Dietary supplementation of tilapia juveniles reared in bft (bioflocs) tanks with dl-methionine / Suplementação da dieta de juvenis de tilápia criados em tanques bft (bioflocos) com dl-metionina

The present study aimed at determining the effects of dietary DL-methionine supplementation on the water quality, bioflocs composition and Nile tilapia juvenile's (initial body weight = 2.76 ± 0.06 g) growth performance in BFT rearing tanks (18 fish/100-L tank). Fish were or not subjected to artificial feed restriction. The experimental treatments consisted of two control groups: 1 - no feed restriction, no methionine supplementation; 2 - feed restriction at 25%, no methionine supplementation. There were also four treated groups: 1 - feed restriction at 25%, dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 0.5%; 2 - feed restriction at 25%, dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 1.0%; 3 - feed restriction at 25%, dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 2.0%; 4 - feed restriction at 25%, DL-methionine supplementation of molasses at 1.0. Supplementation of the commercial diet with DL-methionine has not affected either the water quality of the BFT Nile tilapia rearing tanks or the proximate composition of the bioflocs. After 8 weeks, weight gain of fish reared in tanks with feed restriction and dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 1% or 2% has not differed (P>0.05) from the tanks without feed restriction. In conclusion, it is possible to restrict the daily feed allowances of Nile tilapia juveniles reared in BFT tanks at 25%, with no growth performance impairment, if a minimal dietary DL-methionine supplementation of 1.0% is given.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar os efeitos da suplementação da ração balanceada de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (peso médio inicial = 2,76 ± 0,06 g), submetidos à restrição na oferta de alimento artificial em tanques BFT de cultivo (18 juvenis/tanque 100 L), com DL-metionina, sobre a qualidade da água, composição dos bioflocos e desempenho zootécnico. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos por dois grupos controle (1 - sem restrição alimentar, sem suplementação com metionina; 2 - com restrição alimentar de 25%, sem suplementação com metionina) e quatro tratamentos experimentais (3 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação da ração com 0,5% de DL-metionina, misturada à ração; 4 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação da ração com 1,0% de DL-metionina, misturada à ração; 5 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação da ração com 2,0% de DL-metionina, misturada à ração; 6 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação do melaço em 1,0% de DL-metionina, misturada ao melaço). A suplementação da ração balanceada com DL-metionina não afetou a qualidade da água de cultivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, em tanques BFT, nem a composição centesimal do bioflocos. Após 8 semanas, o ganho em peso corporal dos peixes mantidos nos tanques com restrição alimentar e suplementação da ração com 1% ou 2% de DL-metionina não diferiu (P>0,05) do observado nos tanques sem restrição alimentar. Concluiu-se que é possível restringir as taxas de arraçoamento de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, mantidos em tanques BFT de cultivo, em 25%, sem prejuízo zootécnico, desde que se faça a suplementação da dieta com, pelo menos, 1% de DL-metionina.

Suplementação da dieta de juvenis de tilápia criados em tanques bft (bioflocos) com dl-metionina / Dietary supplementation of tilapia juveniles reared in bft (bioflocs) tanks with dl-methionine

O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar os efeitos da suplementação da ração balanceada de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (peso médio inicial = 2,76 ± 0,06 g), submetidos à restrição na oferta de alimento artificial em tanques BFT de cultivo (18 juvenis/tanque 100 L), com DL-metionina, sobre a qualidade da água, composição dos bioflocos e desempenho zootécnico. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos por dois grupos controle (1 - sem restrição alimentar, sem suplementação com metionina; 2 - com restrição alimentar de 25%, sem suplementação com metionina) e quatro tratamentos experimentais (3 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação da ração com 0,5% de DL-metionina, misturada à ração; 4 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação da ração com 1,0% de DL-metionina, misturada à ração; 5 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação da ração com 2,0% de DL-metionina, misturada à ração; 6 - restrição alimentar de 25%, suplementação do melaço em 1,0% de DL-metionina, misturada ao melaço). A suplementação da ração balanceada com DL-metionina não afetou a qualidade da água de cultivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, em tanques BFT, nem a composição centesimal do bioflocos. Após 8 semanas, o ganho em peso corporal dos peixes mantidos nos tanques com restrição alimentar e suplementação da ração com 1% ou 2% de DL-metionina não diferiu (P>0,05) do observado nos tanques sem restrição alimentar. Concluiu-se que é possível restringir as taxas de arraçoamento de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, mantidos em tanques BFT de cultivo, em 25%, sem prejuízo zootécnico, desde que se faça a suplementação da dieta com, pelo menos, 1% de DL-metionina.

The present study aimed at determining the effects of dietary DL-methionine supplementation on the water quality, bioflocs composition and Nile tilapia juvenile’s (initial body weight = 2.76 ± 0.06 g) growth performance in BFT rearing tanks (18 fish/100-L tank). Fish were or not subjected to artificial feed restriction. The experimental treatments consisted of two control groups: 1 - no feed restriction, no methionine supplementation; 2 - feed restriction at 25%, no methionine supplementation. There were also four treated groups: 1 - feed restriction at 25%, dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 0.5%; 2 - feed restriction at 25%, dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 1.0%; 3 - feed restriction at 25%, dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 2.0%; 4 - feed restriction at 25%, DL-methionine supplementation of molasses at 1.0. Supplementation of the commercial diet with DL-methionine has not affected either the water quality of the BFT Nile tilapia rearing tanks or the proximate composition of the bioflocs. After 8 weeks, weight gain of fish reared in tanks with feed restriction and dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 1% or 2% has not differed (P>0.05) from the tanks without feed restriction. In conclusion, it is possible to restrict the daily feed allowances of Nile tilapia juveniles reared in BFT tanks at 25%, with no growth performance impairment, if a minimal dietary DL-methionine supplementation of 1.0% is given.

