Glaucoma in dogs and cats - management with cyclocryotherapy

Background: The treatment of glaucoma often requires numerous therapeutic modalities to achieve the desired reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). Cyclodestructive procedures or ciliary body destruction have been performed using techniques with considerable differences in efficacy and complication rates. Among these methods, cyclocryotherapy is non-invasive and simple for the management of uncontrolled glaucoma in dogs and cats. The objective of this case report is to describe the technique of carbon dioxide cyclocryotherapy to reduce intraocular pressure in dogs and cats with glaucoma. Cases: Nine canine patients and one cat with glaucoma were treated with cyclocryotherapy performed under general anaesthesia. Clinical signs patients included blepharospasm, ocular pain, episcleral congestion and ocular hypertension. The patients showed higher levels of IOP, higher than 30 mmHg. Surgical treatment with general anaesthesia was applied. The pre-anaesthesia protocol included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg with methadone 0.2 mg/kg, followed by intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane and oxygen. An ophthalmological cryocautery unit was used with carbon dioxide as the cryogenic agent and a retinal cryoprobe of 3.2 mm diameter tip for the procedure. The method used was a double cycle of freezing and thawing for 60 s in each site. The cryoprobe was centred approximately 5 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus over the ciliary body. The temperature of each cyclocryotherapy spot was between -60°C and -80°C and each site was maintained in place for 60 s; 4 to 6 spots of the double freeze-thaw cycle were made. This technique did not have any serious complications during or after the application of cryotherapy, but chemosis and hyperaemia of the bulbar conjunctiva developed. Subconjunctival anti-inflammatory steroids were injected to minimise swelling and patient discomfort. Satisfactory results were observed; in all cases, the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless eye. Discussion: Even with recent surgical and medical advances, pain and blindness are still common occurrences in glaucoma in human and veterinary practice. The cyclodestructive procedures included cyclodialysis, cyclodiathermy, cyclocryotherapy, and cyclophotocoagulation. The cryosurgery in veterinary ophthalmology has many indications for the treatment of ocular diseases and is effective at decreasing intraocular pressure in patients with persistent uncontrolled glaucoma. Cyclocryotherapy has been shown to reduce intraocular pressure in dogs, cats, rabbits and humans with normotensive and glaucomatous eyes. The application of a cryoprobe over the ciliary processes results in ablating ciliary tissue so that aqueous humour inflow is reduced to acceptable levels. In the clinical cases evaluated, there was a reduction in intraocular pressure reaching acceptable levels, with the usual result being cosmetic and painless eye. Medical therapy remains the predominant method for treating glaucoma in veterinary patients; therefore, cyclocryotherapy is an effective, simple way to lower IOP and is a reasonable treatment option for glaucoma management. Cyclocryotherapy has shown good results, with a low learning curve and it can also be repeated if necessary.

Cryosurgery using dimethyl ether in the treatment of pigmentary keratitis in pug dogs / Criocirurgia usando o dimethyl ether no tratamento da ceratite pigmentar em cães da raça Pug

Corneal pigmentation and vascularization eventually result in blindness in dogs. Pigmentary keratitis describes a relatively common presentation comprising the deposition of melanin in the cornea and conjunctival surface associated with chronic inflammation. Cryosurgery is indicated as a treatment for pigmentary keratitis in dogs. Due to melanocytes sensitivity to cold, cryosurgery is a viable treatment for severe refractory corneal pigmentation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of dimethyl ether in the treatment of pigmentary keratitis in 14 eyes of seven Pug dogs. Follow-up occurred after 30 days in four animals and six months in three animals. In all treated animals, there was a reduction in corneal pigmentation. Cryosurgery causes intracellular and extracellular ice crystal formation and other mechanisms that result in rupture and death of the melanocytes. The technique used was easy to perform, has a low cryogen cost and has few undesirable or serious side effects. However, after 30 days repigmentation occured in treated patients. Cryosurgery shows good results in the first four weeks, but partial recurrence occurred in all cases.

A pigmentação e a vascularização da córnea eventualmente resultam em cegueira em cães. A ceratite pigmentar é descrita com uma apresentação relativamente comum que compreende a deposição de melanina na córnea e na superfície conjuntival associada à inflamação crônica. A criocirurgia é indicada como tratamento para ceratite pigmentar em cães. Devido à sensibilidade dos melanócitos ao frio, a criocirurgia é um tratamento viável para pigmentação corneana refratária grave. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso do éter dimetílico no tratamento da ceratite pigmentar em 14 olhos de sete cães da raça Pug. O acompanhamento foi de 30 dias em quatro animais e seis meses em três animais. Em todos os animais tratados, houve redução da pigmentação da córnea. A criocirurgia causa a formação de cristais de gelo intracelular e extracelular e outros mecanismos que resultam na ruptura e morte dos melanócitos. A técnica utilizada foi de fácil execução, baixo custo de criogenia e poucos efeitos colaterais indesejáveis ou graves. No entanto, após 30 dias, ocorreu repigmentação nos pacientes tratados. A criocirurgia apresenta bons resultados nas primeiras quatro semanas, mas ocorreu recidiva parcial em todos os casos.

