Nutritional, physiological, hematological, and biochemical responses of lambs fed increasing levels of Pornunça silage

ABSTRACT: Pornunça (Manihot sp.) is a potential forage to feed ruminants in drylands worldwide; however, evaluations of animal diets are necessary. This study assessed intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, physiological responses, ingestive behavior, water intake, as well as hematological and biochemical responses of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of Pornunça silage (PS) replacing Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). Treatments consisted of 0, 33, 66, and 100 % PS considering the roughage portion of the diet (% dry matter DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Cyanide acid (HCN) levels in fresh Pornunça leaves were 207.7 mg kg1 DM and 76.78 mg kg1 DM in PS. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased linearly with increasing levels of PS in the diet. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP were higher with increasing levels of PS. Idle time decreased linearly, while water balance, water intake via food, and total water in feces increased with PS. Nitrogen balance, physiological, and hematological responses were not influenced by treatments, while the final alanine aminotransferase increased for lambs fed all diets evaluated. The PS up to 100 % of the roughage portion increased DM and nutrient intake and digestibility without altering physiological responses and the hematological and biochemical parameters, resulting in greater water intake via food.

Nutritional, physiological, hematological, and biochemical responses of lambs fed increasing levels of Pornunça silage

Pornunça (Manihot sp.) is a potential forage to feed ruminants in drylands worldwide; however, evaluations of animal diets are necessary. This study assessed intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, physiological responses, ingestive behavior, water intake, as well as hematological and biochemical responses of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of Pornunça silage (PS) replacing Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). Treatments consisted of 0, 33, 66, and 100 % PS considering the roughage portion of the diet (% dry matter - DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Cyanide acid (HCN) levels in fresh Pornunça leaves were 207.7 mg kg-¹ DM and 76.78 mg kg-¹ DM in PS. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased linearly with increasing levels of PS in the diet. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP were higher with increasing levels of PS. Idle time decreased linearly, while water balance, water intake via food, and total water in feces increased with PS. Nitrogen balance, physiological, and hematological responses were not influenced by treatments, while the final alanine aminotransferase increased for lambs fed all diets evaluated. The PS up to 100 % of the roughage portion increased DM and nutrient intake and digestibility without altering physiological responses and the hematological and biochemical parameters, resulting in greater water intake via food.

Plant poisoning containing hydrocyanic acid in cattle in Southern Brazil

Background: Cyanogenic plants accumulate cyanogenic glycosides and release hydrocyanic acid (HCN). In Brazil, therehave been reports of several plants that cause HCN poisoning in animals and lead to a fast death with few clinical signs andlesions on post mortem examination. Some cultivars of Cynodon spp. grasses cause HCN poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Theobjectives of this work were to report the occurrence of deaths by HCN poisoning in cattle as diagnosed by the veterinarypathology laboratory, describe the quantity of HCN in some cultivars of Cynodon spp., as well as, to describe one cultivarof genus Cynodon never reported as poisonous.Materials, Methods & Results: The archives of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus ofthe Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) were reviewed, seeking cases with a diagnosis of hydrocyanic acid poisoning incattle after post mortem examination. The amount of HCN present in some cultivars of the Cynodon genus was quantified due to the high frequency of poisoning cases. From the 1,235 post mortem examinations of cattle 28 (2.27%) werediagnosed with spontaneous hydrocyanic acid poisoning, 17 cases (60.7%) due to ingestion of Prunus sp. or Manihotsp., and 11 cases (39.3%) of Cynodon dactylon ingestion. Most animals were found dead, normally having presented noclinical signs. Macroscopic evaluation mainly showed a severe amount of unchewed and undigested leaves or grass mixedin the ruminal content presenting a bitter almond odor. It was possible to infer that, among cultivars of the Cynodon genus, Florakirk showed the highest levels of HCN compared (P < 0.05) with Star of Puerto Rico, Tifton 68, Tifton 44, andCoast-Cross. Furthermore, Tifton 85 and Jiggs showed undetected levels of HCN...

