The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China

Abstract Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.

RESUMO Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.

Regional climate modeling in the Amazon basin to evaluate fire risk / Modelagem climática regional na bacia Amazônica para avaliação do risco de fogo

Studies regarding deforestation, the hydrological cycle, climate change and fire weather can benefit from the detailed simulations provided by regional climate models (RCM). While much attention has been given to fire activity in the Amazon, few studies have used RCM runs to assess fire risk and variables associated to fire occurrence. We evaluated precipitation, temperature and a fire risk index from the ensemble of Eta model simulations coupled with three different global climate models for the Amazon basin. The RCM runs were compared to reanalysis data for the dry season from 1979 to 2005. The maximum and 2-m temperature fields were underestimated over the entire region, but showed a statistically significant spatial correlation with the reference data. Precipitation was overestimated over the Amazon, in accordance with the major sources of moisture analyzed. The Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI) was not significantly affected by the bias found in temperature and precipitation, and the ensemble improved relative to the individual member simulations. KBDI estimations performed better with the ensemble of the three evaluated members, however the Eta model showed some limitations. The validation of modeled fire risk could benefit from the use of satellite hotspot data. Furthermore, the KBDI can also be used in the assessment of how climate change interacts with fire activity in the Amazon region.(AU)

Estudos sobre desmatamento, ciclo hidrológico, mudanças climáticas e fogo podem se beneficiar de simulações mais detalhadas provenientes de modelos climáticos regionais (RCM). Apesar de que a atividade do fogo na Amazônia tenha recebido grande atenção, poucos estudos usaram simulações de RCM para avaliar o risco de fogo e variáveis associadas às condições climáticas favoráveis à ocorrência de fogo. Aqui avaliamos precipitação, temperatura e um índice de risco de fogo do conjunto de simulações do modelo Eta forçado para três modelos climáticos globais diferentes para a bacia Amazônica. As simulações de RCM foram comparadas com dados de reanálise para a estação seca de 1979 a 2005. Os campos de temperatura máxima e de 2 m foram subestimados em toda a região, porém mostraram uma correlação espacial estatisticamente significativa com os dados de referência. A precipitação foi superestimada para toda a Amazônia, em acordo com as principais fontes de umidade analisadas. O índice de seca de Keetch-Byram (KBDI) não foi significativamente afetado pelo viés observado na temperatura e na precipitação, e o conjunto apresentou resultados melhores em comparação com as simulações dos membros individuais. As simulações de KBDI tiveram melhor resultado com o conjunto das três variáveis avaliadas, porém o modelo Eta mostrou algumas limitações. A validação dos modelos de risco de fogo poderia se beneficiar do uso de dados de hotspot satelitais. Além disso, o KBDI pode ser usado na avaliação de como as mudanças climáticas interagem com o fogo na região amazônica.(AU)

The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China / A dinâmica de crescimento do pinheiro siberiano nas montanhas de Altai, China

Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.

Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.

The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China / A dinâmica de crescimento do pinheiro siberiano nas montanhas de Altai, China

Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.(AU)

Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.(AU)

Subtropical high-montane forest climate refuges in Brazil

Climate change represents one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. We investigate how climate change will affect the future potential distribution of tree species in subtropical high montane habitats in the Atlantic Forest and identify potential climate refuges for these species. The most frequent and exclusive species in this ecosystem were selected and geographic coordinates were compiled. The maximum entropy algorithm was used for climatic niche modeling. Two scenarios for 2061-2080 were considered for future predictions, one low impact (RCP 4.5) and one high impact (RCP 8.5). Isothermality, mean temperature in the driest quarter, mean temperature in the hottest quarter, rainfall in the driest month, and rainfall in the hottest quarter were the variables that best explained the climatic niche of the majority of species. The areas of potential species occurrence were reduced by 48.37 % (± 13.63 %) (RCP 4.5) and 62.49 % (± 21.87 %) (RCP 8.5) on average. The potential area of Crinodendron brasilense Reitz & L.B.Sm. decreased the most, by 82.11 % (RCP 4.5) and 90.06 % (RCP 8.5), respectively. High elevation areas in the south of Brazil were identified as priorities for conservation to ensure that climate refuges for high montane forest species are maintained in the future. Climate change events may significantly affect the species evaluated in this study.(AU)

