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Evaluated different feed forms (FF), (mash or pellets), feeding systems (FS) (ad libitum or controlled) and metabolizable energy levels (ME) (2,900 kcal/kg or 2,750 kcal/kg) in rearing period 1 (7 to 12 weeks) and 2 (13 to 17 weeks). Utilized 400 brown-egg laying pullets a completely randomized design in 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (eight treatments, with five replications). In period 1, feed intake was similar (P > 0,05) between FF and between ME, however pullets fed ad libitum showed 27.5% higher intake than fed with controlled amounts (P < 0,05). Body weight (BW) differed (P < 0.05) in the FS. Feed conversion (FC) was not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the study factors. Flock uniformity was affected (P < 0.05) by FF and by FS, with an interaction between the factors (P < 0.05). The pullets fed the mash feed ad libitum had better uniformity (P < 0.05) than the pullets fed with the controlled mash feed. The pelleted feed caused the worst uniformity. In rearing period 2, feed intake was affected (P < 0.05). That pullets fed mash or pelletized feed ad libitum consumed 8g more (P < 0.05) on average, than those in the controlled FS. In the ad libitum supply, intake was higher (P < 0.05) for the mash feed than for the pelleted feed. BW and FC were not affected by any of the factors (P > 0.05). Uniformity (%) was influenced by the mash or controlled systems (P < 0.05). Between 7 and 17 weeks of age, brown-egg laying pullets need to be fed with a mashed diet in a controlled feeding system, with 2,750 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy.

Foram avaliadas diferentes formas de ração (FA), (farelo ou pellets), sistemas de alimentação (SA) (ad libitum ou controlado) e níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) (2.900 kcal/kg ou 2.750 kcal/kg) nos períodos de criação 1 (7 a 12 semanas) e 2 (13 a 17 semanas). Foram utilizadas 400 frangas poedeiras semipesadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 (oito tratamentos, com cinco repetições). No período 1, o consumo de ração foi semelhante (P > 0,05) entre FA e entre SA, porém frangas alimentadas ad libitum apresentaram consumo 27,5% maior do que as alimentadas com quantidades controladas (P < 0,05). O peso corporal (PC) diferiu (P<0,05) no SA. A conversão alimentar (CA) não foi afetada (P > 0,05) por nenhum dos fatores do estudo. A uniformidade do lote foi afetada (P < 0,05) por FF e por FS, com interação entre os fatores (P < 0,05). As frangas alimentadas com ração farelada ad libitum apresentaram melhor uniformidade (P < 0,05) do que as frangas alimentadas com ração farelada controlada. A ração peletizada causou a pior uniformidade. No período de recria 2, o consumo de ração foi afetado (P < 0,05). As frangas alimentadas com ração farelada ou peletizada ad libitum consumiram 8g a mais (P < 0,05) em média, do que aquelas no FS controlado. No fornecimento ad libitum, o consumo foi maior (P < 0,05) para a ração farelada do que para a ração peletizada. O PC e o FC não foram afetados por nenhum dos fatores (P > 0,05). A uniformidade (%) foi influenciada pelo sistema farelado ou controlado (P < 0,05). Entre 7 e 17 semanas de idade, as frangas poedeiras de ovos vermelhos precisam ser alimentadas com dieta farelada em sistema de alimentação controlado, com 2.750 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável.

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This study evaluated chromium and quantitative and qualitative feed restriction as alternative nutritional strategies to ractopamine in finishing barrows. Fifty barrows, genetically similar, with an initial body weight of 99.0 ± 4.3 kg and a final body weight of 117.2 ± 5.8 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five nutritional treatments (Control; Rac = 10ppm ractopamine; Chromium = 0,8mg chromium yeast; Quality = qualitative restriction, 7.5% less net energy in the diet; Quanti = 15% quantitative reduction in feed supply), with five replicates and two animals per replicate. Chromium supplementation and quantitative feed restriction reduced feed, lysine, net energy, and crude protein intakes (P < 0.05). Chromium, ractopamine, and quantitative restriction improved feed conversion (P < 0.05). Supplementation with chromium and ractopamine and feed restriction did not influence the carcass characteristics of the pigs (P < 0.05). Quantitative feed restriction and supplementation of 0.8mg of chromium yeast are presented as potential alternatives to ractopamine in the diet of finishing pigs.

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o cromo e restrições alimentares quantitativa e qualitativa como estratégias nutricionais alternativas a ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos castrados, geneticamente similares, com peso inicial de 99,0 ± 4,3 kg e final de 117,2 ± 5,8 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em cinco tratamentos nutricionais (Controle; Rac = 10ppm de ractopamina; Cromo = 0,8mg de cromo levedura; Qualit = restrição qualitativa com menos 7,5% de energia líquida na dieta e Quanti = redução quantitativa de 15% no fornecimento de ração), com cinco repetições e dois animais por repetição. A suplementação de cromo e a restrição alimentar quantitativa reduziram (P < 0,05) os consumos de ração, lisina digestível, energia líquida e proteína bruta. O cromo, a ractopamina e a restrição quantitativa melhoraram (P < 0,05) a conversão alimentar. A suplementação de cromo, ractopamina e as restrições alimentares não influenciam (P < 0,05) as características de carcaça dos suínos. A restrição alimentar quantitativa e a suplementação de 0,8 mg de cromo levedura se apresentam como potenciais alternativas para a substituição da ractopamina nas dietas.

