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Acute abdomen cases are among the most prevalent and challenging illnesses in equine medicine. The diagnosis includes anamnesis and detailed clinical evaluation of the patient, allowing the gathering of several important information and, additionally, the use of complementary exams helps to define the diagnosis and prognosis of each case. This research applied the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in data referring to clinical examination information and outcome of horses with colic referred to a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifty eight horses were included in the analysis and, it was possible to identify significant differences between the groups, survivors and non-survivors. Related to clinical signs, non-survivor cases are distinguished by severe pain, lack of motility, mucosal alteration, capillary refill time greater than 2sec, heart rate more than 48bpm and presence of nasogastric reflux. As complementary exams, hematocrits and blood lactate demonstrate significative difference among the groups. The cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate, mucosal color and capillary refill time, were the variables with the greatest contribution to discriminate animals that non-survive from those that were discharged. Thus, clinical evaluation should not be underestimated and complementary exams should be used in conjunction to seek a better prognosis. The MCA allowed to visualize the data and predict the outcome of the patients.

Os casos de abdome agudo estão entre as doenças mais prevalentes e desafiadoras na medicina equina. O diagnóstico inclui a realização de anamnese e avaliação clínica detalhada do paciente, permitindo a coleta de diversas informações importantes e, adicionalmente, a utilização de exames complementares ajuda a definir o diagnóstico e prognóstico de cada caso. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi aplicar a análise de correspondência múltipla (ACM) em dados referentes ao exame clínico e desfecho de cavalos com cólica encaminhados para um hospital no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram incluídos 58 cavalos na análise e foi possível identificar diferenças significativas entre os grupos, sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Relacionado aos sinais clínicos, os casos de óbito distinguem-se por dor intensa, falta de motilidade, alteração da mucosa, tempo de preenchimento capilar maior que 2seg., frequência cardíaca maior que 48bpm e presença de refluxo nasogástrico. Como exames complementares, o hematócrito e o lactato sanguíneo demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares, como batimento cardíaco, coloração de mucosas e tempo de preenchimento capilar, foram as variáveis com maior contribuição para diferenciar animais que não sobreviveram dos que receberam alta hospitalar. Assim, a avaliação clínica não deve ser subestimada e os exames complementares devem ser utilizados em conjunto para buscar um melhor prognóstico. A ACM permitiu visualizar os dados e prever o desfecho dos pacientes.

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Neuroepithelial neoplasms present in the ventricular system originate from the cells lining the choroid plexus and can be benign or malignant, such as choroid plexus carcinoma. A four-year-old equine presenting with a fifteen-day history of neurological symptoms was sent for veterinary evaluation. Upon examination, the horse exhibited apathy, severe ataxia, head tilt, circling behavior, head pressing, decreased tail tone, anosmia, absence of menace response, lack of facial sensitivity, and lingual hypotonia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mixed pleocytosis, increased protein, and decreased glucose. Following the animal's death, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the diagnosis of choroid plexus carcinoma in the third ventricle. It is concluded that horses may develop central nervous system tumors, such as choroid plexus carcinoma, with nonspecific clinical symptoms, ineffective clinical treatment, and a conclusive diagnosis established postmortem.

As neoplasias neuroepiteliais presentes no sistema ventricular originam-se das células que revestem o plexo coroide e podem ser benignas ou malignas, como é o caso do carcinoma de plexo coroide. Um equino, de quatro anos de idade, apresentando quadro neurológico com síndrome encefálica de quinze dias de evolução, foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário. Ao exame apresentava apatia, ataxia severa, desvio lateral de cabeça, andar em círculos, pressão da cabeça contra obstáculos, diminuição do tônus da cauda, anosmia, ausência da resposta de ameaça visual, ausência de sensibilidade na face e hipotonia de língua. Líquido cefalorraquidiano apresentava pleocitose mista, aumento de proteína e diminuição de glicose. Após o óbito o animal foi diagnosticado com carcinoma de plexo coroide em terceiro ventrículo após exame histopatológico e imunohistoquímico. Conclui-se que equinos podem apresentar tumores em SNC, como o carcinoma de plexo coroide, com sintomatologia clínica inespecífica, tratamento clínico inefetivo e diagnóstico conclusivo realizado no exame post mortem.

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This report described the use of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in the diagnosis of two cases of canine malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Both patients presented with lameness in the thoracic limb and no response to previous clinical treatment or trauma history. Physical examination revealed muscular atrophy in one of the thoracic limbs, in both dogs. B-mode axillary ultrasound showed the presence of a predominantly hypoechogenic, heterogeneous, irregular, nonencapsulated nodule with adjacent reactivity, measuring approximately 20.1 mm x 15.4 mm in the first case and 18.3 mm x 10.7 mm in the second. ARFI elastography was performed, showing areas of significant stiffness, with an average shear wave velocity of 4.12 m/s (case 1) and 4.35 m/s (case 2), suggesting malignancy. In both cases, the affected limb was amputated, and the tumors sent for histopathological analysis, which were; subsequently, diagnosed as malignant tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath. The ultrasonographic methods used were essential in the diagnosis and therapeutic conduct.