Coffee crops adaptation to climate change in agroforestry systems with rubber trees in southern Brazil

Adaptation to climate change is a strategy for crops to cope with the scenario of rising temperatures worldwide. In the case of Coffea arabica L., the use of agroforestry systems (AFS) with woody species is a promising practice to reduce excessive heat during the day. This study aimed to 1) evaluate air temperature changes that occur in an AFS of coffee and double alleys of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) and 2) carry out an analysis of future warming scenarios by comparing the cultivation of Arabic coffee in full sun and in an AFS of double alleys of rubber trees. The microclimatic variables were measured between two rows of coffee trees at 1.0 m of height from June 2016 to June 2018. The results indicate that the AFS with double alleys of rubber trees spaced 16 m apart had an average temperature reduction from 1.4 to 2.5 °C from 10h00 to 16h00. The study also simulated temperature increases of 1.7, 2.6, 3.1, and 4.8 °C from 2018 to 2099, according to scenarios predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the impact in coffee production in Paraná State, Brazil. Using the climatic generator PGECLIMA_R, simulations suggest a progressive reduction of traditional areas suitable for open-grown coffee in the state. Production conditions can be maintained through the AFS, since the systems attenuate mean temperatures by 1-2 °C. We conclude that the AFS of coffee and rubber trees contribute to coffee crop adaptations to a future warmer environment.

Carcinoma de células escamosas em gato - tratamento com quimioterapia metronômica / Squamous cell carcinoma in a cat - treatment with metronomic chemotherapy

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and lack of skin pigment in white-coated animals. The disease diagnosis is based on the animal's history, clinical signs and histopathology of the samples collected. The therapeutic alternatives are diverse. Among them, one of the most used is the metronomic chemotherapy which is based on the use of cytostatics drugs, applied in low and frequent doses for a longer period of time. One of the mechanisms of action of this type of therapy is the decrease in angiogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are simultaneously used to maximize the angiogenic effect. The objective of this study is to report the results of a treatment accomplised with metronomic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide with meloxicam) in a domestic feline which presented a squamous cell tumor. Case: A 7-year-old female cat, mixed breed, not neutered, weighing 3.5 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Specialties Teaching Clinic (CEEV) of the Technical University of Machala (UTMACH), presenting bilateral ulcerative lesion in the nasal plane for 5 months. Chronic exposure to sunlight is referred to in the patient's anamnesis. Aspiration cytology performed in the patient revealed an inflammatory process with a predominance of neutrophils and macrophages, and showed absence of neoplastic cells. A treatment based on antibiotics and corticosteroids was adopted. As there were no favorable results, an excisional biopsy procedure was chosen to collect the affected tissues. The result of the histopathological analysis was a level 2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The initial treatment consisted of surgical removal of the tumor and later the use of metronomic chemotherapy based on Cyclophosphamide, Meloxicam, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and Sucralfate for 5 months was adopted. At the beginning of the second phase of treatment, the patient developed a macula that progressively diminished. Currently, the patient does not have any recurrence of the diagnosed neoplasm. Discussion: The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was based on clinical and histopathological findings. The macroscopic lesions were crusted ulcers that do not heal in the nasal plane and auricular pavilion, as reported in the literature. SCC is characterized by the infiltration of squamous cells in the dermal layer of the skin, forming epithelial islands with keratin pearls. The histopathological findings of this case present the same characteristics. The climatic conditions of Ecuador, high temperatures with greater incidence of sunlight, hypopigmented areas of the animal's body and chronic exposure to solar radiation are risk factors present in this case that foster the development of this malignant neoplasm. There are multiple treatments to be introduced in this sort of pathology. In this case, surgical removal of the tumor was adopted, followed by metronomic chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide at 10 mg/m2 and meloxicam at a 0.05 mg/kg per day for a period of time of five months, obtaining favorable results and absence of recurrence. Despite metronomic chemotherapy being easy to administer, with fewer side effects, which includes a better acceptance of care takers who are reluctant to administer conventional chemotherapy, further studies are still necessary in what concerns certain variables such as age, carcinoma level, appropriate dosages and drugs according to each neoplasm.