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ABSTRACT This study had the objective of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic period on sheep and goat husbandry enterprises. In the study, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic period on the land use of the enterprises, the status of continuing animal husbandry activities, the purpose of production, the characteristics of combining crop production and animal production, the number of animals in the enterprise and the status of the shepherd, the exit of animals to pasture, the supply and use of roughage and concentrate feed, and supplementary feedings were found to be significant. In addition to the uncertainties experienced, breeders were negatively affected by the quarantine and restriction processes applied in this process. They were particularly negatively affected by the problems encountered in the use of pastures and disruptions in the supply of feed, restrictions on animal movements, closure of livestock markets, disruptions in access to veterinary services and vaccine supply, social distancing, travel bans, restrictions on the import-export of products, rapid changes in the price policies of products and increased costs. As a result, it is seen that the COVID-19 pandemic period had a significant impact on sheep and goat breeding enterprises.

RESUMO Este estudo teve o objetivo de revelar os efeitos do período pandêmico da COVID-19 nas empresas de criação de ovinos e caprinos. No estudo, os efeitos do período pandêmico da COVID-19 sobre o uso da terra nas empresas, o status das atividades contínuas de criação de animais, a finalidade da produção, as características da combinação da produção agrícola e da produção animal, o número de animais na empresa e o status do pastor, a saída dos animais para o pasto, o fornecimento e o uso de ração bruta e concentrada e as alimentações suplementares foram considerados significativos. Além das incertezas vivenciadas, os criadores foram afetados negativamente pelos processos de quarentena e restrição aplicados nesse processo. Eles foram particularmente afetados negativamente pelos problemas encontrados no uso de pastagens e interrupções no fornecimento de ração, restrições à movimentação de animais, fechamento de mercados de gado, interrupções no acesso a serviços veterinários e fornecimento de vacinas, distanciamento social, proibições de viagens, restrições à importação e exportação de produtos, mudanças rápidas nas políticas de preços dos produtos e aumento dos custos. Como resultado, observa-se que o período pandêmico da COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo nas empresas de criação de ovinos e caprinos.

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylanase (Xyl) individually or in combination with B. subtilis and B. licheniformis associated or not with yeast cell wall in pig diets with a reduction of 100 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) content. Pig performance, bone parameters, intestinal morphometry, and bioeconomic indices were evaluated. A total of 75 pigs (25 females and 50 barrows; 25.02±3.21 kg) obtained from crossing Large White × Landrace were used. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with five treatments and five blocks, totaling 25 experimental units subjected to treatments: basal diet (B); basal diet with reduction of 100 kcal/kg of ME (BEM); BEM with supplementation of xylanase (0.01%; BX); BX with supplementation of direct-fed microbials (composed of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis; 0.02%; BXM); and BX supplemented with 0.10% of symbiotic (which includes B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, and yeast cell wall; BXS). There were no differences in bone parameters. The BEM diet resulted in a lower villus height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum than that seen upon using the BXS diet as feed. In the first period, pigs fed BEM diet had a 12% higher average daily feed intake than those fed the BXM diet. There were no differences in the pig performance during the second period. Over the total period, pigs fed BEM diet had greater FCR compared with pigs fed BXM diet. The inclusion of feed additives in diets with reduced ME content contributes to the maintenance of performance and characteristics of the metacarpus and jejunum of growing pigs and provides better bioeconomic indices.(AU)

