Addition of calcitic seaweed in the diet of sows positively affects the number of live-born piglets and milk parameters

This study was conducted to assess the effects of maternal dietary calcitic seaweed (CSW) on performance and blood metabolites of sows, and on performance, blood metabolites, intestinal microbiota, and parameters of gastrointestinal tract and bone of litters. On d 21 (post-insemination), non-pregnant sows were removed from the trial, remaining 19 sows in control group (without CSW) and 16 sows receiving CSW. Then, a total of 35 sows were allocated in a randomized block design with two treatments: control diet with calcitic limestone plus dicalcium phosphate (CTL) or CTL plus 0.4% CSW. In gestation, sows were fed twice a day (07:00 and 15:00 h) to reach an intake of 2.5 kg animal−1 day−1 divided into two equal meals. On parturition day, sows were offered only 0.5 kg feed animal−1. Throughout lactation, sows were fed three times a day (≅7 kg animal−1 day−1). All diets were provided as mash. Results suggested that sows fed CTL had litters with lower body weight at birth compared with those fed CSW. Sows fed CSW had 14.28% more live-born piglets and lower stillborns. Piglets from sows fed CSW showed greater calcium concentration on d 14 after birth than those from sows fed CTL. Sows fed CSW showed better milk chemical composition and an increase of 27.16% in milk production compared with those fed CTL. Piglets from sows fed CSW had an increase in cecum content in the Enterobacteriaceae count. This study showed that adding 0.4% CSW in the diet of pregnant and lactating sows as an organic calcium source positively influences the number of live-born piglets and the percentage of stillborns. In addition, milk composition and production are also improved without affecting piglets' biological response.(AU)

Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.(AU)

Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.

Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.

Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p < 0.05) for the parameters of performance, liver Cu concentration, breast Se and Cu concentrations and litter Se, Mn and Zn concentrations. No interactions were observed (p > 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.(AU)

Optimal Available Phosphorus Levels in Diets Containing Different Dicalcium Phosphate Particle Sizes for Japanese Quails

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects available phosphorus levels and dicalcium phosphate particle size on the live performance, and egg parameters and bone parameters of Japanese quails in lay. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal and formulated to contain 2900 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)kg-1, 200 g kg-1 crude protein (CP) and 30.5 g kg-1 calcium (Ca). Feeds were supplied ad libitum. Laying Japanese quails (n=720, 20-wk-old)were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, with five levels of available phosphorus (avP; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 g kg-1) and two dicalcium phosphate particle sizes (fine orcoarse), totaling ten treatments with eight replicates of nine birds each. Egg laying rate, feed intake per bird per day, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio per egg mass and per dozen eggs, eggshell, yolk and albumen relative and absolute weights, as well as bone ash, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium contents were evaluated. Based on the results, avP recommendations for 20- to 32-wk-old laying Japanese quails varies according with phosphate source particle size and the dietary avP levels of 4.40 g kg-1 and 3.85 g kg-1avP levels when using fine and coarse particle dicalcium phosphate, respectively, yielded the best results.(AU)

Optimal Available Phosphorus Levels in Diets Containing Different Dicalcium Phosphate Particle Sizes for Japanese Quails

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects available phosphorus levels and dicalcium phosphate particle size on the live performance, and egg parameters and bone parameters of Japanese quails in lay. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal and formulated to contain 2900 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)kg-1, 200 g kg-1 crude protein (CP) and 30.5 g kg-1 calcium (Ca). Feeds were supplied ad libitum. Laying Japanese quails (n=720, 20-wk-old)were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, with five levels of available phosphorus (avP; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 g kg-1) and two dicalcium phosphate particle sizes (fine orcoarse), totaling ten treatments with eight replicates of nine birds each. Egg laying rate, feed intake per bird per day, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio per egg mass and per dozen eggs, eggshell, yolk and albumen relative and absolute weights, as well as bone ash, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium contents were evaluated. Based on the results, avP recommendations for 20- to 32-wk-old laying Japanese quails varies according with phosphate source particle size and the dietary avP levels of 4.40 g kg-1 and 3.85 g kg-1avP levels when using fine and coarse particle dicalcium phosphate, respectively, yielded the best results.

Phosphorus utilization in broilers fed with diets supplemented with different feed ingredients

A reliable determination of endogenous phosphorus (P) excretion is required to measure P utilization in chickens accurately. The objective of this study was to investigate phosphorus (P) retention in broilers fed diets formulated with different feed ingredients. Sixty-four 15-d old broiler chicks were fed diets in which part of the dietary P was provided from dicalcium phosphate, maize, barley or soybean. Level of supplementation of each ingredient was calculated to provide two levels of total P (4.5 or 5.0 g kg1 feed). Birds received a single injection of 3 MBq of 32P to determine endogenous P excretion using the isotope dilution technique. Four days after injection, blood and excreta were collected for analysis of inorganic and radioactive P. There were no differences among diets in total (p = 0.37) or endogenous (p = 0.65) P excretion or in P retention (p = 0.37) regardless of the supplemental feed material used in each diet. Daily P retention was increased (p = 0.004) as P intake increased, but the proportion of P ingested that was retained was not affected (p = 0.23) by the level of dietary P. The use of an isotopic tracer allows for accurate estimation of endogenous P in excreta, ranging from 0.24 to 0.42 mg P g1 dry matter intake. The retention of P in growing chickens was not changed when 10-20 % of total P was provided by maize, barley or soybean.