O objetivo deste relato é descrever o auxílio da elastografia por impulso de força de radiação acústica (ARFI) no diagnóstico de dois casos de tumores malignos da bainha dos nervos periféricos em canídeos. Ambos os pacientes apresentavam claudicação em membro torácico e já haviam sido tratados clinicamente por outros profissionais, sem resposta ao tratamento ou histórico de trauma. Ao exame físico, foi observada atrofia muscular em apenas um dos membros torácicos, nos dois casos. Foi realizado exame ultrassonográfico axilar. Na avaliação modo B, foi observada a presença de estrutura nodular, predominantemente hipoecogênica, heterogênea, irregular, não encapsulada e com reatividade adjacente, medindo aproximadamente 20.1 mm x 15.4 mm no primeiro caso e 18.3 mm x 10.7 mm no segundo caso. Foi realizada elastografia ARFI, demonstrando a presença de áreas de maior rigidez, com velocidade de ondas de cisalhamento média de 4.12 m/s (caso 1) e 4.35 m/s (caso 2), sugerindo malignidade. Em ambos os casos, foi realizada amputação do membro afetado e os nódulos removidos foram encaminhados para análise histopatológica, na qual se obteve o diagnóstico de tumor maligno da bainha de nervo periférico. Os métodos ultrassonográficos realizados nesses casos foram essenciais para o diagnóstico e conduta terapêutica.

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According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN],Melocactus conoideus Buin. & Bred is a critically endangered cactus species, and genetic studies are still needed to support conservation strategies. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of M. conoideususing Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. We amplified the genomic DNA of 126 M. conoideusgenotypes from the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia (Brazil), obtained within and outside the limits of the M. conoideus Environmental Reserve. To this end, 13 ISSR primers were used, and the genetic amplification profile was subjected to statistical analysis of genetic diversity and structure. One hundred and ninety-one markers were analyzed, 188 of which (97.7%) were polymorphic. Moderate genetic diversity (h= 0.29) was observed, with a significant variation when considering protected and unprotected regions. The set of markers varied between informative and uninformative (mean PIC = 0.24), and genetic differentiation ranged from moderate to high (Gst= 0.32) between populations inside and outside the environmental reserve. Gene flow between populations (Nm) was estimated at 1.02. Analysis of molecular variance revealed 33% of genetic variation between populations and 67% within populations. Bayesian analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) confirmed the existence of two groups (K=2), with individuals from the reserve showing homogeneity for a single gene pool. This result highlights the influence of exclusive genomic regions on the genetic structure of the species. These results suggest that the auto-ecology of M. conoideusinfluences variability and differentiation levels, besides contributing to genetic structuring in subpopulations. Our findings may help in genetic conservation and management planning, as well as in the in situdemographic expansion used by the bodies responsible for M. conoideuspopulation maintenance.(AU)

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Sperm quality is essential to guarantee the success of assisted reproduction. However, selecting high-quality sperm and maintaining it during (cryo)preservation for high efficiency remains challenging in livestock reproduction. A comprehensive understanding of sperm biology allows for better assessment of sperm quality, which could replace conventional sperm analyses used today to predict fertility with low accuracy. Omics approaches have revealed numerous biomarkers associated with various sperm phenotypic traits such as quality, survival during storage, freezability, and fertility. At the same time, nanotechnology is emerging as a new biotechnology with high potential for use in preparing sperm intended to improve reproduction in livestock. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles make them exciting tools for targeting (e.g., sperm damage and sexing) and non-targeting bioapplications. Recent advances in sperm biology have led to the discovery of numerous biomarkers, making it possible to target specific subpopulations of spermatozoa within the ejaculate. In this review, we explore potential biomarkers associated with sperm phenotypes and highlight the benefits of combining these biomarkers with nanoparticles to further improve sperm preparation and technology.(AU)

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease that is typical of tropical and subtropical parts of the world and is caused by the trypanosomatid Leishmania donovani complex. This disease is a multifactorial condition that involves parasitic, environmental, and immunogenetic characteristics. Genetic changes in genes encoding cytokines may be associated with changes in their expression and, consequently, with the development of clinical resistance or susceptibility to the disease. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin genes influence the clinical consequences of visceral leishmaniasis infection. To this end, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis with structured searches in the EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Web of Science databases without time restrictions. Two independent reviewers examined the studies, performed data extraction, and assessed quality by assigning scores. If there were any discrepancies, a third reviewer with more experience was consulted. After the screening process, 28 articles were included in the systematic review and 9 in the final analysis of the meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out using various genetic models. The odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the associations. Overall, the main clinical outcomes were classified as not associated or associated when they presented susceptibility, resistance, risk, or protective factors for the development of the disease. Associations between IFN-γ +874T/A polymorphisms in the dominant model (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.13-2.38, I2 = 0%, p < 0.01) and heterozygous model (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15-2.57, I2 = 0%, p < 0.01) and IL-18 -137G/C in the recessive model (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.02-1.71, I2 = 9%, p = 0.03) and VL were observed. For the IL-10 gene SNPs, there was no significant association. Our findings suggest that SNPs in the IFN-γ and IL-18 genes may be associated with the risk of developing VL.

