Acute toxicity of essential oils of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér) Britton, Lippia gracilis Schauer, and Piper aduncum L. in Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) / Toxicidade aguda dos óleos essenciais de Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér) Britton, Lippia gracilis Schauer e Piper aduncum L. em Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)

The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) of Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis and Piper aduncum in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), and evaluate the possible histopathological alterations in their gills. For the acute toxicity tests, juvenile tambaqui (n=24/treatment) were distributed in six treatments with three replicates, which comprised the control and five EO concentrations of A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mg L-1) and P. aduncum (42.5, 45, 47.5, 50 and 52.5 mg L-1), with an exposure period of 4 h. The mortality rate and severity of damage to the tambaqui gills were proportional to the increase in the concentration of the EO, with LC50-4 h values estimated at 109.57 mg L -1 for A. triphylla, 41.63 mg L -1 for L. gracilis and 48.17 mg L -1 for P. aduncum. The main morphological damages observed in the gills of the tambaqui exposed to the three EOs, were Grade I: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, epithelial detachment, capillary dilation and constriction, proliferation of chloride cells and mucosal cells and edema; in low frequency Grade II damage as epithelial rupture and lamellar aneurysm. Necrosis (Grade III damage) was observed only in gill lamellae exposed to P. aduncum EO (47.5, 50.0 and 52.5 mg L-1). Concentrations of EOs below LC50-4 h can be used sparingly, for short periods of exposure for the treatment of diseases in tambaqui breeding.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a toxicidade aguda dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis e Piper aduncum em juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), e avaliar as possíveis alterações histopatológicas em suas brânquias. Para os testes de toxicidade aguda, juvenis de tambaqui (n=24/tratamento) foram distribuídos em 6 tratamentos, com três repetições, sendo o controle e cinco concentração do OE de A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 e 55 mg L-1) e P. aduncum (42,5, 45, 47,5, 50 e 52,5 mg L-1), com exposição de 4 h. A taxa de mortalidade e a severidade dos danos nas brânquias de tambaqui foram proporcionais ao aumento da concentração do OE, com os valores de CL50-4 h estimados em 109,57 mg L-1 para A. triphylla, em 41,63 mg L-1 para L. gracilis e em 48,17 mg L-1 para P. aduncum. Os principais danos morfológicos observados nas brânquias de tambaqui, expostos aos três OEs, foram os de grau I: hipertrofia e hiperplasia das células do epitélio lamelar, fusão lamelar, descolamento epitelial, dilatação e constrição capilar, proliferação de células de cloreto e de células mucosas e edema; em baixa frequência os de grau II como ruptura epitelial e aneurisma lamelar. Necrose (dano de grau III) foi observado somente nas lamelas branquiais expostas ao OE de P. aduncum (47,5, 50,0 e 52,5 mg L-1). Concentrações do OEs abaixo dos valores de CL50-4 h podem ser utilizados com parcimônia, em curtos períodos de exposição para o tratamento de doenças na criação de tambaqui.

Analysis of a dose-response assay in Scaptotrigona bipunctatabees, Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using the logistic regression model under the Bayesian approach

This paper shows the results of a dose-response study in Scaptotrigona bipunctatabees, Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) exposed to the insecticide Fastac Duo. The aim was to evaluate the lethal concentration that causes the death of 50% of bees (LC50) and investigate the odd of mortality after exposure to different concentrations, using the logistic regression model under the Bayesian approach. In this approach, it is possible to incorporate a prior information and gives more accurate inferential results. Three independent dose-response experiments were analyzed, dissimilar in their lead time according to guidelines from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in which each assay contained four replicates at the concentration levels investigated, including control. Observing exposure to the agrochemical, it was identified that the higher the concentration, the greater the odd of mortality. Regarding the estimated lethal concentrations for each experiment, the following values were found, 0.03 g a.i. L-1, for 24hours, 0.04 g a.i. L-1, for 48hoursand 0.06 g a.i. L-1for 72hours, showing that in experiments with longer exposure times there was an increase in LC50. Concluding, the study showed an alternative approach to classical methods for dose-response studies in Scaptotrigona bipunctatabees exposed to the insecticide Fastac Duo.

Analysis of a dose-response assay in Scaptotrigona bipunctatabees, Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using the logistic regression model under the Bayesian approach

This paper shows the results of a dose-response study in Scaptotrigona bipunctatabees, Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) exposed to the insecticide Fastac Duo. The aim was to evaluate the lethal concentration that causes the death of 50% of bees (LC50) and investigate the odd of mortality after exposure to different concentrations, using the logistic regression model under the Bayesian approach. In this approach, it is possible to incorporate a prior information and gives more accurate inferential results. Three independent dose-response experiments were analyzed, dissimilar in their lead time according to guidelines from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in which each assay contained four replicates at the concentration levels investigated, including control. Observing exposure to the agrochemical, it was identified that the higher the concentration, the greater the odd of mortality. Regarding the estimated lethal concentrations for each experiment, the following values were found, 0.03 g a.i. L-1, for 24hours, 0.04 g a.i. L-1, for 48hoursand 0.06 g a.i. L-1for 72hours, showing that in experiments with longer exposure times there was an increase in LC50. Concluding, the study showed an alternative approach to classical methods for dose-response studies in Scaptotrigona bipunctatabees exposed to the insecticide Fastac Duo.(AU)