Coloboma eyelid in cats - treatment with carbon dioxide cryosurgery

Background: Eyelid colobomas are congenital and developmental disorders. Generally, they affect the temporal portion of the upper eyelids of cats, bilaterally. This ocular defect is accompanied by trichiasis associated with pain and ulcerative keratitis. Any breed can be affected and it has been reported in Domestic Shorthair, Persian, Burmese, Mongrel cats and captive felids. The objective of this case report is to describe the technique of dioxide carbon cryosurgery for the treatment of eyelid coloboma in felines. Cases: Seven mongrel cats (14 eyes) with bilateral eyelid coloboma were included in this study, 5 females and 2 males, with a median age of 5 months (range 6-8 months). The patients presented with blepharospasm, bilateral mucopurulent ocular discharge and eyelid coloboma extension of 30-50% in the upper eyelid, resulting in severe trichiasis of both eyes. In 5 cats, 1 or both eyes were diagnosed with keratitis and superficial corneal ulcers. Surgical treatment with general anaesthesia was applied. The pre anaesthesia protocol included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg with methadone 0.2 mg/kg, followed by intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane and oxygen. An ophthalmological cryocautery unit was utilised with carbon dioxide as the cryogenic agent and a retinal cryoprobe of 3.2 mm diameter tip, reaching -50ºC for the procedure. The method used was a double cycle of freezing and thawing for 60 s in the margins of eyelid agenesis. Epilation of hairs was made after freezing with eyelash tweezers. Immediately after the surgical procedure, an Elizabethan collar was placed to safeguard the area and anti-inflammatory therapy with meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg once daily for 3 days was prescribed. Antibiotic ointment every 6 h (chloramphenicol and associations) was also prescribed for topical application. Two weeks post-operatively, hyperaemia, oedema and skin wounds at the margins were observed. After 30 days these clinical signs were minimal. No signs of pain were observed post-operatively. The follow-up was 90 days and the trichiasis was resolved in all cats. Discussion: Usually, young cats are affected with eyelid colobomas. The age of the patients in this study was between 6-8 months. Eyelid colobomas are repaired with a variety of blepharoplastic procedures and the choice depends on the size and position of the defect. Generally, larger defects require more extensive reconstructive procedures. All techniques can have post-operative complications. Suture dehiscence, skin flap necrosis and facial deformation can occur with traditional surgical techniques. Furthermore, posterior hair growth in the margins can lead to new trichiasis. Cryosurgery was chosen and performed as the temperature of -20°C is sufficient to destroy hair follicles, without surgical incisions, avoiding scar formation. Hence, sutures are not necessary in cryosurgery procedures. Carbon dioxide is a good cryogenic agent for the purpose of this procedure. In the cases described, no recurrence of hair growth was observed in the follow-up period of 90 days. Nevertheless, a good aesthetic appearance was maintained. Therefore, the use of carbon dioxide cryosurgery is an effective and safe alternative for treatment of eyelid coloboma in cats. To our knowledge, no paper has described the use of carbon dioxide cryosurgery for the correction of palpebral agenesis in felines and other species as a single treatment. This technique is easy to perform, has good aesthetic and functional results and can be considered a treatment option for this congenital condition.

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...(AU)

Um novo aliado contra o câncer: Eletroquimioterapia

A eletroquimioterapia (EQT) tem se destacado na última década em medicina veterinária pela sua capacidade de induzir altas taxas de remissão e controle tumoral local. É uma nova modalidade contra o câncer frente aos tratamentos já empregados na medicina veterinária como a cirurgia oncológica, quimioterapia antineoplásica, criocirurgia, terapia fotodinâmica, imunoterapia e radioterapia. A EQT pode ser utilizada como tratamento paliativo, adjuvante, neoadjuvante, intraoperatória ou guiado por ultrassom para tumores viscerais. Tem se destacado pela sua fácil administração, eficácia, baixa morbidade e limitados efeitos colaterais.

Um novo aliado contra o câncer: Eletroquimioterapia

A eletroquimioterapia (EQT) tem se destacado na última década em medicina veterinária pela sua capacidade de induzir altas taxas de remissão e controle tumoral local. É uma nova modalidade contra o câncer frente aos tratamentos já empregados na medicina veterinária como a cirurgia oncológica, quimioterapia antineoplásica, criocirurgia, terapia fotodinâmica, imunoterapia e radioterapia. A EQT pode ser utilizada como tratamento paliativo, adjuvante, neoadjuvante, intraoperatória ou guiado por ultrassom para tumores viscerais. Tem se destacado pela sua fácil administração, eficácia, baixa morbidade e limitados efeitos colaterais.(AU)

Células-tronco mesenquimais de origem adiposa na fase de proliferação do processo de cicatrização de queimaduras frias / Adipose-derived stem cells in the proliferation phase of the healing process in cold burns