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The present study aimed to determine the unique values of the entrepreneurial potential of clinical veterinarians and to evaluate this potential by using a reliable and valid measurement tool. The study material was the data obtained from a survey conducted between May 2020 and April 2021 that included 343 veterinarians who were actively working in a veterinarian clinic/outpatient clinic. The Turkish version of the Entrepreneurial Potential Assessment Inventory was used to collect the data. On the basis of the results of the explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and improvement (modification) indices calculated from the survey data, a 7-factor structure was obtained. According to the results of the entrepreneurial potential scale for clinical veterinarians, the following sub-dimensions of the scale were listed according to their contribution to the total variance explained: "effective communicative leadership," "strategic resource development," "self-efficacy," "innovative creativity," "resilience-strength," "motivation for economic freedom," and "risk-taking propensity." This ranking reveals a tendency to possess these characteristics in Türkiye for entrepreneurship potential regardless of the profession. In light of the obtained data, it is recommended to provide clinical veterinarians with training on the topics of forming social networks, taking responsibility, and developing emotional intelligence, which is not included in the scale, as well as to instigate the desire to become independent and economically motivated to improve their entrepreneurial potential.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os valores exclusivos do potencial empreendedor dos veterinários clínicos e avaliar esse potencial usando uma ferramenta de medição confiável e válida. O material do estudo foram os dados obtidos em uma pesquisa realizada entre maio de 2020 e abril de 2021, que incluiu 343 veterinários que trabalhavam ativamente em uma clínica veterinária/ambulatório. A versão turca do Inventário de Avaliação do Potencial Empreendedor foi usada para coletar os dados. Com base nos resultados da análise fatorial explicativa, da análise fatorial confirmatória e dos índices de melhoria (modificação) calculados a partir dos dados da pesquisa, foi obtida uma estrutura de sete fatores. De acordo com os resultados da escala de potencial empreendedor para veterinários clínicos, as seguintes subdimensões da escala foram listadas de acordo com sua contribuição para a variância total explicada: "liderança comunicativa eficaz", "desenvolvimento de recursos estratégicos", "autoeficácia", "criatividade inovadora", "resiliência-força", "motivação para liberdade econômica" e "propensão a assumir riscos". Essa classificação revela uma tendência a possuir essas características na Turquia para o potencial de empreendedorismo, independentemente da profissão. À luz dos dados obtidos, recomenda-se que os veterinários clínicos recebam treinamento sobre os tópicos de formação de redes sociais, assunção de responsabilidade e desenvolvimento de inteligência emocional, que não estão incluídos na escala, bem como instigar o desejo de se tornarem independentes e economicamente motivados para melhorar seu potencial empreendedor.

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Staphylococcus spp. are among the most isolated bacteria in clinical and subclinical mastitis cases in dairy cattle. The genus comprises biofilm-forming bacteria capable of producing toxins and acquiring resistance to multiple drugs. This work aimed to evaluate the genetic profile related to virulence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Staphylococcus spp., isolated from clinical mastitis and non-clinical fresh cows using whole genome sequencing (WGS). The bacterial collection consisted of 29 Staphylococcus strains isolated from clinical cases of mastitis (n = 7), as well as milk samples collected from fresh cows (n = 22). Strains were identified as Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2), Staphylococcus chromogenes (n = 19), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 8). A total of 94 virulence genes were observed, including pvl, icaA, icaD genes, and microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). We also detected important resistance genes such as blaZ, ant(4), erm(B), fexA, lnu(D), tet(L), and tet(M). The phylogenetic tree listed the species as expected and presented four clades. A variety of virulence and resistance genes were detected. In addition, the expression of important genes such as those responsible for the formation of biofilms and enterotoxins may represent a risk to the health of consumers. being a concern for public health.(AU)

Staphylococcus spp. estão entre as bactérias mais isoladas em casos de mastite clínica e subclínica em bovinos leiteiros. O gênero compreende bactérias formadoras de biofilme capazes de produzir toxinas e adquirir resistência a múltiplos medicamentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil genético relacionado às características de virulência e resistência antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus spp., isolados de mastites clínicas e vacas recém paridas não clínicas, utilizando sequenciamento do genoma completo (WGS). A coleta bacteriana foi composta por 29 Staphylococcus isolados de casos clínicos de mastite (n = 7), além de amostras de leite coletadas de vacas recém paridas (n = 22). Os isolados foram identificadas como Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2), Staphylococcus chromogenes (n = 19) e Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 8). Foram observados um total de 94 genes de virulência, incluindo genes pvl, icaA, icaD e componentes de superfície microbiana que reconhecem moléculas de matriz adesiva (MSCRAMMs). Também foram detectados importantes genes de resistência como blaZ, ant(4), erm(B), fexA, lnu(D), tet(L) e tet(M). A árvore filogenética listou as espécies conforme o esperado e apresentou quatro clados. Uma variedade de genes de virulência e resistência foram detectados. Além disso, a expressão de genes importantes como os responsáveis pela formação de biofilmes e enterotoxinas pode representar um risco à saúde dos consumidores. sendo uma preocupação para a saúde pública.(AU)

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This report describes an outbreak of exogenous organophosphate poisoning in a flock of Lacaune sheep. Forty sheep had signs of delayed poisoning after accidental exposure to an organophosphate-based insecticide (Diclorvol 1000 CE®, Diclorvós 82,5%, ChemoNE, Brazil). The clinical signs were bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, diarrhea, salivation, nasal discharge, apathy, prostration, motor incoordination, head pressing against objects, neck stiffness, paresis, flaccid paralysis of the limbs, permanent decubitus, pedaling movements in lateral decubitus, and death. After the onset of the clinical signs, sheep died in the flock over a period of sixty days. For the diagnosis, four animals were necropsied and samples of their brains, kidneys, and lungs were taken for toxicological analysis by thin layer chromatography; blood samples were also taken for biochemical analysis. The following was detected: liver alterations in serum biochemistry; pneumonia, edema, and congestion in macroscopic pathological analysis; hepatic microsteatosis, congestion, edema, and hemorrhage in lung, kidney, and liver histology; and organophosphates in the pool of samples from the sheep that were necropsied. The association between the epidemiological clinical findings and the laboratory results showed a clinical picture of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy, highly lethal in sheep, which alerts to the risk of improper use of these substances in animal facilities.