Plant poisoning containing hydrocyanic acid in cattle in Southern Brazil

Background: Cyanogenic plants accumulate cyanogenic glycosides and release hydrocyanic acid (HCN). In Brazil, therehave been reports of several plants that cause HCN poisoning in animals and lead to a fast death with few clinical signs andlesions on post mortem examination. Some cultivars of Cynodon spp. grasses cause HCN poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Theobjectives of this work were to report the occurrence of deaths by HCN poisoning in cattle as diagnosed by the veterinarypathology laboratory, describe the quantity of HCN in some cultivars of Cynodon spp., as well as, to describe one cultivarof genus Cynodon never reported as poisonous.Materials, Methods & Results: The archives of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus ofthe Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) were reviewed, seeking cases with a diagnosis of hydrocyanic acid poisoning incattle after post mortem examination. The amount of HCN present in some cultivars of the Cynodon genus was quantified due to the high frequency of poisoning cases. From the 1,235 post mortem examinations of cattle 28 (2.27%) werediagnosed with spontaneous hydrocyanic acid poisoning, 17 cases (60.7%) due to ingestion of Prunus sp. or Manihotsp., and 11 cases (39.3%) of Cynodon dactylon ingestion. Most animals were found dead, normally having presented noclinical signs. Macroscopic evaluation mainly showed a severe amount of unchewed and undigested leaves or grass mixedin the ruminal content presenting a bitter almond odor. It was possible to infer that, among cultivars of the Cynodon genus, Florakirk showed the highest levels of HCN compared (P < 0.05) with Star of Puerto Rico, Tifton 68, Tifton 44, andCoast-Cross. Furthermore, Tifton 85 and Jiggs showed undetected levels of HCN...(AU)

Supplement inclusion on post-weaning foals' (Mangalarga Marchador) diet with a protein supplement based on whey protein, glutamine, and lysine / Inclusão de suplemento proteico a base de whey protein, glutamina e lisina na dieta pós-desmame de potros mangalarga marchador

The objective of this study was to evaluate the partial replacement effect on body measurements (body mass, muscle thickness, and fat thickness) of the concentrated fraction of foals' diet with a protein supplement containing whey protein, glutamine, and lysine during the post-weaning period. Eighteen Mangalarga Marchador foals were randomly divided into two groups in the post-weaning phase, with nine animals each in the control group (CG) and the group receiving protein supplementation (WG). Based on 4% of their body weight (BW), the CG animals received a diet with roughage to concentrate in a ratio of 50:50, which composed of Cynodon sp. hay and a 15% crude protein (CP) commercial horse ration. The WG diet consisted of the same amount of hay used for the CG diet, half the amount of concentrate used in the CG diet, and 102 g of a protein supplement containing whey protein, glutamine, and lysine. During the experiment, five evaluations were performed, starting on the day of weaning (day 0), followed by evaluations conducted at 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after weaning. Body measurements, body mass, and thickness of the fat and muscle layers were assessed at each time point. The substitution of a portion of the commercial diet with protein supplement containing whey protein, glutamine, and lysine did not cause changes in the weight gain or linear measurements of Mangalarga Marchador foals during the post-weaning period; however, the change in diet increased muscle thickness and decreased fat thickness when compared to animals in the control group.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar a substituição de uma parte do concentrado da dieta por suplemento proteico contendo whey protein, glutamina e lisina sobre medidas corporais, massa corporal, espessura muscular e de gordura de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador durante o pós desmame. Utilizou-se dezoito potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos na fase pósdesmame, com 9 animais fazendo parte de Grupo Controle (GC) e outros 9 animais compondo o grupo que recebeu suplementação proteica (GW). Os animais do GC receberam uma dieta de proporção volumoso/ concentrado 50:50, considerando-se 4% do PV, composta por ração comercial com 15% PB e feno de Cynodon sp. A dieta do GW foi composta pela mesma quantidade de feno do GC, diferenciando-se na parte concentrada, que foi composta por 50% do concentrado oferecido ao grupo controle acrescido de 102g de suplemento proteico contendo whey protein, glutamina e lisina. Foram realizadas cinco etapas de avaliação de medidas corporais, massa corporal, espessura da camada de gordura e muscular, iniciando no dia do desmame (dia 0) e após 7, 14, 28 e 42 dias. A substituição de parte do concentrado comercial por suplemento proteico contendo whey protein, glutamina e lisina, não acarretou perdas em ganho de peso e medidas lineares de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador durante o período de 42 dias após o desmame, mas promoveu ganhos em espessura muscular e diminuição de espessura de gordura quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle.(AU)

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.(AU)

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.

Cyanogenic poisoning by spontaneous ingestion of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') in cattle / Intoxicação cianogênica pela ingestão espontânea de grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') em bovinos

This study reports the epidemiological data and the clinical-pathological condition of five outbreaks of cyanogenic poisoning in cattle spontaneously ingesting star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). In all outbreaks, the areas where the plant was previously fertilized with high concentrations of nitrogen and the properties adopted the silvipastoral system. The first clinical signs appeared between 10 and 15 minutes after the first introduction of cattle and were characterized by muscular tremors, dyspnea, moderate tympanism, staggering gait, forced breathing with open mouth, sternal recumbency followed by death after 15 to 30 minutes and/or recovery in a few hours after the signs started. In total, 43 cows have become ill and 18 died. Two necropsies were performed and no significant changes were found except for the presence of the plant near the esophageal sphincter region. No histological lesions were seen through microscopy. Green leaves of the star grass were collected from all properties where the outbreaks occurred and the test of the picro-sodium paper was performed, revealing red-brick coloration in 20 minutes after maceration of the leaves.(AU)

Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos e quadro clínico-patológico de cinco surtos de intoxicação cianogênica em bovinos que ingeriram espontaneamente grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). Em todos os surtos, as áreas onde a planta se encontrava haviam sido previamente adubadas com altas concentrações de nitrogênio e as propriedades adotavam o sistema silvipastoril com Eucaliptus sp. Os primeiros sinais clínicos surgiram entre 10 e 15 minutos após a primeira introdução dos bovinos e caracterizou-se por tremores musculares, dispneia, timpanismo moderado, andar cambaleante, respiração forçada com a boca aberta, decúbito esternal seguido de morte após 15 a 30 minutos e/ou, recuperação em poucas horas após início dos sinais. No total, adoeceram 43 vacas e destas 18 morreram. Duas necropsias foram realizadas e não foram encontradas alterações significativas, exceto a presença da planta próxima a região do esfíncter esofágico. Através da microscopia não foram visualizadas lesões histológicas. Folhas verdes da grama estrela foram coletadas de todas as propriedades onde os surtos ocorreram e realizadas o teste do papel picro-sódico, o qual revelou coloração vermelho-tijolo em 20 minutos após maceração das folhas.(AU)

Cyanogenic poisoning by spontaneous ingestion of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') in cattle / Intoxicação cianogênica pela ingestão espontânea de grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico') em bovinos

This study reports the epidemiological data and the clinical-pathological condition of five outbreaks of cyanogenic poisoning in cattle spontaneously ingesting star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). In all outbreaks, the areas where the plant was previously fertilized with high concentrations of nitrogen and the properties adopted the silvipastoral system. The first clinical signs appeared between 10 and 15 minutes after the first introduction of cattle and were characterized by muscular tremors, dyspnea, moderate tympanism, staggering gait, forced breathing with open mouth, sternal recumbency followed by death after 15 to 30 minutes and/or recovery in a few hours after the signs started. In total, 43 cows have become ill and 18 died. Two necropsies were performed and no significant changes were found except for the presence of the plant near the esophageal sphincter region. No histological lesions were seen through microscopy. Green leaves of the star grass were collected from all properties where the outbreaks occurred and the test of the picro-sodium paper was performed, revealing red-brick coloration in 20 minutes after maceration of the leaves.(AU)

Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos e quadro clínico-patológico de cinco surtos de intoxicação cianogênica em bovinos que ingeriram espontaneamente grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). Em todos os surtos, as áreas onde a planta se encontrava haviam sido previamente adubadas com altas concentrações de nitrogênio e as propriedades adotavam o sistema silvipastoril com Eucaliptus sp. Os primeiros sinais clínicos surgiram entre 10 e 15 minutos após a primeira introdução dos bovinos e caracterizou-se por tremores musculares, dispneia, timpanismo moderado, andar cambaleante, respiração forçada com a boca aberta, decúbito esternal seguido de morte após 15 a 30 minutos e/ou, recuperação em poucas horas após início dos sinais. No total, adoeceram 43 vacas e destas 18 morreram. Duas necropsias foram realizadas e não foram encontradas alterações significativas, exceto a presença da planta próxima a região do esfíncter esofágico. Através da microscopia não foram visualizadas lesões histológicas. Folhas verdes da grama estrela foram coletadas de todas as propriedades onde os surtos ocorreram e realizadas o teste do papel picro-sódico, o qual revelou coloração vermelho-tijolo em 20 minutos após maceração das folhas.(AU)

Comparison of water consumption estimates for tropical and winter forages by FDR probes and weighing lysimeters / Consumo de água em forrageiras tropicais e de inverno obtido por sonda FDR e lisímetros de pesagem

Soil moisture determination is essential for a good use of available water resources. In this regard, the use of frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) probes has as advantages mobility and practicality in relation to lysimeters. The experiment was carried out between April and June 2016 at the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), located in Piracicaba, SP at the geographical coordinates 22°42′14.6″ S and 47°37′24.1″ W and altitude of 546 m. This study aimed to assess these FDR probes to estimate water consumption in comparison to measurements by weighing lysimeters (ETcLys) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Mombaça and Bermuda grass pastures under single cultivation and overseeded with oat and ryegrass. Soil moisture was assessed daily by FDR probes by estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETcFDR probe) from soil water balance calculation, which was correlated with ETcLys and ETo (Penman-Monteith, FAO 56). For all treatments, FDR probes presented the highest water consumptions when compared to the other two evapotranspiration methods, with accumulations of 126.5 and 125.6 mm for single and overseeded Mombaça grass, respectively. For Bermuda grass, water consumption was 123.4 mm in the single cultivation and 128.5 mm when overseeded. The method of estimating evapotranspiration by FDR probes showed good correlations with ETo and ETcLys.(AU)

