Soybean extracts can improve plant development

ABSTRACT: Microbial biodiversity of an environment can contribute to plant growth and increase crop yield. Plant extracts from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were investigated on soybean plants grown after inoculation with these extracts. Soil samples were collected from two important Brazilian soybean-growing regions to produce the extracts used in the experiments. The extracts were produced with material collected from aboveground biomass and rhizosphere of soybean plants cultivated in a controlled greenhouse (phase 1). The extracts produced in phase 1 were applied in a sequential experiment (phase 2). Phase 2 was conducted to examine the plant microbiome after the microbial alteration process in the greenhouse through seed inoculation with the extracts produced previously. Samples of aboveground biomass were collected to determine root dry matter and crop yield. Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were processed to determine the final microbial content of soybean. The inoculated treatments had lower species diversity; however, the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the treatments than in the non-inoculated treatment. The soybean plant stem in the inoculated treatment also had a positive response to enrichment of the bacterial classes Betaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Flavobacteria. Inoculation affected the microbial composition of soybean plants. The alteration of microbiome changes revealed differences for crop yield between the inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, with up to 93.5 % higher crop yields per plant according to the extract applied.

Fecal microbiota profile of ovariohysterectomized cats submitted to estrogen replacement / Perfil da microbiota fecal de gatas ovariohisterectomizadas submetidas à reposição estrogênica

This study aimed to observe the effects of 17 ß-estradiol replacements on the fecal microbiota in spayed cats. Individual samples of fresh feces were collected and stored at -80° C. Sequencing of the V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used, and bioinformatic analysis was performed. Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio was lower in the group receiving estrogen replacement compared to the SHAM group (P = 0,005). Jaccard index (P = 0.123) and Yue & Clayton index (P = 0.094) did not reveal alpha and beta diversity differences. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) identified Firmicutes and MegasPhaera as the biomarkers for the SHAM group, and Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria unclassified and Collinsella for the group receiving estrogen replacement.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi observar os efeitos da reposição de 17 ß-estradiol na microbiota fecal de gatas castradas. Amostras individuais de fezes frescas foram colhidas e armazenadas a -80°C. Foi realizado o sequenciamento das regiões V3/V4 do gene 16S rRNA e a análise bioinformática. A razão Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes foi menor no grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica em comparação ao grupo SHAM (P = 0,005). O índice de Jaccard (P = 0,123) e o índice de Yue & Clayton (P = 0,094) não revelaram diferenças na alfa e beta diversidade. A análise discriminatória linear de tamanho do efeito (LefSe) identificou Firmicutes e Megasphaera como biomarcadores para o grupo SHAM, e Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria não classificada e Collinsella para o grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica.(AU)

Effect of lactic acid bacteria preparations on calf fecal flora

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria preparations on microbial diversity and community structure of calves. On days 1 and 7 of the trial period, feces were collected into sterile tubes and labeled (Day 1: control group D1DZ, experimental group D1SY, and Day 7: control group D7DZ, experimental group D7SY). Twenty Angus calves (150±10 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 calves each. The control group fed a basal diet. In addition to feeding the basal diet, the experimental group was given 15 mL lactobacillus preparation orally at 09:00 and 16:00 h every day. Calves were allowed free feeding and drinking water. All other feeding environments and management conditions remained consistent with the experiment lasting for seven days. At the end of the experiment, the fecal microflora of the calves was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing techniques. The 16S rRNA analysis data were processed using the Excel 2007 software and analyzed by the IBM SPSS statistical software (Statistical Analysis System, version 22). The Alpha diversity index analysis showed that the Chao and the Ace indices were significantly different after feeding supplemented with lactic acid bacteria. The PCA analysis showed that the fecal flora structure differed significantly after supplementation with the lactic acid bacteria preparation. Further analysis showed that the lactic acid bacteria increased Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in the feces. Therefore, we speculate that lactic acid bacteria preparations play an important role in animal production and are beneficial to the diversity of the fecal microflora of the calves.