Neste relato é descrito um surto de intoxicação exógena por organofosforados em rebanho de ovinos da raça Lacaune. Quarenta ovinos apresentaram sinais de intoxicação tardia após exposição acidental a inseticida à base de compostos organofosforados (Diclorvol 1000 CE®, Diclorvós 82,5%, ChemoNE, Brasil). Os sinais clínicos observados foram bradicardia, broncoconstrição, diarreia, salivação, secreção nasal, apatia, prostração, incoordenação motora, pressão da cabeça contra objetos, rigidez do pescoço, paresia, paralisia flácida dos membros, decúbito permanente, movimentos de pedalar em decúbito lateral e morte. Após início dos sinais clínicos, ocorreram mortes de ovinos no rebanho durante 60 dias. Para o diagnóstico, foram necropsiados quatro animais, colhidas amostras de cérebro, rins e pulmão, para pesquisa toxicológica por cromatografia em camada delgada, e de sangue, para análises bioquímicas. Observaram-se alterações hepáticas na bioquímica sérica; pneumonia, edema e congestão na análise patológica macroscópica; e microesteatose hepática, congestão, edema e hemorragia na histologia de pulmão, rins e fígado; além da detecção de substância organofosforada no pool de amostras dos ovinos necropsiados. A associação entre os achados clínicos epidemiológicos e o diagnóstico laboratorial evidenciou um quadro clínico de polineuropatia tardia induzida por compostos organofosforados, de alta letalidade em ovinos, resultado que alerta para o risco do uso sem orientação desses tipos de substâncias em instalações animais.

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In urban environments, domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are a major reservoir for the parasite Leishmania infantum. Miltefosine has been used as the standard treatment for canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. However, therapeutic failures have been reported. In the present study, two dogs (CG03 and CG06) with a diagnosis of infection by L. infantum underwent two cycles of treatment with miltefosine (Milteforan™ - Virbac®). Analyses showed increases in the parasite load of both CG03 and CG06, even after treatment. The clinical score of CG03 dropped from 1 to 0 (after one round of treatment), such that this dog became asymptomatic. CG06 showed clinical worsening, such that its score increased from 1 to 2. After the second therapeutic round, the parasite load in CG03 was found to have decreased, but it was still higher than before drug treatment even though this dog was physically asymptomatic. There was no decrease in the parasite load in CG06 and there was clinical worsening. The clinical response of these dogs to the treatment differed, but the parasite load remained high in both cases, which poses a risk to public health, making it essential take measures to prevent the sandfly vector from accessing the dog.(AU)

Em ambientes urbanos, o cão doméstico (Canis familiaris) é um importante reservatório do parasito Leishmania infantum. Desde 2016, a miltefosina é utilizada como tratamento padrão para leishmaniose visceral canina no Brasil, porém falhas terapêuticas têm sido relatadas. Dois animais (CG03 e CG06) com diagnóstico confirmado de infecção por L. infantum foram submetidos ao tratamento com miltefosina (Milteforan™ - Virbac ®) durante dois ciclos. As análises mostraram aumento significativo na carga parasitária da pele de CG03 e CG06, mesmo após o tratamento com miltefosina. O "score" clínico do CG03 caiu de 1 para 0 (após uma rodada de tratamento), apresentando-se assintomático. Por outro lado, CG06 apresentou piora clínica, com sua pontuação aumentando de 1 para 2. Após duas rodadas terapêuticas, a carga parasitária diminuiu no CG03, mas ainda era maior do que antes do tratamento. O animal ainda se apresentava fisicamente assintomático. Não houve diminuição da carga parasitária de CG06, porém houve piora clínica. Sendo assim, o animal foi encaminhado para eutanásia. A resposta clínica dos animais foi diferente em resposta ao tratamento, mas a carga parasitária permaneceu elevada em ambos os casos, o que oferece risco à saúde pública, tornando essencial medidas para evitar o acesso do vetor flebotomíneo ao cão.(AU)

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The Guanine-nucleotide binding protein 2 (GNB2) encodes for β2 subunit (Gβ2) of the G-protein complex. Keeping in view the increased demand of reliable biomarkers in cancer, the current study was planned to extensively explored GNB2 expression variation and its roles in different cancers using online available databases and diverse methodology. In view of our results, the GNB2 was notably up-regulated relative to corresponding controls in twenty three cancer types. As well, the elevated expression of GNB2 was found to be associated with the reduced overall survival (OS) of the Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC) and Rectum Adenocarcinoma (READ) only out of all analyzed cancer types. This implies GNB2 plays vital role in the tumorigenesis of LIHC and READ. Several additional analysis also explored six critical pathways and few important correlations related to GNB2 expression and different other parameters such as promoter methylation, tumor purity, CD8+ T immune cells infiltration, and genetic alteration, and chemotherapeutic drugs. In conclusion, GNB2 gene has been identified in this study as a shared potential biomarker (diagnostic and prognostic) of LIHC and READ.

