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Ensilage of rehydrated corn kernels (RC) has been used to improve nutritional value and facilitate on-farm storage. This study evaluated the effects of chitosan and lactic acid microbial inoculants on rehydrated corn silage microbiology, fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and aerobic stability. Forty experimental silos were used in a completely random design to evaluate the following treatments: 1) Control (CON): RC silage without additives; 2) Chitosan (CHI): RC silage with 6 g/kg dry matter (DM) of chitosan; 3) Lactobacillus buchneri (LB): RC ensiled with 5 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) of L. buchneri per gram fresh weight; and 4) Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici (LPPA): RC ensiled 1.6 × 105 of L. plantarum and 1.6 × 105 P. acidilactici per gram fresh weight. Additives increased lactic acid bacteria and concentration of lactic and propionic acid, decreased mold and yeast count and gas and fermentative losses, and improved DM recovery. The CHI-silos had lower silage pH, Ammonia-N concentration, fermentative losses, and higher acetic acid concentration compared to microbial inoculated-silos. In addition, CHI and LB decreased silage pH and temperature after aerobic exposure. Although, treatments showed slight effects on the nutritional value of RC, CHI improved aerobic stability and decreaseds fermentation losses.

A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados (RC) tem sido usada para melhorar o valor nutricional e facilitar o armazenamento na fazenda. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de inoculantes microbianos de quitosana e ácido lático na microbiologia de silagem de milho reidratada, perfil e perdas de fermentação, composição química, degradação in vitro e estabilidade aeróbia. Quarenta silos experimentais foram utilizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para avaliar os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle (CON): silagem RC sem aditivos; 2) Quitosana (CHI): silagem de RC com 6 g/kg de matéria seca (MS) de quitosana; 3) Lactobacillus buchneri (LB): RC ensilados com 5 × 105 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de L. buchneri por grama na alimentação; e 4) Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici (LPPA): RC ensilado 1,6 × 105 de L. plantarum e 1,6 × 105 P. acidilactici por grama na alimentação. Os aditivos aumentaram as bactérias láticas e a concentração de ácido lático e propiônico, diminuíram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas gasosas e fermentativas e melhoraram a recuperação da MS. Os silos CHI apresentaram menores pH da silagem, concentração de N amoniacal, perdas fermentativas e maior concentração de ácido acético em comparação com silos inoculados microbianos. Além disso, CHI e LB reduziram pH e temperatura da silagem após a exposição ao ar. Embora os tratamentos mostrem pequenos efeitos sobre o valor nutricional do RC, a CHI melhoroua a estabilidade aeróbia e diminui as perdas por fermentação.

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Plants' physiology changes through the day because photoassimilates can increase water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in the afternoon compared to the morning. This study evaluated the harvest time effect on whole-plant corn silage morphological composition, particle size, fermentation profile, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and estimated milk yield. A two-year agronomic assay was performed in a completely random design, and one experimental silo was produced by each parcel (n = 16). The afternoon harvest increased (P < 0.01) dry matter content compared to the morning harvest. Harvest time did not affect (P ≥ 0.32) corn grain, stalk, leaf proportion, and silage particle size. However, the morning harvest increased dry matter recovery (P = 0.01) and had no effect (P ≥ 0.10) on silage pH and concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared to the afternoon harvest. In addition, afternoon harvest instead of morning harvest increased (P ≤ 0.05) silage starch, water-soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent lignin, and ether extract content and dry matter in vitro degradation. Controversially, treatments showed no effect (P ≥ 0.14) on silage energy concentration, estimated energy content, and milk yield. Thus, the morning harvest produces more silage dry matter, but the afternoon harvest improves corn silage's nutritional value with no impact on estimated milk yield.

A fisiologia das plantas muda ao longo do dia porque os fotoassimilados podem aumentar a concentração de carboidratos solúveis em água à tarde em comparação com a manhã. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do horário de colheita na composição morfológica da silagem de milho de planta inteira, tamanho de partícula, perfil de fermentação, composição química, degradação in vitro e estimativa da produção de leite. Um ensaio agronômico de dois anos foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e um silo experimental foi produzido por cada parcela (n = 16). A colheita da tarde aumentou (P < 0,01) o teor de matéria seca em relação à colheita da manhã. A época de colheita não afetou (P ≥ 0,32) a proporção de grãos, colmos e folhas do milho e o tamanho das partículas da silagem. Entretanto, a colheita da manhã aumentou (P = 0,01) a recuperação de matéria seca e não teve efeito (P ≥ 0,10) no pH da silagem e nas concentrações de ácido láctico e acético em comparação à colheita da tarde. Além disso, a colheita da tarde, em vez da colheita da manhã, aumentou (P ≤ 0,05) o amido da silagem, os carboidratos solúveis em água, a lignina detergente ácida e o teor de extrato etéreo e a degradação in vitro da matéria seca. Controversamente, os tratamentos não mostraram efeito (P ≥ 0,14) na concentração de energia da silagem, no conteúdo energético estimado e na produção de leite. Assim, a colheita da manhã produz mais matéria seca da silagem, mas a colheita da tarde melhora o valor nutricional da silagem de milho sem impacto na produção estimada de leite.