Effect of Supplementary Methionine on Feather Growth and Related Indicators of Pigeon Squabs

We assessed the effect of health sand dietary supplementation with methionine (Met) on White King pigeons. Paired pigeons (n = 180) were fed one of five diets; group T1 received no added Met, while T2, T3, T4 and T5 received 30, 60, 90 and 120 g of supplemental DL-Met/kg, respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 24 pairs in each replicate. The results showed that supplementary Met had a minor effect on the length of the fourth primary wing feather in 28-day-old squabs (p>0.05), but the length of 14-day-old squabs in T2 was significantly longer (p=0.010). Dietary Met had a minor effect on Wnt-7a and fibroblast growth factor receptors-2 (FGFR-2) mRNA levels in 28-day-old squabs (p>0.05). The IGF-1 concentration in plasma was highest in T4 and lowest in T2 (p=0.012), but there was no difference between T1, T2 and T5 (p>0.05). In the chest muscle, the expression of IGF-1 in T3 and T4 was higher than in T1 (p=0.172 and 0.015, respectively). In the leg muscle, IGF-1 mRNA level was higher in T4 and T3, and lower in T2 (p>0.05). The results indicate that the optimal Met supplement for increasing fourth primary wing feather length was 30 g/kg Met in health sand, and the feathers were the longest in 14-day-old squabs. Adding 90 g/kg Met to health sand can improve the concentration of IGF-1, which is important for growth performance of pigeon squabs.(AU)

Effect of Supplementary Methionine on Feather Growth and Related Indicators of Pigeon Squabs

We assessed the effect of health sand dietary supplementation with methionine (Met) on White King pigeons. Paired pigeons (n = 180) were fed one of five diets; group T1 received no added Met, while T2, T3, T4 and T5 received 30, 60, 90 and 120 g of supplemental DL-Met/kg, respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 24 pairs in each replicate. The results showed that supplementary Met had a minor effect on the length of the fourth primary wing feather in 28-day-old squabs (p>0.05), but the length of 14-day-old squabs in T2 was significantly longer (p=0.010). Dietary Met had a minor effect on Wnt-7a and fibroblast growth factor receptors-2 (FGFR-2) mRNA levels in 28-day-old squabs (p>0.05). The IGF-1 concentration in plasma was highest in T4 and lowest in T2 (p=0.012), but there was no difference between T1, T2 and T5 (p>0.05). In the chest muscle, the expression of IGF-1 in T3 and T4 was higher than in T1 (p=0.172 and 0.015, respectively). In the leg muscle, IGF-1 mRNA level was higher in T4 and T3, and lower in T2 (p>0.05). The results indicate that the optimal Met supplement for increasing fourth primary wing feather length was 30 g/kg Met in health sand, and the feathers were the longest in 14-day-old squabs. Adding 90 g/kg Met to health sand can improve the concentration of IGF-1, which is important for growth performance of pigeon squabs.

Digestible methionine levels for white-egg layer pullets from 7 to 12 weeks of age

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the requirement of digestible methionine for growing pullets at growth phase (7 to 12 weeks of age). A completely randomized design was distributed in five treatments, six replicates, and 15 pullets per experimental unit. 450 Dekalb White pullets from the 7th weeks of age, with an average initial weight of 313.14 ± 12.49 g were used. Dietary treatments consisted in five diets supplemented with DL-Methionine which resulted in five levels of digestible methionine (0.266, 0.294, 0.322, 0.350, and 0.378 %). Performance, serological blood, histopathology and histomorphometry data were evaluated. Quadratic responses were observed for final live weight (p < 0.0143), weight gain (p < 0.0073), feed conversion ratio (p < 0.0058), glycogen deposition in the liver (p < 0.0001), gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme activity (p < 0.0008), and villus height (p < 0.0024) with digestible dMet levels. In conclusion, the use of 0.343 % dMet, corresponding to a dMet:dLys ratio 55, is recommended for white-egg pullets from 7 to 12 weeks of age.(AU)

Digestible methionine levels for white-egg layer pullets from 7 to 12 weeks of age

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the requirement of digestible methionine for growing pullets at growth phase (7 to 12 weeks of age). A completely randomized design was distributed in five treatments, six replicates, and 15 pullets per experimental unit. 450 Dekalb White pullets from the 7th weeks of age, with an average initial weight of 313.14 ± 12.49 g were used. Dietary treatments consisted in five diets supplemented with DL-Methionine which resulted in five levels of digestible methionine (0.266, 0.294, 0.322, 0.350, and 0.378 %). Performance, serological blood, histopathology and histomorphometry data were evaluated. Quadratic responses were observed for final live weight (p < 0.0143), weight gain (p < 0.0073), feed conversion ratio (p < 0.0058), glycogen deposition in the liver (p < 0.0001), gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme activity (p < 0.0008), and villus height (p < 0.0024) with digestible dMet levels. In conclusion, the use of 0.343 % dMet, corresponding to a dMet:dLys ratio 55, is recommended for white-egg pullets from 7 to 12 weeks of age.