A proteína 2 de ligação de nucleotídeos de guanina (GNB2) codifica a subunidade β2 (Gβ2) do complexo da proteína G. Tendo em vista o aumento da demanda de biomarcadores em câncer, o presente estudo foi planejado para explorar extensivamente a variação da expressão de GNB2 e seus papéis em diferentes cânceres usando bancos de dados on-line disponíveis e metodologia diversificada. Em vista de nossos resultados, o GNB2 foi notavelmente regulado para cima em relação aos controles correspondentes em 23 tipos de câncer. Além disso, a expressão elevada de GNB2 foi associada à redução da sobrevida global (OS) do carcinoma hepatocelular do fígado (LIHC) e do adenocarcinoma do reto (READ) apenas em todos os tipos de câncer analisados. Isso implica que GNB2 desempenha um papel vital na tumorigênese de LIHC e READ. Várias análises adicionais também exploraram seis vias críticas e poucas correlações relacionadas à expressão de GNB2 e diferentes outros parâmetros, como metilação do promotor, pureza do tumor, infiltração de células T CD8+, alteração genética e drogas quimioterápicas. Em conclusão, o gene GNB2 foi identificado neste estudo como um potencial biomarcador compartilhado (diagnóstico e prognóstico) de LIHC e READ.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the separate provision of green and oregano tea extracts on the biomarkers of the redox state and health condition in pre-weaned Jersey calves from birth to 60 days of life. Two experiments following the complete randomized design with measures repeated in time were carried out using 38 Jersey calves (17 and 21 calves in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Calves were distributed according to date of birth into one of three groups: control (CON) - with no addition of extracts; oregano extract (OE) - addition of 70 mg of oregano extract/kg of body weight (BW) and green tea extract (GT) - addition of 35 mg of green tea extract/kg of BW. Eight biomarkers of the redox state were evaluated on days 1, 30, and 60 after birth, and variables measured on day 1 were used as covariates. Body temperature and occurrence of diarrhea were evaluated every two days. Regarding the main results, the supply of oregano extract reduced the concentration of oxidizing biomarkers, such as DCFP (oxidation of dichlorofluorescein in plasma) and carbonyl, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx and catalase. Green tea extract only reduced DCFP and tended to improve catalase activity. Calves remained healthy (no fever and only a few days with diarrhea), and plant extracts did not improve their health condition. The addition of green tea and oregano extracts into the diet has a positive effect on redox status in pre-weaned Jersey calves.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento separado de extratos de chá verde e orégano sobre os biomarcadores do estado redox e condição de saúde em bezerras Jersey durante o seu aleitamento, desde o nascimento até 60 dias de vida. Foram realizados dois experimentos seguindo o delineamento completamente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando 38 bezerros Jersey (17 e 21 bezerros nos experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente). Os bezerros foram distribuídos de acordo com a data de nascimento em um dos três grupos: controle (CON) - sem adição de extratos; extrato de orégano (OE) - adição de 70 mg de extrato de orégano/kg de peso corporal (PV) e extrato de chá verde (GT) - adição de 35 mg de extrato de chá verde/kg de peso corporal. Oito biomarcadores do estado redox foram avaliados nos dias 1, 30 e 60 após o nascimento. A temperatura corporal e a ocorrência de diarreia foram avaliadas a cada dois dias. Quanto aos principais resultados, o fornecimento de extrato de orégano reduziu a concentração dos biomarcadores oxidantes, como DCFP (oxidação da diclorofluoresceína no plasma) e carbonila, e aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, como GPx e catalase. O extrato de chá-verde reduziu apenas DCFP e tendeu a melhorar a atividade da catalase. Os bezerros permaneceram saudáveis (sem febre e apresentando diarreia por apenas alguns dias) e os extratos de plantas não melhoraram sua condição de saúde. A adição de extrato de chá verde e de orégano na dieta exerceu efeito positivo no status redox em bezerros Jersey em aleitamento.(AU)

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Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics of symptomatic cholecystolithiasis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications in pediatric patients. Methods: The medical records of 50 children and adolescents who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were analyzed. We evaluated gender, age, body mass index, preoperative clinical aspects, perioperative complications, and gallstone composition. Results: Among the patients, 33 (66%) were female, and 17 (34%) were male. The mean age was 11.4 ± 3.6. All patients were diagnosed with cholecystolithiasis by abdominal ultrasonography. Twelve patients (24%) had hematological disease: eight (16%) with sickle cell anemia and four (8%) with hereditary spherocytosis. Thirteen patients (26%) were obese. Twelve patients (24%) had complicated biliary disease. During the intraoperative period, three patients (6%) had excessive bleeding in the hepatic hilum, and one had an accidental injury to the common bile duct. Three (6%) postoperative complications (acute pancreatitis, common bile duct stenosis, and intestinal obstruction) were observed. Among 28 patients (56%), 25 (50%) had cholesterol gallstones, and three (6%) had bile pigment gallstones. Conclusions: The evolution of cholecystolithiasis in the pediatric population can present serious complications, emphasizing the need to avoid temporizing cholecystolithiasis in children and adolescents because laparoscopic cholecystectomy in this group is safe, with low complication rates.