A determinação da umidade do solo é preponderante para o bom uso dos recursos hídricos disponíveis. Neste aspecto, as sondas de Reflectometria no Domínio da Frequência (FDR) tem a vantagem da mobilidade e praticidade em relação aos lisímetros. O experimento foi conduzido entre abril e junho de 2016 na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), localizada em Piracicaba, SP nas coordenadas geográficas 22°42′14.6″ S e 47°37′24.1″ O e altitude de 546 m. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de sonda FDR para estimativa do consumo de água em relação a medidas obtidas através de lisímetros de pesagem (ETcLis) e da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) em pastagens de capim Mombaça e Cynodon em cultivos exclusivos e sobressemeados com aveia e azevém. A umidade de solo foi diariamente avaliada pela sonda FDR estimando a evapotranspiração de cultura (ETcsonda FDR), a partir do cálculo de balanço hídrico no solo, que foi correlacionada com a ETcLis e a ETo (Penman-Monteith - FAO 56). A sonda FDR apresentou para todos os tratamentos os maiores consumos em relação aos outros dois métodos de evapotranspiração, com acúmulos durante o ciclo de 126,5 mm e 125,6 mm, no Mombaça exclusivo e sobressemeado, respectivamente. No Cynodon spp., o consumo foi de 123,4 mm no cultivo exclusivo e 128,5 mm no sobressemeado. O método de estimativa de evapotranspiração pela sonda FDR apresentou boas correlações com a ETo e ETcLis.(AU)

Comparison of water consumption estimates for tropical and winter forages by FDR probes and weighing lysimeters / Consumo de água em forrageiras tropicais e de inverno obtido por sonda FDR e lisímetros de pesagem

Soil moisture determination is essential for a good use of available water resources. In this regard, the use of frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) probes has as advantages mobility and practicality in relation to lysimeters. The experiment was carried out between April and June 2016 at the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), located in Piracicaba, SP at the geographical coordinates 22°42′14.6″ S and 47°37′24.1″ W and altitude of 546 m. This study aimed to assess these FDR probes to estimate water consumption in comparison to measurements by weighing lysimeters (ETcLys) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Mombaça and Bermuda grass pastures under single cultivation and overseeded with oat and ryegrass. Soil moisture was assessed daily by FDR probes by estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETcFDR probe) from soil water balance calculation, which was correlated with ETcLys and ETo (Penman-Monteith, FAO 56). For all treatments, FDR probes presented the highest water consumptions when compared to the other two evapotranspiration methods, with accumulations of 126.5 and 125.6 mm for single and overseeded Mombaça grass, respectively. For Bermuda grass, water consumption was 123.4 mm in the single cultivation and 128.5 mm when overseeded. The method of estimating evapotranspiration by FDR probes showed good correlations with ETo and ETcLys.

A determinação da umidade do solo é preponderante para o bom uso dos recursos hídricos disponíveis. Neste aspecto, as sondas de Reflectometria no Domínio da Frequência (FDR) tem a vantagem da mobilidade e praticidade em relação aos lisímetros. O experimento foi conduzido entre abril e junho de 2016 na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), localizada em Piracicaba, SP nas coordenadas geográficas 22°42′14.6″ S e 47°37′24.1″ O e altitude de 546 m. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de sonda FDR para estimativa do consumo de água em relação a medidas obtidas através de lisímetros de pesagem (ETcLis) e da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) em pastagens de capim Mombaça e Cynodon em cultivos exclusivos e sobressemeados com aveia e azevém. A umidade de solo foi diariamente avaliada pela sonda FDR estimando a evapotranspiração de cultura (ETcsonda FDR), a partir do cálculo de balanço hídrico no solo, que foi correlacionada com a ETcLis e a ETo (Penman-Monteith - FAO 56). A sonda FDR apresentou para todos os tratamentos os maiores consumos em relação aos outros dois métodos de evapotranspiração, com acúmulos durante o ciclo de 126,5 mm e 125,6 mm, no Mombaça exclusivo e sobressemeado, respectivamente. No Cynodon spp., o consumo foi de 123,4 mm no cultivo exclusivo e 128,5 mm no sobressemeado. O método de estimativa de evapotranspiração pela sonda FDR apresentou boas correlações com a ETo e ETcLis.