Effect of replacing fish meal by full fat soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and gastrointestinal enzymes in diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus / Efeito da substituição de farinha de peixe por farelo de soja integral no desempenho de crescimento, utilização de ração e enzimas gastrointestinais em dietas para bagre africano Clarias gariepinus

Study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with different levels of full fat soybean meal (FFSBM) on growth and digestive enzyme activities in the stomach, Liver and intestine for Clarias gariepinus. Four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were formulated with 0, 15, 20 and 20 g 100-1 protein + DL-methionine by alternating FFSBM with fish meal. The growth of C. gariepinus was found to be significantly decreased when FFSBM replacement increased. Final body weight was 89.69, 79.70, 70.82 and 68.29 g for fish fed on D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively, with significant differences between treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) ranged between 3.11 to 2.78%. Proteolytic activity was higher only with alkaline pHs, whereas only very low activity was shown with acidic. Results of liver showed approximately similar results at acid and alkaline. In contrast, higher proteolytic activity in the stomach was observed at acid pHs 3.0 and 4.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein) whereas lower values were observed at neutral pH 7.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein for catfish fed on the experimental diets. Moreover, trypsin activity was higher for the stomach, followed by the intestine and liver. However, higher amount of amylase observed in the liver than intestine and stomach.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha de peixe por diferentes níveis de farelo de soja integral (FSI) sobre o crescimento e atividades de enzimas digestivas no estômago, fígado e intestino de Clarias gariepinus. Quatro dietas (D1, D2, D3 e D4) foram formuladas com 0, 15, 20 e 20 g 100-1 proteína + DL-metionina, alternando FSI com farinha de peixe. O crescimento de C. gariepinus foi significativamente reduzido quando aumentou a substituição de farinha de peixe por FSI . O peso corporal final foi de 89,69, 79,70, 70,82 e 68,29 g para peixes alimentados com D1, D2, D3 e D4, respectivamente, com diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) variou entre 3,11 a 2,78%. A atividade proteolítica foi maior apenas com pHs alcalinos, enquanto que atividades muito baixas foram somente mostradas com ácido. Os resultados no fígado mostraram valores aproximadamente semelhantes tanto em meio ácido quanto alcalino. Em contraste, observou-se maior atividade proteolítica no estômago em pH ácido (3,0 e 4,0 g de tirosina-1 minuto-1 mg-1 de proteína), ao passo que valores mais baixos foram observados em pH neutro (7,0 g de tirosina-1 minuto-1 mg-1 de proteína) para os bagres que se alimentaram com as dietas experimentais. Além disso, a atividade da tripsina foi maior para o estômago, seguida pelo intestino e pelo fígado. No entanto, observou-se maior quantidade de amilase no fígado,intestino e estômago.(AU)

Can the Fine Wheat Bran be a Betaine Source in Poultry Diets?

The effect of fine wheat bran (FWB) as a methyl donor source on performance, metabolism, body composition and blood traits of growing broilers was studied. Three hundred and twenty broilers from eight to 28 d of age, distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and eight replicates of eight animals each were used. The experimental diets were: NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by DL-methionine addition; Bet, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by anhydrous betaine addition; Fwb-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB; and Fwb+, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB. Feed intake was reduced (p 0.05) by FWB inclusion but the feed conversion ratio was the same (p>0.05) between the positive control diets. Supplementation of DL-methionine and anhydrous betaine showed the same (p>0.05) metabolizability of nutrients. Treatments with higher DL-methionine levels (Met and Fwb+) promoted more weight of feathers (p 0.05). Animals fed with FWB showed the lowest (p 0.05) body gains. In conclusion, FWB inclusion did not promote methyl radicals supply.(AU)

Can the Fine Wheat Bran be a Betaine Source in Poultry Diets?

The effect of fine wheat bran (FWB) as a methyl donor source on performance, metabolism, body composition and blood traits of growing broilers was studied. Three hundred and twenty broilers from eight to 28 d of age, distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and eight replicates of eight animals each were used. The experimental diets were: NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by DL-methionine addition; Bet, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by anhydrous betaine addition; Fwb-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB; and Fwb+, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB. Feed intake was reduced (p 0.05) by FWB inclusion but the feed conversion ratio was the same (p>0.05) between the positive control diets. Supplementation of DL-methionine and anhydrous betaine showed the same (p>0.05) metabolizability of nutrients. Treatments with higher DL-methionine levels (Met and Fwb+) promoted more weight of feathers (p 0.05). Animals fed with FWB showed the lowest (p 0.05) body gains. In conclusion, FWB inclusion did not promote methyl radicals supply.