Eficácia de cabines adaptadas na proteção dos operadores de tratores em aplicações de agrotóxicos na cultura da macieira / Effectiveness of non-original cabins for the protection of tractor operators in pesticide applications in apple orchard

Os turboatomizadores produzem corrente de ar que carrega as gotas pulverizadas auxiliando sua distribuição, contudo, muitas gotas são perdidas para o ambiente. O uso de cabines pode reduzir a exposição do operador. Foram instalados experimentos visando avaliar a exposição dérmica e respiratória potenciais e a eficiência de isolamento da cabine em aplicações de agrotóxicos em pomares de maçã. A calda foi composta por água mais os produtos Mancozeb e Captan (3,0 L ha-1) e Fenitrotion (1,5 L ha-1). Estimou-se a exposição dérmica com uso de absorvente íntimo feminino afixados na vestimenta do operador e no interior da cabine. A determinação analítica foi feita por Cromatografia Líquida em cromatógrafo, com detector de UV-VIS e arranjo específico de diodos. Os analitos foram extraídos por ultrassom, conforme determinação da NBR 10004 e descrito pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos da América. Não foram detectados os comprimentos de onda referentes aos produtos testados até o limite de 200µg kg-1, indicando haver boa vedação e isolamento do operador dentro das cabines testadas.

The air-assisted sprayers produce air stream, which carries the droplets aiding their distribution. However, many droplets are not deposited on the target and are lost to the environment. The use of cabins can reduce operator exposure. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential dermal and respiratory exposure and the cabin insulation efficiency in pesticide applications in apple orchards. The spray was composed of water plus mancozeb and captan (3.0 L ha-1) and fenitrothion (1.5 L ha-1). The dermal exposure was estimated using absorbent cotton pads fixed in the operators protective clothing and inside the cabin. The analytical determination was carried out by Liquid Chromatography with a UV-VIS detector and specific diodes array. The analytes were extracted by ultrasound, as established by the NBR 10004 and described by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The wavelengths related to the products tested were not detected up to the limit of 200 µg kg-1, indicating that there are good sealing and insulating of the operator inside tested cabins.

Eficácia de cabines adaptadas na proteção dos operadores de tratores em aplicações de agrotóxicos na cultura da macieira / Effectiveness of non-original cabins for the protection of tractor operators in pesticide applications in apple orchard

Os turboatomizadores produzem corrente de ar que carrega as gotas pulverizadas auxiliando sua distribuição, contudo, muitas gotas são perdidas para o ambiente. O uso de cabines pode reduzir a exposição do operador. Foram instalados experimentos visando avaliar a exposição dérmica e respiratória potenciais e a eficiência de isolamento da cabine em aplicações de agrotóxicos em pomares de maçã. A calda foi composta por água mais os produtos Mancozeb e Captan (3,0 L ha-1) e Fenitrotion (1,5 L ha-1). Estimou-se a exposição dérmica com uso de absorvente íntimo feminino afixados na vestimenta do operador e no interior da cabine. A determinação analítica foi feita por Cromatografia Líquida em cromatógrafo, com detector de UV-VIS e arranjo específico de diodos. Os analitos foram extraídos por ultrassom, conforme determinação da NBR 10004 e descrito pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos da América. Não foram detectados os comprimentos de onda referentes aos produtos testados até o limite de 200µg kg-1, indicando haver boa vedação e isolamento do operador dentro das cabines testadas.(AU)

The air-assisted sprayers produce air stream, which carries the droplets aiding their distribution. However, many droplets are not deposited on the target and are lost to the environment. The use of cabins can reduce operator exposure. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential dermal and respiratory exposure and the cabin insulation efficiency in pesticide applications in apple orchards. The spray was composed of water plus mancozeb and captan (3.0 L ha-1) and fenitrothion (1.5 L ha-1). The dermal exposure was estimated using absorbent cotton pads fixed in the operators protective clothing and inside the cabin. The analytical determination was carried out by Liquid Chromatography with a UV-VIS detector and specific diodes array. The analytes were extracted by ultrasound, as established by the NBR 10004 and described by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The wavelengths related to the products tested were not detected up to the limit of 200 µg kg-1, indicating that there are good sealing and insulating of the operator inside tested cabins.(AU)

Moringa water extract promising additive to prolong the activity of baculovirus under field-sunlight conditions in Egypt / Aditivo promissor do extrato aquoso de moringa para prolongar a atividade de baculovírus sob condições de campo-luz solar no Egito

Baculoviruses are considered as effective bio pesticides except of being not active under sunlight conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capability of moringa extract to prolong virus activity under Egyptian field conditions especially that Moringa proved to be strong protective material under previous investigation under laboratory conditions the addition of moringa filters were tested on tomato plant foliage. Results are based on leaf bioassay using Spodoptera littoralis test insect and its nuclepolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) as standard materials. The Original Activity Remaining (OAR) and Lethal Infectivity Time to 50% (LIT50) were estimated after exposure to natural sunlight. cacao and green tea were tested as comparative materials, which proved to be effective as virus protective agent in earlier investigations. The results showed that moringa additive at 10% sustained 50% of virus activity for 193.53 hours and 62.05 and 23.023 hours post application for cacao and green tea; respectively. While virus alone treatment lasts for only 17.551 hours. Moringa generally available, relatively cheap; it also has been tested and proved to be non-toxic, safe, and friendly to the environment. The obtained results showed the activity of moringa water extract in prolonging the virus activity under field application.(AU)