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Purpose: To describe an experimental surgical model in rats using a dual-plane technique for evaluation of biomaterials in an in-vivo silicone implant coverage. Methods: This study was developed following the ISO 10993-6 standard. In this study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 350 g were used, distributed into two groups: experimental, biomaterial superimposed on the minimammary prosthesis (MP); and control, MP without implantation of the biomaterial, with eight animals at each biological point: 1, 2, 4, 12, and 26 weeks. Thus, at the end of biological points (1, 2, 4, 12, and 26 weeks; n = 8 animals per week), the tissue specimens achieved were fixed in buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results: Macroscopically, throughout the study, no postoperative complications were apparent. In the histological analysis, it was possible to observe the evolution of the inflammatory response, tissue repair, and fibrous capsule during the biological points. Conclusions: The experimental model described in this study proved to be suitable for evaluating the biomaterial used in the coverage of breast silicone implants.

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Production of transgenic plants with desired agronomic and horticultural traits has gained great importance to fulfill demands of the growing population. Genetic transformation is also a fundamental step to study basics of plant sciences. Different transformation protocols have been developed and used which are reliable and efficient. These protocols used antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes incorporated along with gene of interest to identify transformed plants from non-transformed ones. These marker genes may pose a threat to human and environment. Use of visual markers enables direct and easier observation of transformed plants with more precision. In current study a gene cassette with 'pigment production hydroxylase (PPH) gene under fiber specific promoter (GhSCFP) and downstream Nos-terminator was designed. After checking the structural and functional efficiency of codon optimized gene using bioinformatics tools, the cassette was sent for chemical synthesis from commercial source. The pigment gene cassette (PPH_CEMB), cloned in pCAMBIA-1301, was transformed into Agrobacterium through electroporation. Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip method was used to transform Camelina sativa inflorescence. After seed setting a total of 600 seed were observed for change in color and out of these, 19 seeds developed a reddish-brown coloration, while the remaining 581 seeds remained yellow. The transformation efficiency calculated on basis of color change was 1.0%. PCR analysis of leaves obtained after sowing reddish seeds confirmed the transformation of pigment production gene, while no PCR amplification was observed in leaves of plants from wild type seeds. From the results it is evident that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of C. sativa inflorescence is very efficient and environment friendly technique not only for detection of transformed plants but also to study basic cellular processes.

A produção de plantas transgênicas com características agronômicas e hortícolas desejadas vem ganhando grande importância por atender às demandas da crescente população. A transformação genética também é um passo fundamental para estudar os fundamentos das ciências das plantas. Foram desenvolvidos e utilizados diferentes protocolos de transformação, ​​que são confiáveis ​​e eficientes. Esses protocolos usaram genes de resistência a antibióticos ou herbicidas incorporados ao gene de interesse para identificar plantas transformadas e não transformadas. Esses genes marcadores podem representar uma ameaça ao ser humano e ao meio ambiente. O uso de marcadores visuais permite a observação direta e fácil de plantas transformadas com mais precisão. No estudo atual, foi projetado um cassete de genes com o gene da hidroxilase de produção de pigmentos (PPH) sob promotor específico de fibra (GhSCFP) e terminador NOS a jusante. Após verificar a eficiência estrutural e funcional do gene otimizado por códons usando ferramentas de bioinformática, o cassete foi enviado para síntese química a partir de fonte comercial. O cassete do gene do pigmento (PPH_CEMB), clonado em pCAMBIA-1301, foi transformado em Agrobacterium por eletroporação. O método de imersão floral mediado por Agrobacterium foi usado para transformar a inflorescência de Camelina sativa. Após a formação de sementes, foi observado um total de 600 sementes com mudança de cor, das quais 19 desenvolveram uma coloração marrom-avermelhada, enquanto as 581 restantes permaneceram amarelas. A eficiência de transformação calculada com base na mudança de cor foi de 1%. A análise de PCR das folhas obtidas após a semeadura de sementes avermelhadas confirmou a transformação do gene produtor de pigmentos, enquanto não foi observada amplificação por PCR em folhas de plantas de sementes do tipo selvagem. A partir dos resultados, é evidente que a transformação da inflorescência de C. sativa mediada por Agrobacterium é uma técnica muito eficiente e favorável ao ambiente não só para a detecção de plantas transformadas, mas também para estudar processos celulares básicos.