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O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o manejo nutricional elaborado para equinos atletas e éguas no Haras Princesa do Oeste, localizado no município de Crateús ­ CE. Foram avaliadas rações compostas por uma porção volumosa de Capim Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) e feno de Capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) junto ao concentrado composto de rações industriais e ração farelada ofertada para seis animais da raça Quarto-de-Milha, sendo dois cavalos e quatro éguas lactantes, compostas, com fornecimento no cocho em até seis vezes durante o dia. Para quantificar o consumo diário de proteína bruta (PB), energia digestível (ED), fibra bruta (FB), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) foram coletas sobras diárias das rações. Os cavalos apresentaram consumo acima da exigência em todos os parâmetros, onde o consumo de PB, ED, Ca e P excederam, em média, 93,8%, 96,6%, 174% e 211,2%, respectivamente, oriundos da ração. Já as matrizes tiveram um déficit médio de 23,9%, 46,7% e 36,8% para os consumos de PB, Ca e P, respectivamente. Os valores de ED consumida apontaram déficit de 15,5% em relação à exigência em três matrizes. Para FB, apenas dois do total de animais do estudo atenderam a exigência recomendada 18-30%. Desta forma, há necessidade de ajuste na dieta de cavalos utilizados para trabalho leve nas propriedades através da redução do fornecimento de ração, o que pode reduzir os custos da alimentação e evitar distúrbios metabólicos nesses animais.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional management designed for equine athletes and mares at Haras Princesa do Oeste, located in the municipality of Crateús ­ CE. Feeds composed of a large portion of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) and Tifton 85 Grass hay (Cynodon spp.) were evaluated together with the concentrate composed of industrial feeds and mashed feed offered to six Quarter Horse animals, two horses and four lactating mares, composed, with feed in the trough up to six times during the day. To quantify the daily consumption of crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), crude fiber (FB), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), daily leftovers from the rations were collected. The horses presented consumption above the requirement in all parameters, where the consumption of CP, ED, Ca and P exceeded, on average, 93.8%, 96.6%, 174% and 211.2%, respectively, originating from portion. The sows had an average deficit of 23.9%, 46.7% and 36.8% for CP, Ca and P intakes, respectively. The values of ED consumed showed a deficit of 15.5% in relation to the requirement in three matrices. For FB, only two of the total study animals met the recommended requirement 18-30%. In this way, there is a need to adjust the diet of horses used for light work on properties by reducing the feed supply, which can reduce feed costs and avoid metabolic disorders in these animals.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el manejo nutricional diseñado para equinos atletas y yeguas en el Haras Princesa do Oeste, ubicado en el municipio de Crateús ­ CE. Se evaluaron alimentos compuestos por una gran porción de Pasto Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) y heno de Pasto Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), junto con el concentrado compuesto por piensos industriales y puré ofrecidos a seis animales de la raza Cuarto de Milla, dos caballos y cuatro yeguas lactantes, compuestas, con alimento en el comedero hasta seis veces durante el día. Para cuantificar el consumo diario de proteína cruda (PB), energía digestible (ED), fibra cruda (FB), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P), se recolectaron sobrantes diarios de las raciones. Los equinos presentaron consumos superiores al requerimiento en todos los parámetros, donde el consumo de PB, ED, Ca y P superó, en promedio, 93,8%, 96,6%, 174% y 211,2%, respectivamente, provenientes de la porción. Las cerdas tuvieron un déficit promedio de 23,9%, 46,7% y 36,8% para los aportes de PB, Ca y P, respectivamente. Los valores de DE consumidos presentaron un déficit del 15,5% con relación al requerimiento en tres matrices. Para FB, sólo dos del total de animales del estudio cumplieron con el requisito recomendado del 18-30%. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de ajustar la dieta de los caballos utilizados para trabajos ligeros en propiedades reduciendo el suministro de alimento, lo que puede reducir los costos de alimentación y evitar trastornos metabólicos en estos animales.(AU)

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This study evaluated the substitution of corn grain with white oat grain in finishing yearling bulls (initial weight of 259.4±31.7 kg and 18.0±0.2 months of age). The experimental design was completely randomized. The substitution levels of corn grain for white oat grain were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Diets comprised 85% of grains + 15% of a protein-vitamin-mineral pelleted supplement. The adaptation program consisted of ad libitum feeding of five diets over the adaptation period of 14 days, with the concentration level increasing from 60 to 100% of the diet on a dry matter basis. Daily weight gain and carcass gain presented a quadratic behavior with the inclusion of white oat grain. As a result of the differences in average daily gain, the feedlot period varied among groups until the target slaughter weight was reached. Dry matter intake, nutrient intake, feed efficiency, and Kleiber ratio presented a quadratic behavior. Ingestive behavior and rumination patterns were modified by the levels of white oat grain, with longer rumination time observed with the combination of grains. A similar response was observed for the number of regurgitated and chewed bolus. Conversely, the number of chews per bolus and the chewing time per bolus increased linearly with the replacement of corn with white oat grain. Residual intake and body weight gain and the participation of heart, lung, and kidney, heart, and pelvic fat g kg−1 of empty body weight decreases linearly with the inclusion of white oat grain. The partial substitution of corn grain with white oat grain improves the productive performance and rumination patterns yearling bulls in feedlots receiving non-forage diets.(AU)

