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Purpose: To analyze clinical and endoscopic aspects of dyspeptic patients submitted to upper endoscopy in a reference center in the interior of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: Observational, descriptive, and analytical research through interviews and endoscopic reports of 80 patients with dyspeptic complaints submitted to upper endoscopy. Results: Among the respondents, 66.25% were women, most were aged ≥ 40 years old and had epigastric pain as their main symptom, and 29.75% had no appropriate indication to perform upper endoscopy. Mild enanthematous gastritis of the antrum was the most frequent finding, and 92.5% had non-significant findings. Rapid urease test was positive in 25%. The following findings showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05): age < 40 years old, female gender, and gastric lesion with positive urease test; smoking with gastric lesion and age less than 40 years old with normal examination. Patients with significant findings had appropriate indications for upper endoscopy. Conclusions: The correct indication of upper endoscopy is essential for satisfactory endoscopic yields and accurate diagnosis.

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O emprego da endoscopia digestiva em pequenos animais vem se tornando cada vez mais popular como auxílio diagnóstico das afecções gastrointestinais que acometem cães e gatos. A acessibilidade direta ao lúmen do trato gastrointestinal em conjunto com a realização de biópsia da mucosa aumenta o potencial de conclusão diagnóstica. O exame histopatológico das biópsias guiadas por endoscopia de estômago e intestinos é fundamental para distinguir e classificar os tipos de lesões visibilizadas macroscopicamente pela endoscopia. No entanto, é importante a expertise do profissional no momento da coleta, pois em alguns casos estas biópsias podem ser superficiais ou pouco elucidativas em relação ao tipo de afecção.(AU)

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Purpose: Full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS) is associated with specific complications, possibly linked to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) resulting from continuous saline infusion into the epidural space. This study aimed to assess the impact of saline irrigation and its correlation with noninvasively obtained ICP waveform changes. Methods: Patients undergoing FESS between January 2019 and November 2020 were included. Noninvasive ICP (n-ICP) monitoring utilized an extracranial strain sensor generating ICP waveforms, from which parameters P2/P1 ratio and time to peak (TTP) values were derived and correlated to irrigation and vital parameters. Documentation occurred at specific surgical intervals (M0-preoperatively; M1 to M4-intraoperatively; M5-postoperatively). Mixed-model analysis of variance and multiple comparisons tests were applied, with M0 as the baseline. Results: Among 31 enrolled patients, three experienced headaches unrelated to increased ICP at M5. The P2/P1 ratio and TTP decreased during surgery (p < 0.001 and p < 0.004, respectively). Compared to baseline, P2/P1 ratio and vital parameters remained significantly lower at M5. No significant differences were observed for fluid parameters throughout surgery. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a decline in the n-ICP parameters after anesthetic induction despite the anticipated increase in ICP due to constant epidural irrigation. The n-ICP parameters behaved independently of fluid parameters, suggesting a potential protective effect of anesthesia.

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ABSTRACT Laryngeal hemiplegia is characterized by paralysis or paresis of one or both arytenoid cartilages, frequently reported in horses. In cattle no reports have been found yet. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs, endoscopy, and ultrasound findings. The aim of this study is to report a case of laryngeal hemiplegia in cattle, regarding the etiology and importance of imaging methods for the diagnosis of diseases in bovine medicine.

RESUMO A hemiplegia laríngea é caracterizada por paralisia ou paresia de uma ou ambas as cartilagens aritenoides, frequentemente relatada em cavalos. Em bovinos, ainda não foram encontrados relatos. O diagnóstico é baseado em sinais clínicos, endoscopia e achados ultrassonográficos. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de hemiplegia laríngea em bovino, quanto à etiologia e à importância dos métodos de imagem para o diagnóstico de doenças na medicina bovina.