Population dynamics and seasonality of Euspilotus (Hesperosaprinus) azureus Sahlberg (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Saprininae) / Dinâmica populacional e sazonalidade de Euspilotus (Hesperosaprinus) azureus Sahlberg (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Saprininae)

The effect of climatic conditions on the structure of populations has been perceived for different orders of insects and families of beetles. Here we described the population dynamics of Euspilotus azureus (Sahlberg, 1823) and determined its relationship with climatic variables. The specimens were collected monthly for one year in an area of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, in Viçosa, Brazil. The seasonality of the population and of sexes was estimated through the absolute frequency of occurrence (AF) and the percentage frequency of occurrence (FO%) of the population and each sex, which were determined monthly. To test whether the changes in monthly AF of the population and of each sex are correlated with climatic variables, Spearman correlation tests were performed. To identify whether there are temporal fluctuations in the sex ratio, considering months and seasons, and within each season, we performed Chi-square tests. A total of 3,126 individuals (1,009 females and 2,117 males) were collected. The population had the highest abundance in spring and summer, and the lowest in autumn and winter. The highest AF and FO were found in December and January, and the lowest in June and July. The sex ratio of the population did not differ in the months of the year, but in the spring there was a marked predominance of males. For E. azureus, the temporal fluctuation in abundance of the population and in the sex ratio is related to the climatic variables of maximum temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Climatic variables, especially the temperature, provided a greater abundance of the population in the hottest and rainiest periods of the year for inducing reproductive activity and altering the population's sex ratio.

O efeito das condições climáticas na estrutura das populações tem sido percebido para diferentes ordens de insetos e famílias de besouros. Nós descrevemos a dinâmica populacional temporal de Euspilotus azureus (Sahlberg, 1823) e determinamos sua relação com as variáveis climáticas. Os espécimes foram coletados durante um ano em uma área de Floresta Semidecidual Sazonal, em Viçosa, Brasil. A sazonalidade da população e dos sexos foi estimada através da frequência de ocorrência absoluta (FA) e da frequência de ocorrência percentual (FO%) da população, as quais foram determinadas mensalmente. Para testar se as mudanças mensais na FA da população e de cada sexo estão correlacionadas com as variáveis climáticas, testes de correlação de Spearman foram realizados. Para identificar se há oscilações temporais na razão sexual considerando meses e estações, e dentro de cada estação, foram realizados testes de Qui-quadrado. Um total de 3.126 indivíduos (1.009 fêmeas e 2.117 machos) foram coletados. A população teve maior abundância na primavera e verão, e menor no outono e inverno. As maiores FA e FO foram em dezembro e janeiro, e a menores em junho e julho. A razão sexual da população não diferiu nos meses do ano, mas na primavera houve uma predominância marcante de machos. Para E. azureus, a flutuação temporal na abundância da população e na razão sexual é explicada pelas variáveis climáticas de temperatura máxima, umidade e precipitação. As variáveis climáticas, especialmente a temperatura, propiciaram uma maior abundância da população nos períodos os mais quentes e chuvosos do ano por induzirem a atividade reprodutiva e a alterar da razão sexual da população.

Productive, physiological and behavioral sheep profiles housed on facilities with different roofs in the Amazon region

The Brazilian Amazon region is characterized by high rainfall, with high temperatures and relative humidity, where sheep are raised in extensive and semi-intensive systems and some regions. This work aimed to evaluate the climatic indices of sheepfolds in the Amazon region, the productive performance, and physiological variables of Santa Inês sheep confined in sheepfolds with fiber cement (FC) and polyvinyl chloride (PC) tiles. Twenty castrated males of Santa Inês sheep were used, with a mean age of 1.5±0.2 years old and a live weight of 23±2.1 kg. The statistical design used was a completely randomized design with two roofs (FC and PC). The temperature, relative humidity of the air, temperature index of the black globe, and thermal radiation load was above the comfort zone for sheep, being higher (P < 0.05) in the sheepfold with PVC tile than FC, which contributed to the increase in respiratory rate, as a way to maintain the animals' homeotherm. Furthermore, sheep installed in the sheepfold with FC tile showed the highest weight gain, spent more time feeding, increased feeding efficiency, dry matter and fiber intake, reducing daily water intake.