Soybean extracts can improve plant development

Microbial biodiversity of an environment can contribute to plant growth and increase crop yield. Plant extracts from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were investigated on soybean plants grown after inoculation with these extracts. Soil samples were collected from two important Brazilian soybean-growing regions to produce the extracts used in the experiments. The extracts were produced with material collected from aboveground biomass and rhizosphere of soybean plants cultivated in a controlled greenhouse (phase 1). The extracts produced in phase 1 were applied in a sequential experiment (phase 2). Phase 2 was conducted to examine the plant microbiome after the microbial alteration process in the greenhouse through seed inoculation with the extracts produced previously. Samples of aboveground biomass were collected to determine root dry matter and crop yield. Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were processed to determine the final microbial content of soybean. The inoculated treatments had lower species diversity; however, the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the treatments than in the non-inoculated treatment. The soybean plant stem in the inoculated treatment also had a positive response to enrichment of the bacterial classes Betaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Flavobacteria. Inoculation affected the microbial composition of soybean plants. The alteration of microbiome changes revealed differences for crop yield between the inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, with up to 93.5 % higher crop yields per plant according to the extract applied.

Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant / Estudo metagenômico das comunidades de endófitos bacterianos na planta do deserto Senna Italica e seu papel na resistência ao estresse abiótico na planta

Plant leaves and roots are home to diverse communities of bacteria, which play a significant role in plant health and growth. Although one of the most unfriendly environments for plant growth is deserts, desert plants can influence their surrounding microbial population and choose favorable bacteria that encourage their growth under these severe circumstances. Senna italica is known for its excellent medicinal values as a traditional medical plant, but little is known about its associated endophytic bacterial community under extreme conditions. In the present study, metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to report the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities associated with the leaves and roots of the desert medicinal plant Senna italica that was collected from the Asfan region in northeast Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Analyses of the 16S rRNA sequences at the taxonomic phylum level revealed that bacterial communities in the roots and leaves samples belonged to five phyla, including Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and unclassified phyla. Results indicated that the most common phyla were Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast and Actinobacteria. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences at the taxonomic phylum level revealed that bacterial communities in the roots and leaves samples belonged to twelve genera at the taxonomic genus level. The most abundant ones were highlighted for further analysis, including Okibacterium and Streptomyces found in Actinobacteria, which were the dominant genus in roots samples. However, Streptophyta found in Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast was the dominant genus in leaf samples. Metagenomic analysis of medicinal plants leads to identifying novel organisms or genes that may have a role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant. The study of endophytic microbiome taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity will better know innovative candidates that may be selected as biological agents to enhance agricultural and industrial processes, especially for crop desert agricultural improvement.

As folhas e raízes das plantas abrigam diversas comunidades de bactérias, que desempenham um papel significativo na saúde e no crescimento das plantas. Embora um dos ambientes mais hostis para o crescimento de plantas sejam os desertos, as plantas do deserto podem influenciar a população microbiana circundante e escolher bactérias favoráveis ​​que encorajem seu crescimento sob essas circunstâncias severas. Senna italica é conhecida por seus excelentes valores medicinais como planta medicinal tradicional, mas pouco se sabe sobre sua comunidade bacteriana endofítica associada em condições extremas. No presente estudo, o sequenciamento metagenômico de 16S rRNA foi usado para relatar a diversidade de comunidades bacterianas endofíticas associadas às folhas e raízes da planta medicinal do deserto Senna italica que foi coletada na região de Asfan no nordeste de Jeddah, Arábia Saudita. Análises das sequências de rRNA 16S no nível taxonômico do filo revelaram que as comunidades bacterianas nas amostras de raízes e folhas pertenciam a cinco filos, incluindo Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes e filos não classificados. Os resultados indicaram que os filos mais comuns foram Cyanobacteria/Cloroplast e Actinobacteria. A análise das sequências de rRNA 16S no nível taxonômico do filo revelou que as comunidades bacterianas nas amostras de raízes e folhas pertenciam a doze gêneros no nível taxonômico de gênero. Os mais abundantes foram destacados para análise posterior, incluindo Okibacterium e Streptomyces encontrados em Actinobacteria, que foram os gêneros dominantes nas amostras de raízes. No entanto, Streptophyta encontrado em Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast foi o gênero dominante nas amostras de folhas. A análise metagenômica de plantas medicinais leva à identificação de novos organismos ou genes que podem ter um papel na resistência ao estresse abiótico na planta. O estudo da diversidade taxonômica, filogenética e funcional do microbioma endofítico conhecerá melhor os candidatos inovadores que podem ser selecionados como agentes biológicos para melhorar os processos agrícolas e industriais, especialmente para o melhoramento agrícola do deserto.