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Purpose: The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns. Methods: Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60). Results: One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation. Conclusions: Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate two liver biopsy techniques by transrectal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) and compare tensiometric parameters of rectal sealing using 2-octyl cyanoacrylate glue or conventional rectal sutures in a dog cadaver model. In sixteen dog cadavers two liver biopsy techniques were performed via transrectal NOTES using either polypectomy diathermy forceps or endoscopic oval biopsy forceps. The cadavers were divided into two groups: Glue Group (GG) where rectal sealing was performed with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate glue and Suture Group (SG) with the rectal defect sealed with simple continuous extracorporeal 3-0 polydioxanone sutures. The rupture pressure of the seals was measured on a rectal burst test. The diathermy polypectomy endoscopic forceps biopsy technique was significantly faster (p<0.001) and provided larger diameter samples. Rectal sealing was significantly faster (p<0.001) in the GG. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to rupture pressure (258.5 mmHg) with air insufflation. Using endoscopic oval biopsy forceps, biopsy samples can only be collected from the surface of the liver, whereas polypectomy forceps with a diathermy loop can be used to collect samples from the tip of the hepatic lobe. There was no difference in rectal rupture pressure in the burst test between the cadavers where sealing was performed with rectal sutures and those where cyanoacrylate adhesive was used.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar duas técnicas de biopsia hepática realizadas por cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios naturais (NOTES) transretal e parâmetros tensiométricos do selamento retal usando adesivo de 2-octil cianoacrilato ou sutura retal convencional em cadáveres de cães. Em 16 cadáveres de cães, foram realizadas duas técnicas de biopsias hepáticas usando pinça diatérmica de polipectomia e pinça de biopsia oval. Os cadáveres foram divididos em dois grupos: sendo que o Glue Group (GG) recebeu o adesivo de 2-octil cianoacrilato para selamento retal e o Suture Group (SG), recebeu sutura contínua simples extracorpórea com fio polidioxanona 3-0. A pressão de ruptura retal foi mensurada por meio do teste de pressão intra-retal. A técnica de biopsia hepática com pinça diatérmica de polipectomia foi mais rápida (p<0.001) e providenciou amostras maiores. O selamento retal foi mais rápido no GG (p<0.001). Não houve diferença entre os grupos com relação a pressão de ruptura retal com insuflação de ar (258.5 mmHg). A biopsia hepática com pinça oval é limitada a colheita de fragmentos superficiais do fígado, já a pinça de polipectomia permite a colheita de fragmentos nas extremidades. Os parâmetros tensiométricos do reto, avaliados por meio do teste da pressão de ruptura retal foram semelhantes tanto em cães que receberam sutura retal quanto nos que receberam apenas o adesivo de 2-octilcianocrilato em cadaveres de cães.(AU)

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A ingestão de corpos estranhos é a principal causa de obstrução esofágica em cãs e gatos, podendo acometer qualquer porção do órgão, ao longo de seu trajeto. Na espécie canina, possui incidência alta e os objetos mais comumente encontrados são ossos, agulhas, gravetos de madeira, brinquedos de borracha, plástico e moedas. Os sinais clínicos tipicamente observados são a regurgitação, engasgos, odinofagia, ptialismo e disfagia. O diagnóstico se baseia no histórico, sinais clínicos, estudo radiográfico e/ou endoscopia. A esofagoscopia é o tratamento de eleição, exceto quando há evidências de perfuração esofágica. Cirurgicamente, os corpos estranhos podem ser removidos por meio de esofagotomia, esofagectomia ou gastrotomia. Complicações como deiscência e estenoses são comuns, após intervenções cirúrgicas no esôfago. Deste modo, pode-se fazer necessário o uso de técnicas de auxílio à cicatrização e vedação, como a mobilização de retalhos musculares e de omento. O prognóstico é favorável, tornando-se reservado na presença de complicações, como perfurações esofágicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de perfuração esofágica, secundária a corpo estranho em um cão da raça Pitbull Americano, enfatizando o meio diagnóstico e a conduta clinicocirúrgica empregada, para o tratamento da afecção, a qual mostrou-se efetiva, proporcionando a completa recuperação do paciente.

The ingestion of foreign bodies is the main cause of esophageal obstruction in dogs and cats and can affect any portion of the organ along its path. In dogs, they have a high incidence and the most commonly found objects are bones, needles, wooden sticks, rubber and plastic toys, and coins. Clinical signs typically observed are regurgitation, gagging, odynophagia, ptyalism, and dysphagia. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, radiographic study, and/or endoscopy. Esophagoscopy is the treatment of choice, except when there is evidence of esophageal perforation. Foreign bodies can be surgically removed through esophagotomy, esophagectomy, or gastrotomy. Complications such as dehiscence and strictures are common after surgical interventions in the esophagus. Therefore, using techniques to aid healing and sealing, such as the mobilization of muscle and omentum flaps, may be necessary. The prognosis is favorable, becoming reserved in the presence of complications, such as esophageal perforations. This study aims to report a case of esophageal perforation secondary to a foreign body in an American Pitbull dog, emphasizing the diagnostic means and the clinical-surgical approach used to treat the condition, which proved to be effective, providing the complete recovery of the patient.