Phosphorus utilization in broilers fed with diets supplemented with different feed ingredients

A reliable determination of endogenous phosphorus (P) excretion is required to measure P utilization in chickens accurately. The objective of this study was to investigate phosphorus (P) retention in broilers fed diets formulated with different feed ingredients. Sixty-four 15-d old broiler chicks were fed diets in which part of the dietary P was provided from dicalcium phosphate, maize, barley or soybean. Level of supplementation of each ingredient was calculated to provide two levels of total P (4.5 or 5.0 g kg1 feed). Birds received a single injection of 3 MBq of 32P to determine endogenous P excretion using the isotope dilution technique. Four days after injection, blood and excreta were collected for analysis of inorganic and radioactive P. There were no differences among diets in total (p = 0.37) or endogenous (p = 0.65) P excretion or in P retention (p = 0.37) regardless of the supplemental feed material used in each diet. Daily P retention was increased (p = 0.004) as P intake increased, but the proportion of P ingested that was retained was not affected (p = 0.23) by the level of dietary P. The use of an isotopic tracer allows for accurate estimation of endogenous P in excreta, ranging from 0.24 to 0.42 mg P g1 dry matter intake. The retention of P in growing chickens was not changed when 10-20 % of total P was provided by maize, barley or soybean.(AU)

Stability and phosphorus leaching of tilapia feed in water / Estabilidade e lixiviação do fósforo da ração de tilápia na água

The present research aimed to investigate the stability of pellets and phosphorus leaching of diets formulated for juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), with different sources of phosphorus and different exposure times in water. Six diets were elaborated by varying the source of phosphorus (1 dicalcium phosphate (DP); 2 meat and bone meal (MBM); 3 poultry meal (PM); 4 anchovy meal (AM); 5 tilapia filleting industrial meal (TM); 6 calcined bone meal (CBM)) and, then, were submitted to four exposure times in water (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), with three replicates. Thus, 72 aquariums of 30liters were used, each being an experimental unit. All diets were evaluated for electrical conductivity of water, turgidity of pellets, mineral matter leaching, flotation of pellets, and total phosphorus leaching. Only turgidity and flotation of pellets varied with the different sources of phosphorus in the diets. The MBM diet had the highest turgidity of pellets. The PM, AM, and CBM diets had the highest flotation of pellets. The total phosphorus leaching had a linear effect with the increase of the exposure time, showing a greater release of phosphorus in the water with increase of exposure time. Data showed that PM, AM, and CBM diets had less potential impact on the aquatic environment. Conversely, the TM diet has greater polluting potential. These results showed that diets formulated with different sources of phosphorus exhibit distinct actions in the water, providing different effects on the fish culture environment.(AU)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a estabilidade de pellets e a lixiviação do fósforo na água proveniente de diferentes dietas formuladas para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), considerando distintas fontes de fósforo e diferentes tempos de exposição na água. Para tanto, foram elaboradas seis dietas com variação da fonte de fósforo (1: fosfato dicálcico (DP); 2: farelo de carne e ossos (MBM); 3: farelo de aves (PM); 4: farelo de anchova (AM); 5: farelo industrial de filetagem de tilápia (TM); 6: farelo de osso calcinado (CBM)), as quais foram submetidas a quatro tempos de exposição em água (5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos), com três repetições. Utilizaram-se 72 aquários de 30 litros, sendo cada um deles uma unidade experimental. A água dentro dos aquários foi mantida sob constante aeração e temperatura ao redor de 25 °C. Todas as dietas foram avaliadas quanto à condutividade elétrica da água, turgidez, lixiviação de matéria mineral, flotação de pellets e lixiviação total do fósforo. Apenas a turgidez e a flutuação dos pellets variaram com as diferentes fontes de fósforo nas dietas. A dieta MBM apresentou a maior turgidez de pellets. As dietas PM, AM e CBM apresentaram a maior flutuação de pellets. A lixiviação do fósforo total teve um efeito linear com o aumento do tempo de exposição, resultando em maior liberação de fósforo na água. A lixiviação de matéria mineral apresentou interação entre fontes de fósforo e tempos de exposição das dietas, com efeito linear para a dieta TM. As dietas PM, AM e CBM apresentam as menores concentrações de efluentes em relação a dieta TM. Esses resultados revelaram que dietas formuladas com diferentes fontes de fósforo apresentam ações distintas na água em relação ao potencial poluidor.(AU)

Digestibility of calcium and digestible calcium from inorganic sources evaluated in swine by two methods / Digestibilidade de cálcio e cálcio digestível de fontes inorgânicas avaliada em suínos por dois métodos