A criocirurgia tem sido utilizada no tratamento de diferentes enfermidades de sistemas e órgãos. Contudo, são relatados efeitos adversos, como cicatrização lenta, cicatrizes extensas, disfunção estética e funcional. As lesões que ocorrem naturalmente pela exposição ao frio extremo, comumente, resultam em gangrena. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência das células-tronco mesenquimais de origem adiposa (ADSCs) na fase de proliferação da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. Por meio da aplicação do nitrogênio líquido pela técnica do spray aberto, realizou-se a indução de uma ferida, de aproximadamente 15mm de diâmetro, na região dorsal de cada rato. A ferida recebeu o tratamento de acordo com o grupo ao qual pertencia: 1) aplicação das ADSCs no 15º dia (grupo tratado); 2) aplicação da solução cloreto de sódio 0,9% no 15º dia (grupo sham); 3) nenhuma intervenção até o momento da eutanásia (grupo controle). O grupo tratado com as ADSCs apresentou as maiores taxas de contração média das feridas e obteve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo sham quanto à neovascularização. A terapia com as ADSCs proporcionou uma relevante evolução clínica das feridas, podendo ser constatada ao final do período de avaliação por cicatrizes mais estreitas e compridas.(AU)

Cryosurgery has been used to treat different diseases of systems and organs, although adverse effects have been reported such as delayed wound healing, large scars, esthetical deformation and functional impairment. Injuries caused naturally by the exposure to extreme cold weather conditions mostly result in gangrene. This study aims to evaluate the influence of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in the proliferation phase on cutaneous wound healing. Through the application of liquid nitrogen by the spraying technique, a 15 millimeter diameter lesion was produced in the dorsal region of each rat. The wound received treatment according to the group it belonged: 1) ADSCs application on the 15th day (treated group); 2) application of 0.9% sodium chloride solution on the 15th day (sham group); 3) no intervention until euthanasia (control group). The group treated with ADSCs showed the highest wound average contraction rate; this group got a significant statistical difference in relation to the sham group when it refers to neovascularization. The ADSCs therapy provides an important clinical evolution of wounds. This was verified at the end of the evaluation period through narrower and longer scars.(AU)

Células-tronco mesenquimais de origem adiposa na fase de proliferação do processo de cicatrização de queimaduras frias / Adipose-derived stem cells in the proliferation phase of the healing process in cold burns

A criocirurgia tem sido utilizada no tratamento de diferentes enfermidades de sistemas e órgãos. Contudo, são relatados efeitos adversos, como cicatrização lenta, cicatrizes extensas, disfunção estética e funcional. As lesões que ocorrem naturalmente pela exposição ao frio extremo, comumente, resultam em gangrena. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência das células-tronco mesenquimais de origem adiposa (ADSCs) na fase de proliferação da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. Por meio da aplicação do nitrogênio líquido pela técnica do spray aberto, realizou-se a indução de uma ferida, de aproximadamente 15mm de diâmetro, na região dorsal de cada rato. A ferida recebeu o tratamento de acordo com o grupo ao qual pertencia: 1) aplicação das ADSCs no 15º dia (grupo tratado); 2) aplicação da solução cloreto de sódio 0,9% no 15º dia (grupo sham); 3) nenhuma intervenção até o momento da eutanásia (grupo controle). O grupo tratado com as ADSCs apresentou as maiores taxas de contração média das feridas e obteve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo sham quanto à neovascularização. A terapia com as ADSCs proporcionou uma relevante evolução clínica das feridas, podendo ser constatada ao final do período de avaliação por cicatrizes mais estreitas e compridas.(AU)

Cryosurgery has been used to treat different diseases of systems and organs, although adverse effects have been reported such as delayed wound healing, large scars, esthetical deformation and functional impairment. Injuries caused naturally by the exposure to extreme cold weather conditions mostly result in gangrene. This study aims to evaluate the influence of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in the proliferation phase on cutaneous wound healing. Through the application of liquid nitrogen by the spraying technique, a 15 millimeter diameter lesion was produced in the dorsal region of each rat. The wound received treatment according to the group it belonged: 1) ADSCs application on the 15th day (treated group); 2) application of 0.9% sodium chloride solution on the 15th day (sham group); 3) no intervention until euthanasia (control group). The group treated with ADSCs showed the highest wound average contraction rate; this group got a significant statistical difference in relation to the sham group when it refers to neovascularization. The ADSCs therapy provides an important clinical evolution of wounds. This was verified at the end of the evaluation period through narrower and longer scars.(AU)

Conjunctival melanoma in a horse treated by tumor resection and cryotherapy

Background: Ocular melanoma is very rare compared to cutaneous melanoma in horses. Definitive diagnosis is made through histopathological examination and treatment options include surgical excision associated with cryotherapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In this report, we describe a case of conjunctival melanoma in a horse that has been treated successfully with surgical excision associated with cryotherapy.Case: A 15-year-old male Percheron male was referred to the Ophthalmology Veterinary Section of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, with a history of a pigmented mass located on the lower eyelid of the left eye. Ophthalmologic examination revealed ocular discomfort, secretion and a pigmented mass in the left inferior bulbar conjunctiva. The dermatological examination revealed other melanomas in the perineal region. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profile were within normal ranges and prior to surgery the horse was treated with flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h). Sedation was performed with xylazine (0.4 mg/kg, IV) and detomidine hydrochloride (0.01 mg/kg, IV) and then the animal was placed in a retention trunk. The conjunctival mass was resected with a margin of safety. Liquid nitrogen was applied to the tumor site and the adjacent conjunctiva with a copper cryoprobe with one unit of liquid nitrogen. Histopathological examination revealed neoplastic cells containing pigmented melanocytes in the conjunctival submucosa, confirming the diagnosis of conjunctival melanoma. Postoperative treatment was performed with flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h) for 3 days and topical ophthalmic ointment containing neomycin, polymyxin B sulfate and dexamethasone twice daily for one week. Seven days after surgery, the lesion was healed. The patient was followed for 24 months after excision and there was no evidence of recurrence.[...]

