Effects of ketamine, midazolam and methadone, combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy / Efeitos da cetamina, midazolam e metadona, associados à anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia

Different anesthetic combinations are used for orchiectomy in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects on the physiological variables of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy (n = 19 cats). The time for lateral recumbency, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation and nociception were recorded preoperatively. The propofol rescue dose was recorded. The time to head up and quality of recovery were evaluated postoperatively. The time for lateral recumbency was 5 ± 2 minu-tes. Fifteen minutes after the administration of the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination, a greater sedative effect, muscle relaxation and less response to noxious stimulation were observed. Propofol was administered to twelve cats under local anesthesia, at a total dose of 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. Surgery was started 28 ± 5 minutes after the administration of ketamine--midazolam-methadone combination. There were no differences in the physiological variables evaluated over the other evalu-ation times (p > 0.05). The recovery quality scores were adequate, and the time to head up was 51 ± 10 minutes. Under the conditions of this study, the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination did not allow local anesthesia for orchiectomy. Many cats required propofol rescue prior to surgery. This combination promoted minimal changes in physiological variables and prolonged anesthetic recovery.(AU)

Diferentes combinações anestésicas são usadas para orquiectomia em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anestésico e as alterações promovidas nas variáveis fisiológicas pela cetamina (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) e metadona (0.3 mg/kg), combinados com anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia (n = 19 gatos). O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral, grau de sedação, relaxamento muscular e nocicepção foram registrados no pré-operatório. A dose de resgate de propofol foi registrada. O tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça e a qualidade da recuperação foram avaliados no pós-operatório. O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral foi de 5 ± 2 minutos. Quinze minutos após a administração da associação cetamina-midazolam-metadona, observou-se maior efeito sedativo e relaxamento muscular, e menor resposta à estimulação nociva. O propofol foi administrado em doze gatos para realização de anestesia local, utilizando a dose total de 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. A cirurgia foi iniciada 28 ± 5 minutos após a administração de cetamina-midazolam-metadona. Não houve diferença nas variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas em relação aos demais tempos de avaliação (p > 0.05). Os escores de qualidade de recuperação foram adequados e o tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça foi de 51 ± 10 minutos. Nas condições deste estudo, cetamina-midazolam-metadona não permitiu a realização da anestesia local para orquiectomia. Muitos gatos precisaram de resgate com propofol antes de iniciar a cirurgia. Essa associação promoveu alterações mínimas nas variáveis fisiológicas e longa recuperação anestésica.(AU)

Feasibility of pre-scrotal castration approach in boars: 30 cases / Viabilidade da castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal: 30 casos

ABSTRACT: Since the first reports of boar castration, the anesthesia, surgery, and especially the restraint for surgical wound management of large and strong boars may be challenging. Most frequent complications include hemorrhage, excessive edema, infection, abscess, scirrhous cord, inguinal hernia, seroma, hematoma, and death. In order to diminish those complications, we hypothesized that the pre-scrotal approach would be a successful method for orchiectomy in boars and that the complication rate would be low, facilitating post-surgical handling on the commercial swine breeding farms by the owners or handlers. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe our experience performing castration in boars using a pre-scrotal approach on farm-setting. Thirty commercial-breed male boars (weighing 255-410kg) were submitted to dissociative anesthesia protocol and local anesthesia. An 8-10cm skin incision was made cranially to the hemiscrotum, and subcutaneous tissue was bluntly dissected, reaching the tunica dartos, fascia, and vaginal tunica. Mesorchium was bluntly dissected to separate, and a double size-0 transfixion ligature was placed around the spermatic cord that was sharply transected. The procedure was repeated on the contralateral testis using the same skin incision. Short-term complication was restricted to mild scrotal edema in 12 (40%) boars. No wound exudate, surgical site infection or death related to the surgery was recorded. On the long-term follow-up (≥4 months' post-surgery), all owners stated that the boar was subsequently used as intended (slaughter after the proper boar taint withdrawal time) and their satisfaction with the low degree of difficulty in handling the post-operative care. Herein, the overall complication rate was considered low, the mortality rate was zero, and the pre-scrotal castration approach was successfully performed in all boars. These features confirm the technique as a safe procedure for orchiectomy in boars. Additionally, abolishing the daily dressing of surgical wounds required in open castration techniques, especially when surgical site infection occurs, may provide better welfare for the boars.

RESUMO: Desde os primeiros relatos de castração de cachaços, a anestesia, a cirurgia, e, principalmente, a contenção para manejo de feridas cirúrgicas de cachaços grandes e fortes podem ser desafiadoras. As complicações mais frequentes incluem hemorragia, edema excessivo, infecção, abscesso, funiculite, hérnia inguinal, seroma, hematoma e morte. A fim de diminuir tais complicações, levantamos a hipótese de que a abordagem pré-escrotal seria um método bem-sucedido para orquiectomia em cachaços e que a taxa de complicações seria baixa, facilitando o manejo pós-cirúrgico pelos proprietários ou tratadores. Portanto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever nossa experiência na castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal nas granjas comerciais de suínos. Trinta cachaços machos de raças comerciais (variação de peso de 255-410kg) foram submetidos ao protocolo de anestesia dissociativa e anestesia local. Uma incisão cutânea de 8 a 10cm foi feita cranialmente ao hemiscroto, e o tecido subcutâneo divulsionado de forma romba atingindo a túnica dartos, fáscia e túnica vaginal. O mesórquio foi separado por divulsão, e, uma ligadura de transfixação dupla com fio 0 realizada ao redor do cordão espermático, que foi seccionado. O procedimento foi repetido no testículo contralateral usando a mesma incisão na pele. A complicação de curto prazo foi restrita a leve edema escrotal em 12 (40%) cachaços. Nenhuma infecção incisional, exsudato ou morte relacionada à cirurgia foi registrada. No acompanhamento a longo prazo (≥4 meses pós-cirúrgico), todos os proprietários afirmaram que o cachaço foi posteriormente utilizado como pretendido (abate após o tempo adequado de retirada do odor de macho inteiro), e sua satisfação com o baixo grau de dificuldade nos cuidados pós-operatórios. Aqui, a taxa geral de complicações foi considerada baixa, a taxa de mortalidade foi zero e a castração por abordagem pré-escrotal foi realizada com sucesso em todos os cachaços. Essas características confirmam a técnica como um procedimento seguro para orquiectomia em cachaços. Além disso, a abolição do curativo diário das feridas cirúrgicas exigido nas técnicas de castração aberta, principalmente quando ocorre infecção, pode proporcionar melhor bem-estar aos cachaços.

Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint of a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: The Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), considered the largest land mammal in South America, is a vulnerable species in terms of its degree of conservation. In captivity, its health is evaluated through behavioral and physical observation and laboratory exams, and in some cases, chemical restraint, to reduce stress. Dissociative anesthetics and sedatives are used for the sedation of these animals, and few studies have reported the use of dexmedetomidine and its effects when associated with other drugs in chemical containment protocols; therefore, this work reports its use, in conjunction with ketamine and midazolam, in a young Brazilian tapir. Case: A male Brazilian tapir, male, weighing 89 kg, 1 and a half year old, housed at CETAS in Rio Branco, Acre, was chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine (7 µg/kg), ketamine (1.5 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) for venous blood collection, oral and rectal mucosal swabs, and microchipping. The protocol was administered intramuscularly to the right triceps brachii, after physical restraint. After 5 min of application, the animal assumed sternal recumbency and presented reflux. After 15 min, the patient was placed in the right lateral decubitus position. During collection, heart rate (48 ± 10 bpm), respiratory frequency (29 ± 1 mpm), rectal temperature (38.1 ± 0.18°C), oxyhemoglobin saturation (97 ± 1%), and electrocardiographic tracing were recorded. The tapir showed deep sedation, immobility, good muscle relaxation, discreet medial palpebral reflex, and bilateral rotation of the eyeball. After 40 min of protocol administration, sedative reversal was performed intramuscularly with 14 µg/kg atipamezole. Five min after administration, the tapir showed signs of mild sedation. After 10 min, he assumed the quadrupedal position, remained in this position for 8 min, and gently resumed the sternal decubitus. After only 20 min, he resumed the quadrupedal position, with mild ataxia and good muscular and conscious tone. After 50 min, the patient was discharged from anesthesia. Discussion: Domestic horses are phylogenetically close to tapirs, so the choice of drugs and doses of the protocol used was based on their use in horses, and on studies carried out with tapirs as well. Despite being docile and passive, the tapir was not conditioned and did not allow the manipulation and collection of samples collaboratively; therefore, it was chemically contained. The physical restraint performed did not generate satisfactory immobilization of the tapir, resulting in agitation and stress and causing the needle to break. The reflux presented by the tapir minutes after sedation and at recovery was induced by dexmedetomidine, and only the undigested banana pieces were offered to the animal. Reflux plus stress from extensive fasting and suboptimal physical restraint was responsible for the change in the tapir's eating behavior, with possible stress gastritis 24 h after chemical restraint. Only one study reported the use of dexmedetomidine in tapirs, associated with continuous infusions of ketamine, midazolam and guaiacol glyceryl ether for moderate to long-term field procedures. Sedative reversal of dexmedetomidine by atipamezole reduced the recovery time and the risk of death from cardiorespiratory depression. The anesthetic combination used was effective, promoting immobility, muscle relaxation, and stability of the physical parameters evaluated, with rapid and gentle induction and an adequate level of sedation for the objective, good sedative reversal, and anesthetic recovery.

Anestesia de cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) com dextrocetamina e midazolam / Anesthesia of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) with dextroketamine and midazolam

Research has increasingly focused on wild animals, and this requires the use of chemical restraints that are safe for both the species and the team involved. Dextroketamine is the levorotatory ketamine isomer that has been used on domestic species as an alternative that is more potent and safer than the racemic form. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine that induces muscle relaxation and minimal cardiorespiratory changes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of dextroketamine and midazolam can be safely used for the chemical restraint of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha), and the effects of this protocol on physiological and anesthetic parameters. This study was carried out under conditions similar to those found for wild animals in captivity or in zoos. A pre-evaluation was also made to compare the baseline values of this study with those of other studies on the same species. Nine healthy adult agoutis were used, weighing between 1.5 kg and 2 kg. All the parameters were evaluated and recorded before the drugs were applied, and this was considered the baseline moment (M0). The dextroketamine and midazolam combination was then administered intramuscularly, in the same syringe, in dosages of 15 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. Successive evaluations were made every 10 min over a period of 40 min (M10, M20, M30 and M40). The latency stage of anesthesia, effective stage and recovery stage were observed. Heart rate (HR) and breathing frequency (f), body temperature (BT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and electrocardiogram were recorded. HR and SBP showed no significant difference between moments. Breathing frequency (f) showed a significant decline at M10 and M20 when compared to baseline values (P < 0.05). BT decreased from the moment the drugs were administered until the end of the experimental period, with a significant difference between M0 and M40, and M10 and M40 (P < 0.05). SpO2 decreased significantly at M10 and M20 when compared to baseline values (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the duration and amplitude of the P wave or in the duration of the QRS complex, QT interval and amplitude of the R wave. Regarding the PR interval, there was a significant difference only at M40 when compared to baseline values (P < 0.05). No arrhythmia was observed. An evaluation of the effects of anesthesia indicated that the animals had an average latency stage of 2 min, an effective stage of 87 min, and an average recovery stage of 111 min. Adverse effects observed during the anesthetic recovery period consisted of tearing, salivation, tongue protrusion, vocalization and chewing reflex. The results indicated that the association of anesthetic drugs under study caused minimal changes in the animals' physiological parameters, except for the breathing frequency (f), which declined considerably, resulting in a reduction in SpO2 , which was compensated during the study. In addition, there was a rapid onset of restraint and a satisfactory duration. Thus, from the cardiorespiratory standpoint, the combination of dextroketamine and midazolam in the doses used provides a safe anesthetic protocol for agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) and can be used for the chemical restraint of these animals for the performance of non-invasive and short-term procedures.(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia e pré-medicadas com midazolam e morfina / Continuous intravenous anesthesia by dextroketamine and detomidine in bitches subjected to ovariohysterectomy and premedicated with midazolam and morphine