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This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of processing method of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) on feed intake, performance, carcass traits, feeding behavior, rumen morphology, and blood metabolites of cattle in the finishing phase. Thirty-eight F1 Angus × Nellore bulls (365±22 kg) raised under grazing conditions were housed in individual pens (2 × 4 m) for the feeding trial. At the end of the adaptation period, animals were weighed after a 16-h fast, blocked by shrunk body weight, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: GRC, consisting of RCGS that was ground before ensiling using a hammer mill with a uniform 8-mm screen (1.52 mm geometric mean particle size); and RRC, consisting of RCGS that was rolled before ensiling in a roller mill mounted in a bagging machine (2.18 mm geometric mean particle size). Diet ingredients were mixed manually twice daily, at 09:00 and 15:00 h, and offered as total mixed rations in amounts approximately 50 g/kg in excess of daily intake. The experimental diets contained a forage:concentrate ratio of 130:870 g/kg, with 644 g/kg of RCGS. The GRC resulted in greater daily variation in dry matter intake, total-tract digestibility (dry and organic matter), fecal pH, rumen papillae width, and lower first meal duration, meal length, fecal starch, and rumen papillae height than the RRC. However, grinding or rolling RCGS did not affect dry matter intake, growth performance, carcass traits, or health (liver abscesses, ruminitis, serum D-lactate) of finishing beef cattle. Therefore, the processing equipment to make RCGS might be preferable based on equipment availability, milling yield, energy consumption, and diet composition.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the increasing levels of inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the diet on the performance of feedlot heifers. Forty-eight Nelore heifers with an initial weight of 274 ± 4.58 kg, at 24 months of age, were confined for 98 days in a feedlot. The animals were allocated to the four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of PKC levels of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30% in the total dry matter of the diet. The roughage:concentrate ratio in the diets was 30:70. Ether extract intake increased, whereas the intakes of non-fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients decreased with the inclusion of PKC. The apparent digestibility of all nutrients decreased, as well as the amounts of nitrogen digested and retained. Microbial protein synthesis and its efficiency also declined. The inclusion of up to 20% PKC increased feeding time and reduced rumination time of heifers. Intake and rumination efficiencies decreased with the inclusion of PKC in the diet. Final weight and average daily gain did not change, but feed efficiency increased with the inclusion of PKC. The inclusion of up to 30% PKC in the diet of feedlot heifers is recommended.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of snaplage on fecal characteristics, feeding behavior, and performance of finishing bulls. Seventy-two single-sourced Nellore bulls (initial body weight [BW] = 400 ± 27.4 kg; 2.4 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (three bulls/pen; eight pen replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of finishing diets with the following sources of fiber and energy: corn silage, reconstituted corn grain silage, and dry-ground corn (control; inclusion of 22.9, 42.1, and 20.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively); snaplage (inclusion of 65% of DM) and dry-ground corn (SNAP65); and snaplage only (inclusion of 85% of DM; SNAP85). Bulls were adapted over a 15-d period and fed for a total of 86 d. Fecal samples were collected on days 42, 65, and 73. Feeding behavior was assessed on days 51 and 69. All data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design. No differences were obtained for initial BW, gain:feed ratio, hot carcass, and dressing. The SNAP85 diet had a greater intake, followed by SNAP65 and control diets (P = 0.02). There was a tendency of greater average daily gain and final BW (P = 0.07 and 0.08, respectively) for SNAP65 diet, followed by SNAP85 and control treatments. A tendency (P = 0.07) was also observed for greater ribeye area in bulls consuming SNAP65 (85 cm2), followed by control (81 cm2) and SNAP85 (80 cm2). Bulls consuming SNAP65 and SNAP85 spent more time chewing (on average, 249 min/d) than those consuming control diet (177 min/d; P = 0.01). Fecal starch was lower, and pH was greater for SNAP85 (P = 0.01 for both variables). Overall, snaplage is a suitable ingredient in high-starch diets for providing energy and physically effective neutral detergent fiber. The inclusion of 65% of snaplage and 20% of dry-ground corn (DM basis) showed a slight superior performance in Nellore bulls.(AU)

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Bird droppings are an unusual food resource for coprophagous insects and used mostly by opportunistic decomposers. Among them, dung beetles feed mainly on dung, although the species differ in their trophic plasticity. Here we report a record of a dung beetle, Canthidium cf. gracilipes, reaching and manipulating the dropping of a passeriform bird, Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Dendrocolaptidae). The behavior was observed in an urban forest fragment located in the Amazonian city of Manaus, Brazil. Two hours after the bird defecated, the dung beetle reached the dropping and started manipulating them with its fore- and hindlegs. It did not eat the dung, though. For a clear understanding of the relationships between bird droppings and Amazonian dung beetles, it will be important to perform standardized experiments with a wide variety of native dung and carrion types.(AU)

Excrementos de aves correspondem a um recurso alimentar pouco comum para insetos coprófagos, sendo utilizados geralmente por decompositores oportunistas. Entre eles, os rola bostas se alimentam principalmente de fezes, entretanto a plasticidade alimentar varia entre as espécies. Neste estudo nós reportamos um registro do rola bosta Canthidium cf. gracilipes se aproximando de e manipulando os excrementos de uma ave passeriformes, Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Dendrocolaptidae). O comportamento foi observado em um fragmento localizado na cidade amazônica de Manaus, Brasil. Duas horas depois de que a ave defecou, o rola bosta se aproximou das fezes e começou a manipulá-las com as patas anteriores e posteriores. Entretanto, não se observou consumo do excremento. Para uma compreensão mais clara das relações entre os excrementos de aves e os rola bostas amazônicos, é importante a realização de experimentos padronizados com uma ampla variedade de fezes e carcaças nativas.(AU)

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The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing a standard broiler diet, formulated based on corn and soybean meal (CSBM), with two levels of an exogenous enzyme (EZ) cocktail (0 and 0.05%), under two dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels ­ normal (positive control, PC) and low (negative control, NC). From 0 to 35 d, 288 Ross 308 chicks were distributed across four treatments with 12 replicates of six chicks each. Growth performance was evaluated during the starter, grower, finisher, and cumulative period. At 35 d, blood samples were collected to measure serum metabolite concentrations, and birds were processed to determine carcass traits. Ileum segments were prepared for histological measurements, and excreta were collected to analyze apparent nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed employing two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The results indicated no significant interaction between ME and EZ for any measured parameter. The EZ supplementation improved feed conversion rate (FCR) during the starter phase, and improved feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), FCR, and production efficiency index (PEI) during the grower phase; PEI during the finisher phase; and BWG, FCR, PEI, and final BW over the cumulative phase. Furthermore, EZ enhanced dressing percentage, breast yield, villi length, retention of crude protein, and nitrogen-corrected ME (AMEn), while also increasing glucose concentration and reducing the relative weight of the gizzard and intestine. Compared with the NC diet, the PC diet enhanced feed efficiency across the grower, finisher, and cumulative phases and increased AMEn and triglyceride levels. Supplementing ME-adequate CSBM diets with an EZ cocktail can boost the nutrient digestibility and growth efficiency of broilers.(AU)