Conjunctival melanoma in a horse treated by tumor resection and cryotherapy

Background: Ocular melanoma is very rare compared to cutaneous melanoma in horses. Definitive diagnosis is made through histopathological examination and treatment options include surgical excision associated with cryotherapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In this report, we describe a case of conjunctival melanoma in a horse that has been treated successfully with surgical excision associated with cryotherapy.Case: A 15-year-old male Percheron male was referred to the Ophthalmology Veterinary Section of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, with a history of a pigmented mass located on the lower eyelid of the left eye. Ophthalmologic examination revealed ocular discomfort, secretion and a pigmented mass in the left inferior bulbar conjunctiva. The dermatological examination revealed other melanomas in the perineal region. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profile were within normal ranges and prior to surgery the horse was treated with flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h). Sedation was performed with xylazine (0.4 mg/kg, IV) and detomidine hydrochloride (0.01 mg/kg, IV) and then the animal was placed in a retention trunk. The conjunctival mass was resected with a margin of safety. Liquid nitrogen was applied to the tumor site and the adjacent conjunctiva with a copper cryoprobe with one unit of liquid nitrogen. Histopathological examination revealed neoplastic cells containing pigmented melanocytes in the conjunctival submucosa, confirming the diagnosis of conjunctival melanoma. Postoperative treatment was performed with flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h) for 3 days and topical ophthalmic ointment containing neomycin, polymyxin B sulfate and dexamethasone twice daily for one week. Seven days after surgery, the lesion was healed. The patient was followed for 24 months after excision and there was no evidence of recurrence.[...](AU)

Criocirurgía: efectos y complicaciones después del tratamiento / Cryosurgery: effects and post treatment complications / Criocirurgia: efeitos e complicações pós-tratamento

Criocirugía, a menudo referido como criocirugía o crioablación, es una técnica quirúrgica que emplea sustancias a temperaturas criogénicas para destruir tejidos y células no deseadas, especialmente neoplásicas. La muerte celular se produce debido a los efectos a corto y largo plazo de la congelación y descongelación. En todos los métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico la complicación es inherente al procedimiento, y la criocirugía no es una excepción. Este estúdio tiene como objetivo presentar las reacciones y complicaciones post-tratamiento derivados de la aplicación de la criocirugía como tratamiento curativo, adyuvante o paliativo en perros y gatos. Muchoscambios se producen en el tejido tratado por criocirugía, lo que lleva a la destrucción de las lesiones de la piel, y la respuesta del tejido varía de acuerdo com la intensidad y la profundidad de la lesión criogénica. Algunas señales, que pueden ser interpretadas como "efectos secundarios" de la criocirugía, se consideran normales y esperados, ya que representan la progresión del proceso fisiológico de congelación del tejido. Algunos efectos inmediatos observados son dolor, hemorragia, insuflación por gas y edema; Los efectos a corto plazo son: formación de ampollas, infección, granuloma piógeno, y reacciones sistémicas como fiebre; Los efectos a largo plazo son: hiperplasia seudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentación, leucodermia [...](AU)

Cryosurgery, as known as cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a surgical technique that use substances in cryogenic temperatures to destroy undesirable tissue and cells, mainly neoplastic. Cellular death occurs due to short and long term freezing and thawing effect. In all methods of surgical treatment, complications are inherent to procedure, and cryosurgery is no exception. This paper aims to show post-treatment reaction and complications of cryosurgery application as curative, adjuvant or palliative treatment in dogs and cats. Many changes occur on cryosurgical treated tissue, that leads to destruction of cutaneous lesion, and tissue response vary according to intensity and depth of cryogenic injury. Some signs, that may be interpreted as side effects of cryosurgery are expected and considered normal due to progression of freezing physiologic process. Some immediate effects are: pain, bleeding, inflation by gas and edema; short-term effects are: blistering formation, infection, pyogenic granuloma, and systemic reaction as fever; long-term effects are: pseudo-epiteliomatous hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, leucodermia, nerve damage, coat changes, natural orifices stenosis due to scar retraction and cutaneous necrosis. Post-treatment effects depend of freezing technique, disease process, lesion size and individual response of the patient. Despite the side effects and complications [...](AU)