Background: The use of injectable anesthetics to induce and maintain anesthesia has been the subject of extensive research.Ketamine induces dissociative anesthesia, which is characterized by sensory loss, analgesia and amnesia without loss of consciousness. The levorotatory isomer of ketamine is dextroketamine. Detomidine, a potent myorelaxant that acts as a sedative andanalgesic, is commonly used on horses but rarely tested in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratoryand anesthetic effects promoted by a combination of detomidine and dextroketamine applied via continuous intravenous infusionin bitches premedicated with midazolam and morphine.Materials, Methods & Results:Eight bitches treated at the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande werereferred for elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The animals were premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg of midazolam and 0.1 mg/kgof morphine intramuscular (IM) followed, after 15 min, with 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine IM. Fifteen min after the administration of detomidine, 3.5 mg/kg of dextroketamine was administered intravenously (IV), followed by continuous IV infusion of14 mg/kg/h of dextroketamine and 30 μg/kg/h of detomidine. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT),mean arterial pressure (MAP), myorelaxation and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 min after the administrationof midazolam and morphine (M0 and M1), 15 min after detomidine (M2), immediately after starting the infusion (M3), at 10min intervals up to 60 min (M4, M5, M6, M7, M8 and M9) and 30 min after the end of the infusion (M10). Blood gas variableswere analyzed at M0, M1, M2, M6, M9 and M10. Analgesia was evaluated by measuring cortisol and glucose levels at M0, threemin after dermotomy, three min after clamping the ovarian pedicle, and three min after dermorrhaphy. The quality and durationof recovery were evaluated. HR dropped significantly from...

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia e pré-medicadas com midazolam e morfina / Continuous intravenous anesthesia by dextroketamine and detomidine in bitches subjected to ovariohysterectomy and premedicated with midazolam and morphine

Background: The use of injectable anesthetics to induce and maintain anesthesia has been the subject of extensive research.Ketamine induces dissociative anesthesia, which is characterized by sensory loss, analgesia and amnesia without loss of consciousness. The levorotatory isomer of ketamine is dextroketamine. Detomidine, a potent myorelaxant that acts as a sedative andanalgesic, is commonly used on horses but rarely tested in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratoryand anesthetic effects promoted by a combination of detomidine and dextroketamine applied via continuous intravenous infusionin bitches premedicated with midazolam and morphine.Materials, Methods & Results:Eight bitches treated at the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande werereferred for elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The animals were premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg of midazolam and 0.1 mg/kgof morphine intramuscular (IM) followed, after 15 min, with 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine IM. Fifteen min after the administration of detomidine, 3.5 mg/kg of dextroketamine was administered intravenously (IV), followed by continuous IV infusion of14 mg/kg/h of dextroketamine and 30 μg/kg/h of detomidine. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT),mean arterial pressure (MAP), myorelaxation and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 min after the administrationof midazolam and morphine (M0 and M1), 15 min after detomidine (M2), immediately after starting the infusion (M3), at 10min intervals up to 60 min (M4, M5, M6, M7, M8 and M9) and 30 min after the end of the infusion (M10). Blood gas variableswere analyzed at M0, M1, M2, M6, M9 and M10. Analgesia was evaluated by measuring cortisol and glucose levels at M0, threemin after dermotomy, three min after clamping the ovarian pedicle, and three min after dermorrhaphy. The quality and durationof recovery were evaluated. HR dropped significantly from...(AU)

Comparison between total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and intermittent bolus of tiletamine-zolazepam in capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) / Comparação entre anestesia total intravenosa com propofol e bolus intermitente de tiletamina-zolazepam em macaco-prego (Sapajus apella)

Dissociative anesthesia results in stressful and long recovery periods in monkeys and use of injectable anesthetics in medical research has to be refined. Propofol has promoted more pleasure wake up from anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to investigate the use of intravenous anesthetic propofol, establishing the required infusion rate to maintain surgical anesthetic level and comparing it to tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in Sapajus apella. Eight healthy capuchin monkeys, premedicated with midazolam and meperidine, were anesthetized with propofol (PRO) or tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) during 60 minutes. Propofol was infused continually and rate was titrated to effect and tiletamine-zolazepam was given at 5mg/kg IV bolus initially and repeated at 2.5mg/kg IV bolus as required. Cardiopulmonary parameters, arterial blood gases, cortisol, lactate and quality and times to recovery were determined. Recovery quality was superior in PRO. Ventral recumbency (PRO = 43.0±21.4 vs TZ = 219.3±139.7 min) and normal ambulation (PRO = 93±27.1 vs TZ = 493.7±47.8 min) were faster in PRO (p<0.05). Cardiopulmonary effects did not have marked differences between groups. Median for induction doses of propofol was 5.9mg/kg, varying from 4.7 to 6.7mg/kg, Mean infusion rate was 0.37±0.11mg/kg/min, varying during the one-hour period. In TZ, two animals required three and five extra doses. Compared to tiletamine-zolazepam, minor post-anesthetic adverse events should be expected with propofol anesthesia due to the faster and superior anesthetic recovery. (AU)