Os baculovírus são considerados como biopesticidas eficazes, exceto por não estarem ativos sob condições de luz solar. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a capacidade do extrato de moringa para prolongar a atividade do vírus sob condições de campo egípcias, tendo em vista que Moringa provou ser um material protetor forte sob investigação anterior em condições de laboratório a adição de filtros moringa foram testados na folhagem de plantas de tomate. Os resultados são com base em bioensaios foliares utilizando o inseto-teste Spodoptera littoralis e seu vírus de poliedrose nuclear (VPNSl) como materiais padrões. A Atividade Original Restante (AOR) e o Tempo de Infectividade Letal até 50% (LIT50) foram estimados após a exposição à luz solar natural. Cacau e chá verde foram testados como materiais comparativos, que se mostraram eficazes como agentes protetores do vírus em investigações anteriores. Os resultados mostraram que a moringa aditiva a 10% sustentou 50% da atividade viral por 193,53 horas e 62,05 e 23,023 horas após a aplicação de cacau e chá verde, respectivamente. Enquanto o tratamento sozinho do vírus dura apenas 17,551 horas, a moringa geralmente está disponível, e é relativamente barata; e a mesma também foi testada e provou ser não tóxica, segura e propícia ao meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a atividade do extrato aquosa da moringa no prolongamento da atividade do vírus sob aplicação em campo.(AU)

Thermoregulation mode, substrate temperature and camouflage efficiency affecting defensive behavior of lizards in Amazonia / Modo de termorregulação, temperatura do substrato e eficiência da camuflagem afetam o comportamento defensivo de lagartos na Amazônia

In ectotherms, defensive responses to predators usually depend on cost-benefit relationships between death risk and the energy required to flee. In this study we investigate Amazonian lizards to test the hypothesis that the minimum predator approach distance (PAD) is influenced by temperature and camouflage. We test the hypothesis that PAD estimated for species with different thermoregulation modes respond differently to temperature and camouflage. We sampled 35 lizards of a heliotherm and a non-heliotherm species, for which we simulated a terrestrial visually oriented predator. Using a fixed-effects linear model, temperature positively affected PAD estimates, but the camouflage did not contribute to the model. Using a mixed linear model assuming thermoregulation mode as a random factor, camouflage negatively affected PAD estimates, independently of temperature. Our findings suggest that high exposure to predators in open habitats may be compensated by rapid fleeing optimized by high temperatures, and low fleeing performance, usually caused by relatively low temperatures in shaded habitats, may be compensated by camouflage. However, identifying the best PAD predictor greatly depended on accounting for thermoregulation mode in hypothesis testing, although the results obtained by both fixed and mixed-effects models may be relevant for conservation.(AU)

Em ectotérmicos, respostas defensivas a predadores geralmente dependem de relações de custo-benefício entre risco de morte e a energia necessária para fugir. Neste estudo, investigamos lagartos na Amazônia para testar a hipótese de que a distância mínima de aproximação de predadores (DAP) é influenciada pela temperatura e camuflagem. Nós testamos a hipótese de que estimativas de DAP para espécies com diferentes modos de termorregulação respondem diferentemente à temperatura e camuflagem. Nós amostramos 35 lagartos de uma espécie heliotérmica e uma não heliotérmica, para as quais simulamos um predador terrestre visualmente orientado. Usando um modelo linear de efeitos fixos, a temperatura afetou positivamente as estimativas de DAP, mas a camuflagem não contribuiu para o modelo. Usando um modelo linear de efeitos mistos, a camuflagem afetou negativamente as estimativas de DAP, independentemente de temperatura. Nossos resultados sugerem que alta exposição a predadores em hábitats abertos pode ser compensada por fuga rápida otimizada por altas temperaturas, e o baixo desempenho de fuga, usualmente causado por temperaturas relativamente mais baixas em habitats sombreados, pode ser compensado pela camuflagem. No entanto, a identificação do melhor preditor de DAP dependeu muito de considerar o modo de termorregulação nos testes de hipóteses, apesar de que os resultados obtidos por ambos os modelos de efeitos fixos e mistos podem ser relevantes para conservação.(AU)

Meningocele e meningoencefalocele em leitões: aspectos patológicos e de imagem / Meningocele and meningoencephalocele in piglets: pathologic and imaging aspects

Background: Meningocele and meningoencephalocele are rare congenital deformities characterized by herniation of the meninges and of the meninges and brain tissue through a bone defect in the skull (cranioschisis), respectively. Descriptions of these malformations in pigs are scarce in the international literature and non-existent in Brazil, with only one case of cranioschisis with brain exposure (without protrusion of the meninges and covered by skin) reported to date. Here, we report a case of meningocele and another of meningoencephalocele in piglets in the state of Bahia and describe the main related anatomopathological and imaging characteristics (radiographic and ultrasonographic). Case: The congenital malformations occurred in newborn piglets from a farm located in the city of Catu, Bahia, Brazil, which presented with an evident large saccular area positioned dorsally to the head. The animals died 48 h after birth and were referred to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Bahia, for the studies and diagnostic conclusion. Postmortem ultrasound examinations showed that the region was filled with fluid and associated with a small brain protrusion in case 1 and a defect in the skull bone, which had its orifice dimensions estimated. Despite the superimposition of structures, the skull malformation was identified on radiographic examination (case 1) and measured on ultrasonographic examination (cases 1 and 2). During necropsy, the piglets presented with a marked marked bulge of saccular appearance under the skin in the frontal region. The saccular formation was floating, internally covered by dura mater and filled with reddish serous liquid (liquor). Discussion: The diagnoses of meningoencephalocele and...