Use of indigestible markers to estimate the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets containing a cocoa by-product / Indicadores na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente em dietas com inclusão de coproduto do cacau

Fecal production and apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) were evaluated using external markers (chromium oxide; titanium dioxide; isolated, purified, and enriched lignin (LIPE®); and isolated, purified, and enriched lignin nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) and internal markers (indigestible DM (IDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) in diets based on Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp.) hay containing different concentrations of a cocoa by-product. Sixteen crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) dairy heifers with a mean live weight of 363.00 ± 27.70 kg were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to the diets, which differed in the substitution of bermuda grass hay with different concentrations (0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM) of the cocoa by-product, whereas the splitplots represented the indigestible markers. Chromic oxide, LIPE®, NANOLIPE®, and INDF accurately estimated ADMD and fecal production whereas titanium dioxide, IDM, and IADF did not accurately estimate these parameters.

Foram avaliados a produção fecal e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes com o uso de indicadores externos (óxido crômico, dióxido de titânio, lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida - LIPE® e lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida em nanopartículas -NANOLIPE®) e internos (matéria seca indigestível - MSi, fibra em detergente neutro indigestível - FDNi e fibra em detergente ácido indigestível -FDAi) em dietas a base de feno de capim tifton 85 com inclusão de coproduto de cacau. Foram utilizadas dezesseis novilhas leiteiras mestiças Holandês X Zebu, peso vivo médio (363,00 ± 27,70 kg), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. As dietas oferecidas foram as parcelas, que se diferenciavam quanto à substituição do feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp) pelo coproduto do cacau em diferentes níveis (0, 8, 16 e 24% da MS) e, os indicadores, as subparcelas. Os indicadores óxido crômico, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® e FDNi estimaram com acurácia e precisão a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a produção fecal. Os indicadores dióxido de titânio, MSi e a FDAi foram ineficientes para estimar esses parâmetros.

Use of indigestible markers to estimate the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets containing a cocoa by-product / Indicadores na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente em dietas com inclusão de coproduto do cacau

Fecal production and apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) were evaluated using external markers (chromium oxide; titanium dioxide; isolated, purified, and enriched lignin (LIPE®); and isolated, purified, and enriched lignin nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) and internal markers (indigestible DM (IDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) in diets based on Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp.) hay containing different concentrations of a cocoa by-product. Sixteen crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) dairy heifers with a mean live weight of 363.00 ± 27.70 kg were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to the diets, which differed in the substitution of bermuda grass hay with different concentrations (0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM) of the cocoa by-product, whereas the splitplots represented the indigestible markers. Chromic oxide, LIPE®, NANOLIPE®, and INDF accurately estimated ADMD and fecal production whereas titanium dioxide, IDM, and IADF did not accurately estimate these parameters.(AU)

Foram avaliados a produção fecal e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes com o uso de indicadores externos (óxido crômico, dióxido de titânio, lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida - LIPE® e lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida em nanopartículas -NANOLIPE®) e internos (matéria seca indigestível - MSi, fibra em detergente neutro indigestível - FDNi e fibra em detergente ácido indigestível -FDAi) em dietas a base de feno de capim tifton 85 com inclusão de coproduto de cacau. Foram utilizadas dezesseis novilhas leiteiras mestiças Holandês X Zebu, peso vivo médio (363,00 ± 27,70 kg), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. As dietas oferecidas foram as parcelas, que se diferenciavam quanto à substituição do feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp) pelo coproduto do cacau em diferentes níveis (0, 8, 16 e 24% da MS) e, os indicadores, as subparcelas. Os indicadores óxido crômico, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® e FDNi estimaram com acurácia e precisão a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a produção fecal. Os indicadores dióxido de titânio, MSi e a FDAi foram ineficientes para estimar esses parâmetros.(AU)

Passion fruit by-product as a substitute for Tifton 85 hay in diets for dairy heifers / Coproduto do maracujá em substituição ao feno de capim Tifton 85 em dietas para novilhas leiteiras

This study was undertaken to examine the intake, nutrient digestibility, protein and energy balance and feeding behavior of dairy heifers fed diets in which Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp) hay was substituted by a passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) by-product. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers with an average weight of 363.00 ± 27.7 kg were assigned to four treatments represented by diets in which levels of a passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%; dry matter basis) were added as a substitute for Tifton 85 bermuda grass. The intakes of crude protein and ether extract (P > 0.05) rose as the by-product was added to the diets. Nitrogen intake, absorbed nitrogen and urinary nitrogen also increased with the inclusion of the by-product. Passion fruit by-product can be included in diets for dairy heifers up to the level of 36%.

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão do coproduto do maracujá (Passiflora edulis), em substituição ao feno de capim tifton 85, sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanço proteico e energético e o comportamento ingestivo animal. Dezesseis novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com peso médio de (363,00 ± 27,7 Kg) foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos e receberam dietas com substituição do feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp) pelo coproduto do maracujá em (0, 12, 24, 36% da MS). Os consumos de proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo (P > 0,05) aumentaram com a inclusão do coproduto do maracujá às dietas experimentais. Houve aumento no consumo de nitrogênio, nitrogênio absorvido e excretado na urina dos animais com a adição de níveis crescentes de coproduto de maracujá às dietas. O coproduto do maracujá pode ser incluído em dietas para novilhas leiteiras até o nível de 36% da dieta.