A anestesia dissociativa em primatas resulta em recuperação anestésica lenta e estressante, e, portanto, o uso de anestesia injetável em pesquisas médicas precisa ser refinado. Por outro lado, o propofol promove recuperação mais suave. Os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar o uso do anestésico intravenoso propofol, estabelecer a taxa de infusão contínua necessária para manter anestesia cirúrgica, e comparar tal técnica com a dissociativa tiletamina-zolazepam em Sapajus apella. Oito macacos-prego saudáveis foram pré-medicados com midazolam e meperidina, e posteriormente anestesiados com propofol (PRO) ou tiletamina-zolazepam (TZ) durante 60 minutos. O propofol foi administrado em infusão contínua, e a taxa foi titulada ao efeito, já a tiletamina-zolazepam foi administrada em 5mg/kg IV como bolus inicial, e repiques de 2,5mg/kg IV conforme necessário. Os parâmetros cardiopulmonares, hemogasometria arterial, cortisol, e lactato, além da qualidade e duração da recuperação anestésica foram determinados. A qualidade da recuperação anestésica foi superior em PRO. O tempo para atingir decúbito ventral (PRO = 43,0±21,4 vs TZ = 219,3±139,7 min) e ambulação normal (PRO = 93±27,1 vs TZ = 493,7±47,8 min) foram mais rápidos em PRO (p<0,05). As variáveis cardiopulmonares não diferiram entre os grupos. A mediana para dose de indução com propofol foi de 5,9mg/kg, variando de 4,7 a 6,7mg/kg. A taxa de infusão contínua média de propofol foi de 0,37±0,11mg/kg/min, variando ao longo dos 60 minutos. Em TZ, dois animais necessitaram de três e cinco repiques. Comparado à tiletamina-zolazepam, menos efeitos adversos pós-anestésicos devem ser esperados com o propofol, devido à recuperação mais suave e rápida.(AU)

Comparison between total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and intermittent bolus of tiletamine-zolazepam in capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) / Comparação entre anestesia total intravenosa com propofol e bolus intermitente de tiletamina-zolazepam em macaco-prego (Sapajus apella)

Dissociative anesthesia results in stressful and long recovery periods in monkeys and use of injectable anesthetics in medical research has to be refined. Propofol has promoted more pleasure wake up from anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to investigate the use of intravenous anesthetic propofol, establishing the required infusion rate to maintain surgical anesthetic level and comparing it to tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in Sapajus apella. Eight healthy capuchin monkeys, premedicated with midazolam and meperidine, were anesthetized with propofol (PRO) or tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) during 60 minutes. Propofol was infused continually and rate was titrated to effect and tiletamine-zolazepam was given at 5mg/kg IV bolus initially and repeated at 2.5mg/kg IV bolus as required. Cardiopulmonary parameters, arterial blood gases, cortisol, lactate and quality and times to recovery were determined. Recovery quality was superior in PRO. Ventral recumbency (PRO = 43.0±21.4 vs TZ = 219.3±139.7 min) and normal ambulation (PRO = 93±27.1 vs TZ = 493.7±47.8 min) were faster in PRO (p<0.05). Cardiopulmonary effects did not have marked differences between groups. Median for induction doses of propofol was 5.9mg/kg, varying from 4.7 to 6.7mg/kg, Mean infusion rate was 0.37±0.11mg/kg/min, varying during the one-hour period. In TZ, two animals required three and five extra doses. Compared to tiletamine-zolazepam, minor post-anesthetic adverse events should be expected with propofol anesthesia due to the faster and superior anesthetic recovery.(AU)

A anestesia dissociativa em primatas resulta em recuperação anestésica lenta e estressante, e, portanto, o uso de anestesia injetável em pesquisas médicas precisa ser refinado. Por outro lado, o propofol promove recuperação mais suave. Os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar o uso do anestésico intravenoso propofol, estabelecer a taxa de infusão contínua necessária para manter anestesia cirúrgica, e comparar tal técnica com a dissociativa tiletamina-zolazepam em Sapajus apella. Oito macacos-prego saudáveis foram pré-medicados com midazolam e meperidina, e posteriormente anestesiados com propofol (PRO) ou tiletamina-zolazepam (TZ) durante 60 minutos. O propofol foi administrado em infusão contínua, e a taxa foi titulada ao efeito, já a tiletamina-zolazepam foi administrada em 5mg/kg IV como bolus inicial, e repiques de 2,5mg/kg IV conforme necessário. Os parâmetros cardiopulmonares, hemogasometria arterial, cortisol, e lactato, além da qualidade e duração da recuperação anestésica foram determinados. A qualidade da recuperação anestésica foi superior em PRO. O tempo para atingir decúbito ventral (PRO = 43,0±21,4 vs TZ = 219,3±139,7 min) e ambulação normal (PRO = 93±27,1 vs TZ = 493,7±47,8 min) foram mais rápidos em PRO (p<0,05). As variáveis cardiopulmonares não diferiram entre os grupos. A mediana para dose de indução com propofol foi de 5,9mg/kg, variando de 4,7 a 6,7mg/kg. A taxa de infusão contínua média de propofol foi de 0,37±0,11mg/kg/min, variando ao longo dos 60 minutos. Em TZ, dois animais necessitaram de três e cinco repiques. Comparado à tiletamina-zolazepam, menos efeitos adversos pós-anestésicos devem ser esperados com o propofol, devido à recuperação mais suave e rápida.(AU)

Uso de dexmedetomidina em Medicina Veterinária: revisão de literatura / Use of dexmedetomidine in Veterinary Medicine: literature review