Meningocele e meningoencefalocele em leitões: aspectos patológicos e de imagem / Meningocele and meningoencephalocele in piglets: pathologic and imaging aspects

Background: Meningocele and meningoencephalocele are rare congenital deformities characterized by herniation of the meninges and of the meninges and brain tissue through a bone defect in the skull (cranioschisis), respectively. Descriptions of these malformations in pigs are scarce in the international literature and non-existent in Brazil, with only one case of cranioschisis with brain exposure (without protrusion of the meninges and covered by skin) reported to date. Here, we report a case of meningocele and another of meningoencephalocele in piglets in the state of Bahia and describe the main related anatomopathological and imaging characteristics (radiographic and ultrasonographic). Case: The congenital malformations occurred in newborn piglets from a farm located in the city of Catu, Bahia, Brazil, which presented with an evident large saccular area positioned dorsally to the head. The animals died 48 h after birth and were referred to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Bahia, for the studies and diagnostic conclusion. Postmortem ultrasound examinations showed that the region was filled with fluid and associated with a small brain protrusion in case 1 and a defect in the skull bone, which had its orifice dimensions estimated. Despite the superimposition of structures, the skull malformation was identified on radiographic examination (case 1) and measured on ultrasonographic examination (cases 1 and 2). During necropsy, the piglets presented with a marked marked bulge of saccular appearance under the skin in the frontal region. The saccular formation was floating, internally covered by dura mater and filled with reddish serous liquid (liquor). Discussion: The diagnoses of meningoencephalocele and...(AU)

Moringa water extract promising additive to prolong the activity of baculovirus under field-sunlight conditions in Egypt

Abstract Baculoviruses are considered as effective bio pesticides except of being not active under sunlight conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capability of moringa extract to prolong virus activity under Egyptian field conditions especially that Moringa proved to be strong protective material under previous investigation under laboratory conditions the addition of moringa filters were tested on tomato plant foliage. Results are based on leaf bioassay using Spodoptera littoralis test insect and its nuclepolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) as standard materials. The Original Activity Remaining (OAR) and Lethal Infectivity Time to 50% (LIT50) were estimated after exposure to natural sunlight. cacao and green tea were tested as comparative materials, which proved to be effective as virus protective agent in earlier investigations. The results showed that moringa additive at 10% sustained 50% of virus activity for 193.53 hours and 62.05 and 23.023 hours post application for cacao and green tea; respectively. While virus alone treatment lasts for only 17.551 hours. Moringa generally available, relatively cheap; it also has been tested and proved to be non-toxic, safe, and friendly to the environment. The obtained results showed the activity of moringa water extract in prolonging the virus activity under field application.

Resumo Os baculovírus são considerados como biopesticidas eficazes, exceto por não estarem ativos sob condições de luz solar. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a capacidade do extrato de moringa para prolongar a atividade do vírus sob condições de campo egípcias, tendo em vista que Moringa provou ser um material protetor forte sob investigação anterior em condições de laboratório a adição de filtros moringa foram testados na folhagem de plantas de tomate. Os resultados são com base em bioensaios foliares utilizando o inseto-teste Spodoptera littoralis e seu vírus de poliedrose nuclear (VPNSl) como materiais padrões. A Atividade Original Restante (AOR) e o Tempo de Infectividade Letal até 50% (LIT50) foram estimados após a exposição à luz solar natural. Cacau e chá verde foram testados como materiais comparativos, que se mostraram eficazes como agentes protetores do vírus em investigações anteriores. Os resultados mostraram que a moringa aditiva a 10% sustentou 50% da atividade viral por 193,53 horas e 62,05 e 23,023 horas após a aplicação de cacau e chá verde, respectivamente. Enquanto o tratamento sozinho do vírus dura apenas 17,551 horas, a moringa geralmente está disponível, e é relativamente barata; e a mesma também foi testada e provou ser não tóxica, segura e propícia ao meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a atividade do extrato aquosa da moringa no prolongamento da atividade do vírus sob aplicação em campo.

Whole body vibration in operators using agricultural soil preparation equipment / Alteração na vibração de corpo inteiro em operadores pela utilização de equipamentos agrícolas de preparo do solo

Agricultural tractors have been reported to exert negative effects on operator health. It is well known that when a farm machine is designed it must consider the human factors, to raise the safety levels and work quality. The aim of the present study was to estimate the degree of vibration transmissibility from the agricultural equipment used for the periodic soil preparation process and determine the exposure of the whole body of the operator to the vibration, incident to the agricultural tractor during the operation. A 4x2 TDA tractor was employed, coupled to the periodic soil preparation equipment. Five sets were used (tractor- disk plough, tractor-moldboard plow, tractor-offset disc harrow, tractor-rotary hoe, and tractor-scarifier) and the tractor without the equipment being coupled, at two tractor speeds of displacement (3.5 km.h-1 and 6.1 km.h-1). An index (IAVEA) was developed to assess whether the amplification or attenuation of the vibrations takes place on each orthogonal axis. The data were processed using the Noise Studio® software 6.95. Statistical evaluation was performed using the ASSISTAT version 7.7 beta program. After normality, the data were submitted to the analysis of variance by the F test; when significance was reported, the means were compared using the Tukey test, at 5% significance. The disk plow was the equipment that showed the greatest intensification of the vibrations in all the parameters estimated. All the sets assessed revealed statistically equal or higher values in terms of the tractor without the attached equipment. The IAVEA% was an index that enabled the quantification of the amplification or attenuation caused by the use of the agricultural equipment.(AU)