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Relatos de ingestão de corpos estranhos dos mais diferentes materiais são comuns em aves, especialmente nas mais jovens. Os corpos estranhos podem causar intoxicação (dependendo da composição do material) ou mesmo perfuração do canal alimentar ou obstrução gastrintestinal. Quando há suspeita de ingestão de corpos estranhos, exames de imagem como a radiologia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia são ferramentas valiosas para o diagnóstico. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de uma ave da espécie Gallus gallus domesticus, raça Brahma, sete meses de idade, macho, pesando 4,3 Kg com quadro de sensibilidade na cavidade corporal e histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e prostração há cinco dias. As radiografias simples indicaram a presença de corpo estranho radiopaco (parafuso) alojado na região do ventrículo (moela). Após tratamento clínico com lavagens gástricas por cinco dias sem êxito, optou-se por realizar uma endoscopia digestiva alta sob anestesia geral com quetamina e isoflurano. O corpo estranho foi satisfatoriamente removido com pinça de alça de polipectomia e a ave apresentou rápida melhora clínica sem complicações. A endoscopia mostrou-se um procedimento pouco invasivo e eficaz para a resolução do presente caso. Os clínicos veterinários de aves devem considerar a possibilidade de usar a endoscopia como ferramenta para diagnóstico e resolução de corpos estranhos no canal alimentar das aves.(AU)

Reports of ingestion of foreign bodies from most different materials are common in birds, especially younger ones. Foreign bodies can cause intoxication (depending on the composition of the material) or even perforation of the alimentary canal and gastrointestinal obstruction. When foreign body ingestion is suspected, imaging tests such as radiology, ultrasound, and endoscopy are valuable diagnostic tools. The objective of this paper was to report a case of an avian of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, Brahma breed, seven months old, male, weighing 4.3 kg, with sensitivity in the body cavity, and a history of regurgitation, hyporexia, and prostration for five days. Plain radiographs indicated the presence of a radiopaque foreign body (screw) lodged in the ventricle region (gizzard). After clinical treatment with gastric lavages for five days without success, it was decided to perform an upper digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia with ketamine and isoflurane. The foreign body was satisfactorily removed with polypectomy loop forceps, and the bird showed rapid clinical improvement without complications. Endoscopy proved to be a minimally invasive and effective procedure for resolving the present case. Avian veterinary practitioners may consider using endoscopy to diagnose and resolve foreign bodies in the alimentary canal of birds.(AU)

Los informes de ingestión de cuerpos extraños de los más diferentes materiales son comunes en las aves, especialmente en las más jóvenes. Los cuerpos extraños pueden causar intoxicación (dependiendo de la composición del material) o incluso perforación del tubo digestivo u obstrucción gastrointestinal. Cuando se sospecha la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño, las pruebas de imagen como la radiología, la ecografía y la endoscopia son valiosas herramientas diagnósticas. El objetivo fue reportar un caso de un ave de la especie Gallus gallus domesticus, raza Brahma, de siete meses de edad, macho, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con sensibilidad en la cavidad corporal y antecedentes de regurgitación, hiporexia y postración de cinco días de evolución. Las radiografías simples indicaron la presencia de un cuerpo extraño radiopaco (tornillo) alojado en la región del ventrículo (molleja). Tras tratamiento clínico con lavados gástricos durante cinco días sin éxito, se decide realizar endoscopia digestiva alta bajo anestesia general con ketamina e isoflurano. El cuerpo extraño se extrajo satisfactoriamente con pinzas de asa de polipectomía y el ave mostró una rápida mejoría clínica sin complicaciones. La endoscopia demostró ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo y efectivo para la resolución del presente caso. Los veterinarios aviares deberían considerar la posibilidad de utilizar la endoscopia como herramienta para el diagnóstico y resolución de cuerpos extraños en el tubo digestivo de las aves.(AU)

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Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.