Os fármacos agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos são empregados há décadas na rotina anestesiológica veterinária, e recentemente destacou-se no mercado a dexmedetomidina, que possui maior especificidade, seletividade e segurança em relação a fármacos como a xilazina, clonidina, romifidina e detomidina. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os efeitos, aplicações e vantagens do uso da dexmedetomidina com base na literatura. Este novo fármaco é de grande interesse ao anestesiologista por promover sedação, analgesia e relaxamento muscular mais potentes que outros sedativos, além de proporcionar outros efeitos benéficos, como a redução do consumo de oxigênio durante o período trans e pós-operatório e da quantidade de anestésicos gerais e analgésicos. Assim como os outros fármacos da classe dos agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos, a dexmedetomidina causa depressão do sistema cardiovascular de forma menos acentuada e, no sistema respiratório, ocorre discreta alteração na frequência respiratória e no volume/minuto. A dexmedetomidina pode ser utilizada associada a fármacos opioides e na anestesia dissociativa. Ainda possui a capacidade de ser revertida com fármacos antagonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos, como o atipamezol.

Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist drugs have been used for decades in the veterinary anesthesiology routine and recently dexmedetomidine has been well-regarded commercially due to its greater specificity, selectivity and safety compared to drugs such as xylazine, clonidine, romifidine and detomidine. The aim of this study was to review the effects, feasibility and advantages of using dexmedetomidine based on the literature. This new drug is of great interest to the anesthesiologist for providing sedation, analgesia and more potent muscle relaxation compared to other sedatives, in addition to providing other beneficial effects, such as a decrease in the trans- and postoperatively oxygen consumption and in anesthetics and analgesics dosages. Similar to other alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, dexmedetomidine causes cardiovascular depression, although less acute, as well as affecting the respiratory system by a slight change in respiratory rate and minute volume. Dexmedetomidine can be used in combination with opioid drugs and in dissociative anesthesia. It also has the ability to be reversed with alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist drugs, such as atipamezole.

Uso de dexmedetomidina em Medicina Veterinária: revisão de literatura / Use of dexmedetomidine in Veterinary Medicine: literature review

Os fármacos agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos são empregados há décadas na rotina anestesiológica veterinária, e recentemente destacou-se no mercado a dexmedetomidina, que possui maior especificidade, seletividade e segurança em relação a fármacos como a xilazina, clonidina, romifidina e detomidina. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os efeitos, aplicações e vantagens do uso da dexmedetomidina com base na literatura. Este novo fármaco é de grande interesse ao anestesiologista por promover sedação, analgesia e relaxamento muscular mais potentes que outros sedativos, além de proporcionar outros efeitos benéficos, como a redução do consumo de oxigênio durante o período trans e pós-operatório e da quantidade de anestésicos gerais e analgésicos. Assim como os outros fármacos da classe dos agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos, a dexmedetomidina causa depressão do sistema cardiovascular de forma menos acentuada e, no sistema respiratório, ocorre discreta alteração na frequência respiratória e no volume/minuto. A dexmedetomidina pode ser utilizada associada a fármacos opioides e na anestesia dissociativa. Ainda possui a capacidade de ser revertida com fármacos antagonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos, como o atipamezol.(AU)

Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist drugs have been used for decades in the veterinary anesthesiology routine and recently dexmedetomidine has been well-regarded commercially due to its greater specificity, selectivity and safety compared to drugs such as xylazine, clonidine, romifidine and detomidine. The aim of this study was to review the effects, feasibility and advantages of using dexmedetomidine based on the literature. This new drug is of great interest to the anesthesiologist for providing sedation, analgesia and more potent muscle relaxation compared to other sedatives, in addition to providing other beneficial effects, such as a decrease in the trans- and postoperatively oxygen consumption and in anesthetics and analgesics dosages. Similar to other alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, dexmedetomidine causes cardiovascular depression, although less acute, as well as affecting the respiratory system by a slight change in respiratory rate and minute volume. Dexmedetomidine can be used in combination with opioid drugs and in dissociative anesthesia. It also has the ability to be reversed with alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist drugs, such as atipamezole.(AU)