The objective of the study was to determine the digestible calcium from different sources by direct and indirect methods. Thirty castrated male pigs were used, distributed in randomized blocks, in six treatments: 1- Calcitic limestone; 2-Dicalcium phosphate powder 18%; 3- Dicalcium phosphate powder 20%; 4- Dicalcium microgranulated phosphate 18%; 5- Monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 20%; 6- Monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 21%, with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. A basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, except for calcium (0.06%) and the evaluated sources replaced the basal diet in order to provide 0.45% of total Ca. At the same time, two stool collection methods were evaluated: total collection and fecal indicator. The animals were housed in metabolism cages for 12 days to collect feces and urine to determine the calcium values used to estimate digestibility coefficients and digestible calcium. The total collection method and the faecal indicator method did not affect the true digestibility coefficient of calcium. The calcium digestibility of the microgranulated dicalcium phosphate 21% (MM21) was superior in comparison with the other calcium sources evaluated by the indirect method in the present study. The average values of true digestibility of the calcium sources, in percentage, were: calcitic limestone: 82.47; dicalcium phosphate powder 18%: 80.87; dicalcium phosphate powder 20%: 85.65; dicalcium microgranulated phosphate 18%: 81.65; monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 20%: 84.15; and monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 21%: 88.35. The two methodologies can be used to determine the digestibility of calcium.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar o cálcio digestível de diferentes fontes pelos métodos direto e indireto. Foram utilizados 36 suínos machos castrados, distribuídos em blocos casualizados em seis tratamentos, sendo: 1- calcário calcítico, 2- fosfato bicálcico pó 18%, 3- fosfato bicálcico pó 20 %, 4- fosfato bicálcico microgranulado 18%, 5- fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 20% e 6- fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 21 %, com seis repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Uma ração basal foi formulada para atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais, exceto para cálcio (0,06%) e as fontes avaliadas substituíram a ração basal de modo a fornecer 0,45% de Ca total. Foram avaliados ao mesmo tempo dois métodos de coleta de fezes: coleta total e indicador fecal. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo por 12 dias para coleta de fezes e urina para determinação dos valores de cálcio, utilizados para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade e o cálcio digestível. Os métodos de coleta total e do indicador fecal não afetaram o coeficiente de digestibilidade verdadeiro do cálcio. A digestibilidade do cálcio no fosfato bicálcico microgranulado 21% (MM21) foi superior em comparação com as fontes de cálcio avaliadas pelo método indireto no presente estudo. Os valores médios da digestibilidade verdadeira das fontes de cálcio, em porcentagem, foram: calcário calcítico: 82,47; fosfato bicálcico em pó 18%: 80,87; fosfato bicálcico em pó 20%: 85,65; fosfato bicálcico microgranulado 18%: 81,65; fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 20%: 84,15; e fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 21%: 88,35. As duas metodologias podem ser empregadas para determinar a digestibilidade do cálcio.(AU)

Digestibility of calcium and digestible calcium from inorganic sources evaluated in swine by two methods / Digestibilidade de cálcio e cálcio digestível de fontes inorgânicas avaliada em suínos por dois métodos

The objective of the study was to determine the digestible calcium from different sources by direct and indirect methods. Thirty castrated male pigs were used, distributed in randomized blocks, in six treatments: 1- Calcitic limestone; 2-Dicalcium phosphate powder 18%; 3- Dicalcium phosphate powder 20%; 4- Dicalcium microgranulated phosphate 18%; 5- Monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 20%; 6- Monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 21%, with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. A basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, except for calcium (0.06%) and the evaluated sources replaced the basal diet in order to provide 0.45% of total Ca. At the same time, two stool collection methods were evaluated: total collection and fecal indicator. The animals were housed in metabolism cages for 12 days to collect feces and urine to determine the calcium values used to estimate digestibility coefficients and digestible calcium. The total collection method and the faecal indicator method did not affect the true digestibility coefficient of calcium. The calcium digestibility of the microgranulated dicalcium phosphate 21% (MM21) was superior in comparison with the other calcium sources evaluated by the indirect method in the present study. The average values of true digestibility of the calcium sources, in percentage, were: calcitic limestone: 82.47; dicalcium phosphate powder 18%: 80.87; dicalcium phosphate powder 20%: 85.65; dicalcium microgranulated phosphate 18%: 81.65; monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 20%: 84.15; and monodicalcium microgranulated phosphate 21%: 88.35. The two methodologies can be used to determine the digestibility of calcium.