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Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent malignant tumor in horses and the major tumor of the upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. Most common locations in horses are the periorbital region, external genitalia, urogenital tract, oesophagus, stomach, head and neck especially over mucocutaneous junctions where the skin is not pigmented. The presentation of the disease located in the larynx is rare and clinical signs include dyspnea, respiratory snores, cough, nasal exudate, dysphagia, nasal reflux, weight loss and sore throat. This study aims to report a case of occurrence of laryngeal SCC diagnosed by laryngoscopy and histopathological evaluation. Case: A 14-year-old mangalarga-marchador dark bay colored horse gelding was treated in the municipality of Prados, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The physical examination revealed tachycardia, dyspnea and tachypnea, pale oral mucosa, apathy and dysphagia, mucous bilateral nasal secretion with food particles, respiratory noises with inspiratory snoring and increased dyspnea and cough at exercise. At endoscopic examination, a small amount of food material was observed in the nasal cavity, a large tumor was localized in the laryngeal region, with a nodular aspect and an irregular surface, several reddish focal areas and small diffuse bloody ulcerations, extending over the entire surface of the epiglottis and caudally to the arytenoid cartilages, asymmetrically with predominance in the left arytenoepiglottic fold and left arytenoid cartilage. Partial obstruction of approximately 80% of the lumen and left laryngeal hemiplegia was diagnosed. Histopathological examination showed malignant neoplasm diffusely invading the sampled tissue, characterized by "islands" of epithelial cells with large, pleomorphic nuclei and exuberant multiple nucleoli and the presence of numerous mitotic figures, formation of horny pearls and fibrous stroma. Due to the poor prognosis the horse was euthanized. Discussion: The diagnosis of tumors has increased due to the dissemination of information and the care taken by specialized veterinarians. This fact is especially relevant when there is a need for diagnostic tools and expertise as the endoscopy and histopathology. The SCC is a tumor that occurs more frequently in areas with thinning hair and lack of pigmentation of the skin, whether on the head, especially around the nostrils, rostral portion of the face and periocular region, on the external vulvar or preputial genitalia and on the penis itself. Ultraviolet radiation can damage DNA, triggering cellular mutation. As the region of the larynx is well protected from solar radiation, other factors are necessary to induce neoplastic proliferation. Humans, as passive smokers, may develop the disease and horses in constantly smoky environments could be predisposed. Other factors like advanced age, family history of skin cancer and random individual genetic mutations must be considered. Equine papillomavirus type 2 belongs to the family of papillomavirus, which are host specific and have a pronounced tropism for cutaneous and mucosal keratinocytes and is implicated as a causal agent of SCC. The endoscopic examination proved to be essential for the diagnosis of this laryngeal SCC, allowing the macroscopic characterization, with estimation of severity due to airway obstruction, and biopsy for its histopathological conclusion. Despite the possibility of local infiltrative treatments associated with assisted surgical resection, the severity of the tumor was the basis for the decision for euthanasia.

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Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