Passion fruit by-product as a substitute for Tifton 85 hay in diets for dairy heifers / Coproduto do maracujá em substituição ao feno de capim Tifton 85 em dietas para novilhas leiteiras

This study was undertaken to examine the intake, nutrient digestibility, protein and energy balance and feeding behavior of dairy heifers fed diets in which Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp) hay was substituted by a passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) by-product. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers with an average weight of 363.00 ± 27.7 kg were assigned to four treatments represented by diets in which levels of a passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%; dry matter basis) were added as a substitute for Tifton 85 bermuda grass. The intakes of crude protein and ether extract (P > 0.05) rose as the by-product was added to the diets. Nitrogen intake, absorbed nitrogen and urinary nitrogen also increased with the inclusion of the by-product. Passion fruit by-product can be included in diets for dairy heifers up to the level of 36%.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão do coproduto do maracujá (Passiflora edulis), em substituição ao feno de capim tifton 85, sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanço proteico e energético e o comportamento ingestivo animal. Dezesseis novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com peso médio de (363,00 ± 27,7 Kg) foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos e receberam dietas com substituição do feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp) pelo coproduto do maracujá em (0, 12, 24, 36% da MS). Os consumos de proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo (P > 0,05) aumentaram com a inclusão do coproduto do maracujá às dietas experimentais. Houve aumento no consumo de nitrogênio, nitrogênio absorvido e excretado na urina dos animais com a adição de níveis crescentes de coproduto de maracujá às dietas. O coproduto do maracujá pode ser incluído em dietas para novilhas leiteiras até o nível de 36% da dieta.(AU)

Production and quality of Tifton 85 pastures overseeded with black oat: effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization / Produção e qualidade de pastagens de Tifton 85 sobressemeadas com aveia preta: efeitos da irrigação e adubação nitrogenada

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the bromatological quality, forage production, and botanical and structural composition of Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) pastures overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa). Four treatments were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (irrigated and non-irrigated × fertilized and non-fertilized), with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. In irrigated paddocks, the irrigation system was activated when the soil matric potential reached a value equal to, or higher than, 10 kPa and 135 kg N ha-¹ was applied to fertilized paddocks, divided into four applications. The forage mass pre- and post-grazing, total forage production, and the botanical, structural, and bromatological composition of the pastures were evaluated. No interaction was observed between the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization factors for any of the variables and no significant differences were observed in forage mass between pre- and post-grazing or in Tifton leaf and stem percentages. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on forage production, which was 2626.41 kg dry matter (DM) ha-¹ higher in fertilized pastures than in unfertilized pastures. In addition, fertilization resulted in a lower percentage of dead material (6.66%), higher percentage of oat leaves (30.84%), higher leaf:stem ratio (1:45), higher crude protein content (24.13%), lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (64.57%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (32.86%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.01%) than in unfertilized pastures. The use of irrigation did not influence total forage production, however, it resulted in pastures with lower NDF (65.97%) and ADF (33.54%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.48%) than unirrigated pastures. Nitrogen fertilization produced improvements in pasture structure, associated with higher dry matter yield and bromatological...(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação e a adubação nitrogenada sobre a qualidade bromatológica, produção de forragem e a composição botânica e estrutural de pastagens de Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) sobressemeadas com aveia preta (Avena strigosa). Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 2x2 (irrigado e não irrigado x adubado e não adubado), com três repetições, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Em piquetes irrigados o sistema de irrigação foi acionado quando o potencial mátrico do solo atingia o valor igual ou superior a 10 kPa e em piquetes adubados foram aplicados 135 kg N ha-¹, dividido em quatro aplicações. Foram avaliadas a massa de forragem no pré e pós pastejo, a produção total de forragem, a composição botânica, estrutural e bromatológica das pastagens. Não foram observadas interação entre os fatores irrigação e adubação nitrogenada para nenhuma das variáveis e nem diferenças significativas para os valores da massa de forragem no pré e pós pastejo e nas porcentagens de folhas e colmo de Tifton. Houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre a produção de forragem, onde proporcionou incremento de 2.626,41 kg MS ha-¹. Além disso, a adubação proporcionou menor porcentagem de material morto (6,66%), maior porcentagem de folhas de aveia (30,84%), maior relação folha:colmo (1,45), maior teor de proteína bruta (PB) (24,13%), menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (64,57%) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) (32,86%) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (73,01%). O uso da irrigação não influenciou a produção total de forragem, porém, proporcionou pastagens com menores teores de FDN (65,97%) e FDA (33,54%) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (73,48%). A adubação nitrogenada proporcionou melhorias na estrutura das pastagens, associadas à maior produção de matéria seca e melhor qualidade bromatológica, enquanto que a irrigação apenas proporcionou pastagens com menores teores de fibras e...(AU)