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Corn silage is susceptible to losses through aerobic spoilage. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate increasing sweet orange essential oil levels in chemical composition, in vitro degradability, losses, fermentation parameters, microbial count, and the aerobic stability of corn silage. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatment levels: Control (CON), ensiling corn without sweet orange essential oil; 200 mg kg­1,400 mg kg­1, and 600 mg kg­1 of ensiling mass with four replicates per treatment. Sweet orange essential oil affected both the dry matter (p = 0.035) and the organic matter (p = 0.021), presenting quadratic behavior. Sweet orange essential oil did not affect (p ≥ 0.05) in vitro dry matter degradability, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, or gross energy. Sweet orange essential oil had a quadratic effect (p = 0.022) on the acetic acid concentration in corn silage. There was a tendency (p = 0.097) for sweet orange essential oil to reduce the ammoniacal nitrogen linearly. The levels of sweet orange essential oil did not influence losses by gases or effluents (p ≥ 0.05). We observed no effect of sweet orange essential oil on Lactic acid-producing bacteria populations or fungi (p ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, increasing sweet orange essential oil levels decreased temperature (p = 0.02) over time but did not influence pH (p = 0.404). Sweet orange essential oil does not affect in vitro degradability, fermentation parameters, nor microbial count in corn silage. However, the 600 mg of ensiling mass increases corn silage's acetic acid concentration and aerobic stability.

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This study was conducted to identify the key volatile compounds that characterize whether silage has deteriorated and to investigate the intrinsic link between the key compounds and silage odor. First, silages with different aerobic exposure durations were sampled, and sensory evaluation integrating aerobic stability monitoring was used to distinguish whether the silage had deteriorated. Subsequently, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was utilized to determine the relative content of the compounds. Using the relative content of the compounds in each silage as input, relative odor activity value (ROAV) calculations and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed to determine the odor contribution of the compounds and the compounds with significant differences in relative content (based on variable importance for the projection, VIP) between the deteriorated and non-deteriorated silages. Next, the key compounds were identified by combining the conditions of average ROAV (aROAV) ≥ 1 and VIP > 1. Finally, the OPLS algorithm was used to analyze the intrinsic link of key compounds with the silage odor. The results showed that three out of 63 compounds­4-ethyl phenol, eugenol, and ethyl linoleate­were key compounds to characterize whether the silages deteriorated or not. In addition, ortho-guaiacol, 4-ethyl guaiacol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol were the specific key compounds for deteriorated silage. Eugenol and ethyl linoleate were correlated with fruity, sour, and spicy odors. In addition, guaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl guaiacol and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol contributed to roasted, musty, and putrid odors.(AU)

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In this study, the possibilities of using Cubic Spline functions and some yield-density models in the estimation of live weights of Kivircik lambs fed with different silage types were investigated. In the experiment, 40 male Kivircik lambs aged 2.5-3 months were used and the animals were fattened for 56 days. To assess the predictive performance of the fitted models, model fit statistics such as the coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R2, mean square error (MSE), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were determined. The Cubic Spline model was discovered to be the best model for quantifying Kivircik lambs live weight, with the highest R2 and adjusted R2 values, as well as the lowest MSE and AIC values. Cubic Spline functions were applied as live weight estimation model in lambs fed with silage containing 5 different ratios of corn and sunflower (100% sunflower silage, 75% sunflower + 25% corn silage, 50% sunflower + 50% corn silage, 25% sunflower + 75% corn silage, 100% corn silage). As a result, Cubic Spline functions have been found to be effective in estimating the live weight of fattened lambs.

Neste estudo, foram investigadas as possibilidades de usar funções de spline cúbica e alguns modelos de densidade de produção na estimativa de pesos vivos de cordeiros Kivircik alimentados com diferentes tipos de silagem. No experimento, foram usados 40 cordeiros Kivircik machos com 2,5 a 3 meses de idade e os animais foram engordados por 56 dias. Para avaliar o desempenho preditivo dos modelos ajustados, foram determinadas as estatísticas de ajuste do modelo, como o coeficiente de determinação (R2), o R2 ajustado, o erro quadrático médio (MSE) e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). O modelo de spline cúbica foi considerado o melhor modelo para quantificar o peso vivo de cordeiros Kivircik, com os valores mais altos de R2 e R2 ajustado, bem como os valores mais baixos de MSE e AIC. As funções de spline cúbica foram aplicadas como modelo de estimativa de peso vivo em cordeiros alimentados com silagem contendo 5 proporções diferentes de milho e girassol (100% de silagem de girassol, 75% de girassol + 25% de silagem de milho, 50% de girassol + 50% de silagem de milho, 25% de girassol + 75% de silagem de milho, 100% de silagem de milho). Como resultado, verificou-se que as funções de spline cúbica são eficazes na estimativa do peso vivo de cordeiros engordados.