Preliminary Study to Investigate the Effect of Lactobacillus Reuteri Administration on Growth Performance, Immunological, Gut Microbiome and Intestinal Mucosa of Chicken

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of oral administration of L. reuteri on growth performance, intestine histomorphology, immunological and gut microbiome of broilers. A total of twenty healthy chickens were used in a five-week experimental trial. Birds were assigned into one of two groups with orally administrated L. reuteri probiotic and without probiotic- (Control -Phosphate-buffered saline). A significant (p<0.05) body weight gain was observed in the chickens in L. reuteri treatment group compare to those in the control group at the end of the trial. In addition, the serum IGF-1 cytokines level significantly enhanced in L. reuteri treatment group. However, there were no notable effects observed on the villus height, crypt depth, muscularis thickness, and submucosal thickness in chickens orally inject with and without L. reuteri. At the phylum level, the presence of Firmicutes (99.5%) was highly abundantin the L. reuteri treatment group. Moreover, the fecal microbial communities of Lactobacillus (99.9%) showed average relative abundance at genus level in L. reuteri treatment group. From this, we concluded that oral administration of L. reuteri would be beneficial to enhance the body weight gain, gut microbiome, and immune status of broiler.(AU)

Characteristic of decreased bacterial diversity in psoriasis / [Característica da diminuição da diversidade bacteriana na psoríase]

Disturbance of commensal intestinal microbiota is related to chronic inflammatory dermatosis. We analyzed the diversity of the gut microbiota to characterize the biological variation of psoriasis (Ps). Significant differences of gut microbiome profiles were revealed in murine model with psoriasis by sequencing 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region. Group comparisons included the imiquimod cream (IMQ group, n=8), the imiquimod cream and antibiotics (ATB) (PC+IMQ group, n=8) and the healthy control (CTRL group, n=8). The gut microbiota existed in Ps groups including IMQ group and PC+IMQ group encompassed less diversity than controls, which were attributed to decreased presence of several taxa. The two Ps groups were characterized by significant reduction in firmicutes. In this study, microbiota of psoriasis was defined by an increase presence of Bacteroides. After treated with ATB, we found substantial increase of Lactobacillales but significant decrease of Clostridiales and Coriobacteriales. Relative lower abundance of multiple intestinal bacteria was observed in Ps groups. Although part of genera were concomitantly reduced in both IMQ and PC+IMQ conditions, we discovered the specialty of PC+IMQ group samples was that contained lower abundance of beneficial taxa. Characteristics of gut microbiota profiles in Ps mice were comparable to profiles in patients with Ps, which were related to alteration of specific inflammatory proteins in disease groups but were significantly different from control group. Thus, this study emphasizes the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of Ps and provides new insight for investigating association between intestinal microbes and immune inflammation.

A perturbação da microbiota intestinal comensal está relacionada à dermatose inflamatória crônica. Analisamos a diversidade da microbiota intestinal para caracterizar a variação biológica da psoríase (Ps). Diferenças significativas do perfil microbiológico intestinal foram reveladas no modelo murino com psoríase pelo sequenciamento da região variável 16S rRNA V3-V4. As comparações de grupo incluíram o creme imiquimod (grupo IMQ, n=8), o creme imiquimod e antibióticos (ATB) (grupo PC+IMQ, n=8) e o controle saudável (grupo CTRL, n=8). A microbiota intestinal existia nos grupos Ps, incluindo o grupo IMQ e o grupo PC+IMQ englobava menos diversidade do que os controles, que foram atribuídos à diminuição da presença de vários taxa. Os dois grupos de Ps caracterizavam-se por uma redução significativa nos firicutes. Neste estudo, a microbiota da psoríase foi definida por um aumento da presença de bacteroides. Após o tratamento com ATB, encontramos um aumento substancial de Lactobacillales mas uma diminuição significativa de Clostridiales e Coriobacteriales. Uma menor abundância relativa de bactérias intestinais múltiplas foi observada nos grupos de Ps. Embora parte dos gêneros tenha sido concomitantemente reduzida tanto em condições IMQ como PC+IMQ, descobrimos que a especialidade das amostras do grupo PC+IMQ era que continham menor abundância de taxas benéficas. As características dos perfis de microbiota intestinal em ratos de Ps eram comparáveis aos perfis em pacientes com Ps, que estavam relacionados à alteração de proteínas inflamatórias específicas em grupos de doenças, mas eram significativamente diferentes do grupo controle. Assim, este estudo enfatiza o papel da microbiota intestinal na patogênese do Ps e fornece novos conhecimentos para investigar a associação entre micróbios intestinais e inflamação imunológica.