Capacidade produtiva e qualidade nutricional de gramíneas perenes submetidas a sistema contínuo de cortes / Productive capacity and nutritional quality of different perennial grasses submitted to a continued cuts system

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e as características bromatológicas dos estratos superior e inferior de gramíneas perenes em sistema contínuo de cortes. As cultivares avaliadas foram: Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Estrela-roxa; Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pears cv. Coast-cross 1; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Tifton 68; Cynodon ssp. cv. Tifton 85; Cynodon dactilon sp. cv. Jiggs; Hemárthria altissima cv. Roxinha e Penissetum clandestinum cv. Quicuio. Todos os cortes foram realizados no momento em que cada cultivar alcançava 95% de interceptação luminosa. As cutivares Jiggs e Tifton 68, com 21.348 e 21.016kg ha-1, respectivamente, tiveram as maiores produções (P<0,05) de fitomassa seca acumulada. Na média geral dos cortes, o quarto corte apresentou a menor relação estrato superior:inferior em relação aos demais (P<0,05). Em relação ao estrato superior, a Tifton 85 apresentou o maior teor de PB, sendo superior estatisticamente (P<0,05) no primeiro, segundo e quarto cortes, enquanto no terceiro corte a Coast-cross apresentou o maior teor proteico. No geral, as cv. Jiggs e Tifton 68 apresentaram a maior produção de fitomassa acumulada. Já a cv. Tifton 85 foi responsável pelos maiores níveis de PB, enquanto os teores de carboidratos estruturais mantiveram padrão constante, tanto no estrato superior quanto inferior, em sistema de quatro cortes sucessivos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the bromatologic characteristics of the upper and lower strata of perennial grasses in four cut systems. The cultivars evaluated were: Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Estrela Roxa; Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pears cv. Coast-cross 1; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Tifton-68; Cynodon ssp. cv. Tifton-85; Cynodon dactilon sp. cv. Jiggs; Hemárthria altissima cv. Roxinha, and Penissetum clandestinum cv. Quicuio. All cuts were made when each cv. reached 95% light interception. The cv. Jiggs and Tifton 68, with 21348 and 21016kg ha-1, respectively, were responsible for the higher yields (P<0.05) of accumulated dry biomass. The overall average of the cuts, the fourth cut had the lowest ratio upper stratum: lower compared to the others (P<0.05). Regarding the upper stratum, the cv. Tifton 85 had the highest CP content, statistically higher (P<0.05) in the first, second and fourth cut, while in the third cut the cv. Coast-cross had the highest protein content. In general, cv. Jiggs and Tifton 68 had the highest number of accumulated biomass. The cv. Tifton 85 was responsible for the higher levels of CP, whereas the levels of structural carbohydrates maintained a constant pattern, in both the upper and lower strata in four cut systems.(AU)

Capacidade produtiva e qualidade nutricional de gramíneas perenes submetidas a sistema contínuo de cortes / Productive capacity and nutritional quality of different perennial grasses submitted to a continued cuts system

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e as características bromatológicas dos estratos superior e inferior de gramíneas perenes em sistema contínuo de cortes. As cultivares avaliadas foram: Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Estrela-roxa; Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pears cv. Coast-cross 1; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Tifton 68; Cynodon ssp. cv. Tifton 85; Cynodon dactilon sp. cv. Jiggs; Hemárthria altissima cv. Roxinha e Penissetum clandestinum cv. Quicuio. Todos os cortes foram realizados no momento em que cada cultivar alcançava 95% de interceptação luminosa. As cutivares Jiggs e Tifton 68, com 21.348 e 21.016kg ha-1, respectivamente, tiveram as maiores produções (P<0,05) de fitomassa seca acumulada. Na média geral dos cortes, o quarto corte apresentou a menor relação estrato superior:inferior em relação aos demais (P<0,05). Em relação ao estrato superior, a Tifton 85 apresentou o maior teor de PB, sendo superior estatisticamente (P<0,05) no primeiro, segundo e quarto cortes, enquanto no terceiro corte a Coast-cross apresentou o maior teor proteico. No geral, as cv. Jiggs e Tifton 68 apresentaram a maior produção de fitomassa acumulada. Já a cv. Tifton 85 foi responsável pelos maiores níveis de PB, enquanto os teores de carboidratos estruturais mantiveram padrão constante, tanto no estrato superior quanto inferior, em sistema de quatro cortes sucessivos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the bromatologic characteristics of the upper and lower strata of perennial grasses in four cut systems. The cultivars evaluated were: Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Estrela Roxa; Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pears cv. Coast-cross 1; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst cv. Tifton-68; Cynodon ssp. cv. Tifton-85; Cynodon dactilon sp. cv. Jiggs; Hemárthria altissima cv. Roxinha, and Penissetum clandestinum cv. Quicuio. All cuts were made when each cv. reached 95% light interception. The cv. Jiggs and Tifton 68, with 21348 and 21016kg ha-1, respectively, were responsible for the higher yields (P<0.05) of accumulated dry biomass. The overall average of the cuts, the fourth cut had the lowest ratio upper stratum: lower compared to the others (P<0.05). Regarding the upper stratum, the cv. Tifton 85 had the highest CP content, statistically higher (P<0.05) in the first, second and fourth cut, while in the third cut the cv. Coast-cross had the highest protein content. In general, cv. Jiggs and Tifton 68 had the highest number of accumulated biomass. The cv. Tifton 85 was responsible for the higher levels of CP, whereas the levels of structural carbohydrates maintained a constant pattern, in both the upper and lower strata in four cut systems.(AU)