A utilização de tratores agrícolas tem causado efeitos negativos na saúde do operador. Faz-se necessário que no projeto de uma máquina agrícola sejam levados em consideração fatores humanos, para aumentar a segurança e melhorar a qualidade de trabalho. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a transmissibilidade da vibração em equipamentos agrícolas de preparo periódico do solo devido a exposição a vibração de corpo inteiro incidente ao operador de trator agrícola durante a operação. O trator utilizado foi um trator 4x2 TDA acoplado a equipamentos de preparo periódico do solo. Foram utilizados cinco conjuntos (trator-arado de disco, trator-arado de aiveca, trator-grade off-set, trator-enxada rotativa, trator-escarificador) e um trator sem equipamento acoplado, em duas velocidades de deslocamento do trator (3,5 km.h-1 e 6,1 km.h-1). Foi desenvolvido um índice (IAVEA) para avaliar se ocorre amplificação ou atenuação das vibrações em cada eixo ortogonal. Os dados foram processados no software Noise Studio® 6.95. Para avaliação estatística foi utilizado o programa ASSISTAT versão 7.7 beta. Comprovada a normalidade, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e, quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. O arado de disco foi o equipamento que apresentou maior intensificação das vibrações em todos os parâmetros avaliados. Todos os conjuntos avaliados apresentam valores estatisticamente iguais ou superiores em relação ao trator sem equipamento acoplado. O IAVEA% se mostrou um índice capaz de quantificar a amplificação ou atenuação proporcionada pelo uso de equipamentos agrícolas.(AU)

Occurrence and exposure assessment to aflatoxins in peanuts commercialized in the northwest of Parana, Brazil / Ocorrência e avaliação da exposição as aflatoxinas em amendoim comercializado na região noroeste do Paraná, Brasil

Peanuts are a nutritious food consumed worldwide. Some species of the genus Aspergillus, producers of aflatoxins, colonize peanuts. Human exposure to aflatoxins occurs by ingesting contaminated foods. The objective of this paper was to assess the occurrence and dietary exposure of the population to aflatoxins in peanuts commercially available in Maringa, Brazil, from May 2013 to April 2017. A total of 104 peanut samples were evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The contamination rate detected was 24.0% in average concentration of 13.4µg/kg. Twenty positive samples (19.2%) exceeded the maximum level permitted in Brazil for the sum of four aflatoxins. Estimated probable daily intake was 1,28 µg/kg body weight/day, exceeding the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (0.001g/kg body weight/day). According to the high levels of aflatoxins found in peanuts, there is need for further monitoring the presence of aflatoxins in peanuts in natura to reduce the levels of contamination.(AU)

O amendoim é um alimento nutritivo e muito consumido no mundo todo. Algumas espécies de fungos do gênero Aspergillus, produtores de aflatoxinas, colonizam o amendoim. A exposição humana as aflatoxinas ocorre por meio do consumo de alimentos contaminados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência e exposição da população as aflatoxinas em amendoim comercializado no município de Maringá, Brasil, durante o período de maio de 2013 a abril de 2017. Foram avaliadas 104 amostras de amendoim por análise cromatográfica e confirmadas por derivação com ácido trifluoroacético. A frequência de contaminação foi de 24,0% em concentração média de 13,4µg/kg. Vinte amostras positivas (19,2%) apresentaram-se acima do limite máximo permitido no Brasil para a somatória das quatro aflatoxinas. A ingestão diária provável média encontrada foi de 1,28µg/kg peso corpóreo/dia, superando a ingestão diária máxima tolerável provisória (0,001µg/kg peso corpóreo/dia). De acordo com os elevados teores de aflatoxinas encontrados em amendoim, há necessidade de um maior monitoramento da presença de aflatoxinas em alimentos, tendo em vista a redução nos níveis de contaminação do amendoim in natura.(AU)

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in whole milk powderand estimated daily intake for a population of children / Níveis de bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) em leite em pó integral e ingestão diária estimada para uma população infantil

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemical contaminants classified as persistent organic pollutants. Although, their use has been banned for several decades, PCBs are still scattered in the environment and; therefore, all living organisms may be exposed to these compounds. Diet, especially fatty foods such as milk, has been recognized as one of the main sources of human exposure to PCBs. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual levels of indicator PCBs in whole milk powder consumed by preschool children in the Municipality of Imbé, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and to determine the estimated daily intake of these PCBs through this food. Analyses were performed by GC-ECD and the results were confirmed by GC/MS. The PCBs 28, 52 and 153 displayed values below the limit of quantification. The PCBs 138 and 180 showed mean values of 0.073 and 0.157ng.g-1 lipid, respectively. These values were below the reference limits established by the European Community. The estimated total daily intake of PCBs was 0.110ng.g-1 lipid of body weight per day, a value lower than that established by the legislations of Belgium and Norway.(AU)