Forage sorghum production under rainfed farming in sites with and without climate restriction for maize cultivation / Produção de sorgo forrageiro cultivado em condições de sequeiro com e sem restrição climática para o cultivo de milho

Forage sorghum is a crop that can be planted in semiarid regions, due to its greater adaptability to dry climate environments, and can replace maize in these regions, which are often unsuitable for its production. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the structural, morphological and nutritional characteristics of 23 sorghum hybrids forage cultivated in rainfed conditions, planted in different climate conditions, comparing the hybrids, in order to determine what produces the best in the climatic conditions of the explored region, and also to indicate whether this crop can be planted as a replacement for maize in environments not suitable for planting it. The research was conducted in climate BSh in the Municipality of Alvorada do Gurgueia, and climate Aw in the Municipality of Bom Jesus, both in the state of Piauí from 2014 to 2015. Each trial consisted of 20 experimental forage sorghum hybrids [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and three commercial hybrids. A randomized block design was used, with three replications in a factorial scheme (2 × 23). The growth characteristics determined were hybrid × climate interaction for the variables plant height, lodging and leaf/stem ratio. For the variable number of tillers, there was a significant difference only between hybrids. There was no difference between hybrids only for the lodging variable of climate Aw. The other variables showed a difference in all hybrids evaluated. There was an interaction for production of dead matter and total dry forage mass between the different environments and hybrids evaluated. For leaf production, there was an effect only for the different environments. For the chemical characteristics, there was an interaction for all variables analyzed between the different environments and hybrids evaluated. The semi-arid region of the State of Piauí, climate BSh which presents a high climatic risk for maize cultivation, proved to be favorable for forage sorghum production. The forage sorghum also presented agronomic characteristics similar to those found in semi humid climate Aw, a favorable region for maize cultivation. In addition, the tested hybrids showed good chemical characteristics, so the BSh climate has great exploratory potential for the cultivation of forage sorghum.(AU)

O sorgo forrageiro é uma cultura que pode ser plantada em regiões semiáridas, devido a sua maior adaptabilidade a ambientes de climas secos, podendo substituir a cultura do milho nessas regiões que são impróprias para sua produção. Com isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características estruturais, morfológicas e nutricionais de 23 híbridos de sorgo forrageiro cultivados em regime de sequeiro, plantados em diferentes climas, comparando os híbridos com finalidade de determinar o que melhor produz nas condições climáticas da região explorada, e também para indicar se essa cultura pode ser plantada em substituição ao milho em ambientes não adequados para o plantio do mesmo. A pesquisa foi realizada em clima BSh no município Alvorada do Gurguéia, e clima Aw no município de Bom Jesus, ambos no estado do Piauí nos anos de 2014 a 2015. Cada ensaio consistiu de 20 híbridos experimentais de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] e três híbridos comerciais. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema fatorial (2 × 23). Para as características de crescimento, houve interação híbrido × clima para as variáveis altura de planta, acamamento e relação folha/colmo. Para a variável número de perfilhos, houve diferença significativa apenas entre os híbridos. Não houve diferença entre os híbridos apenas para a variável acamamento clima Aw. As demais variáveis apresentaram diferença em todos os híbridos avaliados. Houve interação para produção de matéria morta e massa seca total de forragem entre os diferentes ambientes e híbridos avaliados. Para a produção de folhas, houve efeito apenas para os diferentes ambientes. Para as características químicas, houve interação para todas as variáveis analisadas entre os diferentes ambientes e híbridos avaliados. A região semiárida do Estado do Piauí, clima BSh que apresenta alto risco climático para o cultivo do milho, mostrou-se favorável à produção de sorgo forrageiro. O sorgo forrageiro também apresentou características agronômicas semelhantes às encontradas no clima semiúmido Aw, região favorável ao cultivo do milho. Além disso, os híbridos testados apresentaram boas características químicas, portanto o clima BSh possui grande potencial exploratório para o cultivo de sorgo forrageiro.(AU)

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the early growth of two congeneric pairs of savanna and forest species

Abstract In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.