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This study evaluated the effect of two commercial forms of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST; Later® and Fast®; 500 mg) on feed variability, feeding behavior, zootechnical parameters, and milk production of Holstein cows after peak production. Eighteen cows were randomly divided into two groups and treated with injectable of rbST every 14 days for 70 days. Blood samples were collected on day 1, 4, and 7 of each cycle, to assess circulating levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Weight and body condition score (BCS) assessments were performed. Milk yields were measured daily using the DelPro™ software (DeLaval®). Feed consumption and feeding behavior was obtained daily using automatic individual feeders (Intergado®). No difference was observed in dry matter intake (DMI) between groups (P=0.07), and no impact was noted on dietary variability (P=0.64). In addition, animals treated with rbST-Fast exhibited more frequent visits to feeders, longer time in consumption, and higher relative DMI (per percentage of live weight) (P<0.01). Animals in the rbST-Fast group produced more milk than those in the rbST-Later group (P=0.03). Furthermore, the weight of the cows was significantly different (P=0.05) between groups. The weight of the rbST-Fast animals was smaller and varied more than thot of the rbST-Later animals (P <0.01). Nonetheless, no difference was noted in BCS (P=0.30) between the groups. The animals in the rbST-Fast group had higher concentrations of NEFA than those in the rbST-Later group (P<0.01). In conclusion, behavioral and metabolic shifts that sustained greater milk production in the cows receiving rbST-Fast. Nonetheless, these shifts are likely linked to lipomobilization and not dietary variability or consumption, as evidenced by the increase in NEFA and greater weight loss in that group.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de duas formas comerciais de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST; Later® e Fast®; 500 mg) na variabilidade alimentar, comportamento alimentar, parâmetros zootécnicos e produção de leite de vacas holandesas após o pico de produção. Dezoito vacas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos e tratadas com rbST injetável a cada 14 dias durante 70 dias. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 1, 4 e 7 de cada ciclo, para avaliar os níveis circulantes de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE). Foram realizadas avaliações de peso e escore de condição corporal (ECC). A produção de leite foi medida diariamente utilizando o software DelPro™ (DeLaval®). O consumo de ração e o comportamento alimentar foram obtidos diariamente em comedouros individuais automáticos (Intergado®). Não foi observada diferença no consumo de matéria seca (CMS) entre os grupos (P=0,07) e não foi observado impacto na variabilidade da dieta (P=0,64). Além disso, os animais tratados com rbST-Fast exibiram visitas mais frequentes aos comedouros, maior tempo de consumo e maior CMS relativo (por porcentagem do peso vivo) (P<0,01). Os animais do grupo rbST-Fast produziram mais leite do que os do grupo rbST-Later (P=0,03). Além disso, o peso das vacas foi significativamente diferente (P=0,05) entre os grupos. O peso dos animais rbST-Fast foi menor e variou mais que o dos animais rbST-Later (P<0,01). No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada no ECC (P = 0,30) entre os grupos. Os animais do grupo rbST-Fast apresentaram maiores concentrações de NEFA do que os do grupo rbST-Later (P<0,01). Concluindo, foram observadas mudanças comportamentais e metabólicas que sustentaram maior produção de leite nas vacas que receberam rbST-Fast. No entanto, estas mudanças estão provavelmente ligadas à lipomobilização e não à variabilidade ou consumo dietético, como evidenciado pelo aumento de AGNE e maior perda de peso nesse grupo.(AU)

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In the Brazilian Cerrado, the Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) populations are facing an accelerated rate of habitat loss. Despite this, their feeding areas and primary food sources remain poorly understood. In this study, I assessed the relationship between the diet of the Red-and-green Macaw and available food resources in a habitat mosaic from the fragmented Cerrado in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Red-and-green Macaws fed on 20 native and five exotic species, mainly in dry habitats (Cerrado, dry forest, and an urban area along the Maracaju Cliffs) during the dry season, while year-round foraging in the riparian vegetation (Aquidauana River and streams). Then, the number of feeding macaws paralleled variations in food abundance and diversity, besides the number of food species. On the other hand, by using a wide variety of abundant foods, macaws' diet breadth presented high values throughout the year. The seasonal consumption of large-seeded fruits across the habitat mosaic displayed a gradient ranging from the urban area to dry habitats, along which macaws ate from exotic to Cerrado species. In this respect, Terminalia catappa seeds and Mangifera indica fruit pulp were important for Red-and-green Macaws in the urban area during the wet season, while Caryocar brasiliense seeds comprised the same in the Cerrado. At this site, both Dipteryx alata and Buchenavia tomentosa seeds composed much of the Red-and-green Macaws' diet during the dry season. Between those habitats, in the watercourse vegetation, macaws frequently foraged on palm fruits across seasons. Therefore, throughout the year, the abundance and variety of food resources strongly influenced the number of foraging Red-and-green Macaws across the habitat mosaic. Understanding the effect of varying seed availability on the spatial and temporal abundance patterns of Red-and-green Macaws, which primarily feed on large-seeded species, is central to developing effective conservation strategies. Due to the accelerated habitat loss, the Maracaju Cliffs emerge as crucial for the Red-and-green Macaw among the Cerrado remnants of Mato Grosso do Sul.