Objetivou-se determinar o cálcio digestível de diferentes fontes pelos métodos direto e indireto. Foram utilizados 36 suínos machos castrados, distribuídos em blocos casualizados em seis tratamentos, sendo: 1- calcário calcítico, 2- fosfato bicálcico pó 18%, 3- fosfato bicálcico pó 20 %, 4- fosfato bicálcico microgranulado 18%, 5- fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 20% e 6- fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 21 %, com seis repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Uma ração basal foi formulada para atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais, exceto para cálcio (0,06%) e as fontes avaliadas substituíram a ração basal de modo a fornecer 0,45% de Ca total. Foram avaliados ao mesmo tempo dois métodos de coleta de fezes: coleta total e indicador fecal. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo por 12 dias para coleta de fezes e urina para determinação dos valores de cálcio, utilizados para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade e o cálcio digestível. Os métodos de coleta total e do indicador fecal não afetaram o coeficiente de digestibilidade verdadeiro do cálcio. A digestibilidade do cálcio no fosfato bicálcico microgranulado 21% (MM21) foi superior em comparação com as fontes de cálcio avaliadas pelo método indireto no presente estudo. Os valores médios da digestibilidade verdadeira das fontes de cálcio, em porcentagem, foram: calcário calcítico: 82,47; fosfato bicálcico em pó 18%: 80,87; fosfato bicálcico em pó 20%: 85,65; fosfato bicálcico microgranulado 18%: 81,65; fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 20%: 84,15; e fosfato monobicálcico microgranulado 21%: 88,35. As duas metodologias podem ser empregadas para determinar a digestibilidade do cálcio.

Economic and financial feasibility of feedlot sheep fed with rations containing castor cake / Viabilidade econômico-financeira do confinamento de ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona

Twenty sheep were placed in a completely randomized block design and submitted to one of five treatments testing castor cake as a ration ingredient (untreated castor cake, treated with limestone, with urea, with mono-dicalcium phosphate and autoclaved) to evaluate their performance and the economic output. The roughage consisted of tifton-85 bermudagrass hay. The market prices of the rations ingredients, body weight (BW) and the carcass weight were considered to identify the minimum conditions for the enterprise to become economically feasible. After obtaining the ration cost and the dry matter intake, the technical, zootechnical and economic indexes were analyzed using the Excel® program. The daily production (kg of BW or kg of carcass) was higher for sheep eating rations with autoclaved castor cake and treated with mono-dicalcium phosphate, showing the highest production system turnover and providing the highest number of finished animals on a yearly basis. These production systems showed the highest gross income. The animal purchase and feeding were the most representative items on BW production expenses, representing 44.8 and 43.3%/year on average, respectively. Adopting R$ 4.70/kg BW and R$ 13.40/kg carcass as sell prices, the production system containing castor cake treated with mono-dicalcium phosphate showed the best economic output, with a 1.07 benefit/cost, a R$ 73,117.34 liquid present value (LPV), 54% internal return rate (IRR) and a R$ 4.32 BW total cost. On the other hand, the production system using non-treated cake as the ingredient showed a 1.00 benefit/cost, R$ 1,772.62 LPV, 8% IRR and R$ 4.63/kg BW total cost, without any evidence of animal toxicity. It can be concluded that mono-dicalcium phosphate-treated castor cake is a promising ingredient to be used in sheep rations.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e a resposta econômica de 20 ovinos distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso e submetidos a um de cinco tratamentos testando a torta de mamona como ingrediente em rações (torta de mamona não tratada, tratada com calcário calcítico, ureia, fosfato monobicálcico e autoclavada). O volumoso foi feno de capim-tifton 85. Foram considerados os preços de mercado de ingredientes das rações, peso corporal (PC) e peso da carcaça, buscando-se determinar condições mínimas para tornar o empreendimento economicamente viável. De posse do custo de cada ração e do consumo de matéria seca, foram analisados indicadores técnicos, zootécnicos e econômicos utilizando-se o programa Excel®. A produção diária (kg PC e kg carcaça) foi maior para ovinos consumindo rações contendo torta de mamona autoclavada e tratada com fosfato monobicálcico, apresentando maior rotatividade do sistema de produção, resultando em maior número de animais terminados anualmente. Esses sistemas de produção obtiveram maior renda bruta. A compra de animais e alimentação foram os itens mais representativos nas despesas de custeio para produção de PC, representando 44,8 e 43,3%/ano em média, respectivamente. Considerando um preço de venda de R$ 4,70/kg PC e R$ 13,40/kg de carcaça, o sistema de produção com torta tratada com fosfato monobicálcico apresentou melhor resposta econômica,com relação benefício/custo de 1,07, valor presente líquido (VPL) de R$ 73.117,34, taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 54% e custo total de R$ 4,32/kg PC. Por outro lado, o sistema utilizando torta não tratada como ingrediente apresentou relação benefício/custo de 1,00, VPL de 1.772,62, TIR de 8% e custo total de R$ 4,63/kg PC, sem indícios de intoxicação dos animais. Concluiu-se que a torta de mamona tratada com fosfato monobicálcico é promissora para uso em rações de ovinos.