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This study aimed to evaluate different proportions of cactus pear in silage with BRS Capiaçu grass, along with a 10% inclusion of ground corn grain, focusing on aerobic stability, fermentative profile, chemical composition, and digestibility. The treatments included cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) at increasing levels of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% of the natural matter in the silage with BRS Capiaçu grass, plus 10% ground corn grain. Additionally, a control silage composed of BRS Capiaçu grass without ground corn was used. A completely randomized design was employed with six treatments and eight replications. The BRS Capiaçu grass was harvested after 100 days of regrowth. For ensiling, experimental PVC silos of known weights and of 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter were used. The breakdown of aerobic stability of the silage without cactus pear (BRS Capiaçu grass with 10% ground corn) occurred 144 h after opening the silo. The inclusion of cactus pear in the silage with BRS Capiaçu grass and 10% ground corn grain resulted in a linear increase in pH value. Among the silages with cactus pear inclusion, there was no significant difference in gas losses (P = 0.46) and dry matter (DM) recovery (P = 0.43). There was no significant difference between the silages in terms of acetic acid content (P = 0.91). The content of DM and total digestible nutrients was lower in the control silage compared with the other silages. For each percentage unit of cactus pear inclusion, there was a reduction of 0.1195% in DM content. Additionally, for every 1% inclusion of cactus pear in silage with BRS Capiaçu grass, there was an increase of 0.2007 percentage units in DM digestibility. The optimal proportion of cactus pear in silage with BRS Capiaçu grass and 10% ground corn is up to 60% of the natural matter.(AU)

Resumo

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two maturity stages of whole-plant corn at harvest (32.1 or 42.5% dry matter (DM)) and a commercial microbial inoculant composed of L. buchneri and L. plantarum at concentration of 110,000 CFU/g of fresh forage (1.1 × 105 CFU/g FF) on fermentation losses, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and digestibility of starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). A factorial and randomized design was used (two DM contents, both with or without inoculant), with five replicates per treatment. Dry matter at harvest affected most variables, except lignin, NDF digestibility, ethanol, and lactic and acetic acids. Drier silages differed in total DM losses (−1.7%) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population (+1.2 log CFU/g). The use of the inoculant affected the levels of ether extract (+0.27% DM), starch (+2.9% DM), and lignin (−0.17% DM). The LAB (+1.6 log CFU/g) and yeast (−2.82% log CFU/g) populations were also influenced, as well as aerobic stability at six days. The inoculant × DM interaction was observed in the water-soluble carbohydrates content, being higher in silages with 32.1% DM and in those not inoculated for both DM. Crude protein was also higher in these silages, whether inoculated or not. Wetter silages were more prone to gas losses when inoculated (+2.5% DM) and lost more effluent when not inoculated (+4.82 kg/t FF). However, total DM losses during aerobic stability were on average 10.58% DM lower in these silages, with inoculation being preferred (6.72% DM vs 11.60% DM (control)). Under these conditions, harvesting corn for silage at 42.5% DM is indicated to obtain a more energetic silage, as noted both in the increased starch content and the reduced losses associated with fermentation.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to determine the agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and in situ degradability of different sorghum genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the National Maize and Sorghum Research Center ­ Sete Lagoas, MG. For agronomic and nutritional characteristics, a randomized block design was used, and for in situ degradability, a split-plot design was applied. Genotypes 13F2006, BRS655 and Volumax showed lower dry matter productivity compared to 12F02006 and 12F03033. Genotype BRS655 had the lowest levels of neutral detergent-insoluble fiber (NDF), acid detergent-insoluble fiber (ADF) and lignin. Furthermore, no difference was found for potential degradability (PD), indigestible fraction (IF), and effective degradability (ED) at 2; 5 and 8% hour-1 DM among the studied materials. Genotypes 12F03033 and 12F02006 combine higher productivity and nutritional quality.(AU)

Resumo

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, the morphometric characteristics, and the nutritional value of corn with use of foliar fungicide associated with inoculant on ensiling on the chemical-fermentative characteristics of silage. The applications of fungicide pyraclostrobin + fluxpyroxade were carried out in vegetative-eight and tasseling stage, and the evaluations of plants occurred simultaneously at harvest (dough grain stage), during which application was made with inoculant consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei for silage production. The use of fungicide decreased the percentage of leaf area affected by Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis and Phaeosphaeria maydis. At harvest, corn showed fewer dry leaves and higher yields of fresh (66,368vs. 62,015kg·ha-1) and dry biomass (20,964 vs. 19,485kg·ha-1) with fungicide. The fungicide also reduced the LDA content from 5.99% to 5.16%, which generated greater ISDMD for whole plant (43.14 and 62.57%, for 24 and 48 hours, respectively). The association of fungicide with inoculant promoted higher concentration of acetic acid than when each was used alone, and the dry matter losses of silage with inoculant were higher than control silage (8.88vs. 12.78%, respectively). Fungicide and inoculant used in combination provided silages with lower fibrous content.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade, as características morfométricas e o valor nutricional do milho, com uso de fungicida foliar associado a inoculante na ensilagem, sobre as características químico-fermentativas da silagem. As aplicações do fungicida piraclostrobina + fluxpiroxade foram realizadas nos estádios vegetativo-oito e pendoamento, e as avaliações das plantas ocorreram simultaneamente na colheita (fase de grãos pastosos), quando foi aplicado o inoculante composto por cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e L. casei para a produção de silagem. O uso de fungicida diminuiu a porcentagem de área foliar afetada por Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis e Phaeosphaeria maydis. Na colheita, o milho apresentou menor número de folhas secas e maior produtividade de biomassa fresca (66.368 vs. 62.015kg·ha-1) e seca (20.964 vs. 19.485kg·ha-1) com fungicida. O fungicida reduziu teor de LDA de 5,99% para 5,16%, gerando maior ISDMD para planta inteira (43,14 e 62,57%, para 24 e 48 horas, respectivamente). A associação do fungicida com inoculante promoveu maior concentração de ácido acético do que quando cada um foi utilizado isoladamente, e as perdas de matéria seca da silagem com inoculante foram maiores que as da silagem controle (8,88 vs. 12,78%, respectivamente). Fungicida e inoculante utilizados associados proporcionaram silagens com menor teor fibroso.