Effect of replacing fish meal by full fat soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and gastrointestinal enzymes in diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus

Abstract Study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with different levels of full fat soybean meal (FFSBM) on growth and digestive enzyme activities in the stomach, Liver and intestine for Clarias gariepinus. Four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were formulated with 0, 15, 20 and 20 g 100-1 protein + DL-methionine by alternating FFSBM with fish meal. The growth of C. gariepinus was found to be significantly decreased when FFSBM replacement increased. Final body weight was 89.69, 79.70, 70.82 and 68.29 g for fish fed on D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively, with significant differences between treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) ranged between 3.11 to 2.78%. Proteolytic activity was higher only with alkaline pHs, whereas only very low activity was shown with acidic. Results of liver showed approximately similar results at acid and alkaline. In contrast, higher proteolytic activity in the stomach was observed at acid pHs 3.0 and 4.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein) whereas lower values were observed at neutral pH 7.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein for catfish fed on the experimental diets. Moreover, trypsin activity was higher for the stomach, followed by the intestine and liver. However, higher amount of amylase observed in the liver than intestine and stomach.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha de peixe por diferentes níveis de farelo de soja integral (FSI) sobre o crescimento e atividades de enzimas digestivas no estômago, fígado e intestino de Clarias gariepinus. Quatro dietas (D1, D2, D3 e D4) foram formuladas com 0, 15, 20 e 20 g 100-1 proteína + DL-metionina, alternando FSI com farinha de peixe. O crescimento de C. gariepinus foi significativamente reduzido quando aumentou a substituição de farinha de peixe por FSI . O peso corporal final foi de 89,69, 79,70, 70,82 e 68,29 g para peixes alimentados com D1, D2, D3 e D4, respectivamente, com diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) variou entre 3,11 a 2,78%. A atividade proteolítica foi maior apenas com pHs alcalinos, enquanto que atividades muito baixas foram somente mostradas com ácido. Os resultados no fígado mostraram valores aproximadamente semelhantes tanto em meio ácido quanto alcalino. Em contraste, observou-se maior atividade proteolítica no estômago em pH ácido (3,0 e 4,0 g de tirosina-1 minuto-1 mg-1 de proteína), ao passo que valores mais baixos foram observados em pH neutro (7,0 g de tirosina-1 minuto-1 mg-1 de proteína) para os bagres que se alimentaram com as dietas experimentais. Além disso, a atividade da tripsina foi maior para o estômago, seguida pelo intestino e pelo fígado. No entanto, observou-se maior quantidade de amilase no fígado,intestino e estômago.

Litter quality of broiler fed with to different levels of sulfur amino acid

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sulfur amino acid (methionine+cystine) supplementation included in the diet of broiler chickens raised under Brazilian commercial conditions on the concentration of ammonia gas, moisture, pH, temperature, and nitrogen excretion in litter on the 14th, 28th, and 42nd day of breeding. A total of900 male chicks of the Cobb500 line were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, with six replicates of 30 birds. A basal diet (without methionine) was formulated and was supplemented with DL-methionine (0.072, 0.168, 0.239, 0.311% and 0.058, 0.134, 0.192, 0.250% for days 1 to 21 and days 22 to 42 of breeding respectively) replacing the corn starch in order to achieve the desirable digestible methionine + cysteine levels (0.545 (basal diet), 0.616, 0.711, 0.782 and 0.853%)and (0.514 (basal diet); 0.571; 0.647; 0.704 and 0.761% and digestible methionine + cysteine for the phase 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of breeding, respectively. There was no significant effect on the temperature and concentration of ammonia gas in any of the phases evaluated. Met+cys supplementation influenced moisture and pH of litter in all the evaluated phases. For nitrogen, a significant effect was observed at 14 days, not exhibiting effects during the other phases, suggesting that nitrogen excretion increases with increasing levels of met+cys in the diet for up to 14 days.(AU)

Litter quality of broiler fed with to different levels of sulfur amino acid

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sulfur amino acid (methionine+cystine) supplementation included in the diet of broiler chickens raised under Brazilian commercial conditions on the concentration of ammonia gas, moisture, pH, temperature, and nitrogen excretion in litter on the 14th, 28th, and 42nd day of breeding. A total of900 male chicks of the Cobb500 line were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, with six replicates of 30 birds. A basal diet (without methionine) was formulated and was supplemented with DL-methionine (0.072, 0.168, 0.239, 0.311% and 0.058, 0.134, 0.192, 0.250% for days 1 to 21 and days 22 to 42 of breeding respectively) replacing the corn starch in order to achieve the desirable digestible methionine + cysteine levels (0.545 (basal diet), 0.616, 0.711, 0.782 and 0.853%)and (0.514 (basal diet); 0.571; 0.647; 0.704 and 0.761% and digestible methionine + cysteine for the phase 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of breeding, respectively. There was no significant effect on the temperature and concentration of ammonia gas in any of the phases evaluated. Met+cys supplementation influenced moisture and pH of litter in all the evaluated phases. For nitrogen, a significant effect was observed at 14 days, not exhibiting effects during the other phases, suggesting that nitrogen excretion increases with increasing levels of met+cys in the diet for up to 14 days.