Economic and financial feasibility of feedlot sheep fed with rations containing castor cake / Viabilidade econômico-financeira do confinamento de ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona

Twenty sheep were placed in a completely randomized block design and submitted to one of five treatments testing castor cake as a ration ingredient (untreated castor cake, treated with limestone, with urea, with mono-dicalcium phosphate and autoclaved) to evaluate their performance and the economic output. The roughage consisted of tifton-85 bermudagrass hay. The market prices of the rations ingredients, body weight (BW) and the carcass weight were considered to identify the minimum conditions for the enterprise to become economically feasible. After obtaining the ration cost and the dry matter intake, the technical, zootechnical and economic indexes were analyzed using the Excel® program. The daily production (kg of BW or kg of carcass) was higher for sheep eating rations with autoclaved castor cake and treated with mono-dicalcium phosphate, showing the highest production system turnover and providing the highest number of finished animals on a yearly basis. These production systems showed the highest gross income. The animal purchase and feeding were the most representative items on BW production expenses, representing 44.8 and 43.3%/year on average, respectively. Adopting R$ 4.70/kg BW and R$ 13.40/kg carcass as sell prices, the production system containing castor cake treated with mono-dicalcium phosphate showed the best economic output, with a 1.07 benefit/cost, a R$ 73,117.34 liquid present value (LPV), 54% internal return rate (IRR) and a R$ 4.32 BW total cost. On the other hand, the production system using non-treated cake as the ingredient showed a 1.00 benefit/cost, R$ 1,772.62 LPV, 8% IRR and R$ 4.63/kg BW total cost, without any evidence of animal toxicity. It can be concluded that mono-dicalcium phosphate-treated castor cake is a promising ingredient to be used in sheep rations.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e a resposta econômica de 20 ovinos distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso e submetidos a um de cinco tratamentos testando a torta de mamona como ingrediente em rações (torta de mamona não tratada, tratada com calcário calcítico, ureia, fosfato monobicálcico e autoclavada). O volumoso foi feno de capim-tifton 85. Foram considerados os preços de mercado de ingredientes das rações, peso corporal (PC) e peso da carcaça, buscando-se determinar condições mínimas para tornar o empreendimento economicamente viável. De posse do custo de cada ração e do consumo de matéria seca, foram analisados indicadores técnicos, zootécnicos e econômicos utilizando-se o programa Excel®. A produção diária (kg PC e kg carcaça) foi maior para ovinos consumindo rações contendo torta de mamona autoclavada e tratada com fosfato monobicálcico, apresentando maior rotatividade do sistema de produção, resultando em maior número de animais terminados anualmente. Esses sistemas de produção obtiveram maior renda bruta. A compra de animais e alimentação foram os itens mais representativos nas despesas de custeio para produção de PC, representando 44,8 e 43,3%/ano em média, respectivamente. Considerando um preço de venda de R$ 4,70/kg PC e R$ 13,40/kg de carcaça, o sistema de produção com torta tratada com fosfato monobicálcico apresentou melhor resposta econômica,com relação benefício/custo de 1,07, valor presente líquido (VPL) de R$ 73.117,34, taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 54% e custo total de R$ 4,32/kg PC. Por outro lado, o sistema utilizando torta não tratada como ingrediente apresentou relação benefício/custo de 1,00, VPL de 1.772,62, TIR de 8% e custo total de R$ 4,63/kg PC, sem indícios de intoxicação dos animais. Concluiu-se que a torta de mamona tratada com fosfato monobicálcico é promissora para uso em rações de ovinos.(AU)

Digestibility, Determination of Metabolizable Energy and Bone Mineralization of Broilers Fed with Nutritionally Valued Phytase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using exoenzyme phytase in broiler's diets on digestibility of nutrients, feed energy and tibia bone mineralization. A completely randomized design was used, with the following treatments: sorghum with dicalcium phosphate (SDP), corn with dicalcium phosphate (CDP), sorghum with meat and bone meal (SMBM), sorghum with valued phytase (SVP) and sorghum with phytase without valued (SPWV). For digestibility analysis, eighty 15 day old broilers were used, a total of 1400 male Hubbard Flex chickens, which were submitted to total excreta collection to obtain the percentages of food digestibility, crude protein, ether extract, apparent metabolizable energy, calcium and phosphorus while for tibias mineralization. Six birds per treatment were used, where determination of mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus were performed. Metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of the feed were also calculated. Data were subjected to variation analysis and the average compared by 5% Tukey test. There was no difference between treatments for the digestibility at 15-20 day old as well as for the feed energy values, but the diets with phytase had higher phosphorous percentage values for tibia bone mineralization, demonstrating that exogenous phytase enzyme is able to hydrolyze phytate origininated from plant and release the phosphorus for assimilation by animals, acting as a substitute for phosphorus plant sources.(AU)

Digestibility, Determination of Metabolizable Energy and Bone Mineralization of Broilers Fed with Nutritionally Valued Phytase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using exoenzyme phytase in broiler's diets on digestibility of nutrients, feed energy and tibia bone mineralization. A completely randomized design was used, with the following treatments: sorghum with dicalcium phosphate (SDP), corn with dicalcium phosphate (CDP), sorghum with meat and bone meal (SMBM), sorghum with valued phytase (SVP) and sorghum with phytase without valued (SPWV). For digestibility analysis, eighty 15 day old broilers were used, a total of 1400 male Hubbard Flex chickens, which were submitted to total excreta collection to obtain the percentages of food digestibility, crude protein, ether extract, apparent metabolizable energy, calcium and phosphorus while for tibias mineralization. Six birds per treatment were used, where determination of mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus were performed. Metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of the feed were also calculated. Data were subjected to variation analysis and the average compared by 5% Tukey test. There was no difference between treatments for the digestibility at 15-20 day old as well as for the feed energy values, but the diets with phytase had higher phosphorous percentage values for tibia bone mineralization, demonstrating that exogenous phytase enzyme is able to hydrolyze phytate origininated from plant and release the phosphorus for assimilation by animals, acting as a substitute for phosphorus plant sources.