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The semiarid region of Pernambuco produces 99.5% of the forage corn, considering that 93.8% of the ruminant herd is produced in this region of the Brazilian Northeast. The Agreste Meridional is located in this region, which presents seasonality in production due to water deficit. Silage is one of the adopted roughage conservation strategies, with corn being the forage that presents the best indicators when fed to animals. Agronomic aspects are often neglected, considering that the performance of cultivars may vary with the growing environment. The objective of this research was the introduction and evaluation of corn cultivars for the production for whole-plant silage in the Agreste Meridional of Pernambuco, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with seven treatments, of which five non transgenic cultivars ('Alagoano', 'Nordestino', 'São Luís', 'PV2 Viçosense' and 'PV1 Branca') and two transgenic hybrids ('LG 6030 VT PRO2' and 'AS 1573 YG'). It was observed that all genotypes showed susceptibility to Spodoptera frugiperdaand Helicoverpa zea, except for the 'AS 1573 YG' hybrid, due to the Bttechnology. The biometric characters of the genotypes were influenced by the environment. However, with yield of 10,537 and 10,666 kg ha-1(dry matter), the genotypes 'Alagoano' and 'AS 1573 YG', respectively, were selected for cultivation in the Agreste Meridional region for the production of silage, which can be used in intensive production systems or family farming.

A região semiárida de Pernambuco produz 99,5% do milho forrageiro, considerando que 93,8% do rebanho de ruminantes é produzido nesta região do Nordeste brasileiro. O Agreste Meridional está inserido nesta região, que apresenta sazonalidade na produção devido ao déficit hídrico. A silagem é uma das estratégias de conservação de volumoso adotado, sendo o milho a forrageira que apresenta os melhores indicadores quando fornecida aos animais. Aspectos agronômicos, muitas vezes, são negligenciados, considerando que o desempenho dos cultivares poderão variar com o ambiente de cultivo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi a introdução e avaliação de cultivares de milho para produção de silagem de planta inteira no Agreste Meridional de Pernambuco, Brasil. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos, dos quais, cinco cultivares não transgênicas (Alagoano, Nordestino, São Luís, PV2 Viçosense, PV1 Branca) e dois híbridos transgênicos ('LG 6030 VT PRO2' e 'AS 1573 YG'). Observou-se que todos os genótipos apresentaram suscetibilidade às pragas Spodoptera frugiperdae Helicoverpa zea, exceto o híbrido 'AS 1573 YG', devido à tecnologia Bt. Os caracteres biométricos dos cultivares foram influenciados pelo ambiente. Porém, com produtividade de 10.537 e 10.666 kg ha-1(matéria seca), os genótipos Alagoano e 'AS 1573 YG', respectivamente, foram selecionados para cultivo na região do Agreste Meridional para produção de silagem, podendo ser utilizados em sistemas intensivos de produção ou agricultura familiar.

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Ensiling maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) is essential to preserve the nutrients of this forage plant. However, the plant moisture content may generate undesirable fermentations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different cornmeal inclusion levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the chemical composition and fermentation parameters of maniçoba silage, in addition to identifying the variables most affected by cornmeal. The concentrations of dry matter (DM), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and propionic acid increased with cornmeal inclusion levels (P < 0.05). Crude protein (CP), lignin, and butyric acid contents, as well as pH, were reduced by the additive (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis resulted in two main groups. Group I was formed by variables positively affected by cornmeal inclusion, namely DM, hemicellulose, NFC, and TDN. Group II contained variables that were negatively affected by cornmeal, namely CP, lignin, mineral matter, and butyric acid. Regardless of the addition of cornmeal, maniçoba silage displays an adequate chemical composition and a good fermentation profile for ruminant feeding. Dry matter and total digestible nutrients are the chemical variables most influenced by cornmeal inclusion, whereas pH and butyric acid are the fermentative parameters most affected by the moisture-absorbent additive. Including moderate levels of cornmeal in maniçoba silage is recommended to achieve the best fermentation profile and the highest concentration of digestible nutrients without mischaracterizing it as a roughage feed.