A criocirurgia, muitas vezes referida como crioterapia ou crioablação, é uma técnica cirúrgica que emprega substâncias em temperaturas criogênicas para destruir tecidos ou células indesejáveis, principalmente neoplásicas. A morte celular ocorre devido aos efeitos do congelamento e descongelamento, a curto e longo prazo. Em todos os métodos de tratamento cirúrgico a complicação é inerente ao procedimento e a criocirurgia não é exceção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as reações e complicações pós-tratamento decorrentes da aplicação da criocirurgia como tratamento curativo, adjuvante ou paliativo em cães e gatos. Muitas mudanças ocorrem no tecido tratado criocirurgicamente, que levam à destruição da lesão cutânea, e a resposta tecidual varia de acordo com a intensidade e profundidade da injúria criogênica. Alguns sinais, que podem ser interpretados como efeitos colaterais da criocirurgia, são esperados e considerados normais porque representam a progressão do processo fisiológico do congelamento do tecido. Alguns efeitos imediatos observados são: dor, hemorragia, insuflação pelo gás e edema; efeitos a curto prazo: formação de bolhas, infecção, granuloma piogênico, e reações sistêmicas, como febre; efeitos a longo prazo: hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentação, leucodermia, danos a nervos, alteração nos pelos, estenose de orifícios naturais devido a [...](AU)

Criocirurgía: efectos y complicaciones después del tratamiento / Cryosurgery: effects and post treatment complications / Criocirurgia: efeitos e complicações pós-tratamento

Criocirugía, a menudo referido como criocirugía o crioablación, es una técnica quirúrgica que emplea sustancias a temperaturas criogénicas para destruir tejidos y células no deseadas, especialmente neoplásicas. La muerte celular se produce debido a los efectos a corto y largo plazo de la congelación y descongelación. En todos los métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico la complicación es inherente al procedimiento, y la criocirugía no es una excepción. Este estúdio tiene como objetivo presentar las reacciones y complicaciones post-tratamiento derivados de la aplicación de la criocirugía como tratamiento curativo, adyuvante o paliativo en perros y gatos. Muchoscambios se producen en el tejido tratado por criocirugía, lo que lleva a la destrucción de las lesiones de la piel, y la respuesta del tejido varía de acuerdo com la intensidad y la profundidad de la lesión criogénica. Algunas señales, que pueden ser interpretadas como "efectos secundarios" de la criocirugía, se consideran normales y esperados, ya que representan la progresión del proceso fisiológico de congelación del tejido. Algunos efectos inmediatos observados son dolor, hemorragia, insuflación por gas y edema; Los efectos a corto plazo son: formación de ampollas, infección, granuloma piógeno, y reacciones sistémicas como fiebre; Los efectos a largo plazo son: hiperplasia seudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentación, leucodermia [...]

Cryosurgery, as known as cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a surgical technique that use substances in cryogenic temperatures to destroy undesirable tissue and cells, mainly neoplastic. Cellular death occurs due to short and long term freezing and thawing effect. In all methods of surgical treatment, complications are inherent to procedure, and cryosurgery is no exception. This paper aims to show post-treatment reaction and complications of cryosurgery application as curative, adjuvant or palliative treatment in dogs and cats. Many changes occur on cryosurgical treated tissue, that leads to destruction of cutaneous lesion, and tissue response vary according to intensity and depth of cryogenic injury. Some signs, that may be interpreted as side effects of cryosurgery are expected and considered normal due to progression of freezing physiologic process. Some immediate effects are: pain, bleeding, inflation by gas and edema; short-term effects are: blistering formation, infection, pyogenic granuloma, and systemic reaction as fever; long-term effects are: pseudo-epiteliomatous hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, leucodermia, nerve damage, coat changes, natural orifices stenosis due to scar retraction and cutaneous necrosis. Post-treatment effects depend of freezing technique, disease process, lesion size and individual response of the patient. Despite the side effects and complications [...]

A criocirurgia, muitas vezes referida como crioterapia ou crioablação, é uma técnica cirúrgica que emprega substâncias em temperaturas criogênicas para destruir tecidos ou células indesejáveis, principalmente neoplásicas. A morte celular ocorre devido aos efeitos do congelamento e descongelamento, a curto e longo prazo. Em todos os métodos de tratamento cirúrgico a complicação é inerente ao procedimento e a criocirurgia não é exceção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as reações e complicações pós-tratamento decorrentes da aplicação da criocirurgia como tratamento curativo, adjuvante ou paliativo em cães e gatos. Muitas mudanças ocorrem no tecido tratado criocirurgicamente, que levam à destruição da lesão cutânea, e a resposta tecidual varia de acordo com a intensidade e profundidade da injúria criogênica. Alguns sinais, que podem ser interpretados como efeitos colaterais da criocirurgia, são esperados e considerados normais porque representam a progressão do processo fisiológico do congelamento do tecido. Alguns efeitos imediatos observados são: dor, hemorragia, insuflação pelo gás e edema; efeitos a curto prazo: formação de bolhas, infecção, granuloma piogênico, e reações sistêmicas, como febre; efeitos a longo prazo: hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentação, leucodermia, danos a nervos, alteração nos pelos, estenose de orifícios naturais devido a [...]