Resumo Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.

Bioclimatic spatial zoning for small ruminants in the state of Paraíba, Brazil

This study aimed to carry out bioclimatic zoning based on the historical series of climatic variables such as air temperature, maximum, minimum and relative humidity collected in six conventional meteorological stations in the state of Paraíba, Brazil and from this to determine whether or not the animals are in thermal comfort by comparing with the results obtained in scientific research in each mesoregion in the rainy and dry periods. Then based on this the comfort conditions for small ruminants in the rainy and dry seasons of the mesoregions of Paraíba were observed using data from the literature, and demonstrated in spatial distribution maps. The variables air temperatures, maximum and minimum and relative humidity varied throughout the state for the rainy season between 22 to 27, 18 to 21, 25 to 31ºC and 64 to 82%, respectively, and in dry season is 23 to 27, 28 to 35, 19 to 23ºC and 49 to 76%, respectively. However, it is concluded that raising sheep and goats is viable in all mesoregions of the state of Paraíba in both periods.(AU)

How can global climate change influence the geographic distribution of the eucalyptus yellow beetle? Modeling and prediction for Brazil / Como mudanças climáticas globais podem influenciar na distribuição geográfica do besouro amarelo do eucalipto? Modelagem e predição para o Brasil

Popularly known as the yellow eucalyptus beetle, Costalimaita ferruginea (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in the adult phase it feeds on the leaves of the myrtaceae, leaving them laced, a fact that impairs the productivity of plantations. Therefore, this work aims to model the potential distribution of the beetle in climate change scenarios for Brazil. The biotic data were collected through a review of the literature and entomological collections, totaling 88 georeferenced points of occurrence of the insect in the country. The abiotic data (19 biovariables, precipitation and minimum, average and maximum temperature) in the Wordcllim database, represent the periods: current (1970-2000), middle (2041-2060), and final (2061-2080) of the century, with representation in two projections of climatic anomalies (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). To determine the most important variables for the models, the Jackknife test was performed in the Maxent software, which resulted in five biovariables, namely: annual precipitation (35.2%), temperature seasonality (15.2%), annual temperature variation (13.7%), seasonality of precipitation (8.7%) and an average temperature of the coldest quarter (7.4%). Subsequently, the Openmodeller software was used and five algorithms were tested to determine which model represents the prediction of areas of suitability for the occurrence of the insect. The algorithm that best represented the appropriate areas was the Envelope Score (AUC = 0.808), corroborating the occurrence data collected. The prediction shows that the Pampa biome, in the RCP8.5 scenario for the period between 2061-2080, will become fully suitable for the occurrence of this defoliator beetle, unlike the Amazon, which presents retraction in areas suitable for the occurrence of the beetle for the same period. In this sense, commercial eucalyptus plantations implemented in climatologically suitable areas for the occurrence of this insect must be monitored periodically.

Conhecido popularmente como, o besouro-amarelo do eucalipto, Costalimaita ferrugínea (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), na fase adulta alimenta-se das folhas da mirtácea deixando-as rendilhadas, fato este que prejudica a produtividade dos plantios. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo modelar a distribuição potencial do besouro em cenários de mudanças climáticas para o Brasil. Os dados bióticos foram levantados através de revisão de literatura e de coleções entomológicas, totalizando 88 pontos georreferenciados de ocorrência do inseto no país. Os dados abióticos (19 biovariáveis, precipitação e temperatura mínima, média e máxima) no banco de dados Wordlclim, representando os períodos: atual (1970-2000), meio (2041-2060) e final (2061-2080) do século, com representação em duas projeções de anomalias climáticas (RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5). De modo a determinar as variáveis mais importantes para os modelos, foi realizado o teste Jackknife no software Maxent, o qual resultou em cinco biovariáveis, sendo elas: precipitação anual (35.2%), sazonalidade da temperatura (15.2%), variação anual de temperatura (13.7%), sazonalidade de precipitação (8.7%) e temperatura média do trimestre mais frio (7.4%). Posteriormente, utilizou-se o software Openmodeller e testados cinco algoritmos, para determinar qual modelo representa a predição de áreas de adequabilidade para a ocorrência do inseto. O algoritmo que melhor representou as áreas adequadas foi o Envelope Score (AUC = 0.808), corroborando com os dados de ocorrência levantados. A predição mostra que o bioma Pampa, no cenário RCP8.5 para o período entre 2061-2080 se tornará totalmente adequado à ocorrência desse besouro desfolhador, ao contrário da Amazônia, que apresenta retração nas áreas adequadas à ocorrência do besouro para o mesmo período. Nesse sentido, plantios comerciais de eucalipto implementados em áreas climatologicamente adequadas à ocorrência desse inseto devem ser monitoradas periodicamente.