Anesthetic quality and cardiovascular and respiratory effects of continuous intravenous infusion of tiletamine-zolazepam in bitches / Qualidade anestésica e efeitos cardiovascular e respiratória da infusão intravenosa contínua de tiletamina-zolazepam em cadelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and recovery from anesthesia promoted by the tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) combination administered intravenously (IV) continuously in bitches pre-medicated with acepromazine. Eight cross-bred, clinically healthy bitches weighing 13.7 ±1.9kg on average were used in this study. After a food fast of 12 h and a water fast of four hours, the animals were treated with acepromazine (0.1mg/kg, intramuscular) and, after 15 minutes, anesthesia was induced with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (2mg/kg, IV) immediately followed by continuous IV infusion thereof at a dose of 2mg/kg/h for 60 min. The following parameters were measured in all animals immediately before administration of acepromazine (M15), immediately before anesthetic induction (M0), and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after initiation of continuous infusion (M5, M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, and M60): electrocardiography (ECG), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT), and arterial hemogasometry, with the last performed only at experimental times M15, M0, M30, and M60. A subcutaneous electrical stimulator was used to evaluate the degree of analgesia. Myorelaxation and quality of anesthetic recovery were also assessed, classifying these parameters as excellent, good, and poor. Anesthetic recovery time was recorded in minutes. HR increased significantly at time M10 in relation to that at M-15, and at times M5, M10, M40, and M50 in relation to that at M0. MAP decreased significantly at M20 and M30 compared with the baseline. BT decreased significantly at M50 compared with that at M0, but no hypothermia was observed. RR showed significant reduction at M5, M10, and M20 in relation to that at M-15, and at M5 and M10 in relation to that at M0, and bradypnoea was observed during the first 20 min after anesthetic induction...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade e a recuperação da anestesia promovida pela associação tiletamina-zolazepam, administrada por via intravenosa (IV) contínua, em cadelas pré-medicadas com acepromazina. Foram utilizadas oito cadelas, sem raças definidas, clinicamente sadias, pesando em média 13,7±1,9kg. Após jejum alimentar de 12 horas e hídrico de quatro horas, os animais foram medicados com acepromazina (0,1mg/kg, via intramuscular) e, após 15 minutos, a anestesia foi induzida com a associação tiletamina-zolazepam (2mg/kg, IV) seguida imediatamente pela infusão IV contínua da mesma, na dose de 2mg/kg/h, durante 60 minutos. Os parâmetros que foram mensurados em todos os animais, imediatamente antes da administração da acepromazina (M-15), imediatamente antes da indução anestésica (M0) e, aos 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos após o início da infusão contínua (M5, M10, M20, M30, M40, M50 e M60) foram os seguintes: eletrocardiografia (ECG), frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura corpórea (TC) e hemogasometria arterial, esta sendo realizada apenas nos momentos M-15, M0, M30 e M60. Para avaliação do grau de analgesia foi empregado um estimulador elétrico subcutâneo. Também se avaliou o miorrelaxamento e a qualidade da recuperação anestésica, classificando estes parâmetros em: excelente, bom e ruim. O tempo de recuperação anestésica foi registrado em minutos. A FC aumentou significativamente no momento M10 em relação ao M-15, e nos momentos M5, M10, M40 e M50 em relação ao M0. A PAM diminuiu significativamente em M20 e M30 em comparação ao valor basal. A TC diminuiu significativamente em M50 em comparação ao M0, mas não foi observada hipotermia. A f apresentou uma redução significativa nos momentos M5, M10 e M20 em relação ao M-15, e em M5 e M10 em relação ao M0, sendo observado bradipneia durante os primeiros 20 minutos após a indução anestésica...(AU)

Anesthetic quality and cardiovascular and respiratory effects of continuous intravenous infusion of tiletamine-zolazepam in bitches / Qualidade anestésica e efeitos cardiovascular e respiratória da infusão intravenosa contínua de tiletamina-zolazepam em cadelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and recovery from anesthesia promoted by the tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) combination administered intravenously (IV) continuously in bitches pre-medicated with acepromazine. Eight cross-bred, clinically healthy bitches weighing 13.7 ±1.9kg on average were used in this study. After a food fast of 12 h and a water fast of four hours, the animals were treated with acepromazine (0.1mg/kg, intramuscular) and, after 15 minutes, anesthesia was induced with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (2mg/kg, IV) immediately followed by continuous IV infusion thereof at a dose of 2mg/kg/h for 60 min. The following parameters were measured in all animals immediately before administration of acepromazine (M15), immediately before anesthetic induction (M0), and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after initiation of continuous infusion (M5, M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, and M60): electrocardiography (ECG), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT), and arterial hemogasometry, with the last performed only at experimental times M15, M0, M30, and M60. A subcutaneous electrical stimulator was used to evaluate the degree of analgesia. Myorelaxation and quality of anesthetic recovery were also assessed, classifying these parameters as excellent, good, and poor. Anesthetic recovery time was recorded in minutes. HR increased significantly at time M10 in relation to that at M-15, and at times M5, M10, M40, and M50 in relation to that at M0. MAP decreased significantly at M20 and M30 compared with the baseline. BT decreased significantly at M50 compared with that at M0, but no hypothermia was observed. RR showed significant reduction at M5, M10, and M20 in relation to that at M-15, and at M5 and M10 in relation to that at M0, and bradypnoea was observed during the first 20 min after anesthetic induction. Significant decreases in the PR interval at times M10, M40, and M50 were observed in relation to that at M15. Amplitude of the R wave showed significant decrease at M20 compared with that at M-15. In the other ECG parameters, no significant difference was observed between the times evaluated. Hemogasometric parameters and analgesia did not show significant alterations. Myorelaxation and quality of anesthetic recovery were considered excellent. Recovery time was 15.1±7.7 min for positioning of sternal decubitus and 45.5±23.1 minutes for return of ambulation. Continuous IV administration of TZ combination does not produce satisfactory analgesia and does not cause severe cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects in bitches pre-medicated with acepromazine.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade e a recuperação da anestesia promovida pela associação tiletamina-zolazepam, administrada por via intravenosa (IV) contínua, em cadelas pré-medicadas com acepromazina. Foram utilizadas oito cadelas, sem raças definidas, clinicamente sadias, pesando em média 13,7±1,9kg. Após jejum alimentar de 12 horas e hídrico de quatro horas, os animais foram medicados com acepromazina (0,1mg/kg, via intramuscular) e, após 15 minutos, a anestesia foi induzida com a associação tiletamina-zolazepam (2mg/kg, IV) seguida imediatamente pela infusão IV contínua da mesma, na dose de 2mg/kg/h, durante 60 minutos. Os parâmetros que foram mensurados em todos os animais, imediatamente antes da administração da acepromazina (M-15), imediatamente antes da indução anestésica (M0) e, aos 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos após o início da infusão contínua (M5, M10, M20, M30, M40, M50 e M60) foram os seguintes: eletrocardiografia (ECG), frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura corpórea (TC) e hemogasometria arterial, esta sendo realizada apenas nos momentos M-15, M0, M30 e M60. Para avaliação do grau de analgesia foi empregado um estimulador elétrico subcutâneo. Também se avaliou o miorrelaxamento e a qualidade da recuperação anestésica, classificando estes parâmetros em: excelente, bom e ruim. O tempo de recuperação anestésica foi registrado em minutos. A FC aumentou significativamente no momento M10 em relação ao M-15, e nos momentos M5, M10, M40 e M50 em relação ao M0. A PAM diminuiu significativamente em M20 e M30 em comparação ao valor basal. A TC diminuiu significativamente em M50 em comparação ao M0, mas não foi observada hipotermia. A f apresentou uma redução significativa nos momentos M5, M10 e M20 em relação ao M-15, e em M5 e M10 em relação ao M0, sendo observado bradipneia durante os primeiros 20 minutos após a indução anestésica. Foram observadas diminuições significativas do intervalo PR nos momentos M10, M40 e M50, em relação ao M-15. A amplitude da onda R apresentou diminuição significativa em M20 em comparação ao M-15. Nos demais parâmetros da ECG não houve diferença significativa entre os momentos avaliados. Os parâmetros hemogasométricos e a analgesia não apresentaram alterações significativas. O miorrelaxamento e a qualidade da recuperação anestésica foram considerados excelentes. O período de recuperação foi de 15,1±7,7 minutos para posicionamento do decúbito esternal e 45,5±23,1 minutos para retorno da deambulação. A administração intravenosa contínua de tiletamina-zolazepam não produz analgesia satisfatória e não causa efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos severos, em cadelas pré-tratadas com acepromazina.(AU)