Digestibilidade ileal verdadeira do fósforo de fosfatos bicálcicos para frangos de corte

É provável que a digestibilidade do P varie em função da origem do ingrediente mineral, estrutura química, granulometria e solubilidade, assim, objetivou-se determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeiro do fósforo (CdivP) de três fosfatos bicálcicos, em dietas para frangos de corte. Para a determinação do CdivP, foi realizado um ensaio de metabolismo com coleta de conteúdo ileal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 +1, sendo três ingredientes (fosfato 1, fosfato 2 e fosfato 3) e dois valores de inclusão, e uma dieta basal, com seis repetições por tratamento e seis aves por unidade experimental (n=252). Foram formuladas seis dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja com inclusão gradual dos ingredientes teste. Cada ingrediente teve dois valores de inclusão 0,075 e 0,15% de P. Adotou-se o método de regressão para a determinação da digestibilidade do P dos fosfatos bicálcicos. O dióxido de titânio foi adicionado às rações experimentais em 0,5%, como indicador indigestível. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas de metabolismo aos 14 dias de idade, alimentadas a partir do 19° dia, com as dietas experimentais. No 22° dia de vida, todas as aves foram eutanasiadas e o conteúdo ileal foi coletado. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente do fósforo das dietas experimentais variou entre 0,489 a 0,543. Não foram verificadas interações entre o nível de fosforo e a fonte utilizada para os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente do fósforo (P>0,05). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente do fósforo não foram afetados pelo nível de fósforo (P> 0,05), entretanto, as fontes avaliadas distinguiram-se entre si(P<0,05). A dieta com o fosfato bicálcico 2(FB2) apresentou a maior digestibilidade de P, enquanto a dieta com FB3 apresentou digestibilidade intermediária e a dieta com FB1 apresentou a menor digestibilidade. Os CdivP dos fosfatos FB1, FB2 e FB3 foram 0,3639,0,4897 e 0,3553 respectivamente. As perdas endógenas de P para FB1, FB2 e FB3 foi de 0,66, 0,27 e 0,76 (g/kgMS) respectivamente. A maior digestibilidade verificada foi do fosfato bicálcico 2 (FB2) 48,97%. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre a digestibilidade ileal verdadeira do fósforo dos fosfatos bicálcicos (P>0,05) utilizados, determinados pela análise de covariância. Logo, pode-se afirmar que os coeficientes de inclinação da reta foram iguais entre os fosfatos. Uma forte relação linear entre conteúdo de fósforo digestível e o conteúdo de fósforo total da dieta, indicaram que o método de regressão pode ser utilizado para a estimativa da digestibilidade verdadeira do fósforo do fosfato bicálcico (R2=0,9614, 0,9928 e 0,9114) respectivamente. A comparação dos resultados com as fontes de P estudadas e os valores descritos na literatura caracterizaram que os detalhes metodológicos, a relação Ca:P e a influência da dieta basal podem influenciar a digestibilidade do P. Desse modo faz-se necessário padronizar o protocolo experimental para alcançar melhor comparabilidade entre resultados. Os resultados apontaram que pode ser utilizado um valor representativo de digestibilidade do fósforo de diferentes fosfatos bicálcicos. A digestibilidade média do fósforo dos fosfatos estudados, de 40,23%, indicando que os valores utilizados em geral estão superestimados, o que pode ocasionar a erros na formulação de rações de frangos de corte.

It is likely that the P digestibility varies depending on the origin of the mineral ingredient, chemical structure, particle size and solubility, thus, the objective was to determine the true ileal phosphorus digestibility coefficients (CdivP) of three dicalcium phosphates in diets for broiler chickens. cut. For the determination of CdivP, a metabolism assay was performed with collection of ileal content. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 2 +1 factorial scheme, with three ingredients (phosphate 1, phosphate 2 and phosphate 3) and two inclusion values, and a basal diet, with six replicates per treatment and six birds per unit experimental (n=252). Six diets based on corn and soybean meal were formulated with gradual inclusion of test ingredients. Each ingredient had two inclusion values, 0.075 and 0.15% of P. The regression method was adopted to determine the P digestibility of dicalcium phosphates. Titanium dioxide was added to the experimental rations at 0.5%, as an indigestible indicator. The birds were housed in metabolism cages at 14 days of age, fed from the 19th day onwards, with the experimental diets. On the 22nd day of life, all birds were slaughtered, and the ileal contents were collected. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of phosphorus in the experimental diets ranged from 0.489 to 0.543. There were no interactions between the phosphorus level and the source used for the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of phosphorus (P>0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of phosphorus were not affected by the phosphorus level (P>0.05), however, the sources evaluated were distinguished from each other (P<0.05). The diet with dicalcium phosphate 2 (FB2) had the highest P digestibility, while the diet with FB3 had intermediate digestibility and the diet with FB1 had the lowest digestibility. The CdivP of phosphates FB1, FB2 and FB3 were 0.3639.0.4897 and 0.3553 respectively. The endogenous P losses for FB1, FB2 and FB3 were 0.66, 0.27 and 0.76 (g/kgMSi) respectively. The highest digestibility was verified for dicalcium phosphate 2 (FB2) 48.97%. There were no significant differences between the true ileal phosphorus digestibility of the dicalcium phosphates (P>0.05) used, determined by the analysis of covariance. Therefore, it can be stated that the slope coefficients of the line were equal among the phosphates. A strong linear relationship between digestible phosphorus content and total dietary phosphorus content indicated that the regression method can be used to estimate the true phosphorus digestibility of dicalcium phosphate (R2=0.9614, 0.9928 and 0 .9114) respectively. Comparison of the results with the studied P sources and the values described in the literature characterized that the methodological details, the Ca:P ratio and the influence of the basal diet can influence the P digestibility. Thus, it is necessary to standardize the experimental protocol to achieve better comparability between results. The results showed that a representative value of phosphorus digestibility of different dicalcium phosphates can be used. The mean phosphorus digestibility of the studied phosphates, of 40.23%, indicating that the values used in general are overestimated, which can lead to errors in the formulation of broiler rations.