An evaluation of farmers' perception, awareness, and adaptation towards climate change: a study from Punjab province Pakistan / Uma avaliação da percepção, consciência e adaptação dos agricultores em relação às mudanças climáticas: um estudo da província de Punjab, Paquistão

Globally, all environmental sectors are threatened by climate change, most especially to the food and agriculture sectors. Pakistan is a developing country that is most vulnerable to extreme and harsh climatic conditions, especially in Southeast Asia. Climate change has often adverse effects on Pakistan because it is often affected by severe weather conditions. Although, some studies have reported on farmers' perceptiveness regarding climate change adaptation and mitigation, there is still insufficient awareness among Pakistanis' farmers. Key knowledge is very important for farmers to overcome the harsh climatic conditions for harvesting and saving crops. To bridge this gap, this research discovered the awareness level of climate change, weather conditions, and related factors among Pakistani farmers. Through a stratified random sampling technique, 500 structured questionnaires were distributed among the farmers in four districts of Punjab Pakistan for study analysis. The probit model was used to analyze the farmer's perception regarding climate change, socio-demographic and economic variables. The findings of this research showed that 75% of farmers are aware of climate change. Perception of climate change between farmers was directly associated with agriculture experience, farmers' age, land ownership status, level of education, information sources, and access to extension. Also, our research showed that farmers' assessment of adaptive behavior showed that farmers are actively implementing crop diversification, irrigation, and other adaptation strategies. Results of this study will help government agencies and policymakers in Pakistan and other regions to develop sustainable adaptation measures in the framework of climate change.

Globalmente, todos os setores ambientais estão ameaçados pelas mudanças climáticas, principalmente para os setores de alimentos e agricultura. O Paquistão é um país em desenvolvimento mais vulnerável a condições climáticas extremas e adversas, especialmente no sudeste da Ásia. As mudanças climáticas costumam ter efeitos adversos no Paquistão, porque muitas vezes é afetado por condições climáticas severas. Embora alguns estudos relatem a percepção dos agricultores em relação à adaptação e mitigação das mudanças climáticas, ainda há consciência insuficiente entre os agricultores paquistaneses. O conhecimento chave é muito importante para os agricultores superarem as duras condições climáticas para a colheita e economia de safras. Para preencher essa lacuna, esta pesquisa pretende descobrir o nível de consciência das mudanças e condições climáticas e fatores relacionados entre os agricultores paquistaneses. Por meio de uma técnica de amostragem aleatória estratificada, 500 questionários estruturados foram distribuídos entre os agricultores em quatro distritos de Punjab Paquistão para análise do estudo. O modelo probit foi usado para analisar a percepção do agricultor em relação às mudanças climáticas, variáveis sócio-demográficas e econômicas. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostram que 75% dos agricultores estão cientes das mudanças climáticas. A percepção da mudança climática entre os agricultores foi diretamente associada à experiência agrícola, idade dos agricultores, situação de propriedade da terra, nível de educação, fontes de informação e acesso à extensão. Além disso, nossa pesquisa mostrou que a avaliação dos agricultores sobre o comportamento adaptativo mostra que eles estão implementando ativamente a diversificação de culturas, irrigação e outras estratégias de adaptação. Os resultados deste estudo ajudarão agências governamentais e formuladores de políticas no Paquistão e em outras regiões a desenvolver medidas de adaptação sustentáveis no contexto das mudanças climáticas.