No Cerrado brasileiro, as populações de arara-vermelha (Ara chloropterus) estão sob forte pressão de perda de habitat, ao mesmo tempo em que suas áreas de alimentação e importantes itens alimentares permanecem praticamente desconhecidos. Neste estudo, avaliei a relação entre a dieta e oferta de recursos alimentares para a arara-vermelha, em um mosaico de habitats, no fragmentado Cerrado do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Registrei o consumo de 20 espécies nativas e 5 exóticas, sendo que os hábitats secos (Cerrado, mata estacional e área urbana em meio a Serra de Maracaju) serviram como principais áreas de alimentação no decorrer da estação seca. Por outro lado, a vegetação ripária (Rio Aquidauana e riachos) foi explorada em proporções semelhantes em ambas estações. O uso sazonal de espécies com grandes sementes, ao longo do mosaico de habitats, exibiu um gradiente da área urbana aos habitats secos ao longo do qual as araras consumiram desde espécies exóticas até as do Cerrado. As sementes de Terminalia catappa e polpa de Mangifera indica foram responsáveis por grande parte da alimentação delas na área urbana durante a estação chuvosa, enquanto as sementes de Cariocar brasiliense correspondeu ao mesmo no Cerrado. As sementes de Dipteryx alata e Buchenavia tomentosa, também no Cerrado, ficaram no extremo oposto do gradiente, sendo consumidos durante a estação seca. Em meio ao gradiente, ficaram os frutos de palmeiras, explorados na vegetação dos cursos d`água, tanto nas chuvas quanto na seca. O número de araras-vermelhas se alimentando foi paralelo a abundância de alimentos, bem como ao número e diversidade de espécies de alimentares. Já a amplitude de nicho alimentar exibiu valores elevados durante o ano todo, refletindo o consumo de uma variedade de frutos abundantes. Portanto, não apenas a abundância, mas também a variedade de recursos alimentares influenciou fortemente o número de araras-vermelhas alimentando-se ao longo do mosaico de habitats durante todo o ano. Como as araras-vermelhas dependem extensamente de espécies com sementes grandes, entender como a oferta diversificada desses recursos pode afetar suas variações temporais e espaciais de abundância são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de planos de conservação. Dessa forma, face ao acelerado desmatamento do Cerrado no Mato Grosso do Sul, a Serra de Maracaju, em meio aos remanescentes do Cerrado, emerge como crucial para as populações persistentes de araras-vermelhas.

Resumo

The objective of this research was to determine the ingestive behavior, volatile fatty acids,and blood biochemical and hormonal variables of goats consuming a diet with 15% glycerin. Feed efficiency (FE) and rumination (ER) of dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) of dairy goats supplemented with glycerin(0 and 15%)were not influenced by treatments (p >0.05). The specific activities of defecation,urination and drinking had a significant effect (p <0.05) in relation to the treatmentswithglycerin in the diet of dairy goats. The occasional activities (defecation, urinating and drinking water) decreased with the additionof 15% of glycerin in the goats'diet. Lactic acid had a significant effect (p <0.001) with the additionof 15% glycerin. Diets for dairy goats with 15% glycerin did not change the consumption of dry material, neutral detergent fiber,nor did they change the ingestive behavior of these animals. The levels of globulin, protein, albumin/globulin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, triglycerides, cortisol, and T4 variables were significantly influenced (p <0.05) by the additionof glycerin in the diet.(AU)

Resumo

The present work aimed at assessing the possibility of compensatingthe notorious deficiencies of bioflocs in lipids by supplementing the tilapia commercial diet with soybean oil. In the positive control, there was no feeding restriction nor dietary supplementation with soybean oil. In the experimental treatments, the commercial diet was restricted by 25% over the positive control level. In the negative control tanks, there was feeding restriction and the artificial diet had no oil supplementation. In the experimental tanks, soybean oil was mixed dailywith the commercial diet at the levels of 0.6%, 1.2 and 2.4%. Additionally, there were fed-restricted tanks that received a daily supplementation of 1.2% soybean oil mixed withdry molasses, and not withthe commercial diet. In general, only the restriction of the commercial diet affected the water quality. The supplementation of the artificial diet with soybean oil up to 2.4% has not improved the proximate composition of bioflocs, nor thefish growth performance. It wasconcluded that the strategy of supplementing the Nile tilapia juveniles' commercial diet with increasing levels of soybean meal, in BFT tanks submitted to 25%-feeding restriction, was notcapable of avoidingthe fish growth performancedeterioration.(AU)