Evaluation of the cryosurgery for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats / Avaliação da criocirurgia no tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos

The cryosurgery is a very useful therapy for the treatment of a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic processes. Nevertheless, it is still poorly described as an option for the treatment of specific cutaneous neoplasms, such as squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the clinical response of cryosurgery for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats. For this 13 squamous cell carcinoma lesions were selected in 11 cats, diagnosed through citopathological and/or histopathological examinations. The lesions were frozen using liquid nitrogen spray, and the evaluations were performed in the moment of freeze and approximately every 15 days until the wound was completely healed. The response of cryosurgery was considered complete with tumoral remission on 38.5% of the cats, and partial on 46.1%. The main complications included crusting and nostril stenosis. The presented results suggested that cryosurgery is effective and may be a viable option for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats. The effectiveness of the therapy; however, depends on the correct selection of the candidates for cryosurgery based on the lesion size, and the attendance to some criteria, such as the freezing time and post-operative care.(AU)

A criocirurgia tem se mostrado uma terapia de grande auxílio no tratamento de uma variedade de processos neoplásicos e não neoplásicos. Apesar disso, ainda é pouco descrita a utilização da criocirurgia como opção de tratamento de neoplasias cutâneas específicas, como o carcinoma de células escamosas. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo analisar a resposta clínica da criocirurgia para o tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos. Para isso, foram selecionadas 13 lesões do tipo carcinoma de células escamosas em 11 gatos, diagnosticadas por meio de análise citopatológica e/ou histopatológica. As lesões foram congeladas por meio de nitrogênio líquido na forma de spray, e as avaliações realizadas no momento do congelamento e aproximadamente a cada 15 dias, até a completa cicatrização da ferida. A resposta da criocirurgia foi considerada completa, com remissão tumoral em 38,5% dos gatos e parcial em 46,1% destes. As principais complicações verificadas incluíram a formação de crostas e estenose de narina. Os resultados apresentados no presente estudo sugerem que a criocirurgia é efetiva e pode ser uma opção viável para o tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos. O sucesso do tratamento, entretanto, depende da correta seleção dos candidatos à técnica quanto ao tamanho da lesão, e do atendimento a alguns critérios, como o tempo de congelamento e os cuidados pós-operatórios.(AU)

Evaluation of the cryosurgery for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats / Avaliação da criocirurgia no tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos

The cryosurgery is a very useful therapy for the treatment of a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic processes. Nevertheless, it is still poorly described as an option for the treatment of specific cutaneous neoplasms, such as squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the clinical response of cryosurgery for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats. For this 13 squamous cell carcinoma lesions were selected in 11 cats, diagnosed through citopathological and/or histopathological examinations. The lesions were frozen using liquid nitrogen spray, and the evaluations were performed in the moment of freeze and approximately every 15 days until the wound was completely healed. The response of cryosurgery was considered complete with tumoral remission on 38.5% of the cats, and partial on 46.1%. The main complications included crusting and nostril stenosis. The presented results suggested that cryosurgery is effective and may be a viable option for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats. The effectiveness of the therapy; however, depends on the correct selection of the candidates for cryosurgery based on the lesion size, and the attendance to some criteria, such as the freezing time and post-operative care.(AU)

A criocirurgia tem se mostrado uma terapia de grande auxílio no tratamento de uma variedade de processos neoplásicos e não neoplásicos. Apesar disso, ainda é pouco descrita a utilização da criocirurgia como opção de tratamento de neoplasias cutâneas específicas, como o carcinoma de células escamosas. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo analisar a resposta clínica da criocirurgia para o tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos. Para isso, foram selecionadas 13 lesões do tipo carcinoma de células escamosas em 11 gatos, diagnosticadas por meio de análise citopatológica e/ou histopatológica. As lesões foram congeladas por meio de nitrogênio líquido na forma de spray, e as avaliações realizadas no momento do congelamento e aproximadamente a cada 15 dias, até a completa cicatrização da ferida. A resposta da criocirurgia foi considerada completa, com remissão tumoral em 38,5% dos gatos e parcial em 46,1% destes. As principais complicações verificadas incluíram a formação de crostas e estenose de narina. Os resultados apresentados no presente estudo sugerem que a criocirurgia é efetiva e pode ser uma opção viável para o tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos. O sucesso do tratamento, entretanto, depende da correta seleção dos candidatos à técnica quanto ao tamanho da lesão, e do atendimento a alguns critérios, como o tempo de congelamento e os cuidados pós-operatórios.(AU)

Criocirurgia no tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gato: relato de caso / Cryosurgery in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in a cat: case report

O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) que atinge a espécie felina acomete regiões como o tecido subcutâneo, pele e junções mucocutâneas. Sua etiologia ainda é pouco conhecida, mas tem como fator desencadeante a radiação ultravioleta associada a pouca queratinização do tecido. As lesões são caracterizadas por aspectos inflamatórios e proliferativos, muitas vezes friáveis ao toque e com formação de crostas. O diagnóstico é realizado com o emprego de citologia aspirativa por agulha fina e biopsia local. O tratamento preconizado é a criocirurgia que apresenta uma resposta cicatricial adequada. Este relato descreve o tratamento para CCE em um gato, macho, com 10 anos de idade, valendo-se da criocirurgia.