Community knowledge on dengue in territories under risk in the state of São Paulo

In the last decades, the global incidence of arboviruses transmitted by the vector Aedes aegypti has increased dramatically with the increased oh human mobility and urbanization. The study of the mosquito population is of great importance for public health in countries where climatic and environmental conditions are favorable for the spread of these diseases transmitted by A. aegypti. This was a cross-sectional study that assessed causal relationships between why mosquitoes are prevalent in the region studied and socioeconomic variables, practices, knowledge, attitudes, and the effect of the cause in two regions chosen according to vulnerability (São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index). Of the 435 residents interviewed, 95% (413/435) were informed about vector control and claimed to contribute to the day-to-day sanitary practices necessary to combat it, in addition to being able to identify it. Most participants in both regions believed they were at risk, but vector control practices did not match those recorded in the survey. A correlation was found between the population's level of education and the practices observed. Despite the high levels of knowledge and the perceptions of the interviewed population about A. aegypti, the erroneous behavior of the residents persisted, thus hindering disease prevention and vector control actions, promoting the conditions conducive to the proliferation of the vector, and, consequently, increasing the risk of disease. The study indicated that one of the most effective means to control the A. aegypti vector is a society informed about preventive measures in the surveillance sectors.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the early growth of two congeneric pairs of savanna and forest species / Efeitos da disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo no crescimento inicial de dois pares congenéricos de espécies de savana e floresta

In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees - each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest - to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.

Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas - cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha - para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the early growth of two congeneric pairs of savanna and forest species / Efeitos da disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo no crescimento inicial de dois pares congenéricos de espécies de savana e floresta

In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees — each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest — to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.

Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas — cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha — para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the early growth of two congeneric pairs of savanna and forest species / Efeitos da disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo no crescimento inicial de dois pares congenéricos de espécies de savana e floresta

In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees — each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest — to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.(AU)

Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas — cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha — para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.(AU)

Nestedness of stream insects in Subtropical region: importance of inter-annual temporal scale

ABSTRACT Stream insects use in different ways the stream habitats which affect patterns of species occurrence on stream. The nestedness is one of these patterns being an ecological mechanism that generates beta diversity. In this study, we verify the effects of temporal environmental variations on nestedness patterns of Chironomidae assemblages on subtropical streams. We collected chironomid larvae during winter and summer during three years (2010, 2011 and 2012) in Brazilian Subtropical low-order streams (Erechim, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). We measured environmental variables in each stream. To assess if assemblages will show nested patterns intra- and interannual we used a NODF metric. We observed nestedness only in one year, this pattern was due to variation of limnological factors, which are directly associated with climatic conditions (precipitation and water temperature) and agricultural management (e.g. dissolved oxygen and nutrients). Climatological events affect Chironomidae community through the time. The variations on precipitation values could be one of the mainly factors that influence nestedness for this community. Finally, studies on nesting on time scales should consider inter-annual comparisons, as climatic variations are more evident.

Influence of climatic conditions on tympanic temperature and milk production in grazing cows

The present study aimed to analyze large volumes of tympanic temperature (TT) data to identify its use as a physiological indicator of climatic conditions and its relationship with milk production in grazing cows under tropical lowland conditions. Three dairy farms and 21 multiparous early lactation cows were included in the study. Seven animals were equipped with tympanic temperature wireless sensors within each farm, and permanent information was collected hourly for 22 days on average. Ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (PP), and THI information were obtained from meteorological stations located close to each farm. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and random coefficient regression models (P < 0.05). TT presented moderate and significant correlations with AT (0.35 to 0.49), SR (0.25 to 0.32), THI (0.35 to 0.49), and RH (-0.35 to -0.49). Climatic variables like AT, PP, SR, and WS were the most contributing factors to TT prediction (R2 =0.42 to 0.86). Grazing dairy cows in tropical scenarios accumulate heat during the day and dissipate it at nighttime, although higher producing animals deal with more problems to reach thermal homeostasis. Correlations between TT and daily milk production varied according to animal yield; however, higher TT values were related to the most productive cows. The effect of TT on milk production prediction was not conclusive among farms, possibly by animal management or others characteristics of the systems. TT determination through remote sensors allows a reliable diagnosis of the physiological temperature response to climatic conditions.(AU)