Different sources of sulfur in diets of adult cats on the urinary parameters and acid-base balance / Efeitos da adição de diferentes fontes de enxofre na dieta de gatos adultos em parâmetros urinários e equilíbrio ácido-básico

Urolithiasis is a common disorder in the veterinary clinic and is considered as one of the most frequently cause of morbidity. This disorder is closely associated with urinary pH and nutrition plays a key role in the control of this disease, because through dietary manipulation it is possible to modify the urinary pH. Sulfur is considered macroelement with a strong influence on the acid-base status and may be crucial to control urinary pH in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of addition of different sources of sulfur (S) in the diet of cats on the urinary parameters and acid-base balance. Forty-two healthy adult cats were divided into 3 groups, and each group of 14 cats received 7 diets in a complete randomized block design. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), DL-methionine (DLM) and methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) were added to a control diet in two levels (1.28g S/kg and 2.56g S/kg) to formulate 6 other experimental diets. The acid-base balance was evaluated by hemogasometry in samples of venous blood. The DLM at the highest level and MHA differed of the control diet in relation to urinary pH (P 0.05). Calcium sulfate; although, not differentiated from the control diet, has been shown to alter urinary pH despite its zero electrolyte balance. Apparently, the alkalizing effect of calcium was not sufficient to avoid sulfate acidification of the urine. Treatments showed no alteration of the acid-base balance of the animals and no affect the consumption of the diets.(AU)

A urolitíase é uma desordem comum na clínica veterinária, considerada como uma das maiores causas de morbidade. Esta desordem está intimamente associada ao pH urinário sendo que a nutrição desempenha papel fundamental no controle dessa doença, pois através da manipulação dietética é possível modificar o pH urinário. O enxofre é considerado um macroelemento com forte influência no equilíbrio ácido-básico e pode ser crucial para controlar o pH urinário em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes fontes de enxofre (S) na dieta de gatos nos parâmetros urinários e no equilíbrio ácido-básico destes animais. 42 gatos adultos saudáveis foram divididos em 3 grupos e cada grupo de 14 gatos recebeu 7 dietas em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso. O sulfato de cálcio (CaSO4), a DL-metionina (DLM) e a metionina hidróxi-análoga (MHA) foram adicionados a uma dieta controle em dois níveis (1,28g S/kg e 2,56g S/kg) para formular outras 6 dietas experimentais. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi avaliado por hemogasometria em amostras de sangue venoso. O DLM no teor mais alto e MHA diferiram da dieta controle em relação ao pH urinário (P 0,05). O sulfato de cálcio, embora não tenha diferido da dieta controle, demonstrou alterar o pH urinário apesar do seu equilíbrio eletrolítico nulo. Aparentemente, o efeito alcalinizante do cálcio não foi suficiente para anular a acidificação da urina pelo sulfato. Os tratamentos não apresentaram alteração do equilíbrio ácido-básico dos animais e não afetaram o consumo das dietas experimentais.(AU)

Digestible methionine + cysteine: lysine ratios for growing meat-type quails / Relações de metionina + cisteína: lisina digestíveis para codornas de corte em crescimento

The objective was to estimate the most appropriate digestible methionine + cysteine:lysine ratios for growing meat-type quails (Coturnix coturnix) from 1 to 21 days of age. Quails were fed with a basal ration deficient in digestible methionine + cysteine, with five levels of DL-methionine, in substitution of glutamic acid and starch, resulting in digestible methionine + cysteine:lysine ratios of 0.61, 0.66, 0.71, 0.76 and 0.81. Feed and methionine + cysteine intake, body weight gain, feed conversion and uniformity were assessed. From 1 to 7 days, an increasing linear effect was observed for feed and methionine + cysteine intake, body weight gain, and uniformity, and a linear decrease for feed conversion. From 8 to 14 days, the 0.70 methionine + cysteine: lysine ratio was the best for feed intake and body weight gain, and for uniformity, the 0.75 methionine + cysteine:lysine ratio was the most appropriate. For methionine + cysteine intake and feed conversion, an increasing and decreasing linear adjustment was observed, respectively. From 15 to 21 days, an increasing linear effect was observed for feed and methionine + cysteine intake and body weight gain; a decreasing linear effect was observed for feed conversion. The 0.81 ratio was the most efficient for feed conversion during all evaluated experimental periods. In conclusion, the 0.81 dietary methionine + cysteine:lysine ratio is the most appropriate for meat-type quails during the first 21 days of age.(AU)

O objetivo foi estimar as relações metionina + cisteína: lisina digestíveis mais apropriadas para a criação de codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix) de 1 a 21 dias de idade. As codornas foram alimentadas com uma ração basal deficiente em metionina + cisteína digestível, com cinco níveis de DL-metionina, em substituição ao ácido glutâmico e ao amido, resultando nas relações metionina + cisteína: lisina digestíveis de 0,61; 0,66; 0,71; 0,76 e 0,81. O consumo de ração, a ingestão de metionina + cisteína, o ganho de peso corporal, a conversão alimentar e a uniformidade foram avaliados. De 1 a 7 dias, um efeito linear crescente foi observado para consumo de ração e de metionina + cisteína, ganho de peso corporal e uniformidade, e redução linear para conversão alimentar. De 8 a 14 dias, a relação metionina + cisteína: lisina de 0,70 foi melhor para consumo de ração e ganho de peso corporal, e para uniformidade, a relação metionina + cisteína: lisina de 0,75 foi a mais apropriada. Para consumo de metionina + cisteína e conversão alimentar, um ajuste linear crescente e decrescente foi observado, respectivamente. De 15 a 21 dias, um efeito linear crescente foi observado para consumo de ração e de metionina + cisteína e ganho de peso corporal; um efeito linear decrescente foi observado para conversão alimentar. A relação de 0,81 foi mais eficiente para a conversão alimentar durante todos os períodos experimentais avaliados. Conclui-se que a relação metionina + cisteína: lisina de 0,81 é mais apropriada para codornas de corte durante os primeiros 21 dias de idade.(AU)