A ensilagem da maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) é importante para preservar os nutrientes dessa planta forrageira. Todavia, o teor de umidade da planta pode gerar fermentações indesejáveis. Objetivou-se avaliar efeito de níveis de fubá de milho (0, 10, 20 e 30%) sobre a composição bromatológica e parâmetros fermentativos da silagem de maniçoba, além de identificar as variáveis mais afetada pelo aditivo. As concentrações de matéria seca (MS), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e ácido propiônico aumentaram em função dos níveis de fubá de milho (P<0,05). Os teores de proteína bruta (PB), lignina e ácido butírico, além do pH, foram reduzidos pelo aditivo (P<0,05). Dois grupos foram formados na análise de componentes principais. O grupo I foi formado por variáveis afetadas positivamente pela inclusão do fubá de milho: MS, hemicelulose, CNF e NDT. O grupo II foi formado por variáveis que tiveram seus valores reduzidos pela inclusão do aditivo: PB, lignina, matéria mineral e ácido butírico. A silagem de maniçoba, com ou sem fubá de milho, apresenta bom perfil fermentativo e composição bromatológica adequada para a alimentação de ruminantes. Os teores de MS e NDT são as variáveis da composição químico-bromatológica mais influenciadas pela inclusão do fubá de milho, enquanto pH e ácido butírico são as variáveis do perfil fermentativo mais afeadas pelo aditivo absorvente. Sugere-se a inclusão de níveis moderados de fubá na silagem de maniçoba para obter melhor perfil de fermentação e a maior concentração de nutrientes digestíveis, sem descaracterizar o alimento como volumoso.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage yield and nutritional value of eight corn hybrids for silage production: P3565 PWU (Pioneer®), CERES 310, CERES 312, CERES 405, CERES 412 (Nova Ceres Sementes®), 2A521 PW, 2B533 PW and FS620 PWU (Forseed®), with 4 repetitions each. The plants were harvested at the dough grain phenological stage (R4). Hybrid CERES 312 showed higher dry biomass production, however, with no significant difference from CERES 310 (30,919 and 27,662kg ha-1, respectively), and higher grain yield (14,365 kg ha-1). The participation of stem and leaves of hybrid CERES 405 was higher than the other hybrids (22.3% and 20.2%). Hybrid CERES 405 presented higher CP content (8.38%) however, it did not differ from CERES 310, CERES 312 and 2B533 PW. The 2B533 PW hybrid had lower LDA content (2.94%). Hybrids P3565 PWU and 2B533 PWU presented higher values of NEl (1.511 and 1.499 Mcal kg DM-1, respectively) and the hybrid CERES 312 presented lower value (1.412 Mcal kg DM-1). Differences in the participation of plant components were inconsistent on the nutrients obtained, proving that structural and nutritional evaluations of corn hybrids should be complementary.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção e o valor nutritivo da forragem de oito híbridos de milho para silagem: P3565 PWU (Pioneer®), CERES 310, CERES 312, CERES 405, CERES 412 (Nova Ceres Sementes®), 2A521 PW, 2B533 PW e FS620 PWU (Forseed®), com quatro repetições cada. As plantas foram colhidas em estádio fenológico de grão farináceo (R4). O híbrido CERES 312 apresentou maior produção de fitomassa seca, sem diferir estatisticamente do CERES 310 (30.919 e 27.662kg ha-1, respectivamente), e também maior produção de grãos (14.365 kg ha-1). A participação de colmo e folhas do híbrido CERES 405 foi superior aos demais híbridos (22,3% e 20,2%). O híbrido CERES 405 apresentou maior teor de PB (8,38%), sem diferir dos híbridos CERES 310, CERES 312 e 2B533 PW. O híbrido 2B533 PW apresentou menor teor de LDA (2,94%). Os híbridos P3565 PWU e 2B533 PWU apresentaram maiores valores de NEl (1,511 e 1,499 Mcal kg de MS-1, respectivamente), e o híbrido CERES 312 apresentou menor valor (1,412 Mcal kg de MS-1). As diferenças nas participações estruturais da planta foram inconsistentes aos nutrientes obtidos, o que prova que as avaliações estruturais e nutricionais de híbridos de milho devem ser feitas de forma complementar.

Resumo

The objective was to investigate the effect of wild lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the fungal and chemical composition of whole-plant corn silage. Three treatments were evaluated: CON-without inoculation, LB-inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri (CCMA 1366), and LF-inoculated with L. farraginis (CCMA 1362). The silages were stored for 29, 103, and 193 d. The highest acetic acid (19.7 g/kg DM) and 1,2-propanediol (6.3 g/kg DM) concentrations were found in the LF, the highest aerobic stability was observed in this silage after 29 d (158.3 h). The yeast population was below the detection level at 29 d in the LF and 103 and 193 d in all silages. Seven genera of filamentous fungi (FF) were identified before ensiling; none of these were found after ensiling. At 29 d, Monascus pilosus was identified in the LB after aerobic exposure but did not produce citrinin. At 103 and 193 d, there was Aspergillus fumigatus predominance. A. flavus was identified at 103 d in the CON and LB; none produced B1, B2, G1, or G2 toxins. LAB strains modified the silages' chemical and FF composition, and LF increased aerobic stability and reduced FF's yeast population and diversity.