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Background: Accidents involving porcupines (Coendou sp.) occur in rural areas or in locations of preserved forests in various regions of Brazil. In addition to their fur, they have very strong, horn-like quills that penetrate the skin of their assailant when attacked. Video-assisted surgery of the thoracic cavity or thoracoscopy is a crucial tool for treating pleural effusion and for evaluating and treating intrathoracic trauma in small animals. This study reports the case of a dog with an intrathoracic infection of unknown origin, wherein a porcupine quill was found adhered to the mediastinum during thoracoscopy and removed using Crile forceps. Case: A 4-year-old bitch of a non-specific breed, weighing 15 kg and having no prior history of trauma, was treated for dyspnea symptoms present for 7 days. The dog had previously been treated and prescribed antimicrobial therapy; however, the symptoms returned after treatment completion. Complementary imaging tests revealed a large amount of pleural effusion, particularly evident in the left hemithorax, which was drained and analyzed; the findings indicated septic exudate. The dog was taken to the operating room for an exploratory thoracoscopy procedure. During the procedure, an 11-mm port was positioned in the 8th left intercostal space at the level of the costochondral joint. Another 11-mm port was positioned in the paraxiphoid region using a 10-mm, 30° scope. The scope was then repositioned at the second port, allowing for inspection, biopsy sample collection, and washing and draining of the cavity, which revealed pleuritis and deposits of red-dish fibrinoid tissue with flaky white spots, suggestive of bacterial infection. During the final inspection, a dark, pointed structure adhering to the mediastinum was identified and removed using a curved Crile hemostatic forceps. A chest drain was positioned in the paraxiphoid access wound after being routed through a subcutaneous tunnel. Following this, the access wounds were sutured, and negative pressure was reestablished. Immediately after the procedure and removal of the foreign body, antibacterial treatment was started, and the dog returned to a healthy condition. The histopathological report of the pointed structure was consistent with a hystrix-like hair (porcupine quill). Discussion: The patient's recovery was better with surgical intervention through thoracoscopy than with exploratory thoracotomy. These results align with the international literature, which acknowledges that minimally invasive surgery significantly reduces the postoperative pain, recovery time, and duration of hospitalization. Furthermore, video assistance played a crucial role in locating and assisting in the foreign body removal, primarily due to the magnification of the image by the endoscope. Accidents involving dogs and porcupines constitute a small fraction of cases in veterinary medical care. This is because most pet owners seek veterinary care only when the animal is struck by many quills or some complication arises. It is crucial to conduct a thorough investigation in such cases to ensure that all the quills are found and removed, considering their potential to migrate, which could lead to severe complications if not addressed. Thus, it was evident that the thoracoscopy procedure facilitated a rapid recovery for the patient by allowing accurate localization and removal of the foreign body that caused the infection.

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An accurate diagnostic test for Helicobacter spp. infection in dogs is necessary but no gold standard diagnostic method has yet been established. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of conventional diagnostic methods as opposed to immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the detection of Helicobacter spp. in gastric samples of dogs with chronic gastropathy. Samples of gastric fundus, body and antrum were collected by gastroscopy from 13 domestic dogs presenting chronic vomit and submitted to the rapid urease test (RUT), cytopathology, histopathology with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Warthin-Starry (WS) stain, and IHC. Cohen's kappa coefficient was carried out to determine the agreement between techniques compared to IHC. Prevalence of colonization detected by IHC was 92% and was higher in the gastric fundus. The sensitivity of each technique in detecting Helicobacter spp. in the gastric fundus, body, and antrum, respectively, were as follows: RUT 50%, 70%, 17%; cytology 58%; 70%, 50%; HE 42%; 70%, 50%; WS 67%; 80%, 50%. We found that IHC was the most sensitive method for Helicobacter spp. diagnosis revealing that gastric fundus samples have higher presence of bacteria. Squash cytology enhances sensitivity and ancillary staining such as WS should be taken into consideration towards diagnosis.

É necessário um teste diagnóstico preciso no diagnóstico de Helicobacter spp. em cães, mas nenhum método padrão-ouro foi estabelecido até o momento. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade dos métodos diagnósticos convencionais em comparação com a imuno-histoquímica (IHC) na detecção de Helicobacter spp. em amostras gástricas de cães com gastropatia crônica. Amostras de fundo, corpo e antro gástrico foram coletadas por gastroscopia de 13 cães com vômitos crônicos, e submetidas ao teste rápido da urease (RUT), citopatologia, histopatologia com coloração de hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Warthin-Starry (WS), e IHC. O coeficiente kappa de Cohen foi realizado para determinar a concordância entre as técnicas, comparadas ao IHC. A prevalência de colonização detectada na IHC foi de 92%, sendo maior no fundo gástrico. A sensibilidade de cada técnica na detecção de Helicobacter spp. no fundo, corpo e antro gástrico, respectivamente, foram: RUT 50%, 70%, 17%; citologia 58%; 70%, 50%; HE 42%; 70%, 50%; WS 67%; 80%, 50%. Concluiu-se que a IHC foi o método mais sensível de diagnóstico de Helicobacter spp., revelando que as amostras de fundo gástrico têm maior presença de bactérias. A citologia por squash aumenta a sensibilidade, e a coloração auxiliar WS deve ser levada em consideração para o diagnóstico.