Os bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) são contaminantes químicos classificados como poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Embora seu uso tenha sido banido há mais de décadas, os PCBs ainda encontram-se presentes no meio ambiente e portanto, todos os organismos vivos podem estar expostos a esses compostos. A alimentação, especialmente alimentos gordurosos, como leite, tem sido reconhecida como uma das principais fontes de exposição humana aos PCBs. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis residuais de PCBs indicadores em leite em pó integral consumido por pré-escolares no Município de Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, e determinar a ingestão estimada desses PCBs por meio deste alimento. As análises foram realizadas em GC-µECD e os resultados foram confirmados em GC/MS. Os PCBs 28, 52 e 153 apresentaram valores abaixo do limite de quantificação. Os PCBs 138 e 180 apresentaram valores médios de 0,073 e 0,157ng.g-1 lipídio, respectivamente. Estes valores estavam abaixo dos limites de referência estabelecidos pela Comunidade Europeia. A ingestão diária total estimada de PCBs foi de 0,110ng.g-1 de peso corporal por dia, valor inferior ao estabelecido pelas legislações da Bélgica e da Noruega.(AU)

Potassium chloride and sodium chloride as reference toxicants to assess quality of toxicity tests carried out with the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia / Cloreto de potássio e cloreto de sódio como substâncias de referência para avaliar a qualidade do teste de toxicidade com o microcrustáceo cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia

Two reference toxicants (potassium chloride-KCl and sodium chloride-NaCl) were used in the present study in order to assess the sensitivity of the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out with those two salts and the sensitivity expressed as IC50;7D - concentration that causes inhibition of 50% of reproduction ability, in seven days exposure time. The medium values estimated for IC50;7D were 200.70 and 499.60 to KCl and NaCl, respectively. Those data have demonstrated that KCl can be more restrictive and more suitable than NaCl, when used as standard reference toxicant for plotting control charts of sensitivity.

No presente estudo foram utilizadas duas substâncias de referência (cloreto de potássio-KCl e cloreto de sódio-NaCl), para avaliar a sensibilidade do microcrustáceos cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Testes de toxicidade crônica foram realizados com esses dois sais e a sensibilidade expressa como IC50;7D - concentração que causa inibição de 50% da capacidade de reprodução, em sete dias de tempo de exposição. Os valores médios estimados para IC50;7D foram 200,70 e 499,60 para KCl e NaCl, respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram que o KCl pode ser mais restritivo e mais adequado do que o NaCl, quando utilizado como substância de referência padrão para traçar gráficos de controle de sensibilidade.

Potassium chloride and sodium chloride as reference toxicants to assess quality of toxicity tests carried out with the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia / Cloreto de potássio e cloreto de sódio como substâncias de referência para avaliar a qualidade do teste de toxicidade com o microcrustáceo cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia

Two reference toxicants (potassium chloride-KCl and sodium chloride-NaCl) were used in the present study in order to assess the sensitivity of the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out with those two salts and the sensitivity expressed as IC50;7D - concentration that causes inhibition of 50% of reproduction ability, in seven days exposure time. The medium values estimated for IC50;7D were 200.70 and 499.60 to KCl and NaCl, respectively. Those data have demonstrated that KCl can be more restrictive and more suitable than NaCl, when used as standard reference toxicant for plotting control charts of sensitivity.(AU)

No presente estudo foram utilizadas duas substâncias de referência (cloreto de potássio-KCl e cloreto de sódio-NaCl), para avaliar a sensibilidade do microcrustáceos cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Testes de toxicidade crônica foram realizados com esses dois sais e a sensibilidade expressa como IC50;7D - concentração que causa inibição de 50% da capacidade de reprodução, em sete dias de tempo de exposição. Os valores médios estimados para IC50;7D foram 200,70 e 499,60 para KCl e NaCl, respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram que o KCl pode ser mais restritivo e mais adequado do que o NaCl, quando utilizado como substância de referência padrão para traçar gráficos de controle de sensibilidade.(AU)

Leiomioma de bexiga em um cão / Bladder leiomyoma in a male dog

Background: In dogs, neoplasms of the urinary bladder are uncommon; among urinary bladder tumors, transitional cell carcinoma is the most frequent type. Urinary bladder leiomyomas are rare mesenchymal tumors whose etiology is associated with urinary retention and exposure to carcinogens. Diagnosis of this neoplasm can be determined by histopathological analysis, and treatment is surgical. The aim of this report is to describe a case of leiomyoma in the urinary bladder of a dog.Case: A 10-year-old male mongrel dog was examined at the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Paraíba, where a mass in the urinary bladder was identified, and was estimated to have been developing over the course of a month. Hematuria, congested ocular mucosa, and engorged episcleral vessels were observed during the physical examination. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed distension of the urinary bladder, which exhibited anechoic content and echogenic sediment. A neoplasm measuring 8 x 3.39 cm was detected in the bladder wall. This neoplasm had mixed echogenicity, heterogeneous echotexture, and well-defined borders. Color Doppler ultrasonography allowed observation of vascularization inside the mass. The animal was subjected to cystotomy to excise the mass, which was slightly adhered to the inner wall of the bladder. After this procedure, the excised specimen was submitted for histopathological analysis. Macroscopic examination revealed that the mass was firm, lobulated, nodular, and resistant to cutting. The sample was fixed in 10% formalin; the fragments were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) or Masson’s trichrome (MT) for analysis by optical microscopy. The histopathological examination revealed that the mass was encapsulated, had well-delimited borders composed by bundles of elongated cells with no atypical characteristics. These cells exhibited a slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm that contained moderate to abundant fusiform nuclei.[...]