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet / Exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo na dieta

The aim of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed with or without the supplementation of dicalcium phosphate in the diet. Thirty-two steers with an average initial body weight of 377.5 ± 49.4 kg were used, of which four were initially slaughtered to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) of the animals. Twenty-four steers were fed ad libitum and were distributed in a completely randomized design with two levels of concentrate (30 and 60 %), and diets with or without dicalcium phosphate and four steers were fed at maintenance level, so that the body weight gain was equal to zero. After 84 days the animals were slaughtered. The animal tissues were sampled, and composted by two samples, denominated by carcass (bone, muscle and fat) and non-carcass (head, limbs, blood, hide, organs and viscera) for determination of the body composition. The net energy requirements (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained while relating heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI); meanwhile, the net energy requirements for gain (NEg) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg) were obtained as a function of empty body weight (EBW), empty body gain (EBG) and retained energy (RE) in EBW. The daily net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 76.90 and 119.36 kcal/EBW0.75, r

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com ou sem suplementação inorgânica de cálcio e fósforo na dieta. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços Holandês × Zebu, machos, castrados, com peso corporal (BW) médio inicial de 377,5 ± 49,4 kg, dos quais quatro foram abatidos inicialmente para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (EBW) dos demais, 24 alimentados ad libitum distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%) e dietas contendo ou não fosfato bicálcico; e quatro alimentados ao nível de mantença, isto é, para que o ganho de peso corporal fosse igual a zero. Após 84 dias os animais foram abatidos. Para determinação da composição corporal dos animais, foram constituídas duas amostras por animal, denominadas carcaça (óssos, musculo e gordura) e não carcaça (cabeça, membros, sangue, couro, orgãos e visceras). As exigências de energia líquida (NEm) e metabolizável para mantença (MEm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (HP) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (MEI), enquanto as exigências de energia líquidas para ganho de peso (NEg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho (NPg) foram obtidas em função do EBW, do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (EBG), e da energia retida (RE) no EBW. As exigências diárias de energia líquida e metab

Algas marinhas calcárias na alimentação de fêmeas suínas

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a combinação de calcário calcítico (CC), fosfato bicálcico (FB) e Algas Marinhas Calcárias (AMC) em dietas de fêmeas suínas sobre os parâmetros de desempenho produtivo e indicadores sanguíneos, e o efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo, indicadores sanguíneos, biometria de órgãos, microbiologia intestinal e os parâmetros do trato gastrintestinal e ósseo de suas leitegadas. O total de 35 fêmeas suínas (DB-DanBred genética suína) foram alocadas em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso completos dentro de dois tratamentos experimentais, compostos de uma dieta controle (DC) contendo CC + FB ou DC plus (adição de AMC na proporção de 0,4%). Os resultados indicaram que houve aumento no peso da leitegada e no número de leitões desmamados para adição de AMC em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao rendimento das porcas foram observadas diferenças entre as ordens de parto, e um aumento considerável foi verificado a partir do segundo parto. Para os parâmetros de composição do leite o tratamento com AMC demonstrou valores superiores ao controle para temperatura, densidade, sólidos totais desengordurados, proteína, lactose e cinzas. A contagem de Enterobacteriaceae no conteúdo do ceco de animais alimentados com adição de AMC apresentou valor superior ao controle. Portanto, com base nos critérios de avaliação do presente estudo, a adição de AMC como fonte de cálcio orgânica na alimentação de fêmeas suínas pode ser utilizada como alternativa nas fases de gestação e lactação afetando positivamente os índices produtivos, sem prejudicar a resposta biológica dos leitões.