In feline species, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can affect subcutaneous tissue, skin, and mucocutaneous junctions. Its etiology is still little known, but is associated with ultraviolet radiation exposition and low tissue keratinization. The lesions present inflammatory and proliferative characteristics, often friable and with crusts formation. The diagnosis can be obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology or local biopsy. The treatment performed with cryosurgery procedure presents a good scarring response. This report describes SCC cryosurgery treatment in a male, 10-year-old feline.

Criocirurgia no tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gato: relato de caso / Cryosurgery in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in a cat: case report

O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) que atinge a espécie felina acomete regiões como o tecido subcutâneo, pele e junções mucocutâneas. Sua etiologia ainda é pouco conhecida, mas tem como fator desencadeante a radiação ultravioleta associada a pouca queratinização do tecido. As lesões são caracterizadas por aspectos inflamatórios e proliferativos, muitas vezes friáveis ao toque e com formação de crostas. O diagnóstico é realizado com o emprego de citologia aspirativa por agulha fina e biopsia local. O tratamento preconizado é a criocirurgia que apresenta uma resposta cicatricial adequada. Este relato descreve o tratamento para CCE em um gato, macho, com 10 anos de idade, valendo-se da criocirurgia.(AU)

In feline species, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can affect subcutaneous tissue, skin, and mucocutaneous junctions. Its etiology is still little known, but is associated with ultraviolet radiation exposition and low tissue keratinization. The lesions present inflammatory and proliferative characteristics, often friable and with crusts formation. The diagnosis can be obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology or local biopsy. The treatment performed with cryosurgery procedure presents a good scarring response. This report describes SCC cryosurgery treatment in a male, 10-year-old feline.(AU)

Clinicopathological evaluation of disseminated metastases of transmissible venereal tumor in a spayed bitch

Background: Although transmissible venereal tumor (TVT, transmissible venereal sarcoma, Sticker’s sarcoma) that affects dogs and other canids can be seen in many countries, it especially emerges in the countries which homeless dog population is very high. Female dogs are more susceptible than males. Transmissible venereal tumor is usually transmitted to genital organs during coitus and occasionally by social behavior such as sniffing and licking. The tumor is generally observed in the posterior part of the vagina. The tumor usually appears in various sizes, in the appearance of cauliflower, red and fragile. Metastases are rarely reported in cases with TVT. Metastases have been detected in lung, liver, tonsils, skin, lymph nodes, muscles, spleen. The diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor is achived by considering the history of the animal, gross lesions, cytological examination and histopathology. Chemotherapy is frequently used in the treatment of TVT. In addition, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, surgical incision and immunotherapy are rarely applied for treatment. Chemical agents such as doxorubicin, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate are preferred for chemotherapy.Case: Metastases to all mammary lobes, cervix uteri, neck, skin, gluteal muscles, the oropharyngeal region, and primary vaginal mass were described in spayed bitch, a 10-year old and mixed breed. The clinical examination manifested, fragile and hemorrhagic masses which resemble cauliflower in the vagina, neck, and inguinal region. Furthermore firm and multilobular masses in all mammary lobes, oropharyngeal region, and gluteal muscles of right leg were detected. Firstly, vaginal cytology was performed in order to confirm...

Clinicopathological evaluation of disseminated metastases of transmissible venereal tumor in a spayed bitch

Background: Although transmissible venereal tumor (TVT, transmissible venereal sarcoma, Stickers sarcoma) that affects dogs and other canids can be seen in many countries, it especially emerges in the countries which homeless dog population is very high. Female dogs are more susceptible than males. Transmissible venereal tumor is usually transmitted to genital organs during coitus and occasionally by social behavior such as sniffing and licking. The tumor is generally observed in the posterior part of the vagina. The tumor usually appears in various sizes, in the appearance of cauliflower, red and fragile. Metastases are rarely reported in cases with TVT. Metastases have been detected in lung, liver, tonsils, skin, lymph nodes, muscles, spleen. The diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor is achived by considering the history of the animal, gross lesions, cytological examination and histopathology. Chemotherapy is frequently used in the treatment of TVT. In addition, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, surgical incision and immunotherapy are rarely applied for treatment. Chemical agents such as doxorubicin, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate are preferred for chemotherapy.Case: Metastases to all mammary lobes, cervix uteri, neck, skin, gluteal muscles, the oropharyngeal region, and primary vaginal mass were described in spayed bitch, a 10-year old and mixed breed. The clinical examination manifested, fragile and hemorrhagic masses which resemble cauliflower in the vagina, neck, and inguinal region. Furthermore firm and multilobular masses in all mammary lobes, oropharyngeal region, and gluteal muscles of right leg were detected. Firstly, vaginal cytology was performed in order to confirm...(AU)

COMPARAÇÃO DAS TÉCNICAS DE CRIOCIRURGIA, VASECTOMIA E EPIDIDIMECTOMIA PARA A FORMAÇÃO DE RUFIÕES CAPRINOS (Capra hircus)