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It can be assumed that the natural processes of selection and developmental condition in the animal provide the best prerequisites for embryogenesis resulting in pregnancy and subsequent birth of a healthy neonate. In contrast, circumventing the natural selection mechanisms and all developmental conditions in a healthy animal harbors the risk of counteracting, preventing or reducing the formation of embryos or substantially restricting their genesis. Considering these facts, it seems to be obvious that assisted reproductive techniques focusing on early embryonic stages serve an expanded and unselected germ cell pool of oocytes and sperm cells, and include the culture of embryos outside their natural habitat during and after fertilization for manipulation and diagnostic purposes, and for storage. A significant influence on the early embryonic development is seen in the extracorporeal culture of bovine embryos (in vitro) or stress on the animal organism (in vivo). The in vitro production per se and metabolic as well as endocrine changes in the natural environment of embryos represent adequate models and serve for a better understanding. The purpose of this review is to give a brief presentation of recent techniques aimed at focusing more on the complex processes in the Fallopian tube to contrast in vivo and in vitro prerequisites and abnormalities in early embryonic development and serve to identify potential new ways to make the use of ARTs more feasible.(AU)

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Purpose: To describe the use of endocavitary ultrasound probe as an auxiliary tool when performing partial nephrectomy in cases of endophytic renal tumors, to standardize the method, and to report the preliminary results achieved with this technique. Methods: Fifteen patients diagnosed with completely endophytic underwent partial nephrectomy with the use of an endocavitary ultrasound probe. This article describes the technique involved in partial nephrectomy and details the preparation of the endocavitary ultrasound probe to ensure its safe use. Results: All the patients had a RENAL score between 8 and 11. The median time of warm ischemia was 26 and 18 minutes for laparoscopic or robot-assisted surgery, respectively. The median duration of surgery was 150 minutes, and the median console time was 145 minutes for the laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery groups, respectively. The median estimate of blood loss was 200 mL. Only three patients in the laparoscopic group had focal positive surgical margins. There were no cases of infection at the site of probe entry. Conclusions: Intraoperative use of an endocavitary ultrasound probe for partial nephrectomy is possible and a safe alternative to the excision of endophytic tumors when neither robotic probes nor laparoscopic probes are available.

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A avaliação do sistema genital interno no garanhão é uma importante etapa do exame andrológico, mas ainda é negligenciada na clínica reprodutiva dessa espécie. A maioria das enfermidades que acometem as glândulas sexuais acessórias e a uretra são descritas na literatura como pouco frequentes e até mesmo raras, no entanto a falta de diagnóstico, em muitos casos, contribui para essa estatística. Dentre as enfermidades mais recorrentes se destacam a vesiculite seminal, obstrução de ampola e fistula uretral que podem levar a prejuízos na qualidade seminal e baixa fertilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão é abordar as principais ferramentas de avaliação dos órgãos genitais internos nos machos equinos, visando contribuir para o correto diagnóstico e tratamento das principais afecções que os acometem.(AU)

The evaluation of the internal genital system in stallions is an important step in the breeding soundness exam that is still neglected in the reproductive clinic of this species. Most diseases that affect the accessory sex glands and the urethra are described in the literature as infrequent and even rare, however the lack of diagnosis, in many cases, contributes to this statistic. Among the most recurrent diseases are seminal vesiculitis, plugged ampullae and urethral rent that can lead to decreased seminal quality and low fertility. Thus, the objective of this review is to highlight the main tools for evaluating the internal genitalia in stallions, aiming to contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of the main conditions that affect them.(AU)

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Purpose: To present a detailed, reproducible, cost-efficient surgical model for controlled subepithelial endoscopic vocal fold injury in the rat model. Methods: Six male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled in the experiment. The left vocal folds were used to carry out the injury model, and the right vocal fold served as control. After deep sedation, the rats were placed on a custom operating platform. The vocal fold injury by subepithelial stripping was carried out using custom-made microsurgical instruments under endoscopic guidance. Data were analyzed for procedural time and post-procedural pain. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scan and histologic images were obtained to assess the length, area, and depth of injury to the vocal fold. Results: The mean procedural time was 112 s. The mean control vocal fold length was 0.96 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold injury length was 0.53 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold surface was 0.18 ± 0.01 mm2 with a mean lesion area of 0.05 ± 0.00 mm2. Mean vocal fold injury depth was 375.4 ± 42.8 µm. The lesion length to vocal fold length ratio was 0.55 ± 0.03, as well as lesion area to vocal fold surface area was 0.29 ± 0.02. Conclusions: Our described experimental vocal fold injury model in rats is found to be fast, safe, cost-efficient, and reproducible with a rapid learning curve.