The protective effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of oral administration of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut flora in rats with hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI). Methods: The rats from C. butyricum group were given C. butyricum for 5 days. Then, hepatic ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 6 h were performed in all the rats. After the animals were sacrificed, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota composition in feces, and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa Bp65 (NF-κBp65) and histological analysis in the liver were performed. Results: The rats given C. butyricum showed decreased ALT, AST, LPS, and MDA; improved GSH and histological damage; changes in SCFAs; declined TNF-α, IL-6, TLR4, and pNF-κBp65/NF-κBp65; and changes in the gut microbial composition, which decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increased the relative abundance (RA) of probiotics. Conclusions: C. butyricum supplementation protected against HIRI by regulating gut microbial composition, which contributed to the decreased LPS and attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. These indicate C. butyricum may be a potent clinical preoperative dietary supplement for HIRI.

Characterization of the seminal bacterial microbiome of healthy, fertile stallions using next-generation sequencing

Abstract High-throughput sequencing studies have shown the important role microbial communities play in the male reproductive tract, indicating differences in the semen microbial composition between fertile and infertile males. Most of these studies were made on human beings but little is known regarding domestic animals. Seminal bacteria studies made in stallions mostly focus on pathogenic bacteria and on their impact on reproductive technology. However, little is known about stallion commensal seminal microflora. That ultimately hinders our capacity to associate specific bacteria to conditions or seminal quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the seminal microbial composition of 12 healthy, fertile stallion using next-generation sequencing. Hypervariable region V3 was chosen for bacterial identification. A total of nine phyla was detected. The most abundant ones were Bacteroidetes (46.50%), Firmicutes (29.92%) and Actinobacteria (13.58%). At family level, we found 69 bacterial families, but only nine are common in all samples. Porphyromonadaceae (33.18%), Peptoniphilaceae (14.09%), Corynebacteriaceae (11.32%) and Prevotellaceae (9.05%) were the most representative ones, while the Firmicutes phylum displayed the highest number of families (23, a third of the total). Samples showed high inter-subject variability. Findings previously described in other species notably differ from our findings. Families found in human such as Lactobacillaceae, Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae only represented a 0.00%, 0.17% and 0.22% abundance in our samples, respectively. In conclusion, Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Peptoniphilaceae and Corynebacteriaceae families are highly represented in the seminal microbiome of healthy, fertile stallions. A high variation among individuals is also observed.

Characterization of the seminal bacterial microbiome of healthy, fertile stallions using next-generation sequencing

High-throughput sequencing studies have shown the important role microbial communities play in the male reproductive tract, indicating differences in the semen microbial composition between fertile and infertile males. Most of these studies were made on human beings but little is known regarding domestic animals. Seminal bacteria studies made in stallions mostly focus on pathogenic bacteria and on their impact on reproductive technology. However, little is known about stallion commensal seminal microflora. That ultimately hinders our capacity to associate specific bacteria to conditions or seminal quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the seminal microbial composition of 12 healthy, fertile stallion using next-generation sequencing. Hypervariable region V3 was chosen for bacterial identification. A total of nine phyla was detected. The most abundant ones were Bacteroidetes (46.50%), Firmicutes (29.92%) and Actinobacteria (13.58%). At family level, we found 69 bacterial families, but only nine are common in all samples. Porphyromonadaceae (33.18%), Peptoniphilaceae (14.09%), Corynebacteriaceae (11.32%) and Prevotellaceae (9.05%) were the most representative ones, while the Firmicutes phylum displayed the highest number of families (23, a third of the total). Samples showed high inter-subject variability. Findings previously described in other species notably differ from our findings. Families found in human such as Lactobacillaceae, Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae only represented a 0.00%, 0.17% and 0.22% abundance in our samples, respectively. In conclusion, Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Peptoniphilaceae and Corynebacteriaceae families are highly represented in the seminal microbiome of healthy, fertile stallions. A high variation among individuals is also observed.(AU)