Chemical restraint of jaguars Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758 with allometrically scaled doses of tiletamine, zolazepam, detomidine, and atropine / Contenção farmacológica de onças-pintadas Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758 com a associação de tiletamina, zolazepam, detomidina e atropina calculados por extrapolação alométrica interespecífica

Chemical restraint of large felids is necessary for the handling, transportation, clinical assessment, and induction of anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemical restraint using a combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, detomidine, and atropine with interspecific allometric scaling doses in captive Panthera onca. There were ten males (two melanistic ones) and five females weighing between 35 and 80 kg. The evaluation of the chemical restraint protocol was carried out during routine management of the animals for physical examination, collection of blood and bone marrow samples, dental evaluation, and other procedures. During pre-established intervals, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, nociception of thoracic and pelvic limbs, muscle relaxation and loss of the righting reflex were monitored. Loss of the righting reflex occurred at 8 ± 1.89 minutes post-injection (MPI). Respiratory rate returned at 77.6 ± 8.18 MPI; return of consciousness occurred at 112.6 ± 12.28 MPI, and complete recovery at 153 ± 12.47 MPI. There were no statistical differences between heart and respiratory rate means and oxyhemoglobin saturation. For rectal temperature, there was a significant reduction. The protocol analyzed was efficient for the chemical restraint of jaguars, enabling the manipulation, transportation, physical examination, dental evaluation, blood and bone marrow sample collection, and other minor invasive procedures of medium duration in these animals.(AU)

A contenção farmacológica de grandes felídeos é necessária para sua manipulação, transporte, avaliação clínica e indução anestésica. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da contenção farmacológica de exemplares de Panthera onca de cativeiro pela associação de tiletamina, zolazepam, detomidina e atropina, a partir de doses calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica. Foram avaliados dez exemplares machos (dois melânicos) e cinco fêmeas, adultos, de Panthera onca. A contenção química foi realizada durante procedimentos de rotina dos animais para exame físico, colheita de sangue e medula óssea, avaliação odontológica e outros. Os parâmetros avaliados foram temperatura retal, frequências cardíaca e respiratória, nocicepção de membros torácicos e pélvicos, relaxamento muscular e reflexo de endireitamento. A perda da reação postural de endireitamento (RPE) ocorreu aos 8 ± 1,89 minutos pós-injeção (MPI). O retorno da RPE ocorreu em 77,6 ± 8,18 MPI, o retorno das reações conscientes em 112,6 ± 12,28 minutos e a recuperação total em 153 ± 12,47 MPI. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as médias de frequências cardíaca e respiratória e saturação parcial de oxiemoglobina. Em relação à temperatura retal, observou-se redução significativa. O protocolo avaliado foi eficiente para contenção farmacológica de todas as onças, viabilizando sua manipulação, transporte, exame físico, avaliação odontológica, colheita de sangue e medula óssea, e outros procedimentos pouco invasivos de média duração.(AU)

Different Dissociative Anesthesia Protocols For Coatis (Nasua Nasua)

This study evaluated the effects of various combinations of dissociative drugs, tranquilizers, and sedatives in four male coatis (Nasua nasua) with an average age and weight of 4.8 ± 1.3 years and 6.02 ± 0.56 kg, respectively. We studied six groups with different anesthetic protocols: CX (10 mg/kg ketamine-S and 2 mg/kg xylazine); CXA (10 mg/kg ketamine-S, 2 mg/kg xylazine, and 0.04 mg/kg atropine); CM (10 mg/kg ketamine-S and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam); CMAc (10 mg/kg ketamine-S, 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam, and 1 mg/kg acepromazine); C(20)M (20 mg/kg of ketamine-S and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam); and TZ (7 mg/kg of tiletamine and zolazepam), with a 30-day interval between the completion of each procedure. We evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SpO2), body temperature T (°C), and muscle relaxation, using a scoring system. There was no statistical difference for SpO2. T (°C) was progressively reduced over time in all groups (p< 0.0001). The groups CM, C(20)M, CMAc, and TZ demonstrated the greatest effect on HR and T (°C). With respect to respiratory rate reduction, groups CM and TZ showed similar results. The best degree of muscle relaxation was observed in groups CM and C(20)M. We concluded that the combination of 20 mg/kg ketamine and midazolam 0. 5 mg/kg (group C(20)M) is an option for dissociative anesthesia of coatis, producing smaller changes in T (°C) and HR, and promoting better muscular relaxation when compared to other combinations.