Performance of juvenile carp-grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with different tropical forages / Desempenho de juvenis de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentados com silagem de diferentes forrageiras tropicais

The objective of this study was evaluated the effect of different tropical forages in the feeding of juvenile grass carp, the treatments were: elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum); colonião grass (Panicum maximum); tifton grass (Cynodon dactylon) and Brachiaria sp, being the first three ensilad and the last in natura. All the experimental treatments were supplemented with an experimental pelletized ration with 30% CP and 3000 kcal/ digestively energy /kg in the proportion of 10% of the alive weight. Significant difference was not observed in the chemical composition of forages appraised. There was no difference (P>0,05) of the weight gain in the juveniles fed with Brachiaria sp., colonião or elephant grass. However, the silage of tifton grass provided (P < 0,05) larger weight earnings. The results demonstrate the good potential of tifton grass in the grass use in feed-grass cover, it provides higher weight gain.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes forrageiras tropicais na alimentação de juvenis de carpa-capim. Foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos: capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum); capim-colonião (Panicum maximum); capim-tifton (Cynodon dactylon) e Brachiaria sp, sendo as três primeiras ensiladas e a ultima in natura. Todos os tratamentos experimentais foram suplementados com uma ração experimental peletizada com 30% proteína bruta e 3000 kcal/energia digestível/kg na proporção de 10% do peso vivo. Não foi observada diferença significativa na composição bromatológica das forrageiras avaliadas. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) do ganho de peso dos alevinos alimentados com a Brachiaria sp, capim-colonião ou capim-elefante ensilados. Entretanto, a silagem de capim-tifton proporcionou (P < 0,05) maior ganho de peso. Os resultados demonstram o bom potencial da utilização de capim-capim na alimentação de capa-capim, pois proporciona maior ganho de peso.(AU)

Performance of juvenile carp-grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with different tropical forages / Desempenho de juvenis de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentados com silagem de diferentes forrageiras tropicais

The objective of this study was evaluated the effect of different tropical forages in the feeding of juvenile grass carp, the treatments were: elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum); colonião grass (Panicum maximum); tifton grass (Cynodon dactylon) and Brachiaria sp, being the first three ensilad and the last in natura. All the experimental treatments were supplemented with an experimental pelletized ration with 30% CP and 3000 kcal/ digestively energy /kg in the proportion of 10% of the alive weight. Significant difference was not observed in the chemical composition of forages appraised. There was no difference (P>0,05) of the weight gain in the juveniles fed with Brachiaria sp., colonião or elephant grass. However, the silage of tifton grass provided (P < 0,05) larger weight earnings. The results demonstrate the good potential of tifton grass in the grass use in feed-grass cover, it provides higher weight gain.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes forrageiras tropicais na alimentação de juvenis de carpa-capim. Foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos: capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum); capim-colonião (Panicum maximum); capim-tifton (Cynodon dactylon) e Brachiaria sp, sendo as três primeiras ensiladas e a ultima in natura. Todos os tratamentos experimentais foram suplementados com uma ração experimental peletizada com 30% proteína bruta e 3000 kcal/energia digestível/kg na proporção de 10% do peso vivo. Não foi observada diferença significativa na composição bromatológica das forrageiras avaliadas. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) do ganho de peso dos alevinos alimentados com a Brachiaria sp, capim-colonião ou capim-elefante ensilados. Entretanto, a silagem de capim-tifton proporcionou (P < 0,05) maior ganho de peso. Os resultados demonstram o bom potencial da utilização de capim-capim na alimentação de capa-capim, pois proporciona maior ganho de peso.