O objetivo foi investigar o efeito de cepas selvagens de bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) sobre a composição fúngica e química da silagem de planta inteira de milho. Três tratamentos foram avaliados: CON - sem inoculação, LB - inoculado com Lentilactobacillus buchneri (CCMA 1366) e LF - inoculado com L. farraginis (CCMA 1362). As silagens foram armazenadas por 29, 103 e 193 dias. As maiores concentrações de ácido acético (19,7g/kg MS) e 1,2-propanodiol (6,3g/kg MS) foram encontradas na silagem LF, e a maior estabilidade aeróbia foi observada nessa silagem após 29 dias (158,3h). A população de leveduras ficou abaixo do nível de detecção aos 29 dias na silagem LF e aos 103 e 193 dias em todas as silagens. Sete gêneros de fungos filamentosos (FF) foram identificados antes da ensilagem; nenhum deles foi encontrado após a ensilagem. Aos 29 dias, Monascus pilosus foi identificado na silagem LB após exposição aeróbia, mas não produziu citrinina. Aos 103 e 193 dias, houve predominância de Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus foi identificado aos 103 dias nas silagens CON e LB; nenhum produziu toxinas B1, B2, G1 ou G2. As cepas de BAL modificaram a composição química, e de FF das silagens; LF aumentou a estabilidade aeróbia e reduziu a população e a diversidade de leveduras FF.

Resumo

This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of processing method of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) on feed intake, performance, carcass traits, feeding behavior, rumen morphology, and blood metabolites of cattle in the finishing phase. Thirty-eight F1 Angus × Nellore bulls (365±22 kg) raised under grazing conditions were housed in individual pens (2 × 4 m) for the feeding trial. At the end of the adaptation period, animals were weighed after a 16-h fast, blocked by shrunk body weight, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: GRC, consisting of RCGS that was ground before ensiling using a hammer mill with a uniform 8-mm screen (1.52 mm geometric mean particle size); and RRC, consisting of RCGS that was rolled before ensiling in a roller mill mounted in a bagging machine (2.18 mm geometric mean particle size). Diet ingredients were mixed manually twice daily, at 09:00 and 15:00 h, and offered as total mixed rations in amounts approximately 50 g/kg in excess of daily intake. The experimental diets contained a forage:concentrate ratio of 130:870 g/kg, with 644 g/kg of RCGS. The GRC resulted in greater daily variation in dry matter intake, total-tract digestibility (dry and organic matter), fecal pH, rumen papillae width, and lower first meal duration, meal length, fecal starch, and rumen papillae height than the RRC. However, grinding or rolling RCGS did not affect dry matter intake, growth performance, carcass traits, or health (liver abscesses, ruminitis, serum D-lactate) of finishing beef cattle. Therefore, the processing equipment to make RCGS might be preferable based on equipment availability, milling yield, energy consumption, and diet composition.(AU)

Resumo

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of varying levels of sorghum silage replacement with waste from soybean pre-cleaning (WSPC) on the characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components in feedlot-finished lambs. A total of 32 uncastrated, weaned, Texel x Ile de France crossbreed male lambs, at 60 days of age, were used. The treatments consisted of different levels of WSPC replacing roughage (sorghum silage) at 0, 33.5, 66.5, and 100% on a dry matter (DM) basis. For these replacement levels, the inclusion of WSPC in the ration was 0, 150, 300, and 450 g kg-1 DM. A roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 45:55, also on a DM basis, was applied. The roughage componente consisted of sorghum silage and/or WSPC, while the concentrate contained corn grits, soybean meal, and calcitic limestone. The lambs were slaughtered upon reaching a live weight of 35 kg. The study found no significant differences (P>0.05) in carcass traits across the different levels of WSPC replacement. Among non-carcass components, however, the proportions of liver, pancreas, thymus, and kidneys increased linearly (P≤0.05) with increasing WSPC in the diet. Regarding the filling of the gastrointestinal tract, the content of the rumen, reticulum, small intestine, and total gastrointestinal content decreased linearly (P≤0.05) with greater WSPC in the diet. Waste from soybean pre-cleaning can replace sorghum silage as roughage in feedlot lamb diets without affecting the characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components. A replacement level of up to 100% (inclusion of 450 g kg-1 DM of the ration) is recommended for diets with a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 45:55.(AU)

O presente experimento teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de substituição da silagem de sorgo por resíduo de pré-limpeza de soja (RPLS) sobre as características da carcaça e dos componentes não carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros machos, não castrados, cruza Texel x Ile de France, desmamados com 60 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes níveis de substituição do alimento volumoso (silagem de sorgo) por RPLS em níveis de 0; 33,5; 66,5 e 100% de substituição, em base de matéria seca (MS). Para estes níveis de substituição, a inclusão de RPLS na ração foi 0, 150, 300 e 450 g kg-1 MS. Utilizou-se uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 45:55, com base na matéria seca. As dietas eram compostas por volumoso a base de silagem de sorgo e/ou RPLS, e o concentrado composto por milho desintegrado, farelo de soja e calcário calcítico. Os cordeiros foram abatidos quando atingiram o peso pré-estabelecido de 35 kg de peso vivo. As características das carcaças avaliadas nesse estudo não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de substituição de silagem de sorgo por RPLS. Quanto às características dos componentes não carcaça, as proporções de fígado, pâncreas, timo e rins aumentaram linearmente (P≤0,05) com o nível de substituição de silagem de sorgo por RPLS nas dietas. Quando avaliado o enchimento do trato gastrintestinal, os conteúdos do rúmen, do retículo, do intestino delgado e o conteúdo gastrintestinal total apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente (P≤0,05) com o aumento de RPLS na dieta. A utilização de RPLS em substituição a silagem de sorgo como alimento volumoso na dieta de cordeiros confinados não altera as características da carcaça e dos componentes não carcaça dos animais, podendo-se recomendar a substituição até o nível de 100% (inclusão de 450 g kg-1 MS da ração), em rações com relação volumoso:concentrado de 45:55.(AU)