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La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

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Problems related to the locomotor and gastrointestinal systems correspond to the highest percentage of clinical cases. However, diseases related to the respiratory system can result in low animal performance or even the animal's removal from athletic life. This paper aims to report a case of permanent tracheotomy in a horse. The animal was treated at the Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia Veterinary Hospital - HOVET, with respiratory noise and dyspnea claims. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the animal had been presenting respiratory difficulty for 20 days. On physical examination, respiratory noise and dyspnea were noted. Endoscopy was performed, from which a marked decrease in the arytenoid cartilage movement on the right and left sides was noted. It was possible to diagnose a stage IV case of bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, combining clinical signs with endoscopy findings. Thus, the surgical treatment of permanent tracheostomy was chosen. After surgery, drug therapy using antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs was performed. In addition, a nº 6 metal tracheostomy cannula was inserted. After 36 days of hospitalization, the animal was discharged with regression of clinical signs.(AU)

Problemas relacionados aos sistemas locomotor e gastrointestinal correspondem ao maior percentual de casos clíni-cos. No entanto, doenças relacionadas ao sistema respiratório podem resultar em baixo desempenho do animal ou mesmo na retirada do animal da vida atlética. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de traqueotomia permanente em um cavalo. O animal foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET, com queixas de ruído respiratório e dispneia. Na anamnese, o proprietário relatou que o animal apresentava dificuldade respiratória há 20 dias. Ao exame físico, notou-se ruído respiratório e dispneia. Foi realizada endoscopia, a partir da qual foi notada diminuição acentuada do movimento da cartilagem aritenoide nos lados direito e esquerdo. Foi possível diagnosticar um caso em estágio IV de hemiplegia laríngea bila-teral, combinando os sinais clínicos com os achados endoscópicos. Assim, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico da traqueostomia definitiva. Após a cirurgia, foi realizada terapia medicamentosa com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios. Além disso, uma cânula de traqueostomia de metal nº 6 foi inserida. Após 36 dias de internação, o animal recebeu alta com regressão dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

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O sistema digestório é responsável pela quebra dos alimentos em menores partes, a fim de gerar energia, crescimento e renovação celular. É constituído de um tubo digestivo formado por boca, esôfago, estômago, alças intestinais, reto e ânus; além dos órgãos anexos. O esôfago dá continuidade ao canal alimentar da faringe ao estômago. O câncer de esôfago, em cães e gatos, ocorre raramente, representando cerca de menos de 0,5% de todos os tumores nessas espécies. O maior fator de risco para os tumores esofágicos em cães está relacionado com as áreas endêmicas do nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, que parasita o cão. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho, relata-se o caso de um cão da raça Pit Bull, com dez meses de idade, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira com histórico de apatia, tosse, engasgo e alotriofagia. Foram solicitados exames de hemograma, bioquímica sérica, PCR, radiografia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia digestiva alta. Os exames hematológicos indicaram alterações sistêmicas e os exames de imagem apontaram alterações no trato gastrointestinal, sendo que o exame endoscópico apontou a presença de uma massa em região ventral da mucosa esofágica.

The digestive system is responsible for breaking food into smaller pieces to generate energy, growth, and cell renewal. It consists of a digestive tube formed by mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinal loops, rectum, and anus, as well as attached organs. The esophagus continues the alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer in dogs and cats is rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of all tumors in these species. The major risk factor for esophageal tumors in dogs is related to endemic areas of the nematode Spirocerca lupi that parasitizes the dog. This work presents the case of a 10-month-old Pit Bull dog that was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira with a history of apathy, cough, choking, and allotriophagia. Hemogram, serum biochemistry tests, PCR, radiography, ultrasonography, and upper digestive endoscopy were requested. The hematological exams indicated systemic alterations and the imaging exams presented alterations in the gastrointestinal tract, while the endoscopic exam showed the presence of a mass in the ventral region of the esophageal mucosa.