Digestible Methionine + Cysteine-to-Lysine Ideal Ratio for Meat-Type Quails at Initial Phase

This trial was performed to determine the ideal ratio of digestible methionine + cysteine (Met/Lys) with digestible lysine for meat-type quails from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of six hundred thirty, one-day-old, not sexed meat type quails were randomly assigned to six groups of treatments, each one with seven replicates and fifteen quails per experimental unit. A basal diet, methionine + cysteine-deficient, was graded supplemented with DL-Methionine (0.108; 0.169; 0.230; 0.291; 0.352 and 0.413%) to obtain the treatments, represented by six digestible Met/Lys ratios (0.60; 0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85). Data was analyzed using ANOVA and polynomial regression and broken-line models were used to estimate the digestible Met/Lys ideal ratio, considering adjust of data to both models. Statistical significance was considered when p0.05. Feed intake, weight gain and final body weight was linearly increased as dig. Met/Lys ratio increased. Feeding conversion was improved with increasing in dig. Met/Lys ratios. A quadratic response on feathering percentage was observed with increasing dig. Met/Lys ratios. Digestible Met/Lys ratio which, maximized feathering percentage in meat-type quails, was 0.74. According to linear broken-line model, dig. Met/Lys ratio estimated for optimum feed intake, weight gain, final body weight and feeding conversion were, respectively, 0.66; 0.71; 0.71 and 0.74. The dig. Met/Lys ideal ratio for meat-type quails from one to 14 days of age is 0.74.(AU)

Digestible Methionine + Cysteine-to-Lysine Ideal Ratio for Meat-Type Quails at Initial Phase

This trial was performed to determine the ideal ratio of digestible methionine + cysteine (Met/Lys) with digestible lysine for meat-type quails from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of six hundred thirty, one-day-old, not sexed meat type quails were randomly assigned to six groups of treatments, each one with seven replicates and fifteen quails per experimental unit. A basal diet, methionine + cysteine-deficient, was graded supplemented with DL-Methionine (0.108; 0.169; 0.230; 0.291; 0.352 and 0.413%) to obtain the treatments, represented by six digestible Met/Lys ratios (0.60; 0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85). Data was analyzed using ANOVA and polynomial regression and broken-line models were used to estimate the digestible Met/Lys ideal ratio, considering adjust of data to both models. Statistical significance was considered when p0.05. Feed intake, weight gain and final body weight was linearly increased as dig. Met/Lys ratio increased. Feeding conversion was improved with increasing in dig. Met/Lys ratios. A quadratic response on feathering percentage was observed with increasing dig. Met/Lys ratios. Digestible Met/Lys ratio which, maximized feathering percentage in meat-type quails, was 0.74. According to linear broken-line model, dig. Met/Lys ratio estimated for optimum feed intake, weight gain, final body weight and feeding conversion were, respectively, 0.66; 0.71; 0.71 and 0.74. The dig. Met/Lys ideal ratio for meat-type quails from one to 14 days of age is 0.74.

Effect of replacing fish meal by full fat soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and gastrointestinal enzymes in diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus

Abstract Study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with different levels of full fat soybean meal (FFSBM) on growth and digestive enzyme activities in the stomach, Liver and intestine for Clarias gariepinus. Four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were formulated with 0, 15, 20 and 20 g 100-1 protein + DL-methionine by alternating FFSBM with fish meal. The growth of C. gariepinus was found to be significantly decreased when FFSBM replacement increased. Final body weight was 89.69, 79.70, 70.82 and 68.29 g for fish fed on D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively, with significant differences between treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) ranged between 3.11 to 2.78%. Proteolytic activity was higher only with alkaline pHs, whereas only very low activity was shown with acidic. Results of liver showed approximately similar results at acid and alkaline. In contrast, higher proteolytic activity in the stomach was observed at acid pHs 3.0 and 4.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein) whereas lower values were observed at neutral pH 7.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein for catfish fed on the experimental diets. Moreover, trypsin activity was higher for the stomach, followed by the intestine and liver. However, higher amount of amylase observed in the liver than intestine and stomach.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha de peixe por diferentes níveis de farelo de soja integral (FSI) sobre o crescimento e atividades de enzimas digestivas no estômago, fígado e intestino de Clarias gariepinus. Quatro dietas (D1, D2, D3 e D4) foram formuladas com 0, 15, 20 e 20 g 100-1 proteína + DL-metionina, alternando FSI com farinha de peixe. O crescimento de C. gariepinus foi significativamente reduzido quando aumentou a substituição de farinha de peixe por FSI . O peso corporal final foi de 89,69, 79,70, 70,82 e 68,29 g para peixes alimentados com D1, D2, D3 e D4, respectivamente, com diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) variou entre 3,11 a 2,78%. A atividade proteolítica foi maior apenas com pHs alcalinos, enquanto que atividades muito baixas foram somente mostradas com ácido. Os resultados no fígado mostraram valores aproximadamente semelhantes tanto em meio ácido quanto alcalino. Em contraste, observou-se maior atividade proteolítica no estômago em pH ácido (3,0 e 4,0 g de tirosina-1 minuto-1 mg-1 de proteína), ao passo que valores mais baixos foram observados em pH neutro (7,0 g de tirosina-1 minuto-1 mg-1 de proteína) para os bagres que se alimentaram com as dietas experimentais. Além disso, a atividade da tripsina foi maior para o estômago, seguida pelo intestino e pelo fígado. No entanto, observou-se maior quantidade de amilase no fígado,intestino e estômago.