Resumo

This study investigated the occurrence of mycotoxins in wet brewers' grains (WBG) treated with salt (sodium chloride) and the intake, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen use efficiency in lamb diets. Two experiments were conducted: first, WBG was distributed in plastic boxes and treated with no additive (control), sodium formate (3 g/kg of WBG), or three levels of salt­25, 30, and 35 g/kg of WBG. The WBG were stored at room temperature (17.7±4.6 ℃) for 27 days. In the second experiment, eight six-month-old male lambs were allotted to one of four total mixed ration (TMR) diets in a 4 × 4 double Latin square: 0, 10, 20, and 30% of WBG replacing corn silage and soybean meal. In the first experiment, the concentration of mycotoxins throughout the experiment was lower than the tolerance levels accepted by the European Community and Food and Drug Administration for animal feedstuffs. However, the control and sodium formate groups showed visual fungal development on the WBG surface from the sixth day and presented an unpleasant smell from day 12. In the salt treatments, fungal growth was observed on top of the WBG from day 12 and an unpleasant smell from day 15. Salt-treated WBG showed a lower pH than the control and sodium formate groups and decreased dry matter deterioration. In the second experiment, including up to 30% WBG in the TMR did not affect dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber intake or digestibility in lambs. However, the N digestibility and N use efficiency increased with WBG inclusion. These results suggest that salt can be used to increase the storage time of WBG up to 15 days and the inclusion of up to 30% WBG in TMR for lambs can improve N use efficiency without negatively affecting nutrient intake and digestibility.(AU)

Resumo

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of snaplage on fecal characteristics, feeding behavior, and performance of finishing bulls. Seventy-two single-sourced Nellore bulls (initial body weight [BW] = 400 ± 27.4 kg; 2.4 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (three bulls/pen; eight pen replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of finishing diets with the following sources of fiber and energy: corn silage, reconstituted corn grain silage, and dry-ground corn (control; inclusion of 22.9, 42.1, and 20.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively); snaplage (inclusion of 65% of DM) and dry-ground corn (SNAP65); and snaplage only (inclusion of 85% of DM; SNAP85). Bulls were adapted over a 15-d period and fed for a total of 86 d. Fecal samples were collected on days 42, 65, and 73. Feeding behavior was assessed on days 51 and 69. All data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design. No differences were obtained for initial BW, gain:feed ratio, hot carcass, and dressing. The SNAP85 diet had a greater intake, followed by SNAP65 and control diets (P = 0.02). There was a tendency of greater average daily gain and final BW (P = 0.07 and 0.08, respectively) for SNAP65 diet, followed by SNAP85 and control treatments. A tendency (P = 0.07) was also observed for greater ribeye area in bulls consuming SNAP65 (85 cm2), followed by control (81 cm2) and SNAP85 (80 cm2). Bulls consuming SNAP65 and SNAP85 spent more time chewing (on average, 249 min/d) than those consuming control diet (177 min/d; P = 0.01). Fecal starch was lower, and pH was greater for SNAP85 (P = 0.01 for both variables). Overall, snaplage is a suitable ingredient in high-starch diets for providing energy and physically effective neutral detergent fiber. The inclusion of 65% of snaplage and 20% of dry-ground corn (DM basis) showed a slight superior performance in Nellore bulls.(AU)

Resumo

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of whole soy lecithin on the apparent digestibility of the diet, ingestive behavior, productive performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot-finished beef cattle. This was a completely randomized experimental design involving three treatments: Control diet; Diet with whole soy lecithin (10 g animal-1 day-1); and Diet with whole soy lecithin (20 g animal-1 day-1), with five replications. The diets were formulated and constituted of 33% corn silage and 67% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Thirty non-castrated ½ Angus × ½ Nellore steers, with an average age of 14 months and average initial body weight of 432 kg, were used in the experiment. The dietary inclusion of whole soy lecithin improved the digestibility of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber but did not influence ingestive behavior. Supplementation with 10 g animal-1 day-1 of whole soy lecithin resulted in higher average weight gain (1.707 kg day-1) followed by non-supplemented animals (1.645 kg day-1) and those supplemented with whole soy lecithin at 20 g animal-1 day-1 (1.587 kg day-1). Carcass fatness was not altered with the supplementation of whole soy lecithin. The supply of whole soy lecithin improved the use of the ether extract and fiber fraction of the diet and resulted in the highest average weight gain. The level of 10 g animal-1 day-1 provided the best responses.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de lecitina integral de soja na digestibilidade aparente da dieta, comportamento ingestivo, desempenho produtivo, e nas características de carcaça de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, constituído de três tratamentos, sendo: Ração controle; Ração com lecitina integral de soja (10 g animal dia-1); e Ração com lecitina integral de soja (20 g animal dia-1), com cinco repetições. As rações, em base na matéria seca, foram formuladas e constituídas por 33% de silagem milho e 67% de concentrado. Foram utilizados 30 novilhos não castrados, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 14 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 432,3 kg. A digesibilidade do extrato etéreo e da fibra em detergente neutro foi melhorada com a inclusão de lecitina integral de soja, já o comportamento ingestivo não foi alterado. A suplementação com 10 g animal dia-1 de lecitina integral de soja proporcionou maior média para ganho de peso (1,707 kg dia-1) seguido dos animais não suplementados (1,645 kg dia-1) e suplementados com lecitina integral de soja na dose de 20 g animal dia-1 (1,587 kg dia-1). Em relção ao acabamento das carcaças, este não foi alterado com a suplementação de lecitina integral de soja. O uso de lecitina integral de soja melhorou o aproveitamento da fração etérea e fibrosa da ração, e garantiu a maior média para ganho de peso, sendo a dose de 10 g animal dia-1 com melhores respostas.