O estudo foi realizado durante o período de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, utilizando-se animais provenientes do Setor de Caprinocultura, do Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ) da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ).Foram utilizados 30 caprinos, mestiços de Saanen x Boer, machos, inteiros, púberes, com idade entre 10 e 24 meses. Todos os animaisforam pesados, identificados com placas numeradas fixadas por meio de coleira na região da orelha e do pescoço, fotografados de frente e perfil e avaliados clinicamente. Os caprinos foram alojados em baias coberta suspensas, com dimensões de 5x3m (15m²), soltos durante o dia em piquete anexo e recolhidos ao entardecer. Na baia fornecidos capim picado e ração formulada pelo próprio setor de Zootecnia. Os animais submetidos ao exame andrológico e ao teste de libido, realizados no dia anterior à primeira intervenção cirúrgica e 90 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. A coleta do sêmen realizada com o auxílio de uma vagina artificial própria para a espécie, uma semana antes de realizar os procedimentos cirúrgicos, 15 dias após os mesmos, e a seguir, semanalmente, até total azoospermia (máximo de 90 dias), verificados o aspecto e a coloração do ejaculado e uma pequena alíquota do mesmo depositada sobre lâmina de vidro coberta com lamínula, onde foram avaliados: motilidade espermática progressiva, vigor, turbilhonamento e posteriormente a concentração em câmara de Neubauer. Na semana anterior ao procedimento cirúrgico,foi realizado exame ultrassonográfico de testículo, epidídimo e plexo pampiniforme, com posterior acompanhamento mensal, de até 90 dias. Em todos os procedimentos experimentais, os animais foram sedados com midazolam (0,1mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina 2% (0,05mg/kg) e realizado um bloqueio local com lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstrictor no local da incisão. No pós-operatório foram administrados oxitetraciclina (0,1ml/kg) e flunexin meglumine (1,1mg/kg), por via intramuscular, por 2 dias. Os animais foram divididos em grupos segundo os procedimentos cirúrgico: criocirurgia (n=10), vasectomia (n=10) e epididimectomia (n=10). Todos os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de orquiectomia após os 90 dias de avaliação. O Objetivo do estudo foi comparar a eficiência da criocirurgia com as técnicas cirúrgicas de vasectomia e epididimectomia para formação de rufião caprino, avaliando a eficácia da criocirugia na cauda do epidídimo para a obtenção de esterilização irreversível de machos, avaliação da presença de libido nos animais e avaliação histopatológica, após 90 dias em todos os grupos.

The study will be carried out during the period of 2019/2020, using animals from the Department of Animal Production of the Institute of Animal Science (IZ) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). It will be used 30 goats, crossbred Saanen x Boer, males, whole, pubescent, aged between 6 and 8 months. All animals will be weighed, identified with numbered plaques fixed by collar in the neck region and photographed front and profile and clinically evaluated. The goats will be housed in suspended covered bays, with dimensions of 5x3m (15 m²), loose during the day in attached picket and collected at dusk. In the bay will be provided chopped grass and feed formulated in the Animal Husbandry sector. The animals will undergo andrological examination, performed at two different times: the day before the first surgical intervention and 90 days after the surgical procedure. The semen collection will be performed with the aid of an artificial vagina suitable for the species, one week before performing the surgical procedures and after 15 days of the same, once a week until total azoospermia (maximum 90 days). Initially, the appearance and color of the ejaculate will be checked. A small aliquot of the ejaculate will be deposited on a sheet of glass covered with coverslip, where they will be evaluated: progressive sperm motility, vigor and swirling and later concentration in a hematimetric chamber (Neubauer chamber). The animals will be submitted to the libido test at two different times, T0 and T90 days after the procedures. In all 3 experimental procedures, the animals will be sedated with 0.2 mg / kg of midazolam and 0.4 mg / kg of xylazine hydrochloride 2%. Afterwards, a local blockade with 2% lidocaine without vasoconstrictor will be performed at the incision site. In the postoperative period, 2mg / kg of tramadol hydrochloride and 25mg / kg of sodium dipyrone will be administered intramuscularly. Technical group of cryosurgery - After palpation and stipulation of the point of introduction of the needle, the region of the tail of the epididymis will be transfixed mid-way in the lateral medial direction with the use of a disposable sterile hypodermic needle 40mm x 0.8 The needle, when inserted into the tissue, will be coupled to a circuit to the cryosurgery apparatus. Immediately after the application of two freeze / thaw cycles, the time of 60 seconds / 45 seconds, respectively. Technical group of epididymectomy - the skin will be incised in the region of the tail of the epididymis, proceeding to the dissection of the structure and ligation of the vas deferens with inabsorbable wire, performing flat to flat raffia with inabsorbable wire. Vasectomy technique group - An incision will be made between the testis and the inguinal ring to locate the spermatic cord and posterior incision in the vaginal tunica, and the vas deferens will be isolated. A double ligation will be made in the vas deferens and incision of a part thereof and ending with the raffia of the subcutaneous tissue and the skin. The objective of the study is to compare the efficiency of minimally invasive cryosurgery with the surgical techniques of vasectomy and epididymectomy in goats.