Ação do extrato hidro alcoólico de Ilex paraguariensis sobre o desenvolvimento larvário de parasitas de ovinos da ordem strongylida

O rebanho ovino em Santa Catarina, estimado em 300 mil cabeças, está presente principalmente nas pequenas propriedades de agricultura familiar, devido ao seu fácil manejo e adaptabilidade. O principal problema sanitário enfrentado pelos criadores é a verminose, que afeta grande parte dos animais a campo, levando-os a reduzir o consumo de alimentos, prejudicaa digestão e a absorção dos nutrientes, afeta a eficiência reprodutiva e consequentemente a produtividade geral do rebanho. A verminose gastrintestinal pode ser controlada com um manejo adequado e coma administração periódica de anti-helmínticos conforme orientações do médico veterinário. Entretanto, o manejo inadequado e o uso constante de antiparasitários tem favorecido o aparecimento de resistência nos parasitas de ovinos, de modo que em algumas propriedades nenhum princípio ativo disponível tem a eficácia desejada. Na busca por produtos com efeito anti-helmíntico, os fitoterápicos vêm sendo largamente estudados. A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) é uma planta abundante e nativa no Planalto Norte Catarinense e suas propriedades medicinais tem sido alvo de estudos, inclusive a possibilidade de efeito anti-helmíntico. Assim, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o possível efeito anti-helmíntico do extrato hidroalcoólico de Ilex paraguariensis no desenvolvimento larvário de estrongilídeos parasitas de ovinos. Com isso, foi preparado um extrato hidroalcoólico de I. paraguariensis, que foi avaliado pelo teste de eclodibilidade de ovos in vitro (TEO) nas concentrações de 5%,10%, 20% e 40%. Como controle negativo utilizou-se água destilada e como controle positivo o sulfóxido de albendazole. Na análise fitoquímica foram detectados compostos que tem ação antiparasitária, como compostos fenólicos, saponinas, taninos e me tilxantinas.(AU)

The sheep herd in Santa Catarina, estimated in 300,000 heads, is present mainly in small family farms because of its easy handling and adaptability. The main sanitary problem faced by breeders is verminosis, which affects most of the animals in the field, leading to reduced food consumption, impairs digestion and nutrient absorption, affects reproductive efficiency and consequently overall herd productivity. Gastro-intestinal verminosi scan be controlled with appropriate management and with periodic administration of anthelmintics according to the veterinarian prescription. However, inadequate management and constant use of antihelmintics have favored the appearance of resistance in sheep parasites, so that in some properties no available active ingredient has the desired efficacy. In the search for products with anthelmintic effect, phytotherapeutics have been widely studied. Maté herb (Ilex paraguariensis) is an abundant and native plant in the Catarinense Northern Plateau and its medicinal properties have been studied, including the possibility of anthelmintic effect. Thus, this work had the objective of evaluating the possible anthelmintic effect of Ilex paraguariensis hydroalcoholic extract on the sheep strongylid parasite larval development. For that, a hydro alcoholic extract of I. paraguariensis was prepared, which the in vitro Egg Hatch Assay –EHA at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%, evaluated. As a negative control it was used distilled water and as a positive control albendazole sulfoxide. In the phytochemical analysis were detected compounds that have anti parasite action, such as phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins and methylxanthines. In the EHA, after 24 of eggs exposure to the highest dosis of the extract (40%), the presence of only 1% of blastomerate eggs, 95% of larval eggs and 4% of larvae, respectively, were visualized.(AU)

Leiomioma de bexiga em um cão / Bladder leiomyoma in a male dog

Background: In dogs, neoplasms of the urinary bladder are uncommon; among urinary bladder tumors, transitional cell carcinoma is the most frequent type. Urinary bladder leiomyomas are rare mesenchymal tumors whose etiology is associated with urinary retention and exposure to carcinogens. Diagnosis of this neoplasm can be determined by histopathological analysis, and treatment is surgical. The aim of this report is to describe a case of leiomyoma in the urinary bladder of a dog.Case: A 10-year-old male mongrel dog was examined at the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Paraíba, where a mass in the urinary bladder was identified, and was estimated to have been developing over the course of a month. Hematuria, congested ocular mucosa, and engorged episcleral vessels were observed during the physical examination. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed distension of the urinary bladder, which exhibited anechoic content and echogenic sediment. A neoplasm measuring 8 x 3.39 cm was detected in the bladder wall. This neoplasm had mixed echogenicity, heterogeneous echotexture, and well-defined borders. Color Doppler ultrasonography allowed observation of vascularization inside the mass. The animal was subjected to cystotomy to excise the mass, which was slightly adhered to the inner wall of the bladder. After this procedure, the excised specimen was submitted for histopathological analysis. Macroscopic examination revealed that the mass was firm, lobulated, nodular, and resistant to cutting. The sample was fixed in 10% formalin; the fragments were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) or Massons trichrome (MT) for analysis by optical microscopy. The histopathological examination revealed that the mass was encapsulated, had well-delimited borders composed by bundles of elongated cells with no atypical characteristics. These cells exhibited a slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm that contained moderate to abundant fusiform nuclei.[...](AU)

Ação do extrato hidro alcoólico de Ilex paraguariensis sobre o desenvolvimento larvário de parasitas de ovinos da ordem strongylida