Resumo

This study evaluated how nutritional insults applied at different stages of intrauterine development affect the growth and development of total tract organs and the mRNA expression of genes that encode growth factors, tight junction proteins, digestive enzymes, and glucose transporters in the small intestine of newborn goats. Fourteen nulliparous dairy goats were assigned to one of two nutritional plans over gestation: maintenance-restriction (M-R, n = 8) ­ 100% of maintenance requirement from d 8-84 of gestation followed by feeding at 50% maintenance requirement from d 85 of gestation to parturition; or restriction-maintenance (R-M, n = 6) ­ 50% of maintenance requirement from d 8-84 of gestation followed by feeding at 100% maintenance requirement from d 85 of gestation to parturition. Fisher's least significant difference test was performed using SAS 9.4, considering a full fixed-effect model. When expressed per kg of body weight, the weights of the small intestine and total intestine were 18.7 and 18.1% lower, respectively, for R-M offspring. The lengths of the small intestine and the total intestine of the R-M newborns were 19.1 and 9.5% shorter, respectively. This group also had a lower villus height:intestinal crypt depth ratio. The R-M offspring tended to have lower Solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SLC5A1), Solute carrier family 2 member 2 (SLC2A2), and Occludin (OCLN) mRNA expressions. Therefore, feed restriction in the first half of gestation is detrimental to the second half of gestation, reducing the offspring's intestinal absorptive area but enhancing their intestinal permeability.(AU)

Resumo

The influence exerted by different pre-slaughter fasting times on the meat quality of the male and female broilers, slaughtered at 35 and 42 days of age was evaluated, using 128, randomly selected birds from a larger batch, and rearing of the same management and diets. The treatments involved a diet of 4, 8, 12 and 16 h of feed and water restrictions, prior to slaughter. For each fasting time, eight birds of each sex were slaughtered. Meat quality was evaluated by assessing the pH, meat color using a CR400 Minolta Colorimeter, shear force using a Texture Analyzer device (model TA-XT2I) and lipid peroxidation, determined by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances method (TBARS). Fasting times and between males and females slaughtered at 35 and 42 days ofage showed no effect and hence no difference (P>0.05) in the pH, color and shear force. With respect to lipid oxidation, no difference was reported between fasting times at 35 days of age and between males and females; however, at 42 days a difference was evident between fasting times, in both males and females, and in 12 and 16 h it was higher whencompared to 4 and 8 h of fasting. The conclusion drawn was that the fasting timesexert no effect on the pH, color and, shear force of the broiler meat. However, the lipid oxidation values were higher after 12 h of fasting in the birds slaughtered at 42 days of age.(AU)

Foi avaliada a influência de diferentes tempos de jejum pré-abate sobre a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas, abatidos aos 35 e 42 dias de idade utilizando 128 aves selecionadas aleatoriamente de um lote maior e criadas nas mesmas condições de manejo e dietas. Aves ficaram 4, 8, 12 e 16 horas com restrição alimentar e hídrica antes do abate. Para cada período de jejum foram abatidas oito aves de cada sexo. A qualidade da carne foi avaliada através do pH, cor da carne em aparelho Colorímetro CR400 Minolta, força de cisalhamento em aparelho Texture Analyzer (modelo TA-XT2I) e a peroxidação lipídica, determinada pelo método de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Os tempos de jejum entre machos e fêmeas abatidos aos 35 e 42 dias de idade não apresentaram diferença e não houve diferença (P>0,05) no pH, cor e força de cisalhamento. Com relação à oxidação lipídica, não foi encontrada diferença entre os tempos de jejum aos 35 dias de idade e entre machos e fêmeas; entretanto, aos 42 dias ocorreu diferença entre os tempos de jejum, tanto em machos como fêmeas, sendo que nas 12 e 16 horas foi maior quando comparado com 4 e 8 horas de jejum. Conclue-se que o tempo de jejum não exerceu efeito sobre o pH, cor e força de cisalhamento da carne de frango. Entretanto, os valores de oxidação lipídica foram maiores após 12 horas de jejum nas aves abatidas aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)