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This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of 52 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bovine mastitis isolates obtained from 37 dairy herds from the northwest of Portugal against antibiotics belonging to the ß-lactam family, evaluate the detection of blaZ and mecA resistance genes, and study the diversity of positive isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. The detection of blaZ and mecA genes was performed using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the diversity of blaZ was evaluated by phylogenetic analysis. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed a prevalence of phenotypic resistance by S. aureus of 52.0% against penicillin and ampicillin, 34.6% against oxacillin, 17.3% against amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, and 21.1% against cefazolin. A prevalence of phenotypic intermediate resistance of 5.7% against penicillin, 9.6% against amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, and 1.9% against ampicillin and cefazolin, respectively, was demonstrated. A 100.0% phenotypic susceptibility was found against piperacillin. Of the 52 S. aureus isolates, 35 (67.3%) were PCR positive for blaZ gene, and isolate 25 was positive for mecA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of partial blaZ gene S. aureus isolates consensus sequences were placed in two different clades, clade A (cluster A, A.1) and B (cluster B), all closely related to animal and/or human S. aureus strains. Isolate 2 appeared in the phylogenetic tree as the most divergent. This study indicates that blaZ resistance gene plays a role in ß-lactam resistance in the tested bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates within dairy herds in the northwest of Portugal, especially in case of penicillin and ampicillin antibiotics that have shown a high phenotypic prevalence. Indeed, the proportion of bovine mastitis isolates with phenotypic resistance did not agree with the proportion of those identified for blaZ, as isolates with 100.0% of phenotypic susceptibility for all tested antibiotics also harbored blaZ. BlaZ phylogenetic analysis from S. aureus isolates showed diversity inside or between different herds in the northwest of Portugal. Piperacillin, as a suggestion, could be tested for S. aureus bovine mastitis treatment in the future to evaluate this new possibility of therapy.(AU)

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A insuficiência pancreática exócrina (IPE) é uma condição funcional caracterizada pela secreção inadequada de enzimas digestivas pelas células acinares do pâncreas, levando a uma má absorção e eventual síndrome de desnutrição crônica. Nos felinos, embora seja uma das principais afecções do pâncreas exócrino, é, frequentemente, subdiagnosticada e pouco relatada. Diversos fatores foram identificados como possíveis desencadeadores dessa síndrome em felinos, sendo a pancreatite crônica considerada o estágio final mais aceito. Desde a introdução e validação do teste da imunorreatividade semelhante à tripsina felina (fTLI), aumentou-se o diagnóstico de IPE em gatos, entretanto, muitos casos permanecem sem diagnóstico, devido à inespecificidade dos sinais clínicos e alterações clínico patológicas apresentadas pelos pacientes. O tratamento dos animais acometidos, normalmente, é bem sucedido por meio da suplementação enzimática pancreática na dieta. Produtos comerciais estão disponíveis e o pó é considerado mais eficaz que a administração de comprimidos ou cápsulas. O presente relato descreve um caso clínico de IPE em um felino e discute os sinais clínicos apresentados nessa espécie, diagnóstico, tratamento e os principais diferenciais que devem ser considerados para conclusão do diagnóstico.(AU)

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a functional condition characterized by inadequate secretion of digestive enzymes by the acinar cells of the pancreas, leading to malabsorption and eventual chronic malnutrition syndrome. In felines, although it is one of the main diseases of the exocrine pancreas, it is often underdiagnosed and little reported. Several factors have been identified as possible triggers of this syndrome in felines, with chronic pancreatitis considered the most accepted final stage. Since the introduction and validation of the feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) test, the diagnosis of EPI in cats has increased. However, many cases remain undiagnosed due to the nonspecificity of clinical signs and clinical pathological changes presented by patients. Treatment of affected animals is usually successful through pancreatic enzyme supplementation in the diet. Commercial products are available, and the powder is considered more effective than administration of tablets or capsules. This paper reports a clinical case of EPI in a feline, discussing the clinical signs presented in this species, diagnosis, treatment, and the main differences that must be considered to conclude the diagnosis.(AU)

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This retrospective study evaluated the impact of the clinical presentation of pyometra on the morbidity and mortality of the affected bitches. The medical records of 47 bitches surgically treated for pyometra between May and December 2017 were evaluated. The admission data were analyzed to classify the animals according to the clinical presentation of pyometra, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and organic dysfunctions (cardiovascular, neurological, renal, and hemostatic). The outcomes were recorded for up to 14 days. The overall mortality rate was 13%. Open and closed pyometra were identified in 62% (n= 29) and 38% (n= 18) of the cases, respectively. The SIRS was present in 44 (94%) bitches, and 27 (57%) had at least one organ dysfunction. The most prevalent dysfunction was hemostatic, followed by neurological, cardiovascular, and renal dysfunction. The clinical presentation of pyometra and the presence of SIRS did not correlate with each other, or with the presence of organ dysfunction and mortality. However, cumulative organ dysfunction (r=0.532, P=<0.001) and the presence of neurological (r= -0.371; P=0.012) and renal dysfunction (r=0.303; P=0.041) were correlated with mortality. Thus, the identification of organ dysfunction through physical examination and routine laboratory analysis proved to be more effective in identifying and predicting the critically ill patients than the SIRS criteria or clinical presentation of the disease.

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar o impacto da apresentação clínica da piometra na morbimortalidade das cadelas afetadas. Foram avaliados os registros clínicos de 47 cadelas tratadas cirurgicamente para piometra entre maio e dezembro de 2017. Os dados recolhidos na admissão foram analisados para classificar os animais quanto à apresentação clínica da piometra, presença de critérios da Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SRIS) e disfunções orgânicas - cardiovascular, neurológica, renal e hemostática. Foi registrado o desfecho durante 14 dias. A mortalidade global foi de 13%. Piometra aberta e fechada foram identificadas em 62% (n= 29) e 38% (n= 18) respectivamente. SRIS esteve presente em 44 (94%) cadelas e 27 (57%) tiveram pelo menos uma disfunção orgânica. A disfunção mais prevalente foi a hemostática, seguida da neurológica, cardiovascular e renal. A apresentação clínica da piometra e a presença de SRIS não se correlacionaram entre si ou com presença de disfunção orgânica e mortalidade. No entanto, a quantidade de disfunções orgânicas (r=0.532, P=<0.001) e a presença das disfunções neurológica (r= -0.371; P=0.012) e renal (r=0.303; P=0.041) foram correlacionados com mortalidade. Assim, a identificação de disfunções orgânicas através do exame físico e análises laboratoriais de rotina mostrou-se mais eficaz na identificação e previsão de pacientes críticos do que os critérios de SRIS ou a apresentação clínica da doença.