Qualidade de água e desempenho zootécnico de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivados em sistema de bioflocos, com restrição de dieta comercial, suplementado com metionina sintética e óleo de soja

O presente estudo monitorou a qualidade da água e o desempenho zootécnico de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, cultivados em sistema de bioflocos, com restrição na oferta de dieta comercial, quando se fez a suplementação da ração com DL-metionina sintética e óleo de soja. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos consecutivos. No primeiro experimento, o delineamento experimental foi constituído por dois grupos controle: 1 sem restrição alimentar, sem suplementação com DL-metionina; 2 com restrição alimentar de 25%, sem suplementação com DL-metionina; e quatro tratamentos experimentais, com restrição alimentar de 25% e suplementação da ração com 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0% de DL-metionina; e suplementação de 1,0% de DL-metionina ao melaço. O ganho em peso corporal dos peixes, mantidos nos tanques com restrição alimentar e suplementação da ração com 1% ou 2% de DL-metionina, não diferiu do observado nos tanques sem restrição alimentar. Concluiu-se que é possível restringir as taxas de arraçoamento de juvenis de tilápia, mantidos em tanques BFT de cultivo, em 25%, sem prejuízo zootécnico, desde que se faça a suplementação da dieta com, pelo menos, 1% de DL- metionina. No segundo experimento, repetiu-se os grupos controle realizados no primeiro experimento. Nos demais tratamentos, os juvenis de tilápia foram submetidos à restrição na oferta alimentar em 25%, tendo-se suplementado a ração com 0,6%, 1,2% e 2,4% de óleo de soja. Além desses tratamentos, adicionou-se 1,2% de óleo de soja diretamente ao melaço. Os índices de desempenho zootécnico da tilápia foram prejudicados pela menor oferta de da ração. A suplementação da ração de óleo de soja não melhorou o desempenho zootécnico da tilápia. Concluiu-se que a suplementação da ração comercial dos juvenis de tilápia, mantidos em tanques BFT submetidos à restrição na oferta de alimento artificial, com níveis crescentes de óleo de soja, não foi capaz de prevenir a redução significativa no desempenho animal. No último experimento, os peixes foram mantidos em tanques BFT, submetidos ou não taxas restritivas de 25% na oferta de ração comercial, e com diferentes níveis de suplementação de DL- metionina (0% e 1,0%) e/ou óleo de soja (0%; 0,6% e 1,2%) na ração. A qualidade de água foi afetada somente pela quantidade de ração ofertada. A redução na oferta de ração em 25%, sem suplementação com DL-metionina e óleo de soja, prejudicou os índices zootécnicos da tilápia, em relação aos tanques sem restrição. A suplementação combinado de DL-metionina e óleo de soja, às dietas artificiais, melhorou a sobrevivência da tilápia quando submetida à restrição na oferta de ração comercial. Concluiu-se que a suplementação da ração comercial com DL-metionina, em 1,0%, e/ou óleo de soja, em 0,6%, em regime de restrição na oferta de alimento artificial de 25%, previne a queda nos índices de desempenho zootécnico de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, mantidos em tanques BFT.

The present study evaluated water quality and zootechnical performance of Nile tilapia juveniles grown in a biofloc system with commercial diet restriction, supplemented with synthetic methionine and soy oil. For this, three consecutive experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, the experimental design consisted of two control groups (1 - without dietary restriction, without supplementation with methionine; 2 - with dietary restriction of 25%, without supplementation with methionine) and four experimental treatments with dietary restriction of 25% and supplementation 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0% of DL-methionine to the ration, respectively, and supplementation of molasses in 1.0% of DL-methionine. Weight gain of fish reared in tanks with feeding restriction and dietary DL-methionine supplementation at 1% or 2% has not differed (p>0.05) from the tanks without feeding restriction. It has been concluded that it is possible to restrict the daily feeding allowances of tilapia juveniles reared in BFT tanks at 25%, with no growth performance impairment, if a minimal dietary DL-methionine supplementation of 1.0% is carried out. In the second experiment, the control groups performed in the first experiment were repeated. In the other treatments, juvenile tilapia, raised in BFT tanks, were restricted in feed supply by 25% and 0.6%, 1.2% and 2.4% soy oil were added daily to the feed, respectively. In addition to these treatments, there was one in which 1.2% soy oil was added to the molasses. FBW, SGR, weekly weight gain and fish productivity were hindered by reduced feed supply. The incorporation of soybean oil in the diet did not improve the zootechnical performance of tilapia. It has been concluded that the supplementation of the tilapia juveniles commercial diet with increasing levels of soybean oil, reared in BFT tanks submitted to artificial diet feeding restriction, was no capable to prevent the deterioration of the animals growth performance. In the last experiment the fish were grown in BFT tanks, with or without the use of restrictive rates of 25% in the supply of commercial feed, and with levels of inclusion of DL-methionine (0% and 1.0%) and / or soy oil (0%, 0.6% and 1.2%) in the feed. The water quality was affected only by the amount of feed offered. The 25% reduction in feed supply without DL-methionine and soy oil supplementation impaired FBW, WWG and fish yield in relation to unrestricted tanks. The combined use of DL-methionine and soybean oil in artificial diets improves the survival of tilapia under feed restriction. It is concluded that the supplementation of DL-methionine in 1.0% and / or soy oil in 0.6% in artificial diets, with a 25% restriction, avoids worsening of the growth indexes.