The present study aimed to evaluate the combination of calcitic limestone (CL), dicalcium phosphate (DP) and calcareous seaweed (CS) in swine females diets on productive performance parameters and blood indicators, as well as the effect on productive performance, indicators blood, organ biometrics, intestinal microbiology and gastrointestinal and bone tracts parameters of their litters. A total of 35 swine (DB-DanBred swine genetics) were allocated in a complete randomized block design within two experimental treatments, composed of a control diet (DC) containing CL + DP or DC plus (CS addition in the proportion of 0.4%). The results indicated that there was an increase in litter weight and in the number of piglets weaned for CS addition compared to the control group. In relation to the sows yield differences were observed between the parity orders, where a considerable increase was verified from the second parturition. For milk composition parameters, the treatment with CS showed values higher to the temperature control, density, defatted total solids, protein, lactose and ash. The count of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecum content of animals fed with the CS addition showed a higher value than the control. Therefore, based on the evaluation criteria of the present study, the CS addition as a source of organic calcium in the feeding of swine females can be used as an alternative in the gestation and lactation stages, positively affecting the productive indexes, without harming the biological response of the piglets.

Níveis de fitase em dietas com ajustes nutricionais para frangos de corte

Dietas para aves são constituídas basicamente de ingredientes de origem vegetal, em sua 8 maioria de milho e farelo de soja. Por outro lado, alguns minerais e nutrientes contidos em 9 ingredientes de origem vegetal se apresentam em grande parte aprisionados à molécula de ácido 10 fítico, onde boa parte do fósforo se encontra indisponível para animais não-ruminantes. A busca 11 por ferramentas nutricionais a fim de melhorar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes presentes na 12 alimentação se torna cada vez mais constante, sendo a inclusão de fitase uma ferramenta 13 nutricional que vem demonstrando resultados satisfatórios para frangos de corte, podendo 14 melhorar a eficiência alimentar das aves pelo aumento da digestão dos alimentos e redução na 15 perda de nutrientes. Desta forma, realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o 16 superdosing de fitase sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes, energia e digestibilidade dos 17 aminoácidos em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 900 frangos de corte machos, distribuídos 18 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições de 30 aves 19 cada. Para compor os tratamentos foram consideradas três matrizes nutricionais: Matriz A: 20 0,165% cálcio (Ca), 0,150% de fósforo disponível (Pd) e 0,035% de sódio (Na); Matriz B: 21 0,215% Ca, 0,195% Pd e 0,045% Na e Matriz C: 0,245% Ca, 0,225% Pd e 0,053% Na. Sendo 22 assim, os tratamentos são: Sem Fitase (formulada para atender as exigências nutricionais e sem 23 enzima); Fitase 500+MT A; Fitase 1.000+MT A; Fitase 1.500+MT A; Fitase 1.000+MT B e 24 Fitase 1.500+MT C. A utilização da dieta Fitase 1.500+MT C proporcionou melhora da 25 utilização dos nutrientes (matéria seca, proteína bruta, fósforo e extrato etéreo), energia e na 26 digestibilidade dos aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais em relação à dieta Sem Fitase, 27 porém quando a enzima foi suplementada em 1.000 FTU/kg associada à matriz A e B, os 28 resultados observados apresentaram melhora ou manutenção das variáveis analisadas. Os 29 resultados obtidos se traduzem na economia de ingredientes utilizados nas dietas de frangos de 30 corte, como por exemplo, o fosfato bicálcico, além também de considerável diminuição dos 31 nutrientes excretados e depositados no meio ambiente.

Poultry diets are basically made up of vegetable origin ingredients, mostly corn and soybean 8 meal. On the other hand, some minerals and nutrients contained in ingredients of plant origin 9 are largely trapped in the phytic acid molecule, which a good part of the phosphorus is 10 unavailable to non-ruminant animals. The search for nutritional tools to improve the use of 11 nutrients present in the diet is becoming more constant, such as the inclusion of phytase being 12 a nutritional tool that has been showing satisfactory results for broiler chickens, which can 13 improve the diet of birds by increasing digestion reduction of nutrient loss. Therefore, the 14 objective of this study was to evaluate phytase superdosing on the metabolizability of nutrients, 15 energy and digestibility of amino acids in broilers. A total of 900 male broilers were distributed 16 in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications of 30 birds each. 17 To compose the treatments, three nutritional matrices were considered: Matrix A: 0.165% 18 calcium (Ca), 0.150% available phosphorus (avP) and 0.035% sodium (Na); Matrix B: 0.215% 19 Ca, 0.195% avP and 0.045% Na and Matrix C: 0.245% Ca, 0.225% avP and 0.053% Na. 20 Therefore, the treatments are: Without Phytase (formulated to meet nutritional requirements 21 and without enzyme); Phytase 500+MT A; Phytase 1,000+MT A; Phytase 1,500+MT A; 22 Phytase 1,000+MT B and Phytase 1,500+MT C. The use of the Phytase 1.500+MT C diet 23 improves the use of nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus and ether extract), energy 24 and digestibility of essential and non-essential amino acids in relation to the diet without 25 phytase, however, when the enzyme was supplemented with 1,000 FTU/kg associated with 26 matrix A and B, the results observed improved or maintained the analyzed variables. The results 27 obtained translate into the savings in ingredients used in broiler diets, such as dicalcium 28 phosphate and also reducing the nutrients excreted and deposited in the environment.