Resumo

Objetivou-se avaliar métodos alternativos de restrição alimentar qualitativa e quantitativa em comparação à técnica convencional de muda forçada em codornas japonesas para o segundo ciclo de produção. O período de muda forçada teve duração de 10 dias e dois períodos de 21 dias de pós-muda. Foram utilizadas 72 codornas japonesas fêmeas, emfinal de produção com 72 semanas deidade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições cada, com seiscodornas por repetição. Os tratamentos experimentais foram:T1 ­aves submetidas a três dias de jejum com posterior fornecimento de ração de postura à vontade por setedias; T2 ­aves que receberam alimentação controlada (10 g/ave/dia) por 10 dias; T3 ­aves que receberam farelo de arroz à vontade por 10 dias. Durante todo o experimento todasas aves foram submetidas a iluminação natural com média de 12 horas de luz diária e água a vontade e após os 10 dias de muda foi fornecido ração de postura a vontade. A utilização do T2 (10 g/ave/dia de ração de postura) e de farelo de arroz como alimentoalternativo no programa de muda forçada foi viável. Mesmo a perda de peso sendo abaixo do recomentado, as aves que receberam 10 g de ração ave/dia e farelo de arroz à vontade apresentaram resultados de desempenho e qualidade do ovo pós muda semelhantes àsaves que ficaram em jejum, além de possibilitar melhores condições de bem-estar animal.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate alternative methods of qualitative and quantitative feed restriction compared to theconventional technique of forced moulting in Japanese quails for the second production cycle. The forced moulting period lasted 10 days and two 21-day post-molt periods. 72 female Japanese quails were used, at the end of production at 72 weeks of age. Thebirds were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications each, with sixquails per replicate. The experimental treatments were: T1 ­birds submitted to three days of fasting with subsequent provision of layingfeed ad libitum for sevendays; T2 ­birds that received controlled feeding (10 g/bird/day) for 10 days; T3 ­birds that received rice bran ad libitum for 10 days. Throughout the experiment, all birds were submitted tonatural lighting with an average of12hours of daily light and water ad libitum and after 10 days of molting, laying feed was provided ad libitum. The use of T2 (10 g/bird/day of laying ration) and ricebran as an alternativefood in the forced molt program was feasible. Even the weight loss being below the recommended, the birds that received 10 g of poultry feed/day and rice bran ad libitum showed similar post-moult performance and egg quality results to birds that were fasted, in addition to enabling better conditions. of animal welfare.(AU)

Resumo

Ninety days study was conducted in hapas installed in earthen ponds. Fish of an average initial weight (220g) were evenly distributed in triplicate groups within fifteen hapas. Five experimental diets labeled as T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as control diet, T2 (with 2% low protein and 5% amino acid supplementation), T3 (with 2% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation), T4 (with 4% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation) and T5 (with 4% low protein and 20% amino acid supplementation) were prepared. Fish were fed with @3% of their body weight twice a day at 10.00 & 16:00 hour. Significantly higher percent weight gain (420.18 ± 66.84a) and specific growth rate (13499.33±1273.54a) along with improved feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.09b) and hundred percent survivals were recorded during the trial. Furthermore proximate analysis of meat showed significant improvement in the crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) served with diet containing 20% limiting amino acids mixture. Therefore, limiting amino acids can be a source of cost effective feed and use safely in L. rohita diet.

O estudo de 90 dias foi realizado em hapas instalados em tanques de terra. Peixes com peso inicial médio (220 g) foram distribuídos uniformemente em grupos triplicados em 15 hapas. Cinco dietas experimentais rotuladas como T1 (25% de CP e NRC recomendado nível de aminoácidos) como dieta controle, T2 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 5% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T3 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T4 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos) e T5 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 20% de suplementação de aminoácidos) foram preparadas. Os peixes foram alimentados com 3% do seu peso corporal duas vezes por dia às 10h00 e 16h00. Ganho de peso significativamente maior (420,18 ± 66,84a) e taxa de crescimento específico (13499,33 ± 1273,54a) juntamente com taxa de conversão alimentar melhorada (1, 29 ± 0,09b) e sobrevivência de cem por cento foram registrados durante o ensaio. Além disso, a análise aproximada da carne mostrou melhora significativa no nível de proteína bruta (81,77 ± 0,19a) servida com dieta contendo 20% de mistura de aminoácidos limitantes. Portanto, a limitação de aminoácidos pode ser uma fonte de alimentação econômica e usada com segurança na dieta de L. rohita.

Resumo

Sows do not produce enough milk to sustain optimal growth of their litters. This is particularly important when considering the current hyperprolific sow genetic lines. Mammary development needs to be considered to improve potential milk yield. One can only attempt to stimulate mammogenesis during periods when rapid mammary development is already ongoing. There are two such periods before lactation starts, namely, from three months of age until puberty, and from 90 days of gestation until farrowing. Early studies showed that a 20% feed restriction from 90 days of age until puberty drastically reduces mammary parenchymal tissue mass. Yet, in a more recent study, sow milk yield was not altered following a 10% or 20% feed restriction, or a 25% dietary fibre addition from 90 days of age to breeding. This absence of effect was likely due to the greater feed intake of control gilts in that recent study compared with the older studies, and suggested that feed intake of growing gilts can be reduced to 2.7 kg/d (but not 2.1 kg/d) without detrimental effects on future milk yield. During prepuberty, inclusion of the phytoestrogen genistein in the diet increases the number of mammary parenchymal cells. During late gestation, feeding very high energy levels may have detrimental effects on mammary development and subsequent milk production. Feed intake throughout gestation is also important because of its effect on body condition, with gilts that are too thin (< 16 mm backfat thickness) in late gestation showing less mammary development. A 40% increase in lysine intake via inclusion of additional soybean meal to the diet of gilts from days 90 to 110 of gestation increased mammary parenchymal mass by 44%. Increasing circulating concentrations of the growth factor IGF-1 during late gestation also increased mammary parenchymal mass by 22%. Current data clearly demonstrate that feeding management before lactation can be used to enhance mammary development, hence future milk yield.(AU)