Different Dissociative Anesthesia Protocols For Coatis (Nasua Nasua)

This study evaluated the effects of various combinations of dissociative drugs, tranquilizers, and sedatives in four male coatis (Nasua nasua) with an average age and weight of 4.8 ± 1.3 years and 6.02 ± 0.56 kg, respectively. We studied six groups with different anesthetic protocols: CX (10 mg/kg ketamine-S and 2 mg/kg xylazine); CXA (10 mg/kg ketamine-S, 2 mg/kg xylazine, and 0.04 mg/kg atropine); CM (10 mg/kg ketamine-S and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam); CMAc (10 mg/kg ketamine-S, 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam, and 1 mg/kg acepromazine); C(20)M (20 mg/kg of ketamine-S and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam); and TZ (7 mg/kg of tiletamine and zolazepam), with a 30-day interval between the completion of each procedure. We evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SpO2), body temperature T (°C), and muscle relaxation, using a scoring system. There was no statistical difference for SpO2. T (°C) was progressively reduced over time in all groups (p< 0.0001). The groups CM, C(20)M, CMAc, and TZ demonstrated the greatest effect on HR and T (°C). With respect to respiratory rate reduction, groups CM and TZ showed similar results. The best degree of muscle relaxation was observed in groups CM and C(20)M. We concluded that the combination of 20 mg/kg ketamine and midazolam 0. 5 mg/kg (group C(20)M) is an option for dissociative anesthesia of coatis, producing smaller changes in T (°C) and HR, and promoting better muscular relaxation when compared to other combinations.(AU)

Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs administered a single intramuscular injection of racemic or S (+)-ketamine after premedication with acepromazine-morphine / Concentração alveolar mínima do isoflurano em cães tratados com dose única intramuscular de cetamina racêmica ou S (+) após premedicação com acepromazina-morfina

The present study evaluated the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (ISOMAC) in twenty three dogs premedicated with acepromazine (0.02mgkg-1) and morphine (0.5mgkg-1) and administered racemic (RK) or S(+)-ketamine (SK). Dogs randomly received a single dose (3mgkg-1, IM) of either RK or SK 15minutes after anesthetic induction with propofol. The ISOMAC was determined by the up-and-down method. Approximately 20 minutes after administration of RK or SK, a surgical noxious stimulus was applied and the response evaluated. The ISOMAC was 0.50±0.01% in the RK group (n=10) and 0.31±0.04% in the SK group (n=13). The ISOMAC was 38% lower in the SK group compared to the RK group. Results of the present study revealed that in dogs premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, IM administration of 3mgkg-1 ketamine approximately 20 minutes before the noxious stimulus produced clinically important reduction in the ISOMAC and the MAC-sparing effect was significantly greater with SK compared to RK.

No presente estudo, foi avaliada a concentração alveolar mínima do isoflurano (CAMISO) em vinte e três cães premedicados com acepromazina (0,02mgkg-1) e morfina (0,5mgkg-1) e tratados com cetamina racêmica (CR) ou S(+) (CS). Os cães receberam aleatoriamente dose única (3mgkg-1, IM) de CR ou CS, decorridos 15 minutos da indução anestésica com propofol. A CAMISO foi determinada pelo método up-and-down. Aproximadamente 20 minutos após a administração da CR ou CS, um estímulo nociceptivo (cirúrgico) foi aplicado e a resposta avaliada. A CAMISO foi 0,50±0,01% no CR (n=10) e 0,31±0,04% no CS (n=13). A CAMISO foi 38% menor no CS comparado ao CR. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que, em cães premedicados com acepromazina e morfina, a administração IM de 3mgkg-1 de cetamina, aproximadamente 20 minutos antes do estímulo nociceptivo, causou redução clinicamente importante na CAMISO e o efeito redutor na CAMISO é significativamente maior com CS do que com CR.

Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs administered a single intramuscular injection of racemic or S (+)-ketamine after premedication with acepromazine-morphine / Concentração alveolar mínima do isoflurano em cães tratados com dose única intramuscular de cetamina racêmica ou S (+) após premedicação com acepromazina-morfina

The present study evaluated the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (ISOMAC) in twenty three dogs premedicated with acepromazine (0.02mgkg-1) and morphine (0.5mgkg-1) and administered racemic (RK) or S(+)-ketamine (SK). Dogs randomly received a single dose (3mgkg-1, IM) of either RK or SK 15minutes after anesthetic induction with propofol. The ISOMAC was determined by the up-and-down method. Approximately 20 minutes after administration of RK or SK, a surgical noxious stimulus was applied and the response evaluated. The ISOMAC was 0.50±0.01% in the RK group (n=10) and 0.31±0.04% in the SK group (n=13). The ISOMAC was 38% lower in the SK group compared to the RK group. Results of the present study revealed that in dogs premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, IM administration of 3mgkg-1 ketamine approximately 20 minutes before the noxious stimulus produced clinically important reduction in the ISOMAC and the MAC-sparing effect was significantly greater with SK compared to RK.(AU)

No presente estudo, foi avaliada a concentração alveolar mínima do isoflurano (CAMISO) em vinte e três cães premedicados com acepromazina (0,02mgkg-1) e morfina (0,5mgkg-1) e tratados com cetamina racêmica (CR) ou S(+) (CS). Os cães receberam aleatoriamente dose única (3mgkg-1, IM) de CR ou CS, decorridos 15 minutos da indução anestésica com propofol. A CAMISO foi determinada pelo método up-and-down. Aproximadamente 20 minutos após a administração da CR ou CS, um estímulo nociceptivo (cirúrgico) foi aplicado e a resposta avaliada. A CAMISO foi 0,50±0,01% no CR (n=10) e 0,31±0,04% no CS (n=13). A CAMISO foi 38% menor no CS comparado ao CR. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que, em cães premedicados com acepromazina e morfina, a administração IM de 3mgkg-1 de cetamina, aproximadamente 20 minutos antes do estímulo nociceptivo, causou redução clinicamente importante na CAMISO e o efeito redutor na CAMISO é significativamente maior com CS do que com CR.(AU)