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ABSTRACT In Veterinary Medicine, diseases restricted to the gallbladder (GB) are uncommon in dogs. The histopathological examination of GB is considered the gold standard. However, abdominal ultrasound examination is increasingly included in the veterinary clinical routine, as it allows changes in previously underdiagnosed GB to have a more accurate diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify, quantify and correlate the different aspects of GB in dogs through ultrasound and histopathological examinations. The GB of 60 dog cadavers were evaluated, without predilection for sex, age, and breed. The results demonstrated that the ultrasound examination, when compared to the histopathological examination, presented 83% agreement in the analysis of general data for the presence or absence of GB changes. The level of agreement in the Kappa test was considerably high (K=0.63). There was a high agreement in the diagnosis of changes observed by ultrasound and histopathological examinations, when compared "affected" or "non affected". However, when compared the findings of mucocele, cystic mucinous hyperplasia and cholecystitis, there is a low Kappa agreement. Thus, ultrasound examination is an excellent tool for identifying changes related to the GB. However, more studies must be carried out to deepen the understanding of the correlation between imaging and pathological findings to lead diagnostic conclusions.

RESUMO Na Medicina Veterinária, doenças restritas à vesícula biliar (VB) são incomuns em cães. O exame histopatológico da VB é considerado padrão-ouro, porém o exame ultrassonográfico abdominal está cada vez mais incluído na rotina clínica veterinária, pois permite que alterações da VB, antes subdiagnosticadas, tenham um diagnóstico mais preciso. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, quantificar e correlacionar os diferentes aspectos da VB em cães, por meio de exames ultrassonográfico e histopatológico. Foram avaliadas VB de 60 cadáveres de cães, sem predileção por sexo, idade e raça. Os resultados demonstraram que o exame ultrassonográfico, quando comparado ao exame histopatológico, apresentou concordância de 83% na análise dos dados gerais para presença ou ausência de alterações na VB. O nível de concordância no teste Kappa foi consideravelmente elevado (K=0,63). Houve alta concordância no diagnóstico das alterações observadas pelos exames ultrassonográfico e histopatológico, quando comparados "afetados" ou "não afetados". Entretanto, quando comparados os achados de mucocele, hiperplasia mucinosa cística e colecistite, observou-se baixa concordância Kappa. Assim, o exame ultrassonográfico é uma excelente ferramenta para identificar ou excluir alterações relacionadas à VB. No entanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados para aprofundar a compreensão da correlação entre exames de imagem e achados patológicos para conclusões diagnósticas.

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The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Leishmania spp., hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., tick-borne pathogens (TBP), and co-infection in dogs with clinical signs suggestive of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It also aimed to determine the factors associated with infection and to map the distribution of co-infected dogs in an endemic area in the Northeast region of Brazil. Blood samples from 168 dogs were evaluated for serological analysis to Leishmania spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., and molecular assays to Leishmania spp., Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia spp., and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. In serological and molecular analysis, 29.8% and 5.9% of dogs were co-infected. In the regression analysis, seropositivity for Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., and Leishmania spp. was significantly associated with the presence of petechiae, young dogs, and weight loss. Serology revealed that co-exposure with Babesia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. was associated with fever and thrombocytopenia, and there was an association between seropositivity for Ehrlichia spp. and Babesia spp. in dogs seropositive for Leishmania spp. The presence of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. DNA was associated with anorexia. Thus, dogs with clinical VL have co-infection with other pathogens, reinforcing the importance of this study for a better understanding of these co-infections in dogs from endemic areas.

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência de Leishmania spp., Mycoplasma spp. hemotrópico, patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos (PTC), e coinfecção em cães com sinais clínicos sugestivos de leishmaniose visceral (LV), determinar os fatores associados à infecção, e mapear a distribuição de cães coinfectados em uma área endêmica no Nordeste do Brasil. Amostras de sangue de 168 cães foram avaliadas por análises sorológicas para Leishmania spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., e ensaio molecular para Leishmania spp., Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia spp., e Mycoplasma hemotrópico. Pelas análises sorológicas e moleculares, 29,8% e 5,9% dos cães apresentaram coinfecção, respectivamente. Na análise de regressão, a soropositividade para Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., e Leishmania spp. foram significantemente associadas com a presença de petéquias, cães jovens, e perda de peso. O diagnóstico sorológico revelou que a coexposição à Babesia spp. e Ehrlichia spp. está associada com febre e trombocitopenia, havendo associação entre a soropositividade para Ehrlichia spp. e Babesia spp. em cães soropositivos para Leishmania spp. A presença de DNA de Mycoplasma foi associada à anorexia. Desta forma, cães com sinais de LV possuem coinfecção com outros patógenos, reforçando a importância deste estudo para um melhor entendimento dessas coinfecções em cães de áreas endêmicas.