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.(AU)

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.(AU)

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.(AU)

Effect of dietary protein and genetic line of Litopenaeus vannamei on its hepatopancreatic microbiota

Host genetics and diet can exert an influence on microbiota and, therefore, on feeding efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of genetic line (fast-growth and high-resistance) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the hepatopancreatic microbiota and its association with the feeding efficiency in shrimp fed with diets containing different protein sources. Shrimp (2.08 ± 0.06 g) from each genetic line were fed for 36 days with two dietary treatments (animal and vegetable protein). Each of the four groups was sampled, and the hepatopancreatic metagenome was amplified using specific primers for the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Nineteen bacterial phyla were detected, of which Proteobacteria was the most abundant (51.0 72.5 %), Bacteroidetes (3.6 23.3 %), Firmicutes (4.2 13.7 %), Actinobacteria (1.9 12.1 %), and Planctomycetes (1.3 9.5 %). Diet was the most influential factor in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota, while genetic line was not a strong influential factor. The results suggest that the taxonomic profile of the bacteria colonizing shrimp hepatopancreas was determined by the diet consumed, similar to what occurs in the intestine. Shrimp in the fast-growth line had greater feeding efficiency regardless of the diet supplied. Finally, the results suggest that Proteobacteria influenced (p < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of shrimp fed with a vegetable diet. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explore how shrimp genetic linediet interaction influences microbiota for probiotic development and functional food formulation for farmed shrimp according to the genetic line.(AU)

Effect of dietary protein and genetic line of Litopenaeus vannamei on its hepatopancreatic microbiota

Host genetics and diet can exert an influence on microbiota and, therefore, on feeding efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of genetic line (fast-growth and high-resistance) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the hepatopancreatic microbiota and its association with the feeding efficiency in shrimp fed with diets containing different protein sources. Shrimp (2.08 ± 0.06 g) from each genetic line were fed for 36 days with two dietary treatments (animal and vegetable protein). Each of the four groups was sampled, and the hepatopancreatic metagenome was amplified using specific primers for the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Nineteen bacterial phyla were detected, of which Proteobacteria was the most abundant (51.0 72.5 %), Bacteroidetes (3.6 23.3 %), Firmicutes (4.2 13.7 %), Actinobacteria (1.9 12.1 %), and Planctomycetes (1.3 9.5 %). Diet was the most influential factor in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota, while genetic line was not a strong influential factor. The results suggest that the taxonomic profile of the bacteria colonizing shrimp hepatopancreas was determined by the diet consumed, similar to what occurs in the intestine. Shrimp in the fast-growth line had greater feeding efficiency regardless of the diet supplied. Finally, the results suggest that Proteobacteria influenced (p < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of shrimp fed with a vegetable diet. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explore how shrimp genetic linediet interaction influences microbiota for probiotic development and functional food formulation for farmed shrimp according to the genetic line.

Effect of different feeding methods on rumen microbes in growing Chinese Tan sheep

We evaluated the difference between rumen bacteria in Tan sheep fed either by grazing or in a feedlot. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for ruminant nutrition and meat quality based on rumen fermentation. Twenty-four three-month-old Tan sheep were randomly and equally divided into two groups, the grazing group and ration group. Five sheep of each group were selected for slaughter at six months of age. Ruminal contents were collected and assessed to identify rumen bacteria, based on 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. A total of 17 phyla were identified, among which Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were dominant in both groups. The abundance of Firmicutes was higher in grazing group than in the ration group, while that of Proteobacteria was opposite. Besides the dominant phyla differences, the abundance of Fibrobacteres, Tenericutes, Elusimicrobia, and Cyanobacteria was significantly higher in the grazing group compared with the ration group. At genus level, a total of 174 genera were identified. The abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Dialister, Lachnospiraceae_NA, Catonella, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, and Fibrobacter in the grazing group was higher than in the ration group. However, the abundance of Succinivibrionaceae_NA was lower in the grazing group, and Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 showed a decreasing trend in the grazing group. The two feeding methods may influence the rumen bacterial composition, including the abundance of dominant bacteria, as well as the cellulolytic- and carbohydrate-degrading bacteria in the rumen of Tan sheep.(AU)

Effect of fermented soybean meal supplementation on some growth performance, blood chemical parameters, and fecal microflora of finishing pigs

