as one of the objectives, is showed the genetic diversity of Brazilian strains of X. citri subsp. citri (Xcc) based on effector genes of the Type III Secretion System (avrXacE1, avrXacE2, avrXacE3, avrBs2, hpaF, XAC3090 e pthA4). A total of 49 haplotypes were identified from 157 Xcc strains by Southern blot analysis using the cited genes as DNA probes. The highest polymorphism was observed with the PthA4. Those bacterium genes are extensively present in the Xcc population and can be used to a better comprehension of the Xcc-plant interaction. As a second objective, we present the genetic and pathogenic characterization of X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii types B and C strains (Xfa-B e Xfa-C). In the pathogenic testes carried out Xfa-B presented a very limited pathogenicity, weaker than Xfa-C. Strains of this last pathotype presented a relatively high degree of pathogenicity variation, and those Xfa-C strains producers of dark pigment on culture medium were less pathogen than those not producers. Also some Xfa-C strains are pathogens to limes, lemons, Swingle citrumelo, and mandarins. Strains of Xfa-B and C were clearly differentiated by the molecular techniques AFLP, BOX and ERIC-PCR. Sequences of the gyrB gene revealed a high similarity of Xfa strains and other pathovars of Xanthomonas not pathogens of citrus. Finally, we presented the first detection of X. alfalfa (Xa) in Brazil, detected on a single Swingle citrumelo tree in São Paulo state. The Brazilian Xa strains showed a very limited pathogenicty, similar of a X. alfalfa subsp. citrumelonis

Production of interstocked 'Pera' sweet orange nursey trees on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstocks

Incompatibility among certain citrus scion and rootstock cultivars can be avoided through interstocking. 'Pera' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) nursery tree production was evaluated on 'Swingle' citrumelo (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf) and 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Pasquale) incompatible rootstocks, using 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka), and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka) as interstocks. Citrus nursery trees interstocked with 'Pera' sweet orange on both rootstocks were used as control. 'Swingle' citrumelo led to the highest interstock bud take percentage, the greatest interstock height and rootstock diameter, as well as the highest scion and root system dry weight. Percentage of 'Pera' sweet orange dormant bud eye was greater for plants budded on 'Sunki' mandarin than those budded on 'Valencia' sweet orange. No symptoms of incompatibility were observed among any combinations of rootstocks, interstocks and scion. Production cycle can take up to 17 months with higher plant discard.

A incompatibilidade entre certas variedades de copa e porta-enxertos de citros pode ser evitada através da interenxertia. Avaliou-se a produção de mudas de laranja 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) enxertada sobre os porta-enxertos incompatíveis citrumelo 'Swingle' (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf) e limão 'Volkameriano' (Citrus volkameriana Pasquale), utilizando-se como interenxertos as laranjas 'Valência' e 'Hamlin' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), tangerina 'Sunki' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) e tangerina 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka). Mudas interenxertadas com laranja 'Pêra' sobre ambos os porta-enxertos foram usadas como testemunha. Citrumelo 'Swingle' levou à maior porcentagem de sobrevevivência de interenxertia, maior altura de interenxerto, maior diâmetro de tronco do porta-enxerto, além de acumular maior quantidade de matéria seca da copa e do sistema radicular. A percentagem de borbulhas dormentes de laranja 'Pêra' foi superior para mudas enxertadas sobre tangerina 'Sunki' quando comparadas às mesmas mudas enxertadas sobre laranja 'Valência'. Não foram observados sinais de incompatibilidade entre quaisquer combinações de porta-enxerto, interenxerto e copa. O ciclo de produção deste tipo de muda pode se estender por até 17 meses a partir da semeadura e pode haver maiores níveis de descarte de mudas ao final da produção.