O rebanho ovino em Santa Catarina, estimado em 300 mil cabeças, está presente principalmente nas pequenas propriedades de agricultura familiar, devido ao seu fácil manejo e adaptabilidade. O principal problema sanitário enfrentado pelos criadores é a verminose, que afeta grande parte dos animais a campo, levando-os a reduzir o consumo de alimentos, prejudicaa digestão e a absorção dos nutrientes, afeta a eficiência reprodutiva e consequentemente a produtividade geral do rebanho. A verminose gastrintestinal pode ser controlada com um manejo adequado e coma administração periódica de anti-helmínticos conforme orientações do médico veterinário. Entretanto, o manejo inadequado e o uso constante de antiparasitários tem favorecido o aparecimento de resistência nos parasitas de ovinos, de modo que em algumas propriedades nenhum princípio ativo disponível tem a eficácia desejada. Na busca por produtos com efeito anti-helmíntico, os fitoterápicos vêm sendo largamente estudados. A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) é uma planta abundante e nativa no Planalto Norte Catarinense e suas propriedades medicinais tem sido alvo de estudos, inclusive a possibilidade de efeito anti-helmíntico. Assim, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o possível efeito anti-helmíntico do extrato hidroalcoólico de Ilex paraguariensis no desenvolvimento larvário de estrongilídeos parasitas de ovinos. Com isso, foi preparado um extrato hidroalcoólico de I. paraguariensis, que foi avaliado pelo teste de eclodibilidade de ovos in vitro (TEO) nas concentrações de 5%,10%, 20% e 40%. Como controle negativo utilizou-se água destilada e como controle positivo o sulfóxido de albendazole. Na análise fitoquímica foram detectados compostos que tem ação antiparasitária, como compostos fenólicos, saponinas, taninos e me tilxantinas.

The sheep herd in Santa Catarina, estimated in 300,000 heads, is present mainly in small family farms because of its easy handling and adaptability. The main sanitary problem faced by breeders is verminosis, which affects most of the animals in the field, leading to reduced food consumption, impairs digestion and nutrient absorption, affects reproductive efficiency and consequently overall herd productivity. Gastro-intestinal verminosi scan be controlled with appropriate management and with periodic administration of anthelmintics according to the veterinarian prescription. However, inadequate management and constant use of antihelmintics have favored the appearance of resistance in sheep parasites, so that in some properties no available active ingredient has the desired efficacy. In the search for products with anthelmintic effect, phytotherapeutics have been widely studied. Maté herb (Ilex paraguariensis) is an abundant and native plant in the Catarinense Northern Plateau and its medicinal properties have been studied, including the possibility of anthelmintic effect. Thus, this work had the objective of evaluating the possible anthelmintic effect of Ilex paraguariensis hydroalcoholic extract on the sheep strongylid parasite larval development. For that, a hydro alcoholic extract of I. paraguariensis was prepared, which the in vitro Egg Hatch Assay –EHA at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%, evaluated. As a negative control it was used distilled water and as a positive control albendazole sulfoxide. In the phytochemical analysis were detected compounds that have anti parasite action, such as phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins and methylxanthines. In the EHA, after 24 of eggs exposure to the highest dosis of the extract (40%), the presence of only 1% of blastomerate eggs, 95% of larval eggs and 4% of larvae, respectively, were visualized.

Moringa water extract promising additive to prolong the activity of baculovirus under field-sunlight conditions in Egypt

Abstract Baculoviruses are considered as effective bio pesticides except of being not active under sunlight conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capability of moringa extract to prolong virus activity under Egyptian field conditions especially that Moringa proved to be strong protective material under previous investigation under laboratory conditions the addition of moringa filters were tested on tomato plant foliage. Results are based on leaf bioassay using Spodoptera littoralis test insect and its nuclepolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) as standard materials. The Original Activity Remaining (OAR) and Lethal Infectivity Time to 50% (LIT50) were estimated after exposure to natural sunlight. cacao and green tea were tested as comparative materials, which proved to be effective as virus protective agent in earlier investigations. The results showed that moringa additive at 10% sustained 50% of virus activity for 193.53 hours and 62.05 and 23.023 hours post application for cacao and green tea; respectively. While virus alone treatment lasts for only 17.551 hours. Moringa generally available, relatively cheap; it also has been tested and proved to be non-toxic, safe, and friendly to the environment. The obtained results showed the activity of moringa water extract in prolonging the virus activity under field application.

Resumo Os baculovírus são considerados como biopesticidas eficazes, exceto por não estarem ativos sob condições de luz solar. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a capacidade do extrato de moringa para prolongar a atividade do vírus sob condições de campo egípcias, tendo em vista que Moringa provou ser um material protetor forte sob investigação anterior em condições de laboratório a adição de filtros moringa foram testados na folhagem de plantas de tomate. Os resultados são com base em bioensaios foliares utilizando o inseto-teste Spodoptera littoralis e seu vírus de poliedrose nuclear (VPNSl) como materiais padrões. A Atividade Original Restante (AOR) e o Tempo de Infectividade Letal até 50% (LIT50) foram estimados após a exposição à luz solar natural. Cacau e chá verde foram testados como materiais comparativos, que se mostraram eficazes como agentes protetores do vírus em investigações anteriores. Os resultados mostraram que a moringa aditiva a 10% sustentou 50% da atividade viral por 193,53 horas e 62,05 e 23,023 horas após a aplicação de cacau e chá verde, respectivamente. Enquanto o tratamento sozinho do vírus dura apenas 17,551 horas, a moringa geralmente está disponível, e é relativamente barata; e a mesma também foi testada e provou ser não tóxica, segura e propícia ao meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a atividade do extrato aquosa da moringa no prolongamento da atividade do vírus sob aplicação em campo.