This study evaluated the effect of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood biochemical parameters, and fecal microflora of finishing pigs. Thirty-two crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrance × Yorkshire) (66-day-old, 67.95±0.25 kg) were randomly allocated to two treatments and fed diets containing soybean meal and FSBM. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biochemical parameters, and meat quality index were measured. At the end of experiment, the fecal microflora of finishing pigs was analyzed with 16S rDNA techniques. Results revealed that pigs fed FSBM had a greater ADG and lower cooking loss relative to control group (basal diets). Compared with the control group, the triglyceride content in the serum of the group fed FSBM increased significantly, and the creatinine content in the serum decreased notably. Fermented soybean meal enhanced the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae, Bcteroidales, Bacteroidia, but inhibited the growth of Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, and Ruminococcaceae in the intestine of pigs. Therefore, we can speculate that FSBM may play an important role in animal production. Dietary FSBM supplementation may be beneficial to some aspects of growth performance and the diversity of fecal microflora in finishing pigs.(AU)

Composition of bacterial community in enrichment cultures of shale by-products from Irati Formation, Brazil

We examined microbial communities from enriched fine and retorted shale particles using sequencing of V4 variable region of 16S rRNA. High number of microbial genera was found in both enriched shale by-products that were dominate by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, showing differences due to microbial colonization after the pyrolysis process.(AU)

Analysis of bacterial communities and characterization of antimicrobial strains from cave microbiota

Abstract In this study for the first-time microbial communities in the caves located in the mountain range of Hindu Kush were evaluated. The samples were analyzed using culture-independent (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and culture-dependent methods. The amplicon sequencing results revealed a broad taxonomic diversity, including 21 phyla and 20 candidate phyla. Proteobacteria were dominant in both caves, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Representative operational taxonomic units from Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Smasse-Rawo Ghaar were grouped into 235 and 445 different genera, respectively. Comparative analysis of the cultured bacterial isolates revealed distinct bacterial taxonomic profiles in the studied caves dominated by Proteobacteria in Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Firmicutes in Smasse-Rawo Ghaar. Majority of those isolates were associated with the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Thirty strains among the identified isolates from both caves showed antimicrobial activity. Overall, the present study gave insight into the great bacterial taxonomic diversity and antimicrobial potential of the isolates from the previously uncharacterized caves located in the world's highest mountains range in the Indian sub-continent.

Analysis of bacterial communities and characterization of antimicrobial strains from cave microbiota

In this study for the first-time microbial communities in the caves located in the mountain range of Hindu Kush were evaluated. The samples were analyzed using culture-independent (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and culture-dependent methods. The amplicon sequencing results revealed a broad taxonomic diversity, including 21 phyla and 20 candidate phyla. Proteobacteria were dominant in both caves, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Representative operational taxonomic units from Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Smasse-Rawo Ghaar were grouped into 235 and 445 different genera, respectively. Comparative analysis of the cultured bacterial isolates revealed distinct bacterial taxonomic profiles in the studied caves dominated by Proteobacteria in Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Firmicutes in Smasse-Rawo Ghaar. Majority of those isolates were associated with the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Thirty strains among the identified isolates from both caves showed antimicrobial activity. Overall, the present study gave insight into the great bacterial taxonomic diversity and antimicrobial potential of the isolates from the previously uncharacterized caves located in the world's highest mountains range in the Indian sub-continent.(AU)

Dynamics and diversity of the bacterial community during the spontaneous decay of açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruits

Abstract The biodiversity and evolution of the microbial community in açai fruits (AF) between three geographical origins and two spontaneous decay conditions were examined by applying culture-independent methods. Culture-independent methods based on 16S rRNA from fifteen samples revealed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria were the most abundant phyla. At the genus level, Massilia (taxon with more than 50% of the sequences remaining constant during the 30 h of decay), Pantoea, Naxibacter, Enterobacter, Raoultella and Klebsiella were identified, forming the carposphere bacterial microbiota of AF. AF is fibre-rich and Massilia bacteria could find a large quantity of substrate for its growth through cellulase production. Beta diversity showed that the quality parameters of AF (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity and lipids) and elemental analysis (C, N, H and C/N ratio) were unable to drive microbial patterns in AF. This research offers new insight into the indigenous bacterial community composition on AF as a function of spontaneous postharvest decay.