Resumo

This study aimed to determine the effects of relocation time (RT; Experiment 1) and storage time after relocation (ST; Experiment 2) on microbial population, fermentative characteristics, and chemical composition of corn silage. In experiment 1, corn silage was stored for 30 d, subjected to different RT (0­60 h), and stored again for 30 d. Thirty experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 2, after 150 d of ensiling, silage was removed from a bunker silo, exposed to air for 9 h, relocated to experimental silos, and stored for periods ranging from 0 to 128 d. Twenty-eight experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Relocation time had no effect on fungi counts and concentrations of lactic and propionic acids in corn silage but resulted in a significant increase in dry matter content. In experiment 2, dry matter recovery and concentration of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased in corn silage stored for more than 32 d after relocation. Exposure of corn silage to air during relocation for up to 60 h followed by 30 d of storage did not compromise the fermentation profile or nutritive value of the silage. Increased storage time of relocated corn silage (up to 128 d) consistently decreases its nutritional value. The storage period seems to have an increased impact on nutrient loss in relocated silage than the relocation period.

Resumo

The present study evaluated germination, production, and morphological composition of Urochloabrizantha intercropped with corn and sorghum; and silage fermentation losses and aerobic stability of intercrop silage using microbial inoculant. Twenty experimental parcels (5.0 × 3.6 m) were used in a blocked randomized design to evaluate four treatments obtained from a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements: I) crop material (corn vs. sorghum) and II) Brachiaria (U. brizantha) establishment (present vs. absent). Corn- and sorghum-brachiaria integrated systems showed similar brachiaria germination, forage yield, and morphological composition. There was no crop and brachiaria interaction effect on the variables related to corn and sorghum plants and the total productivity. Brachiaria decreased the stem diameter and increased the population of maize and sorghum plants. However, it did not affect systems productivity. Microbial inoculation did not affect corn silage effluent losses and reduced sorghum silage effluent losses. In corn silage, brachiaria did not affect gas losses, while in sorghum silage, brachiaria increased the gas losses. Total losses were higher in sorghum silage than in corn silage, which resulted in a lower DM recovery. The treatments did not affect the pH of the silage after aerobic exposure. However, brachiaria increased silage temperature evaluated at 32 and 40 hours after aerobic exposure. Thus, corn or sorghum consortium has similar brachiaria morphological composition and productivity. Moreover, in intercropped silage, brachiaria increases effluent losses and reduces silage aerobic stability.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a germinação, produção e composição morfológica de Urochloabrizantha consorciada com milho e sorgo, perdas de fermentação da silagem e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem consorciada com inoculante microbiano. Vinte parcelas experimentais (5.0 × 3.6 m) foram usadas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados para avaliar quatro tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2: I) Cultura (milho vs. sorgo) e II) Estabelecimento da Brachiaria (U. brizantha) (presente vs. ausente). Os sistemas integrados milho e sorgo-brachiaria apresentaram germinação, produção de forragem e composição morfológica semelhante. Não houve efeito da interação cultura e braquiária sobre as variáveis relacionadas às plantas de milho e sorgo e a produtividade total. A brachiaria diminuiu o diâmetro do caule e aumentou a população de plantas de milho e sorgo. No entanto, não afetou a produtividade dos sistemas. A inoculação microbiana não afetou as perdas de efluente da silagem de milho e reduziu as perdas de efluente da silagem de sorgo. Na silagem de milho, a brachiaria não afetou as perdas de gás, enquanto na silagem de sorgo, a brachiaria aumentou as perdas de gás. As perdas totais foram maiores na silagem de sorgo do que na silagem de milho, o que resultou em menor recuperação da MS. Os tratamentos não afetaram o pH da silagem pós exposição aeróbia. Contudo, a brachiaria aumentou a temperatura da silagem 32 e 40 horas após exposição aeróbia. Portanto, os consórcios milho e sorgo-brachiaria apresentam composição morfológica e produtividade semelhantes. Além disso, na silagem consorciada, a brachiaria aumenta as perdas por efluentes e reduz a estabilidade aeróbia.