Relações metionina + cistina: lisina digestíveis para codornas de corte machos em fase de terminação

SUMMARY In order of estimating the best relations methionine plus cystine: digestible lysine for quails males during the periods 22 to 28 and 29 to 35 days of age were developed two experiments. The quails received a basal diet deficient in methionine plus cystine, which were supplemented with five levels of DL-Methionine, replacing glutamic acid and starch, resulting in the following relations: 0.68, 0.73, 0.78, 0.83 and 0.88. A total of 280 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replicates of seven quails per experimental unit. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and feathering of quails, composition of the carcass and nitrogen balance were evaluate. During the period from 22 to 28 days of age there was no effect for the variables studied front to relations methionine plus cystine : digestible lysine. During the period 29 to 35 days of age was observed effect on feed intake, methionine + cystine intake and weight gain. At 35 days old was observed effect on the yield of thigh and drumstick, ether extract and crude protein carcass and nitrogen retention. Are recommended that the relations methionine plus cystine : digestible lysine 0.68 and 0.88 over the period 22 to 28 and 29 to 35 days of age, respectively.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de estimar as melhores relações metionina + cistina: lisina digestíveis para codornas de corte machos durante os períodos de 22 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. As aves foram submetidas a uma ração basal deficiente em metionina + cistina digestível, sendo esta suplementada com cinco níveis de DL-Metionina, em substituição ao ácido glutâmico e amido, resultando nas seguintes relações metionina + cistina: lisina digestíveis: 0,68; 0,73; 0,78; 0,83 e 0,88. Foram utilizadas 280 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, oito repetições de sete aves por parcela. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, empenamento das aves, composição química da carcaça e balanço de nitrogênio. Durante o período de 22 a 28 dias de idade não houve efeito para as variáveis estudadas frente às relações + cistina: lisina digestíveis. Para o período de 29 a 35 dias de idade observou-se efeito para o consumo de ração, consumo de metionina + cistina e o ganho de peso. Aos 35 dias de idade observou-se efeito para o rendimento de coxa e sobrecoxa, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta da carcaça e para a retenção de nitrogênio. Recomendam-se as relações + metionina + cistina : lisina digestíveis de 0,68 e 0,88 durante os períodos de 22 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade, respectivamente.

Relações metionina + cistina: lisina digestíveis para codornas de corte machos em fase de terminação

SUMMARY In order of estimating the best relations methionine plus cystine: digestible lysine for quails males during the periods 22 to 28 and 29 to 35 days of age were developed two experiments. The quails received a basal diet deficient in methionine plus cystine, which were supplemented with five levels of DL-Methionine, replacing glutamic acid and starch, resulting in the following relations: 0.68, 0.73, 0.78, 0.83 and 0.88. A total of 280 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replicates of seven quails per experimental unit. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and feathering of quails, composition of the carcass and nitrogen balance were evaluate. During the period from 22 to 28 days of age there was no effect for the variables studied front to relations methionine plus cystine : digestible lysine. During the period 29 to 35 days of age was observed effect on feed intake, methionine + cystine intake and weight gain. At 35 days old was observed effect on the yield of thigh and drumstick, ether extract and crude protein carcass and nitrogen retention. Are recommended that the relations methionine plus cystine : digestible lysine 0.68 and 0.88 over the period 22 to 28 and 29 to 35 days of age, respectively.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de estimar as melhores relações metionina + cistina: lisina digestíveis para codornas de corte machos durante os períodos de 22 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. As aves foram submetidas a uma ração basal deficiente em metionina + cistina digestível, sendo esta suplementada com cinco níveis de DL-Metionina, em substituição ao ácido glutâmico e amido, resultando nas seguintes relações metionina + cistina: lisina digestíveis: 0,68; 0,73; 0,78; 0,83 e 0,88. Foram utilizadas 280 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, oito repetições de sete aves por parcela. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, empenamento das aves, composição química da carcaça e balanço de nitrogênio. Durante o período de 22 a 28 dias de idade não houve efeito para as variáveis estudadas frente às relações + cistina: lisina digestíveis. Para o período de 29 a 35 dias de idade observou-se efeito para o consumo de ração, consumo de metionina + cistina e o ganho de peso. Aos 35 dias de idade observou-se efeito para o rendimento de coxa e sobrecoxa, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta da carcaça e para a retenção de nitrogênio. Recomendam-se as relações + metionina + cistina : lisina digestíveis de 0,68 e 0,88 durante os períodos de 22 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade, respectivamente.